英文论文翻译

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论文英文文翻译

Guidance Notes for completing application formPart 1 Personal InformationEligibility to work at the British CouncilWe are only able to accept applications from individuals who have the right to work in the country to which they have applied.Personal InformationThe British Council’s normal retirement age is 65. If you are over this age, or within 6 months of it, at the time you apply to join us, in line with the Equality (Age) Regulations 2006, we will consider your application but reserve the right to reject it if we consider that we would be unlikely to derive sufficient benefit from your appointment in the period before your retirement.Criminal Convictions (UK)Subject to certain exempted occupations, convictions that are ‘spent’ under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 need not be mentioned. Please be aware that declaring a conviction will not automatically disqualify you from being employed unless this post is subject to a Criminal Records Bureau Check.If the post is subject to a Criminal Records Bureau Check, British Council is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people and expects all of its partners to share this commitment. Appointment to these roles are subject to enhanced Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) checks in the UK, and, where appropriate, equivalent systems overseas.Data ProtectionThe British Council will use the information you provide in this form to process your application. If your application is successful and you take up employment with the British Council, this form will be kept on your personnel file and some details from it will be held electronically by Human Resources in line with the Data Protection Act (1998). If your application is unsuccessful, this form willbe kept on file for one year after completion of the recruitment exercise and then securely destroyed.The British Council will treat all personal details in accordance with UK law and its own privacy policy. Under Data Protection law you have the right to ask for a copy of the information we hold on you, for which we may charge a fee, and the right to ask us to correct any inaccuracies in that information. If you do want more information about this please contact your local British Council office or the Data Protection Team dataprotection@. Part 2 Job-Related InformationDisabilityThe UK Disability Discrimination Act 1995 defines a person with a disability as someone who has a physical or mental impairment (including a learning or sensory impairment) that has a substantial and long term adverse effect on his/her ability to carry out normal day to day activities. In any country, it is British Council policy to interview all applicants who are disabled and who meet the essential criteria for an advertised job.Employment and professional informationPlease give details of your employment for the last 10 years, or since leaving full-time education if this is sooner, starting with the most recent employment. Account for all your time, including voluntary work or other periods away from work. Please be aware that it will not prejudice your application if you disclose a period of ill health or a period out of formal employment (e.g. time spent at home bringing up children).Other relevant experiencePlease note that this does not need to be limited to work experience. It can include experience of volunteering or of roles held within the community e.g. youth worker, community worker or leader etc..。

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory managementInventory ControlOn the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion.The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility.Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored:First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments .Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field ofthese big boys, but also their simple modules inside the warehouse management functionality is defined as "inventory management" or "inventory control." This makes the already not quite understand what our inventory control, but not sure what is inventory control.In fact, from the perspective of broadly understood, inventory control, shouldinclude the following:First, the fundamental purpose of inventory control. We know that the so-called world-class manufacturing, two key assessment indicators (KPI) is, customer satisfaction and inventory turns, inventory turns and this is actually the fundamental objective of inventory control.Second, inventory control means. Increase inventory turns, relying solely on the so-called physical inventory control is not enough, it should be the demand and supply chain management process flow of this large output, and this big warehouse management processes in addition to including this link, the more important The section also includes: forecasting and order processing, production planning and control, materials planning and purchasing control, inventory planning and forecasting in itself, as well as finished products, raw materials, distribution and delivery of the strategy, and even customs management processes.And with the demand and supply chain management processes throughout the process, it is the information flow and capital flow management. In other words, inventory itself is across the entire demand and supply management processes in all aspects of inventory control in order to achieve the fundamental purpose, it must control all aspects of inventory, rather than just manage the physical inventory at hand.Third, inventory control, organizational structure and assessment.Since inventory control is the demand and supply chain management processes, output, inventory control to achieve the fundamental purpose of this process must be compatible with a rational organizational structure. Until now, we can see that many companies have only one purchasing department, purchasing department following pipe warehouse. This is far short of inventory control requirements. From the demand and supply chain management process analysis, we know that purchasing and warehouse management is the executive arm of the typical, and inventory control should focus on prevention, the executive branch is very difficult to "prevent inventory" for the simple reason that they assessment indicatorsin large part to ensure supply (production, customer). How the actual situation, a reasonable demand and supply chain management processes, and thus set the corresponding rational organizational structure and is a question many of our enterprisesto exploreThe role of inventory controlInventory management is an important part of business management. In the production and operation activities, inventory management must ensure that both the production plant for raw materials, spare parts demand, but also directly affect the purchasing, sales of share, sales activities. To make an inventory of corporate liquidity, accelerate cash flow, the security of supply under the premise of minimizing Yaku funds, directly affects the operational efficiency. Ensure the production and operation needs of the premise, so keep inventories at a reasonable level; dynamic inventory control, timely, appropriate proposed order to avoid over storage or out of stock; reduce inventory footprint, lower total cost of inventory; control stock funds used to accelerate cash flow.Problems arising from excessive inventory: increased warehouse space andinventory storage costs, thereby increasing product costs; take a lot of liquidity, resultingin sluggish capital, not only increased the burden of payment of interest, etc., would affect the time value of money and opportunity income; finished products and raw materials caused by physical loss and intangible losses; a large number of enterprise resource idle, affecting their rational allocation and optimization; cover the production, operation of the whole process of the various contradictions and problems, is not conducive to improve the management level.Inventory is too small the resulting problems: service levels caused a decline in the profit impact of marketing and corporate reputation; production system caused by inadequate supply of raw materials or other materials, affecting the normal production process; to shorten lead times, increase the number of orders, so order (production) costs; affect the balance of production and assembly of complete sets.NotesInventory management should particularly consider the following two questions:First, according to sales plans, according to the planned production of the goods circulated in the market, we should consider where, how much storage.Second, starting from the level of service and economic benefits to determine howto ensure inventories and supplementary questions.The two problems with the inventory in the logistics process functions.In general, the inventory function:(1)to prevent interrupted. Received orders to shorten the delivery of goods fromthe time in order to ensure quality service, at the same time to prevent out of stock.(2)to ensure proper inventory levels, saving inventory costs.(3)to reduce logistics costs. Supplement with the appropriate time interval compatible with the reasonable demand of the cargo in order to reduce logistics costs, eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(4)ensure the production planning, smooth to eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(5)display function.(6)reserve. Mass storage when the price falls, reduce losses, to respond to disasters and other contingencies.About the warehouse (inventory) on what the question, we must consider the number and location. If the distribution center, it should be possible according to customer needs, set at an appropriate place; if it is stored in central places to minimize the complementary principle to the distribution centers, there is no place certain requirements. When the stock base is established, will have to take into account are stored in various locations in what commodities.库存管理库存控制在谈到所谓“库存控制”的时候，很多人将其理解为“仓储管理”，这实际上是个很大的曲解。

毕业论文摘要英文翻译

毕业论文摘要英文翻译Abstract:This paper examines the effects of exercise on mental health and well-being. As individuals continue to face increasing levels of stress and anxiety, it is important to explore alternative methods of managing and improving mental well-being. Exercise has been widely recognized as a potential solution, and numerous studies have investigated the relationship between physical activity and mental health. This research aims to synthesize and evaluate existing literature to determine the impact of exercise on mental health outcomes. The study also investigates the mechanisms through which exercise influences mental well-being.The literature review confirms the positive relationship between exercise and mental health. Regular physical activity has been shown to reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Furthermore, exercise is associated with improved cognitive function and increased self-esteem. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the beneficial effects of exercise, including the release of endorphins, increased blood flow to the brain, and social interaction.Despite the evidence supporting the positive effects of exercise on mental health, barriers exist that prevent individuals from engaging in regular physical activity. These barriers include lack of time, motivation, and access to exercise facilities. Strategies to overcome these barriers are discussed, such as incorporating exercise intodaily routines, setting realistic goals, and utilizing community resources.In conclusion, exercise has a significant positive impact on mental health and well-being. This research highlights the importance of integrating physical activity into daily life, especially in the face of increasing levels of stress and anxiety. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for individuals, healthcare providers, and policymakers. By promoting the benefits of exercise and addressing the barriers to physical activity, society can strive towards improved mental well-being for all.。

英语议论文经典范文3篇(带翻译)

英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，小编整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！英语作文范文带中文翻译Manyyearsago,themovieabouttheyouthbecameverypopular,everyyear,wecanseeman yhotmoviesabouttheprotagonist’spassedyouth.Peopleliketorecalltheirpassedyouth, whichmakessuchmoviessellgood.ButIfindthecommonthingsaboutthesemovies,alltheprotagonists’youthareaboutfighting,loveandothernegativethings.Iunderstandthedirectors’intention,theywanttotellpeopleyouthisnotperfectandhavingpities.Ofcourse movieisexaggerating,therealyouthisaboutstudying,atleast,mostpeoplehaveworkedso hardtogetintotheiridealcolleges.Whatthemoviesdescribemakeupsomepeople’syouth,forwhichtheydon’thavethechancetoexperience.Weshouldnotbemisledbythesemovies,fortheteenagers,theirjobistostudy,sothattheycanhaveabrightfuture.【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。

英文论文翻译软件

英文论文翻译软件
目前市面上有很多英文论文翻译软件可供选择。

以下是几个常见的英文论文翻译软件：
1. Google翻译： Google翻译是一个免费在线翻译工具，可以翻译多种语言，包括英语。

它使用机器翻译技术，可以快速翻译大量文本。

然而，由于机器翻译的限制，有时会出现语法和语义错误。

2. DeepL：DeepL是一种基于神经网络的翻译软件，具有较高的翻译质量。

它可以翻译多种语言，包括英语。

DeepL能够更好地理解上下文，提供更准确的翻译。

它提供了免费和付费版本。

3. 百度翻译：百度翻译是一种免费在线翻译工具，提供多种语言翻译，包括英语。

它使用机器翻译和统计翻译方法，能够提供基本的翻译服务。

然而，由于机器翻译的限制，翻译质量可能有限。

总的来说，这些英文论文翻译软件提供了便捷的翻译服务，但在翻译质量和准确性方面可能存在一定的限制。

对于重要的论文翻译，仍然建议寻求专业翻译服务或母语人士的协助，以确保最准确和流畅的翻译结果。

论文英文翻译

论文英文翻译Essay 1 - College EducationIn recent years, college education has become a topic of great debate. Some people argue that a college degree is essential for success in today's society, while others believe that it is not necessary. This essay will argue that college education is indeed important and beneficial for several reasons.Firstly, obtaining a college degree can provide individuals with better career opportunities. In today's competitive job market, employers often prioritize candidates with a higher education background. College graduates are more likely to find stable employment and earn higher salaries compared to those without a degree. Furthermore, many professions require specific knowledge and skills that can only be acquired through a college education. For example, doctors, engineers, and lawyers must complete several years of study in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their respective fields.Secondly, college education can help individuals develop important life skills. During their time at college, students are exposed to a variety of subjects and experiences, which enable them to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills. College also provides opportunities for students to engage in extracurricular activities and interact with a diverse group of individuals. This fosters social and cultural awareness, as well as teamwork and leadership skills. These skills are valuable not only in the workplace but also in everyday life.Moreover, college education promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. The college environment encourages students to explore new ideas, challenge their assumptions, and discover their passions. It provides a platform for intellectual development and self-discovery. Students are exposed to a wide range of subjects, perspectives, and cultures, which broadens their knowledge and worldview. College education also instills a sense of curiosity and a desire for continuous learning, which are essential qualities in today's rapidly changing world.In conclusion, college education is important and beneficial for several reasons. It provides better career opportunities, helps individuals develop important life skills, and promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. While it is true that college education may not be necessary for everyone, obtaining a degree can significantly enhance one's chances of success in both personal and professional aspects of life.。

毕业论文英文翻译

毕业论文英文翻译Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment Abstract:This paper explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on employment. The rise of AI technologies has sparked concerns about its potential to replace human jobs. Through an analysis of existing literature and case studies, this study investigates the ways in which AI has affected various industries and job sectors. The findings indicate that while AI has the potential to automate certain tasks and reduce the need for human intervention, it also creates new job opportunities and contributes to economic growth. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of retraining and upskilling workers to adapt to the changing job market. Overall, this research contributes to a better understanding of the complex relationship between AI and employment and provides insights into proactive strategies to address the challenges posed by AI. Introduction:Artificial intelligence has emerged as a powerful technology with the potential to transform various aspects of society, including the workforce. The rapid advancement of AI has raised concerns about potential job losses and increased automation. This study aims to explore the impact of AI on employment and identify strategies to mitigate negative effects. By examining existing literature and case studies, this research provides a comprehensive analysis of AI's influence on different industries and job sectors.Literature Review:The literature offers a wide range of perspectives on the impact ofAI on employment. Some studies suggest that AI will lead to significant job losses in sectors such as manufacturing, transportation, and customer service. They argue that AI technologies, such as autonomous vehicles and chatbots, can perform tasks previously done by humans more efficiently and at a lower cost. On the other hand, other studies argue that AI will create new job opportunities and enhance productivity. For example, the healthcare sector benefits from AI technologies by improving diagnosis accuracy and streamlining administrative processes.Case Studies:This study includes several case studies that examine the impact of AI on specific industries. The manufacturing industry, for instance, has experienced both job losses and job creation due to the introduction of AI. While certain tasks have been automated, new roles related to AI maintenance and programming have emerged. Similarly, the retail industry has witnessed the integration of AI technologies, leading to job displacement in traditional retail jobs but also the creation of new positions in data analysis and online customer support.Mitigation Strategies:To address the challenges posed by AI, strategies should focus on retraining and upskilling the workforce to adapt to the changing job market. Governments and organizations should encourage workers to acquire in-demand skills such as data analysis and AI programming. Additionally, collaboration between academia and industry is crucial to ensure that education and training programs remain relevant and effective. Finally, policies that support jobtransition and income support for displaced workers will help minimize the negative impact of AI on employment. Conclusion:The impact of artificial intelligence on employment is a complex and multifaceted issue. While concerns about job losses are valid, it is important to recognize that AI also creates new job opportunities and contributes to economic growth. By implementing proactive strategies, such as retraining and upskilling, societies can better navigate the changes brought about by AI and ensure a future where humans and machines can coexist harmoniously.。

论文翻译英文

论文翻译英文Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Banking SectorAbstract: This study aims to analyze the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the banking sector. AI has emerged as a disruptive technology in recent years and has the potential to revolutionize various industries, including banking. The paper begins by providing an overview of AI and its different applications. It then explores the specific ways in which AI is transforming the banking sector, including customer service, risk management, fraud detection, and process automation. Finally, the study examines the challenges and ethical considerations associated with the implementation of AI in banking. The findings of this research contribute to a better understanding of the role of AI in the banking sector and provide insights for banks and policymakers in adapting to the changing landscape.Introduction:With the rapid advancement of technology, the banking sector has witnessed significant changes in recent years. One of the most prominent advancements is the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI). AI refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans. The integration of AI in the banking sector has led to improvements in efficiency, customer experience, and overall decision-making. This paper aims to explore the impact of AI on the banking sector, focusing on customer service, risk management, fraud detection, and process automation.AI in Customer Service:AI has transformed customer service in the banking sector. Chatbots and virtual assistants powered by AI technology have become key tools in handling customer queries and providing personalized experiences. These AI-enabled systems can handle a large volume of customer inquiries simultaneously, resulting in faster response times and improved customer satisfaction. Additionally, AI-powered systems can leverage customer data to provide tailored recommendations and personalized offers, enhancing the customer experience.AI in Risk Management:Risk management is a critical aspect of banking operations. AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns, detect anomalies, and predict potential risks more accurately. This enables banks to make more informed decisions regarding loans, credit assessment, and investment portfolios. By incorporating AI into risk management systems, banks can enhance their ability to identify and mitigate potential risks while ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements.AI in Fraud Detection:Fraud detection is another area where AI has significantly impacted the banking sector. AI algorithms can analyze vast datasets to identify fraudulent patterns, enabling banks to detect and prevent fraud in real-time. Machine learning algorithms continuously learn and adapt to new patterns, helping banks stay ahead of fraudsters who constantly evolve their tactics. AI-powered fraud detection systems not only save banks significant financial losses but also enhance trust and confidence amongcustomers.AI in Process Automation:AI has enabled banks to automate various processes that were previously time-consuming and labor-intensive. For instance, AI-powered robots can now perform tasks such as data entry, document processing, and account reconciliation with greater accuracy and efficiency. Automation of these processes not only reduces costs but also minimizes the likelihood of human error, resulting in improved operational efficiency.Challenges and Ethical Considerations:Despite the numerous benefits of AI in the banking sector, several challenges and ethical considerations need to be addressed. These include data privacy and security concerns, potential job displacement, algorithmic bias, and the need for regulatory frameworks to govern the use of AI in banking. It is crucial for banks and policymakers to develop strategies that ensure the responsible and ethical use of AI technologies.Conclusion:Overall, AI has shown great potential in transforming the banking sector. It has revolutionized customer service, risk management, fraud detection, and process automation. However, the implementation of AI in banking comes with its own set of challenges and ethical considerations. Banks and policymakers need to strike a balance between harnessing the benefits of AI and addressing the associated risks. By doing so, they can adapt to the changing landscape and stay competitive in the digital era.。

毕业论文的英文翻译

毕业论文的英文翻译Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Modern Society Abstract:Artificial intelligence (AI) is a rapidly advancing field that has made significant contributions to various aspects of modern society. This paper aims to explore the impact of AI on society, including its benefits, challenges, and ethical considerations. The research methodology includes a comprehensive review of relevant literature and analysis of case studies.1. Introduction:Artificial intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence by computer systems. Advances in AI have led to the development of technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision. These technologies have found applications in diverse sectors, ranging from healthcare and finance to transportation and entertainment.2. Benefits of AI:AI has brought several benefits to society. One significant advantage is the automation of repetitive and mundane tasks, which has increased efficiency and productivity in various industries. For example, in manufacturing, AI-powered robots can complete complex tasks with precision and speed, reducing the need for human intervention. Additionally, AI has improved the accuracy and speed of medical diagnoses, leading to better patient outcomes.3. Challenges of AI:Despite its numerous benefits, AI also poses several challenges. One major concern is the potential loss of jobs due to automation. The displacement of workers by AI-powered machines raises questions about unemployment rates and income inequality. Moreover, the ethical implications of AI in decision making, privacy and security, and the potential for bias also need to be addressed.4. Ethical considerations:AI raises ethical concerns related to privacy, transparency, and accountability. As AI systems collect and analyze vast amounts of personal data, there is a need for strict regulations and safeguards to protect individuals' privacy. Furthermore, issues of transparency and accountability arise when AI algorithms make decisions that impact people's lives. The development of ethical frameworks and guidelines is crucial to ensure responsible AI usage.5. Case studies:The paper includes case studies to highlight the real-world impact of AI. One example is the use of AI in autonomous vehicles. Self-driving cars equipped with AI technology promise safer and more efficient transportation. However, accidents involving autonomous vehicles have raised concerns about liability and accountability. 6. Conclusion:Artificial intelligence has revolutionized various aspects of modern society, offering benefits such as increased productivity and improved healthcare outcomes. However, challenges related to job displacement, ethical considerations, and potential biases need to be addressed. To fully harness the benefits of AI whilesafeguarding society's interests, it is essential to develop and implement comprehensive regulations and ethical frameworks.。

英语作文议论文带翻译

英语作文议论文带翻译英文回答：1. The advent of the internet and the proliferation of social media have revolutionized the way we communicate and connect with each other. However, this digital revolution has also brought forth a plethora of challenges, one of which is the rampant spread of misinformation. Misinformation, defined as false or inaccurate information that is unintentionally spread, has become an insidious threat to our society, eroding trust, polarizing communities, and undermining informed decision-making.2. The spread of misinformation is facilitated by a number of factors. The anonymity of the internet allows individuals to disseminate false information without fear of retribution. Moreover, the algorithms used by social media platforms often prioritize engagement and virality over accuracy, leading to the amplification and spread of misinformation. Additionally, the confirmation bias that weall possess, which is the tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing beliefs, further contributes to the spread of misinformation.3. The consequences of misinformation are far-reaching and severe. Misinformation can have a detrimental impact on public health, as evidenced by the spread of false information about vaccines and the COVID-19 pandemic. It can also lead to political polarization, as individuals who are exposed to misinformation may become entrenched in their views and less likely to consider alternative perspectives. Furthermore, misinformation can undermine trust in institutions and experts, making it difficult to address complex societal challenges.4. Addressing the challenge of misinformation requires a multi-faceted approach. Media literacy initiatives are essential to equip individuals with the skills to critically evaluate information and identify misinformation. Social media platforms must also take responsibility for combating misinformation by implementing stricter fact-checking mechanisms and promoting credible sources. Additionally, governments can play a role by supporting research on misinformation and developing policies that encourage transparency and accountability.5. Combating misinformation is not just about protecting ourselves from false information; it is about protecting our democracy and preserving the integrity of our collective knowledge. In an era where information is more accessible than ever before, it is more important than ever to be discerning consumers of information and to promote a culture of critical thinking and evidence-based decision-making.中文回答：1. 互联网的兴起和社交媒体的普及彻底改变了我们交流和联系的方式。

毕业论文英文文献及翻译

英文原文 and the .NET Framework is part of Microsoft's overall .NET framework, which contains a vast set of programming classes designed to satisfy any conceivable programming need. In the following two sections, you learn how fits within the .NET framework, and you learn about the languages you can use in your pages.The .NET Framework Class LibraryImagine that you are Microsoft. Imagine that you have to support multiple programming languages—such as Visual Basic, JScript, and C++.A great deal of the functionality of these programming languages overlaps. For example, for each language, you would have to include methods for accessing the file system, working with databases, and manipulating strings.Furthermore, these languages contain similar programming constructs. Every language, for example, can represent loops and conditionals. Even though the syntax of a conditional written in Visual Basic differs from the syntax of a conditional written in C++, the programming function is the same.Finally, most programming languages have similar variable data types. In most languages, you have some means of representing strings and integers, for example. The maximum and minimum size of an integer might depend on the language, but the basic data type is the same.Maintaining all this functionality for multiple languages requires a lot of work. Why keep reinventing the wheel? Wouldn't it be easier to create all this functionality once and use it for every language?The .NET Framework Class Library does exactly that. It consists of a vast set of classes designed to satisfy any conceivable programming need. For example, the .NET framework contains classes for handling database access, working with the file system, manipulating text, and generating graphics. In addition, it contains more specialized classes for performing tasks such as working with regular expressions and handling network protocols.The .NET framework, furthermore, contains classes that represent all the basic variable data types such as strings, integers, bytes, characters, and arrays.Most importantly, for purposes of this book, the .NET Framework Class Library contains classes for building pages. You need to understand, however, that you can access any of the .NET framework classes when you are building your pages.Understanding NamespacesAs you might guess, the .NET framework is huge. It contains thousands of classes (over 3,400). Fortunately, the classes are not simply jumbled together. The classes of the .NET framework are organized into a hierarchy of namespaces.ASP Classic NoteIn previous versions of Active Server Pages, you had access to only five standard classes (the Response, Request, Session, Application, and Server objects). , in contrast, provides you with access to over 3,400 classes!A namespace is a logical grouping of classes. For example, all the classes that relate to working with the file system are gathered together into the System.IO namespace.The namespaces are organized into a hierarchy (a logical tree). At the root of the tree is the System namespace. This namespace contains all the classes for the base data types, such as strings and arrays. It also contains classes for working with random numbers and dates and times.You can uniquely identify any class in the .NET framework by using the full namespace of the class. For example, to uniquely refer to the class that represents a file system file (the File class), you would use the following:System.IO.FileSystem.IO refers to the namespace, and File refers to the particular class.NOTEYou can view all the namespaces of the standard classes in the .NET Framework Class Library by viewing the Reference Documentation for the .NET Framework.Standard NamespacesThe classes contained in a select number of namespaces are available in your pages by default. (You must explicitly import other namespaces.) These default namespaces contain classes that you use most often in your applications:System— Contains all the base data types and other useful classes such as those related to generating random numbers and working with dates and times.System.Collections— Contains classes for working with standard collection types such as hash tables, and array lists.System.Collections.Specialized— Contains classes that represent specialized collections such as linked lists and string collections.System.Configuration— Contains classes for working with configuration files (Web.config files).System.Text— Contains classes for encoding, decoding, and manipulating the contents of strings.System.Text.RegularExpressions— Contains classes for performing regular expression match and replace operations.System.Web— Contains the basic classes for working with the World Wide Web, including classes for representing browser requests and server responses.System.Web.Caching— Contains classes used for caching the content of pages and classes for performing custom caching operations.System.Web.Security— Contains classes for implementing authentication and authorization such as Forms and Passport authentication.System.Web.SessionState—Contains classes for implementing session state.System.Web.UI—Contains the basic classes used in building the user interface of pages.System.Web.UI.HTMLControls— Contains the classes for the HTML controls.System.Web.UI.WebControls— Contains the classes for the Web controls..NET Framework-Compatible LanguagesFor purposes of this book, you will write the application logic for your pages using Visual Basic as your programming language. It is the default language for pages (and the most popular programming language in the world). Although you stick to Visual Basic in this book, you also need to understand that you can create pages by using any language that supports the .NET Common Language Runtime. Out of the box, this includes C# (pronounced See Sharp), (the .NET version of JavaScript), and the Managed Extensions to C++.NOTEThe CD included with this book contains C# versions of all the code samples.Dozens of other languages created by companies other than Microsoft have been developed to work with the .NET framework. Some examples of these other languages include Python, SmallTalk, Eiffel, and COBOL. This means that you could, if you really wanted to, write pages using COBOL.Regardless of the language that you use to develop your pages, you need to understand that pages are compiled before they are executed. This means that pages can execute very quickly.The first time you request an page, the page is compiled into a .NET class, and the resulting class file is saved beneath a special directory on your server named Temporary Files. For each and every page, a corresponding class file appears in the Temporary Files directory. Whenever you request the same page in the future, the corresponding class file is executed.When an page is compiled, it is not compiled directly into machine code. Instead, it is compiled into an intermediate-level language called Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL). All .NET-compatible languages are compiled into this intermediate language.An page isn't compiled into native machine code until it is actually requested by a browser. At that point, the class file contained in the Temporary Files directory is compiled with the .NET framework Just in Time (JIT) compiler and executed.The magical aspect of this whole process is that it happens automatically in the background. All you have to do is create a text file with the source code for your page, and the .NET framework handles all the hard work of converting it into compiled code for you.ASP CLASSIC NOTEWhat about VBScript? Before , VBScript was the most popular language for developing Active Server Pages. does not support VBScript, and this is good news. Visual Basic is a superset of VBScript, which means that Visual Basic has all the functionality of VBScript and more. So, you have a richer set of functions and statements with Visual Basic.Furthermore, unlike VBScript, Visual Basic is a compiled language. This means that if you use Visual Basic to rewrite the same code that you wrote with VBScript, you can get better performance.If you have worked only with VBScript and not Visual Basic in the past, don't worry. Since VBScript is so closely related to Visual Basic, you'll find it easy to make the transition between the two languages.NOTE Microsoft includes an interesting tool named the IL Disassembler (ILDASM) with the .NET framework. You can use this tool to view the disassembled code for any of the classes in the Temporary Files directory. It lists all the methods and properties of the class and enables you to view the intermediate-level code.This tool also works with all the controls discussed in this chapter. For example, you can use the IL Disassembler to view the intermediate-level code for the TextBox control (located in a file named System.Web.dll).中文翻译和 .NET Framework是微软.NET框架总体战略的一部分。

完整英文论文翻译

原文：Marketing in Research and DevelopmentThe Role of the "Innovation Navigator"Marketing in the Management ofResearch Institutions and EnterprisesInvolved in ResearchDr. Marcus LemmensLemmens Consulting-linking industry and science, Bonn-Berlin-LondonBackgroundOver the last ten years,research and development(R&D) has increasingly become a focal point of public awareness. Companies investing in this sector can reckon with a secure future. Therefore, this also benefits the supply systems in society as well as the government institutions .There have been positive developments in the attitude of citizens towards scientific progress and the issue of innovation in general .Thanks to the presentation of measurable results, publicised and public opinion has increasingly approved of investments in teaching, research and development. Here, pharmaceutical research based on biotechnology has contributed a number of examples .And new opportunities, for instance in environmental protection, medicine and industrial safety have promoted sympathy with more funds for R&D also being contributed from public sources.Financial competitionAgainst this background, public funding of research,teaching and development is being re-oriented in terms of its structure. What used to be mainly across-the-board basic funding of institutions is now shifting towardsallocations via a basic budget and supplementary funding via priority areas or individual research projects. This is becoming apparent in higher education institutions, institutes and extra-university research institutions having to compete for these public funds. Usually, it is particularly such priority or project funding that offers attractive amounts of money that may exceed basic funding or can at least be applied more flexibly. In order to compete successfully for funds, institutions have to establish modem science or research management concepts. And R&D marketing assumes a crucial role in this management process.Enterprises engaging in researchCompanies involved in research are also facing new challenges. To optimise costs and resources, they are increasingly seeking co-operation with research institutions and groups of companies. This is aimed at ensuring that individual companies embarking on research activities, running a lower risk. The goal here is to dispose of sufficient qualified knowledge for innovation in the future.(Definition: Innovation is a successful transfer of discoveries to successful sales.) This also applies to any type of innovation strategy being pursued(cumulative innovation=continuous development of knowledge and innovation and radical innovation=combination of cutting-edge technologies and services, North,2000). Should the need arise, R&D marketing has to set individual priorities depending on the strategy opted for. What is certain is that marketing also constitutes a prerequisite for the success of enterprises engaged in research.The role of marketingIn R&D, marketing encompasses more than the traditional fields of activity. This is why it is especially important that marketing should gain approval within the R&D institutions and companies .For under favourable conditions, marketing can assume the role of an"innovation navigator"(Abresch, 2000) bothin public-funded and private research and development.Provided that this is possible, marketing conducted by a research institution or a company involved in research already combines the following phases at a very early stage: market analysisdemand assessmentdevelopment of ideasdevelopment of strategyresearchproduct or service developmentenvironmental and trend analysesMarketing feeds the insights gained from the market into the R&D process. In his way,marketing prevents cost-intensive knowledge being established in Application-oriented R&D from which no innovation is to be expected. So marketing attempts to ensure that demand plays the key role for the R&D company or institute(demand requirements take priority). In contrast,researchers tend to attribute the key role to technology (technological advancement takes priority) (Gerybadze, 2000).Marketing is understood as a steering of the(research) institute or company by the market .And additionally, marketing crucially influences R&D. This means that target markets and groups are defined. Requirements can be deduced from this context, and the R&D process can constantly be measured against the compass needle of the market. If this proves successful,marketing is able to fulfil its role as an "innovation navigator".Marketing conceptScience as such as well as R&D in general is always conducted in the context of religious and philosophical values, and therefore against the background of the society in which research is being conducted (Kashiwagi,2000).And since R&D is embedded in a process of increasing internationalisation, a modem marketing concept ought to consider the intercultural differences of R&Dvalues in addition to the navigation tasks for product innovation, process innovation and social innovation .Here, the author would propose a sub-project in the framework of the workshop aimed at developing an R&D marketing concept taking inter-cultural aspects (Western and Eastern or oriental value orientations) into account.译文：营销调查研究和发展扮演创新导航者的角色——营销在科研机构和企业管理中的调查研究工作Marcus Lemmens 博士Lemmens咨询联系工业和科学，波恩一柏林一伦敦背景在过去的十年，调查研究与发展（R＆D）的问题日益成为公众意识的焦点。

英文论文及中文翻译格式(附件1)

附件1南京工程学院英文论文及中文翻译英文论文题目：Multilevel Inverters for ElectricVehicle Applications中文翻译题目：多电平逆变器在电动汽车中的应用专业：车辆工程（车辆电子电气）班级：车电气101学号：215100439学生姓名：许兵指导教师：朱华教授张开林副教授说明：本页开始可直接附上打印好的pdf格式英文论文（注：不要把pdf格式的英文论文转化为word文档或其它格式），选择英文论文的要求如下：1.选择与你毕业设计（论文）内容相关或与你所学专业相关且公开发表的英文论文。

2.所选英文论文的页数4—5页为宜。

3.不要选择英文产品说明书或英文教材上的内容。

4.不要选择由中国学者翻译发表的英语论文。

多电平逆变器在电动汽车中的应用莱昂·托尔伯特，彭方Z. 托马斯·G. Habetler美国橡树岭国家实验室* 佐治亚理工学院邮政信箱2009 电气和计算机工程学院橡树岭，TN37831-8038 亚特兰大,佐治亚州30332-0250电话：（423）576-6206 电话：（404）894-9829传真：（423）241-6124 传真：（404）894-9171邮箱：tolbertlm@邮箱：tom.habetler 邮箱：pengfz@摘要：本文介绍了多电平逆变器在纯电动汽车（EV）和混合动力汽车（HEV）电机驱动上的应用。

二极管钳位逆变器和串联H桥型逆变器（1）能够产生只含基频近似的正弦电压，（2）几乎没有任何电磁干扰（EMI）和共模电压，（3）使得电动汽车更方便/更安全和对大多数电动汽车动力系统可能的开放性线路。

本文探讨了电动汽车的好处并讨论了使用电动汽车马达驱动或并联式混合动力汽车驱动和二极管钳位逆变器的一系列混合动力汽车电机驱动的串联逆变器的控制方案。

分析、仿真和实验结果表明了这些多电平逆变器在这个新领域中的优越性。

1．背景电动和混合动力汽车的发展，尤其是以牵引电机驱动为主的发展[1]，为电力电子行业提供了众多新机遇和挑战。

毕业论文外文翻译范例

外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。

毕业论文英文文献翻译

毕业论文英文文献翻译The translation of a 700-word English literature for a graduation thesis would take a considerable amount of time and effort. Due to limitations in this platform, it is not feasible to provide a high-quality translation within the given word count.However, I can provide you with some guidelines and key points that can help you translate the literature on your own:1. Read the literature thoroughly and understand its main arguments and ideas.2. Make a list of keywords and important terms mentioned in the literature.3. Research the keywords and terms to understand their accurate translations in your target language.4. Identify the main structure and flow of the literature.5. Start translating paragraph by paragraph, making sure to preserve the original meaning and tone of the text.6. Use appropriate transition words and phrases to ensure coherence and logical progression in your translation.7. Proofread and revise your translation multiple times to correct any grammatical or syntactical errors.It is crucial to note that translating academic literature requires a deep understanding of the subject matter and proficiency in both languages. If you are not confident in your translation skills, it might be wise to seek professional help or consult a native speaker proficient in both languages.Remember that the translation of academic literature is animportant step in any graduation thesis, so it's essential to give ample time and attention to the task.。

论文英文翻译最终版

序号（学号）：040940131长春光华学院毕业设计（论文）译文Electronic technique电子技术姓名盛遵义教学院电气信息学院专业电子信息工程班级电信09401指导教师张淑艳（讲师）2013 年04 月10 日┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊Electronic techniqueFrom the world of radio in the world to a single chip， modern computer technology， industrial revolution， the world economy from the capital into the economy to knowledge economy。

Field in the electronic world， from the 20th century into the era of radio to computer technology in the 21st century as the center of the intelligent modern era of electronic systems。

The basic core of modern electronic systems are embedded computer systems (referred to as embedded systems)， while the microcontroller is the most typical and most extensive and most popular embedded systems。

radio has created generations of excellence in the world Fifties and sixties in the 20th century，the most representative of the advanced electronic technology is wireless technology， including radio broadcasting， radio，wireless communications (telegraph)，Amateur Radio， radio positioning，navigation and other telemetry， remote control， remote technology。

英文学术论文翻译-中英文对照(三)

•These new measures will, we believe, increase the people’s purchasing power and lead to thriving financial and commercial conditions rather than make a mess of the country’s finances as some people argue.
一、主谓单句
汉语的主谓单句，从外形结构上来看，跟英语的“主谓”结构是相似的，但它的主语和谓语表达却与英语有许多不同的地方。所以翻译汉语主谓单句时，至少应注意几个问题。
1、防止主语的机械对应。中国近几年来发生了巨变。 ①There have been great changes in China these years. ②These years have seen (witnessed) great changes in China. ③Great changes have taken place in China these years. ④China crackles with the dynamics of changes these years.
汉语的基本句型及其翻译
汉语造句以名词为重心，以词组、散句和分句为手段，善于按时间、逻辑顺序进行横排式叙述，有时断句不严，外形松散。有人称汉语是时间型的动态结构，主要体现于形式自由，富于弹性。
英语则以“主—谓”主干结构为重心来统领各种语言成分，句界分明，外形严密。因此，汉语各种句型译成英语时，不仅在逻辑关系上而且在外形上都应该体现出英语句法结构的特点。
2-3 Reversing • 1）沿路都是小商店。 Small shops dot the way. • 2）他这样悍然行事使我们非常气恼。 Hot anger burned in our minds against him at his rashness.

论文翻译举例英文作文范文

论文翻译举例英文作文范文英文，As an English-Chinese bilingual, I often find myself translating various types of documents, including academic papers. Here, I'll provide an example of a translated English essay into Chinese, adhering to the specified format.中文，作为一名英中双语者，我经常发现自己需要翻译各种类型的文件，包括学术论文。

在这里，我将提供一个将英文文章翻译成中文的例子，符合指定的格式。

英文，Imagine you're writing an essay on the impact of technology on modern education. Here's an excerpt from the introduction:Technology has revolutionized the landscape of modern education, bringing both opportunities and challenges. In today's interconnected world, classrooms are no longer confined to physical spaces; instead, they extend to virtual realms where students engage with educationalmaterials through online platforms and digital tools. This transformation has democratized access to knowledge, allowing learners from diverse backgrounds to participatein educational experiences previously inaccessible to them.中文：想象一下，你正在撰写一篇关于技术对现代教育的影响的论文。

Transportation 英语论文中英文翻译

TransportationTransportation (Sum up)There are two types of transportation: public transportation and private transportation. Examples of public transportation are: buses, trains, tramways, subways, cable cars, ships etc. Examples of private transportation include: private cars, bicycles, motorbikes, as well as walking on foot. Many people prefer means of private transportation to the public transportation, because it is a lot more comfortable, even though it’s pricier: you don’t have to get crammed in a crowded in a crowded wagon if you are driving your own vehicle. Also, riding a bike or a motorbike permits to avoid the traffic on the streets, since in the big cities there are special biking lanes which don’t allow buses or cars. On the other hand, using means of public transportation also has its advantages; first of all, it’s really cheap, nowadays you can purchase a special IP card, and then swipe it every time you get on and get off the bus and save up additional money on cost of transportation. Second, subways are built underground so if you use it, you don’t have to experience the congested streets on the ground. They are fast, and there are many different lines so if you transfer you can get almost anywhere you need. Third, using cable cars or special buses that don’t emit carbon dioxide into the air helps protecting the environment and the ozone layer above.Traffic jams (traffic congestion) is a big problem in big and developed cities all over the world. The situation could be improved if the public transportation system is radically changed; if the subway and train system gets more developed it will be more attractive to the citizens, than purchasing private cars that pollute the air and are responsible of the growing traffic jam problem. In consequence, the streets wouldn’t be jammed with private cars going in all the possible directions.To improve the situation on the streets of the big cities, the government should take various measures; for example, try to relocate some of the companies into the suburbs in order to make the centre of the city less crowded. This reorganization of a densely populated area could be one of the crucial solutions to the traffic congestion problem. The officials should also think of creating new projects to make new subway lines, bus routes and biking lanes so that the means of public transportation are more appealing to the citizens. Also, creating green tax (the kind of tax that the citizens pay the government for them to take measures to protect the environment) is one of the possibilities to help the traffic congestion and resulting from it, air pollution (smog). Unfortunately, these projects cost a lot of money, and take a lot of time and effort, so the situation on the streets can only improve gradually and in a very slow pace.Should Government Spend Money On PublicTransportations Or Roads?Polluted air, sun heated temperature, and poor quality of public transportations are Jakarta’s traffic condition. It’s worsen by the road traffics cause by the increasing amount in the usages of personal cars, that always take part in the crowds. Although there are many options of transportations and the access of highways and roads to shortened the amount of time consuming, Jakarta inhabitants are still dealing with the same problem continually.Well-improved public transportations will decrease the amount of personal cars usages. The public transportation companies have very poor services for jakarta’s citizens which served as their loyal customers. If the facility has been reconditioned, it will attract more attentions from the new and potential customers who never use it before. As a result from the growth of public transportations usages, the rush-hour traffic will be lessened. As an instance, Jakarta has many options for public transportations. Although reconsidered as a metropolitan city, the condition of the public transportation facilitiy is a tragic. Corroded iron bench, non air conditioner applied, unclean passengers area, and high lists of criminalities “performed” in the facilities show the credibility of Jakarta’s publ ic transportation image. But, the government surprised the citizens by launching the new alternative transportation that offers safety, comfort, and hygiene for their customers. The most wanted facility to enjoy is the Busway. When Busway was first introduced to Jakarta inhabitants, the public joyfully welcome the new alternative transportation and hoped that it will be the solution for road traffics which are their main problem.Improving roads and highways cost more funds and time. To recondition and to build roads and highways will pressure the government to strategically planned the budget. Highway constuctions budget usually does not refund until long period of time usages. If the funds are not available to support the roads and highways constructions, the result will not be as what the citizens expect of. Building roads and highways are a time consuming project that includes a lot of proffesional architects and workers, the project will provoked the comfort of roads and highways users and causing more road traffics problem. The example is the project to broaden the highway to Soekarno-hatta international airport. The project cause more road traffic for the customers who want to arrive as fast as they can in the airport to avoid lateness. Huge construction machines, constructionworkers, and the restricted area for the customers that reserved as the construction workers workstation are the main cause that annoyed the customers.Highways and roads are not accessible for all vehicles and all communities. Highways and roads access are not approachable to those who only have two-wheel drive. They will not receive the same conveniences that the government supplied for those who have more than two-wheel drive. Furthermore, the toll for using highways and roads are costly for middle to low class society. As an illustration, from the first time three years ago, Busway has influenced the highest admiration from the Jakarta citizens because Busway offers comfort, safety, and the efficiency of time to reach vary destinations in Jakarta with affordable prices that fits into all communities.Improving roads and highways can induce the society to use personal transportations. When the constructions of the highways are increasing, the citizens are captive in a situation with no options. The citizens are forced to use the highways to reach their destinations. Despite of the unflexible rule that restrict two-wheel drive vehicles and high priced tickets, highways are constructed to link the route from one place to another. In the end, the society will be addicted in using expressway and the construction of highways will happen in cycles and wasting a lot of funds. For example, the first highway constructed in Jakarta is the Jagorawi highway which links the route from Jakarta to Bogor and in the opposite way. The Jagorawi highway has reached the success in facilitating the citizens especially commuters to move from one city to another in a short amount of time. When the government realized how much the benefits and popularity gained from the Jagorawi highway, they immediately formed PT. Jasamarga as the management of Indonesia’s highways and planned for the forthcoming highway projects.In conclusion, public transportations have a very remarkable reputation amongst the society. Therefore, government should pay more attention on improving and creating public transportation facilities that offer safety, comfort, hygienic space, affordable prices, and accessible for all communities.Transportation SafteyTransportation SafetyFor my third and final paper regarding the transportation bill that President Barack Obama has brought to the table. According to , there are nearly 1,800 interest groups both public and private that are lobbying on transportation infrastructure. From these groups there are primarily cities, counties, transit agencies or construction interests that are searching for government funding from congress to create new highways and more efficient transitsystems. There are two major umbrella groups who have enacted a campaign to persuade voters to get their representatives to finish thebill to help their local transportation roadways. These two groups are called Americans for Transportation Mobility and the Transportation Construction Coalition. These two groups also account for members that are included in the Associated General Contractors as well as the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.This major campaign is a nationwide effort to enlighten voters about how the passing of this transportation bill will, among many issues, help road conditions throughout the country and the safety of people using the roadways. This nationwide effort with many different sectors involved includes but not limited to business, labor and transportation organizations throughout the United States. The mission statement of the Americans for Transportation Mobility states that the decline in the transportation infrastructure of our nation is dangerous to our safety, jeopardizes our quality of life, undermines the economy and finally, harms the environment substantially. According to their website, a recent study estimated that $225 billion is needed annually to maintain our surface transportation system and currently there is a $60 billion gap in that much needed investment. In 2006, there was a death on our nation’s roads every five hours and one-third of these fatalities are due to under maintained roads. This major inter est group is heavily interested in fixing America’s roads also because the cost of the millions of traffic crashes accounted for over $162 billion a year.Within the Americans for Transportation Mobility there is a management committee comprised of many different associations, each that have their own president. Three of the major management committees are the American Public Transportation Association headed by William Millar, American Road Transportation Builders Association headed by Pete Ruane, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce run by Thomas J. Donohue. Each of these associations has major interest in different sectors, and all of which want to have their own input on this dominant bill.The American Public Transportation Association is an international organization that has been representing the transit industry since 1882. Their mission is to strengthen and improve public transport and has a very diverse membership that is trying to make public transportation available and accessible for all Americans across the country. This interest group is very open to ideas and suggestions on the improvement of America’s public transportation and over ninety percent of passengers using transit in both the United States and Canada are sustained by the American Public Transportation Association. According to their membership handbook, the APTA is your voice in Washington and they represent your issues and interests while providing members consistent updates on those interests as well as legislative issues. The APTA has many business opportunities to obtain contacts, exposure and focuspotential customers on your particular products and services you provide. The APTA has many conferences across the country in which you are able to obtain information and training so that you are able to further your career as well as business opportunities. As a member you are also entitled to unlimited use of their resources and information as well as participate in their many committees and audit programs to benefit you and your career. To join this interest group there are dues based upon their criteria and which category you will join. The annual minimum fee is $1,250 and from there, there are additional charges based upon criteria such as how many buses your company runs as well as the amount of operating expenses you incur.The American Road Transportation Builders Association is a major player in the U.S. transportation and design sector of transportation infrastructure which goes before congress, the White House and the Executive Brand and federal agencies. The primary reason for joining this group is the impressive track record of growing the federal transportation construction and is involved in every major piece of federal transportation legislation. In order to become a member and to view the membership benefits, you must contact their National Field Director Kenyon Gleason. Their dues also fluctuate into which category you and your company falls in such as the amount of annual volume to dues for a single executive from a government agency.The U.S. Chamber of Commerce website states that they believe that without proper investment and attention to the infrastructure systems, the economic stability of our nation, the potential for job growth and America’s competitiveness globally are in jeopardy. The Chamber’s plans are to motivate private spending, invest in the declining transportation infrastructure and modernize and protect the energy infrastructure. They believe that by removing legal and regulatory barriers, this will help protect public health as well as public safety and improving the environment. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is fighting for the improvement of allowing industries to make investments with confidence and by making efficiently timed decisions on energy projects to avoid pricey delays. To become a member you need to identify what type of organization you are whether it is business, chambers or associations. In order to obtain information regarding fees, you must provide name, e-mail and which membership type you want to join. There are many membership benefits such as discounts on services like car renta ls and memberships to Sam’s club.Overall these are just a few of the hundreds of transportation infrastructure interest groups available to the public to become a member. All of these interest groups have major influence on Congress and to become a member there are many stipulations and fees involved. By having to pay these fees, I believe that the peopleinvolved with these groups have much more involvement with the transportation issues this country needs to address and fix. Our transportation is sub-par especially locally in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Many of the roads are extremely rugged and take a serious toll on cars, buses and trucks. Another major local issue is the public bus system. The availability of buses at night are non-existent so if someone were to take a bus to a movie at night, they would not be able to get back home by bus.。