英文论文翻译
论文 英文文翻译
Guidance Notes for completing application formPart 1 Personal InformationEligibility to work at the British CouncilWe are only able to accept applications from individuals who have the right to work in the country to which they have applied.Personal InformationThe British Council’s normal retirement age is 65. If you are over this age, or within 6 months of it, at the time you apply to join us, in line with the Equality (Age) Regulations 2006, we will consider your application but reserve the right to reject it if we consider that we would be unlikely to derive sufficient benefit from your appointment in the period before your retirement.Criminal Convictions (UK)Subject to certain exempted occupations, convictions that are ‘spent’ under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 need not be mentioned. Please be aware that declaring a conviction will not automatically disqualify you from being employed unless this post is subject to a Criminal Records Bureau Check.If the post is subject to a Criminal Records Bureau Check, British Council is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people and expects all of its partners to share this commitment. Appointment to these roles are subject to enhanced Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) checks in the UK, and, where appropriate, equivalent systems overseas.Data ProtectionThe British Council will use the information you provide in this form to process your application. If your application is successful and you take up employment with the British Council, this form will be kept on your personnel file and some details from it will be held electronically by Human Resources in line with the Data Protection Act (1998). If your application is unsuccessful, this form willbe kept on file for one year after completion of the recruitment exercise and then securely destroyed.The British Council will treat all personal details in accordance with UK law and its own privacy policy. Under Data Protection law you have the right to ask for a copy of the information we hold on you, for which we may charge a fee, and the right to ask us to correct any inaccuracies in that information. If you do want more information about this please contact your local British Council office or the Data Protection Team dataprotection@. Part 2 Job-Related InformationDisabilityThe UK Disability Discrimination Act 1995 defines a person with a disability as someone who has a physical or mental impairment (including a learning or sensory impairment) that has a substantial and long term adverse effect on his/her ability to carry out normal day to day activities. In any country, it is British Council policy to interview all applicants who are disabled and who meet the essential criteria for an advertised job.Employment and professional informationPlease give details of your employment for the last 10 years, or since leaving full-time education if this is sooner, starting with the most recent employment. Account for all your time, including voluntary work or other periods away from work. Please be aware that it will not prejudice your application if you disclose a period of ill health or a period out of formal employment (e.g. time spent at home bringing up children).Other relevant experiencePlease note that this does not need to be limited to work experience. It can include experience of volunteering or of roles held within the community e.g. youth worker, community worker or leader etc..。
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory managementInventory ControlOn the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion.The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility.Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored:First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments .Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field ofthese big boys, but also their simple modules inside the warehouse management functionality is defined as "inventory management" or "inventory control." This makes the already not quite understand what our inventory control, but not sure what is inventory control.In fact, from the perspective of broadly understood, inventory control, shouldinclude the following:First, the fundamental purpose of inventory control. We know that the so-called world-class manufacturing, two key assessment indicators (KPI) is, customer satisfaction and inventory turns, inventory turns and this is actually the fundamental objective of inventory control.Second, inventory control means. Increase inventory turns, relying solely on the so-called physical inventory control is not enough, it should be the demand and supply chain management process flow of this large output, and this big warehouse management processes in addition to including this link, the more important The section also includes: forecasting and order processing, production planning and control, materials planning and purchasing control, inventory planning and forecasting in itself, as well as finished products, raw materials, distribution and delivery of the strategy, and even customs management processes.And with the demand and supply chain management processes throughout the process, it is the information flow and capital flow management. In other words, inventory itself is across the entire demand and supply management processes in all aspects of inventory control in order to achieve the fundamental purpose, it must control all aspects of inventory, rather than just manage the physical inventory at hand.Third, inventory control, organizational structure and assessment.Since inventory control is the demand and supply chain management processes, output, inventory control to achieve the fundamental purpose of this process must be compatible with a rational organizational structure. Until now, we can see that many companies have only one purchasing department, purchasing department following pipe warehouse. This is far short of inventory control requirements. From the demand and supply chain management process analysis, we know that purchasing and warehouse management is the executive arm of the typical, and inventory control should focus on prevention, the executive branch is very difficult to "prevent inventory" for the simple reason that they assessment indicatorsin large part to ensure supply (production, customer). How the actual situation, a reasonable demand and supply chain management processes, and thus set the corresponding rational organizational structure and is a question many of our enterprisesto exploreThe role of inventory controlInventory management is an important part of business management. In the production and operation activities, inventory management must ensure that both the production plant for raw materials, spare parts demand, but also directly affect the purchasing, sales of share, sales activities. To make an inventory of corporate liquidity, accelerate cash flow, the security of supply under the premise of minimizing Yaku funds, directly affects the operational efficiency. Ensure the production and operation needs of the premise, so keep inventories at a reasonable level; dynamic inventory control, timely, appropriate proposed order to avoid over storage or out of stock; reduce inventory footprint, lower total cost of inventory; control stock funds used to accelerate cash flow.Problems arising from excessive inventory: increased warehouse space andinventory storage costs, thereby increasing product costs; take a lot of liquidity, resultingin sluggish capital, not only increased the burden of payment of interest, etc., would affect the time value of money and opportunity income; finished products and raw materials caused by physical loss and intangible losses; a large number of enterprise resource idle, affecting their rational allocation and optimization; cover the production, operation of the whole process of the various contradictions and problems, is not conducive to improve the management level.Inventory is too small the resulting problems: service levels caused a decline in the profit impact of marketing and corporate reputation; production system caused by inadequate supply of raw materials or other materials, affecting the normal production process; to shorten lead times, increase the number of orders, so order (production) costs; affect the balance of production and assembly of complete sets.NotesInventory management should particularly consider the following two questions:First, according to sales plans, according to the planned production of the goods circulated in the market, we should consider where, how much storage.Second, starting from the level of service and economic benefits to determine howto ensure inventories and supplementary questions.The two problems with the inventory in the logistics process functions.In general, the inventory function:(1)to prevent interrupted. Received orders to shorten the delivery of goods fromthe time in order to ensure quality service, at the same time to prevent out of stock.(2)to ensure proper inventory levels, saving inventory costs.(3)to reduce logistics costs. Supplement with the appropriate time interval compatible with the reasonable demand of the cargo in order to reduce logistics costs, eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(4)ensure the production planning, smooth to eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(5)display function.(6)reserve. Mass storage when the price falls, reduce losses, to respond to disasters and other contingencies.About the warehouse (inventory) on what the question, we must consider the number and location. If the distribution center, it should be possible according to customer needs, set at an appropriate place; if it is stored in central places to minimize the complementary principle to the distribution centers, there is no place certain requirements. When the stock base is established, will have to take into account are stored in various locations in what commodities.库存管理库存控制在谈到所谓“库存控制”的时候，很多人将其理解为“仓储管理”，这实际上是个很大的曲解。
毕业论文摘要英文翻译
毕业论文摘要英文翻译Abstract:This paper examines the effects of exercise on mental health and well-being. As individuals continue to face increasing levels of stress and anxiety, it is important to explore alternative methods of managing and improving mental well-being. Exercise has been widely recognized as a potential solution, and numerous studies have investigated the relationship between physical activity and mental health. This research aims to synthesize and evaluate existing literature to determine the impact of exercise on mental health outcomes. The study also investigates the mechanisms through which exercise influences mental well-being.The literature review confirms the positive relationship between exercise and mental health. Regular physical activity has been shown to reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Furthermore, exercise is associated with improved cognitive function and increased self-esteem. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the beneficial effects of exercise, including the release of endorphins, increased blood flow to the brain, and social interaction.Despite the evidence supporting the positive effects of exercise on mental health, barriers exist that prevent individuals from engaging in regular physical activity. These barriers include lack of time, motivation, and access to exercise facilities. Strategies to overcome these barriers are discussed, such as incorporating exercise intodaily routines, setting realistic goals, and utilizing community resources.In conclusion, exercise has a significant positive impact on mental health and well-being. This research highlights the importance of integrating physical activity into daily life, especially in the face of increasing levels of stress and anxiety. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for individuals, healthcare providers, and policymakers. By promoting the benefits of exercise and addressing the barriers to physical activity, society can strive towards improved mental well-being for all.。
英语议论文经典范文3篇(带翻译)
英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，小编整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！英语作文范文带中文翻译Manyyearsago,themovieabouttheyouthbecameverypopular,everyyear,wecanseeman yhotmoviesabouttheprotagonist’spassedyouth.Peopleliketorecalltheirpassedyouth, whichmakessuchmoviessellgood.ButIfindthecommonthingsaboutthesemovies,alltheprotagonists’youthareaboutfighting,loveandothernegativethings.Iunderstandthedirectors’intention,theywanttotellpeopleyouthisnotperfectandhavingpities.Ofcourse movieisexaggerating,therealyouthisaboutstudying,atleast,mostpeoplehaveworkedso hardtogetintotheiridealcolleges.Whatthemoviesdescribemakeupsomepeople’syouth,forwhichtheydon’thavethechancetoexperience.Weshouldnotbemisledbythesemovies,fortheteenagers,theirjobistostudy,sothattheycanhaveabrightfuture.【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。
英文论文翻译软件
英文论文翻译软件
目前市面上有很多英文论文翻译软件可供选择。
以下是几个常见的英文论文翻译软件：
1. Google翻译： Google翻译是一个免费在线翻译工具，可以翻译多种语言，包括英语。
它使用机器翻译技术，可以快速翻译大量文本。
然而，由于机器翻译的限制，有时会出现语法和语义错误。
2. DeepL：DeepL是一种基于神经网络的翻译软件，具有较高的翻译质量。
它可以翻译多种语言，包括英语。
DeepL能够更好地理解上下文，提供更准确的翻译。
它提供了免费和付费版本。
3. 百度翻译：百度翻译是一种免费在线翻译工具，提供多种语言翻译，包括英语。
它使用机器翻译和统计翻译方法，能够提供基本的翻译服务。
然而，由于机器翻译的限制，翻译质量可能有限。
总的来说，这些英文论文翻译软件提供了便捷的翻译服务，但在翻译质量和准确性方面可能存在一定的限制。
对于重要的论文翻译，仍然建议寻求专业翻译服务或母语人士的协助，以确保最准确和流畅的翻译结果。
论文英文翻译
论文英文翻译Essay 1 - College EducationIn recent years, college education has become a topic of great debate. Some people argue that a college degree is essential for success in today's society, while others believe that it is not necessary. This essay will argue that college education is indeed important and beneficial for several reasons.Firstly, obtaining a college degree can provide individuals with better career opportunities. In today's competitive job market, employers often prioritize candidates with a higher education background. College graduates are more likely to find stable employment and earn higher salaries compared to those without a degree. Furthermore, many professions require specific knowledge and skills that can only be acquired through a college education. For example, doctors, engineers, and lawyers must complete several years of study in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their respective fields.Secondly, college education can help individuals develop important life skills. During their time at college, students are exposed to a variety of subjects and experiences, which enable them to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills. College also provides opportunities for students to engage in extracurricular activities and interact with a diverse group of individuals. This fosters social and cultural awareness, as well as teamwork and leadership skills. These skills are valuable not only in the workplace but also in everyday life.Moreover, college education promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. The college environment encourages students to explore new ideas, challenge their assumptions, and discover their passions. It provides a platform for intellectual development and self-discovery. Students are exposed to a wide range of subjects, perspectives, and cultures, which broadens their knowledge and worldview. College education also instills a sense of curiosity and a desire for continuous learning, which are essential qualities in today's rapidly changing world.In conclusion, college education is important and beneficial for several reasons. It provides better career opportunities, helps individuals develop important life skills, and promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. While it is true that college education may not be necessary for everyone, obtaining a degree can significantly enhance one's chances of success in both personal and professional aspects of life.。
毕业论文英文翻译
毕业论文英文翻译Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment Abstract:This paper explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on employment. The rise of AI technologies has sparked concerns about its potential to replace human jobs. Through an analysis of existing literature and case studies, this study investigates the ways in which AI has affected various industries and job sectors. The findings indicate that while AI has the potential to automate certain tasks and reduce the need for human intervention, it also creates new job opportunities and contributes to economic growth. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of retraining and upskilling workers to adapt to the changing job market. Overall, this research contributes to a better understanding of the complex relationship between AI and employment and provides insights into proactive strategies to address the challenges posed by AI. Introduction:Artificial intelligence has emerged as a powerful technology with the potential to transform various aspects of society, including the workforce. The rapid advancement of AI has raised concerns about potential job losses and increased automation. This study aims to explore the impact of AI on employment and identify strategies to mitigate negative effects. By examining existing literature and case studies, this research provides a comprehensive analysis of AI's influence on different industries and job sectors.Literature Review:The literature offers a wide range of perspectives on the impact ofAI on employment. Some studies suggest that AI will lead to significant job losses in sectors such as manufacturing, transportation, and customer service. They argue that AI technologies, such as autonomous vehicles and chatbots, can perform tasks previously done by humans more efficiently and at a lower cost. On the other hand, other studies argue that AI will create new job opportunities and enhance productivity. For example, the healthcare sector benefits from AI technologies by improving diagnosis accuracy and streamlining administrative processes.Case Studies:This study includes several case studies that examine the impact of AI on specific industries. The manufacturing industry, for instance, has experienced both job losses and job creation due to the introduction of AI. While certain tasks have been automated, new roles related to AI maintenance and programming have emerged. Similarly, the retail industry has witnessed the integration of AI technologies, leading to job displacement in traditional retail jobs but also the creation of new positions in data analysis and online customer support.Mitigation Strategies:To address the challenges posed by AI, strategies should focus on retraining and upskilling the workforce to adapt to the changing job market. Governments and organizations should encourage workers to acquire in-demand skills such as data analysis and AI programming. Additionally, collaboration between academia and industry is crucial to ensure that education and training programs remain relevant and effective. Finally, policies that support jobtransition and income support for displaced workers will help minimize the negative impact of AI on employment. Conclusion:The impact of artificial intelligence on employment is a complex and multifaceted issue. While concerns about job losses are valid, it is important to recognize that AI also creates new job opportunities and contributes to economic growth. By implementing proactive strategies, such as retraining and upskilling, societies can better navigate the changes brought about by AI and ensure a future where humans and machines can coexist harmoniously.。
论文翻译英文
论文翻译英文Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Banking SectorAbstract: This study aims to analyze the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the banking sector. AI has emerged as a disruptive technology in recent years and has the potential to revolutionize various industries, including banking. The paper begins by providing an overview of AI and its different applications. It then explores the specific ways in which AI is transforming the banking sector, including customer service, risk management, fraud detection, and process automation. Finally, the study examines the challenges and ethical considerations associated with the implementation of AI in banking. The findings of this research contribute to a better understanding of the role of AI in the banking sector and provide insights for banks and policymakers in adapting to the changing landscape.Introduction:With the rapid advancement of technology, the banking sector has witnessed significant changes in recent years. One of the most prominent advancements is the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI). AI refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans. The integration of AI in the banking sector has led to improvements in efficiency, customer experience, and overall decision-making. This paper aims to explore the impact of AI on the banking sector, focusing on customer service, risk management, fraud detection, and process automation.AI in Customer Service:AI has transformed customer service in the banking sector. Chatbots and virtual assistants powered by AI technology have become key tools in handling customer queries and providing personalized experiences. These AI-enabled systems can handle a large volume of customer inquiries simultaneously, resulting in faster response times and improved customer satisfaction. Additionally, AI-powered systems can leverage customer data to provide tailored recommendations and personalized offers, enhancing the customer experience.AI in Risk Management:Risk management is a critical aspect of banking operations. AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns, detect anomalies, and predict potential risks more accurately. This enables banks to make more informed decisions regarding loans, credit assessment, and investment portfolios. By incorporating AI into risk management systems, banks can enhance their ability to identify and mitigate potential risks while ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements.AI in Fraud Detection:Fraud detection is another area where AI has significantly impacted the banking sector. AI algorithms can analyze vast datasets to identify fraudulent patterns, enabling banks to detect and prevent fraud in real-time. Machine learning algorithms continuously learn and adapt to new patterns, helping banks stay ahead of fraudsters who constantly evolve their tactics. AI-powered fraud detection systems not only save banks significant financial losses but also enhance trust and confidence amongcustomers.AI in Process Automation:AI has enabled banks to automate various processes that were previously time-consuming and labor-intensive. For instance, AI-powered robots can now perform tasks such as data entry, document processing, and account reconciliation with greater accuracy and efficiency. Automation of these processes not only reduces costs but also minimizes the likelihood of human error, resulting in improved operational efficiency.Challenges and Ethical Considerations:Despite the numerous benefits of AI in the banking sector, several challenges and ethical considerations need to be addressed. These include data privacy and security concerns, potential job displacement, algorithmic bias, and the need for regulatory frameworks to govern the use of AI in banking. It is crucial for banks and policymakers to develop strategies that ensure the responsible and ethical use of AI technologies.Conclusion:Overall, AI has shown great potential in transforming the banking sector. It has revolutionized customer service, risk management, fraud detection, and process automation. However, the implementation of AI in banking comes with its own set of challenges and ethical considerations. Banks and policymakers need to strike a balance between harnessing the benefits of AI and addressing the associated risks. By doing so, they can adapt to the changing landscape and stay competitive in the digital era.。
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英文论文翻译有无藻红蛋白的微囊藻株的16srDNA序列与系统发育分析Shigeto Otsuka ，Shoichiro Suda , Renhui Li , MasayukiWatanabe , Hiroshi Oyaizu , Satoshi Matsumoto , Makoto M. Watanabe摘要通过测定16S rDNA序列（16S rRNA基因），对含有五个变种和两种藻胆色素的15株微囊藻进行了系统发育分析。
所有的序列显示出了较高的相似性，不同形态与类型的藻胆素之间，有些甚至100%的相似。
从中可以推导出系统进化树与有无藻红蛋白的微囊藻株之间的密切关系。
数据显示微囊藻的表型不一定反映其发展史，因此需要重新构建当前物种级别间的分类。
关键字: 蓝藻；微囊藻；16S rDNA ；分类1.介绍微囊藻属是一种有毒且能形成水华的蓝藻。
根据伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册（第九版）[ 1 ]可知，微囊藻的特点是具有气泡，细胞形状呈球形，倾向于形成聚集体或群体，有不定形的粘液或者胶被，无藻红蛋白等等。
大部分物种是满足这些标准的，近年来[2 ]在日本海域区分了六个物种：绿色微囊藻(A. Brown), 惠氏微囊藻(Komaèrek), 铜绿微囊藻(Kuëtzing), M.挪氏微囊藻(Komaèrek), 鱼害微囊藻和水华微囊藻(Wittrock) .Komaèrek并没有将鱼害微囊藻和水化微囊藻区分开[ 3 ]。
“形态”一词用于对微囊藻种类进行分类，它包括细胞的大小，菌落的形态，和胶被的特性。
尽管形态分类的正确性总是受到质疑，但目前却没人能解答。
最近对四株以藻红蛋白为藻胆素的铜绿微囊藻进行了分离。
虽然藻红蛋白的占有率不符合上面所提到的标准的[1]，但除却藻胆素的成分不同之外，这些生物有着相同的作为微囊藻的分类特征。
据观察这些菌株的菌落形态与铜绿微囊藻所具有的形态是相同的。
然而，这些菌株是否应该根据形态特征归类为铜绿微囊藻或者根据藻胆素成分不同而被归类为新物种却还不能确定。
应用分子遗传学分析已成为蓝藻分类的一种重要方法。
以16S rDNA为基础的系统进化分析法是在细菌的分类中广泛使用的一种工具，该方法的优越性也已被证实[5]。
Neilan [6]等人用这个方法来探讨微囊藻的种间关系。
然而，在微囊藻属中他们没有找到任何系统发育与形态特征之间的相关性，而且有、无藻红蛋白的菌株之间的亲缘关系也没有检查。
在本文中，我们探讨了微囊藻株的16SrDNA序列和微囊藻形态的系统发育分析，然后讨论是否藻胆素成分和形态特征的不同会影响系统发育。
2.材料与方法2.1.蓝藻文化菌株的研究如下：微囊藻4A3, 4B3, T1-4, 和T17-1;绿色微囊藻TAC17 和TAC78;铜绿微囊藻TAC71, TAC86, 和 TAC170;挪氏微囊藻TAC20 and TAC65;和鱼害微囊藻TAC48 和 TAC91.在我们以前的研究中四株微囊藻全部是被隔离的[4]并均含有藻红蛋白，而其他不含有藻红蛋白的则来自日本筑波国立科学博物馆的藻类收藏。
该菌株的来源：中国（微囊藻4A3和4B3），泰国（微囊藻t1-4和t17-1）和日本（其他菌株）。
这些菌株中除了4B3和T17-1均是无菌的。
将该菌株培养在MA[7] 培养基中，温度为25 ±1 ℃，周期是12:12 L/D ，同时用光子通量密度为30 µmol mˉ¹ sˉ¹的日光灯的进行照射。
2.2.引物设计以蓝藻的16S rDNA序列为基础，重新设计了扩增和测序的引物，但不包括被Neilan[8]重新修复的引物23SR.两对扩增的引物，msr-s1f和msr-s2r序列，在基因数据库中进行比对[9]的时候显示出高特异性。
无菌株的扩增引物是msr1f 和23sr，而非无菌株的扩增引物是两对msr1f和msr-s2r，和msrs1f和23sr。
所有的引物都是由由日本粉米尔斯有限公司商业合成。
（神奈川，日本）。
2.3.聚合酶链反应扩增和测序依据palinska等人提取的DNA聚合酶链反应（ PCR）的模板[ 10 ]，从被提取的DNA中扩增16S rDNA序列。
Pcr进行的条件是，50- or 100- µl 的反应混合物，0.05µl 的耐热扩增DNA聚合酶(Perkin Elmer, Branchburg, NJ,USA)，Perkin Elmer提供的缓冲液，0.2mM的dNTPs，0.5 uM的引物，0.01 ^ 0.05µlˉ¹的基因组DNA溶液（100 ^ 500 ng µlˉ¹），1.5mM处理过的氯化镁。
该反应在一个接地的热循环仪（Hybaid, Teddington,Middlesex, UK）中运行，94 ℃预变性5 min，94 ℃变性40 s，50℃退火30s，72 ℃延伸1分钟 s，循环30次，最后72 ℃延伸3分钟。
使用microspin1 S-400 HR柱 (Pharmacia Biotech,Uppsala, Sweden)纯化扩增产物，用已被荧光标记引物的热循环测序试剂盒进行循环测序。
(Amersham Life Science, Buckinghamshire,UK)。
该反应产物使用4%的试剂盒在dsq-1000l DNA测序仪（岛津，东京，日本）上测序。
2.4 比对和系统发育分析and phylogenetic analy用Clustal W 1.6[11]版比对序列数据，然后将其转换为距离矩阵，再用邻位相连算法将距离矩阵构建为系统树。
然后在改正多个替换位置并排除空隙位置之后，将随机数生成的种子数和引导实验的种子数分别设置成111和1000。
另外将有空隙的位置排除后后，设定相同种子数使用2.3b3版本[12]的 MOLPHY程序按照最大似然法进行了分析。
使用NucML计算最大似然距离矩阵，用MOLPHY package.的 NJdist构建最初的邻位相连树。
根据HKY模型的R选项使用nucml建立最大似然树，根据重采样估计的自然对数方法估计局部的引导概率。
[13]Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree of the Microcystis strains and related organisms. An alignment of 1328 nucleotides after excluding positions with gaps was used. Scale bar=1 base substitution per 10 nucleotide positions. Local bootstrap probabilities (for branches except those within the Microcystis cluster) are indicatedat nodes. Microcystis [I] represents Microcystis sp. 4A3 and 4B3, and Microcystis [II] represents M. viridis TAC17 and TAC78, M. wesenbergii TAC38, M. aeruginosa TAC71. `Outgroup' represents Chromatium tepidum and Escherichia coli. Accession numbers in the DDBJ, EMBL, and GenBank databases are Microcystis sp. 4A3, AB012326; 4B3, AB012327; T1-4, AB012329; T17-1, AB012330; M. viridis TAC17, AB012328; TAC78, AB012331; M. wesenbergii TAC38, AB012334; TAC52, AB012335; M. aeruginosa TAC71, AB012332; TAC86，AB012333; TAC170, AB012340; M. novacekii TAC20, AB012336; TAC65, AB012337; M. ichthyoblabe TAC48, AB012338; TAC91, AB012339; Mr. glauca B1448-1, X94705; Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, D90916; G. membranacea PCC6501, X78680; Microcoleus sp. PCC7420, X70770; T. tenue, AF013029; O. agardhii CYA18, X84811; A. nidulans PCC6301, X03538; Synechococcus sp. PCC7942, D88288; S. elongatus,D83715; C. tepidum M59150; and E. coli, E05133.3.结果与讨论根据 Watanabe [3]的结果本文认为水华微囊藻是鱼害微囊藻的一种。
目前微囊藻属包括五种形态种，因此包含了大部分随处可见的在微囊藻中占主导地位的蓝藻。
对无菌和非无菌的菌株进行PCR扩增产物测序。
设计的引物能够帮我们将两条重叠的16SrDNA 序列进行排序。
所有的微囊藻株在本研究中被证明具有相同的16S rDNA序列长度，即1457bp，对应于大肠杆菌的16S rDNA 33-1542位置。
绿色微囊藻TAC17 和 TAC78，惠氏微囊藻TAC38，铜绿微囊藻TAC71，以及微囊藻属4A3 和4B3均显示百分百的相似性。
在这些菌株中，所有菌株的DNA序列均显示出超过99%的较高相似性（表2）。
除却与铜绿微囊藻TAC86有99.5%的相似性之外，微囊藻T17-1与其他微囊藻有99.7%甚至更高的相似性。
铜绿微囊藻TAC86与鱼害微囊藻TAC48有99.8%的相似性，与微囊藻T17-1有99.7%的相似性。
这些结果表明，目前对现有的菌株，包括五个变种菌株和四株含有藻红蛋白的菌株还不能做出明确的分工。
这些菌株是否属于同一物种可以通过DNA-DNA杂交相结合的百分比鉴定。
在一个物种中% RB的值应大于70%。
Fox[15]等人通过利用芽孢杆菌证明如果16S rDNA的同源性是99%或更多，DNA-DNA杂交可能或也不可会记录此物种的存在。