食品微生物学标准欧盟(EC)No 20732005 号规章

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食品微生物学标准欧盟(ec)no20732005号规章

食品微生物学标准欧盟(ec)no20732005号规章

食品微生物学标准欧盟(ec)no20732005号规章欧盟(EC)No 2073/2005/EC 号规章摘要食品微生物学标准欧盟(EC)No 2073/2005 号规章主要内容1、制定一个用来确定食品加工企业可接受的微生物标准和食品安全微生物限量标准;2、食品加工企业遵照执行、主管当局验证符合性;3、该标准包括依标准设定值(见附录)进行检验、检验方法和执行纠偏措施。

主体框架(总计12条,其中主要相关的7条)第1条范围第2条定义第3条一般要求第4条比对试验第5条特殊试验和取样要求第7条不合格结果第9条趋势分析附录1 食品微生物限量标准第1章食品安全标准第2章加工卫生标准2.1 肉和肉制品2.2 乳及乳制品2.3 蛋制品2.4 水产品2.5 蔬菜及其制品、水果及其制品第3章取样和试样制备准则3.1 取样和试样制备一般准则3.2 屠宰场及肉制品生产车间的细菌取样方法前言测试结果依赖于所使用的分析方法,因此每个微生物标准都应有一个指定的参考方法。

当然,食品生产企业可以使用其他分析方法而非参考方法,特别是一些快速检测方法,只要这些检测方法能达到同等结果。

80/777/EEC(13)的章程关于微生物的标准的有关规定。

第2条定义微生物学的标准是定义产品中微生物的可接受水平。

此可接受水平是基于单位质量、体积、面积或批次产品中的微生物和它们的毒素及代谢物的不存在或存在一定数量。

食品安全标准是对适合在市场上流通的一种食品或一批食品的可接受水平。

即食食品指生产的或经营的可直接食用的食品,此食品不须再经加热或经别的有效杀灭或降低有关微生物使其降到可接受的水平的过程。

过程卫生标准指产品生产过程可接受的标准。

此标准不适用于市场上的产品,标准设定了污染值,超过此值,就应采取措施确保过程的卫生并符合食品法。

“批”指一组或一批特定的产品,其在实际上同一环境条件下的特定过程获得的和在确定生产期内的特定地方生产的一系列可以确认的产品。

食品真菌毒素限量的国际标准

食品真菌毒素限量的国际标准

食品真菌毒素限量的国际标准
食品真菌毒素限量的国际标准主要包括以下几个:
1. 欧盟标准:欧盟对食品真菌毒素限量进行了规定,其中包括了多种真菌毒素的限量标准,如黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素等。

具体限量标准可参考欧盟委员会发布的相关法规和标准文件。

2. 美国标准:美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)和美国农业部(USDA)对食品真菌毒素限量进行了规定,包括了多种真菌毒素的限量标准,如黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素等。

具体限量标准可参考FDA和USDA发布的相关法规和标准文件。

3. 日本标准:日本对食品真菌毒素限量进行了规定,其中包括了多种真菌毒素的限量标准,如黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素等。

具体限量标准可参考日本食品安全卫生研究所(JFSIS)发布的相关标准文件。

4. 中国标准:中国对食品真菌毒素限量进行了规定,其中包括了多种真菌毒素的限量标准,如黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素等。

具体限量标准可参考中国国家标准发布的相关标准文件。

需要注意的是,不同国家和地区的真菌毒素限量标准可能存在差异,具体应根据当地的法规和标准进行选择和使用。

欧盟食品微生物标准

欧盟食品微生物标准

(强制性法令)欧盟第2005/2073/EC号规章2005年11月15日食品微生物学标准(本文已经EEA批准)欧盟委员会:根据欧共体成立条约,根据欧洲议会、欧盟理事会第2004 / 852 / EC号规章(2004年4月29日)中关于食品卫生的规定(1),特别是第4条第4款和第12条。

鉴于:(1) 如欧洲议会和欧盟理事会第178/2002号规章(2002年1月28日)所指出的,追求高标准地保护公众健康是食品法的基本目的之一。

该规章还确立了制定食品法、成立欧洲食品安全局以及处理食品安全事宜程序的一般原则和要求(2)。

食品中的微生物危害是人类食源性疾病的重要源头。

(2)食品中含有的微生物、微生物毒素或其代谢物的量不应给人类健康带来不能接受的危害。

(3)欧盟第2002/178 /EC号规章制定了食品安全的一般要求,依照此规章,食品若不安全就不能投放市场;万一投放,食品经营者有收回的义务。

为保护公众健康和防止误解,有必要对食品的可接受性制订统一的安全标准,尤其是针对食品中存在的某些致病菌。

(4)微生物学标准也给食品的可接受性以及其生产、处理、销售过程确立了框架。

微生物学标准的使用应作为执行HACCP程序和其他卫生管理措施完整部分中之一。

(5) 食品安全主要通过预防措施来保证,如执行良好卫生规范和HACCP计划。

微生物学标准还可用来验证HACCP计划及其他卫生管理措施的有效性。

因此有必要制定食品微生物学标准以规定食品加工过程是否合适,同时还有必要为保证食品安全制定微生物限值,超出此限值的食品即被认为受微生物污染而不安全。

(6) 依照EC 852/2004规章第4条,食品经营者应遵守食品微生物学标准。

这包括了符合食品法及有关当局规定的测试、分析和纠偏等工作。

因此应该制定有关分析方法的措施,此措施包括应用的地方、不确定度、抽样方法、微生物限制值、和限定值相一致的分析单元的数量等。

此外,应制定执行措施以确保食品及食物链的监控点符合标准,当没有达到食品安全标准时采取的措施。

欧盟食品微生物标准

欧盟食品微生物标准

欧盟食品微生物标准欧盟第2005/2073/EC 号规章2005年11月15日食品微生物学标准欧盟委员会:根据欧共体成立条约,根据欧洲议会、欧盟理事会第2004 / 852 / EC号规章中关于食品卫生的规定(1),特别是第4条第4款和第12条。

鉴于:(1) 如欧洲议会和欧盟理事会第178/2002号规章所指出的,追求高标准地保护公众健康是食品法的基本目的之一。

该规章还确立了制定食品法、成立欧洲食品安全局以及处理食品安全事宜程序的一般原则和要求(2)。

食品中的微生物危害是人类食源性疾病的重要源头。

(2)食品中含有的微生物、微生物毒素或其代谢物的量不应给人类健康带来不能接受的危害。

(3)欧盟第2002/178 /EC号规章制定了食品安全的一般要求,依照此规章,食品若不安全就不能投放市场;万一投放,食品经营者有收回的义务。

为保护公众健康和防止误解,有必要对食品的可接受性制订统一的安全标准,尤其是针对食品中存在的某些致病菌。

(4)微生物学标准也给食品的可接受性以及其生产、处理、销售过程确立了框架。

微生物学标准的使用应作为执行HACCP程序和其他卫生管理措施完整部分中之一。

(5) 食品安全主要通过预防措施来保证,如执行良好卫生规范和HACCP计划。

微生物学标准还可用来验证HACCP计划及其他卫生管理措施的有效性。

因此有必要制定食品微生物学标准以规定食品加工过程是否合适,同时还有必要为保证食品安全制定微生物限值,超出此限值的食品即被认为受微生物污染而不安全。

(6) 依照EC 852/2004规章第4条,食品经营者应遵守食品微生物学标准。

这包括了符合食品法及有关当局规定的测试、分析和纠偏等工作。

因此应该制定有关分析方法的措施,此措施包括应用的地方、不确定度、抽样方法、微生物限制值、和限定值相一致的分析单元的数量等。

此外,应制定执行措施以确保食品及食物链的监控点符合标准,当没有达到食品安全标准时采取的措施。

食品经营者采取措施确保标准中所定义的过程的可接受性,这些措施包括原材料、卫生、温度以及产品保存期的控制。

食品微生物检测国标

食品微生物检测国标

食品微生物检测国标导言:食品安全一直是社会关注的焦点,微生物污染是影响食品安全的一个主要因素。

为了保障公众健康和食品安全,各国纷纷制定了食品微生物检测国标,标准化了食品微生物检测的方法和要求,以确保食品产品的质量和安全。

一、食品微生物污染的危害食品微生物污染是指在食品生产和加工过程中,微生物如细菌、真菌、病毒等进入食品中,并繁殖、感染人体。

食品微生物污染对人体健康造成的影响主要表现为食物中毒、急性胃肠炎、炎症性肠病等疾病。

严重的食品微生物污染还可能导致大规模的食品安全事故,对社会稳定和经济发展造成重大影响。

二、食品微生物检测的重要性食品微生物检测是食品安全管理的重要环节,通过监测食品中的微生物数量和种类,能够及早发现和控制食品微生物污染,保障食品的质量和安全。

食品微生物检测还能够帮助食品企业优化生产工艺,改善生产环境,提高产品质量,增强企业竞争力。

三、食品微生物检测的国际标准各个国家和地区都出台了相应的食品微生物检测标准,以确保食品产品的安全和质量。

以下是一些国际上常见的食品微生物检测标准:1. 美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)的标准:美国FDA制定了一系列的食品微生物检测标准,包括生鲜水果和蔬菜的微生物检测标准、肉制品微生物检测标准等。

这些标准明确了微生物检测的方法和要求,以及合格限量等指标。

2. 欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)的标准:欧盟成员国根据欧洲食品安全局的指导,制定了统一的食品微生物检测标准。

这些标准包括食品中常见细菌(如沙门氏菌、大肠菌群)的检测方法和要求,明确了微生物污染的合格限量。

3. 中国国家标准:中国国家标准化管理委员会制定了一系列的食品微生物检测国标,以确保食品安全和质量。

这些国标包括常见食品中常见细菌的检测方法、微生物指标的限量等。

四、食品微生物检测的方法食品微生物检测的方法主要包括传统培养法和分子生物学方法。

1. 传统培养法:传统培养法是一种常用的微生物检测方法,通过培养食品样品中的微生物,观察和计数微生物的生长情况。

EC 1441 2007 欧盟微生物限量中文版

EC 1441 2007 欧盟微生物限量中文版

疗目的的干膳食食品(14)
阪崎氏肠杆菌
采样计划 (1)
n
c
5
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
限量 (2)
m
M
在 25 g 中未发现
25g中不含有 25g中不含有 25g中不含有
分析参考方法 (3)
标准应用时期
凝固-呈阳性反应的葡 萄球菌CRL欧洲筛检
方法(13)
EN/ISO 6579
超市货架期内产品 超市货架期内产品
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
限量 (2)
m
M
25g中不含有 100 cfu/g (5)
25g中不含有(7)
100 cfu/g 25 g中不含有
从2006年1月1日 10 g中不含有 从2010年1月1日 25g中不含有 10g中不含有 10g中不含有 25g中不含有
从2006年1月1日 10g中不含有 从2010年1月1日 25g中不含有 25g中不含有 25g 中不含有
EN/ISO 6579
超市货架期内产品
ISO/TS 22964
超市货架期内产品
1.25 活双壳类软体动物和活棘皮类, 有被膜腹足 大肠杆菌(15) 动物
1.26 含大量组氨酸鱼类的鱼制品 (17)
组胺
1 (16)
0
9 (18)
2
230 MPN/100 g 新鲜的有内阀门
的液体
100 mg/kg

国家质量监督检验检疫总局关于欧盟委员会2005_34_EC决议有关事项的通知

国家质量监督检验检疫总局关于欧盟委员会2005_34_EC决议有关事项的通知

国家质量监督检验检疫总局关于欧盟委员会2005/34/EC决议有关事项的通知【法规类别】出口动物产品畜医卫生检疫【发文字号】国质检食函[2005]207号【失效依据】国家质量监督检验检疫总局公告2016年第55号――关于公布现行有效规范性文件和废止部分规范性文件的公告【发布部门】国家质量监督检验检疫总局【发布日期】2005.04.14【实施日期】2005.04.14【时效性】失效【效力级别】部门规范性文件国家质量监督检验检疫总局关于欧盟委员会2005/34/EC决议有关事项的通知(2005年4月14日国质检食函[2005]207号)各直属检验检疫局:近期,欧盟向总局通报欧盟委员会发布的2005/34/EC决议。

该决议对从第三国进口的动物源性产品中检出药物残留问题做出了新的规定,尤其是针对检出禁用物质残留,但低于欧盟制定的最低执法限量(Minimum Required Performance Limits,MRPL)的情况,虽允许产品进入食物链,但将被记录在案。

一旦在6个月内同一来源、同一禁用物质出现4次或以上的记录时,欧委会将向输出国进行通报并采取相应的措施(详见附件)。

请各局加强对输欧动物源性产品的检验检疫,特别是对氯霉素、硝基呋喃代谢物、孔雀石绿、甲孕酮等禁用药物的检测,一旦发现产品中含有禁用物质残留,不管其残留水平是否低于欧盟制定的最低执法限量,一律不准出口。

附件:1.欧委会2005/34/EC决议(英文略)2.欧委会2005/34/EC决议参考译文附件2:参考译文欧盟委员会,根据欧共体成立条约,考虑到理事会97/78/EC(1997年12月18日)指令,该指令制定了对从第三国进入欧盟产品进行兽医检查的组织进行管理的原则,特别是第4(5)条款和第17(7)条款。

考虑到欧盟议会和理事会(EC)No 882/2004(2004年4月29日)规章,即实施官方控制以确保遵守饲料食品法、动物健康与动物福利规则,特别是第11(4)条款和第63(1)(e)条款,鉴于:(1)97/78/EC指令要求从第三国进口的每一批货物都应接受兽医控制。

--欧盟20052073EC食品微生物标准中文版

--欧盟20052073EC食品微生物标准中文版

编译说明1、2005年11月15日,欧盟委员会发布了2073/2005/EC《食品微生物标准》,并在2006年1月1日正式实施,该规章规定了严格的食品微生物指标要求,并取代了93/51/EEC规章。

适用产品范围为:肉及可食用肉类内脏、鱼及甲壳类、软体动物及其他水生无脊椎动物(但不包括活鱼)、乳制品、禽蛋、天然蜂蜜、可食用动物源性产品、可食用蔬菜、可食用水果和坚果、人造黄油、鱼类、甲壳类、软体类或其他水生无脊椎动物的肉类半成品、粮谷、面粉、淀粉或乳类半成品、蔬菜、水果、坚果半成品、软体动物可食用半成品。

2、为帮助我检验检疫人员和食品加工企业了解该技术法规,本局应对技术措施小组动植物产品及食品专业组组织编译了本规章,以供参考,但因能力有限,不到之处在所难免,请读者尽可能对照原文使用。

3、编译人员:顿玉慧、李大春、吴海、董晓慧、王忠才、宋宜国审校:顿玉慧、李大春、吴海2007年7月I(强制性法令)欧盟第2005/2073/EC号规章2005年11月15日食品微生物学标准(本文已经EEA批准)欧盟委员会:根据欧共体成立条约,根据欧洲议会、欧盟理事会第2004 / 852 / EC号规章(2004年4月29日)中关于食品卫生的规定(1),特别是第4条第4款和第12条。

鉴于:(1) 如欧洲议会和欧盟理事会第178/2002号规章(2002年1月28日)所指出的,追求高标准地保护公众健康是食品法的基本目的之一。

该规章还确立了制定食品法、成立欧洲食品安全局以及处理食品安全事宜程序的一般原则和要求(2)。

食品中的微生物危害是人类食源性疾病的重要源头。

(2)食品中含有的微生物、微生物毒素或其代谢物的量不应给人类健康带来不能接受的危害。

(3)欧盟第2002/178 /EC号规章制定了食品安全的一般要求,依照此规章,食品若不安全就不能投放市场;万一投放,食品经营者有收回的义务。

为保护公众健康和防止误解,有必要对食品的可接受性制订统一的安全标准,尤其是针对食品中存在的某些致病菌。

欧盟食品微生物标准

欧盟食品微生物标准

欧盟食品微生物标准欧盟第2005/2073/EC号规章2005年11月15日食品微生物学标准欧盟委员会:根据欧共体成立条约,根据欧洲议会、欧盟理事会第2004 / 852 / EC号规章中关于食品卫生的规定(1),特别是第4条第4款和第12条。

鉴于:(1) 如欧洲议会和欧盟理事会第178/2002号规章所指出的,追求高标准地保护公众健康是食品法的基本目的之一。

该规章还确立了制定食品法、成立欧洲食品安全局以及处理食品安全事宜程序的一般原则和要求(2)。

食品中的微生物危害是人类食源性疾病的重要源头。

(2)食品中含有的微生物、微生物毒素或其代谢物的量不应给人类健康带来不能接受的危害。

(3)欧盟第2002/178 /EC号规章制定了食品安全的一般要求,依照此规章,食品若不安全就不能投放市场;万一投放,食品经营者有收回的义务。

为保护公众健康和防止误解,有必要对食品的可接受性制订统一的安全标准,尤其是针对食品中存在的某些致病菌。

(4)微生物学标准也给食品的可接受性以及其生产、处理、销售过程确立了框架。

微生物学标准的使用应作为执行HACCP程序和其他卫生管理措施完整部分中之一。

(5) 食品安全主要通过预防措施来保证,如执行良好卫生规范和HACCP计划。

微生物学标准还可用来验证HACCP计划及其他卫生管理措施的有效性。

因此有必要制定食品微生物学标准以规定食品加工过程是否合适,同时还有必要为保证食品安全制定微生物限值,超出此限值的食品即被认为受微生物污染而不安全。

(6) 依照EC 852/2004规章第4条,食品经营者应遵守食品微生物学标准。

这包括了符合食品法及有关当局规定的测试、分析和纠偏等工作。

因此应该制定有关分析方法的措施,此措施包括应用的地方、不确定度、抽样方法、微生物限制值、和限定值相一致的分析单元的数量等。

此外,应制定执行措施以确保食品及食物链的监控点符合标准,当没有达到食品安全标准时采取的措施。

食品经营者采取措施确保标准中所定义的过程的可接受性,这些措施包括原材料、卫生、温度以及产品保存期的控制。

欧盟食品微生物限量-2007(中文)

欧盟食品微生物限量-2007(中文)
5,0 log cfu/cm2 日平均log值
3,0 log cfu/cm2 日平均log值
在每个胴体的检测区域不得检出
分析参考方法(3) 标准适用时期
ISO4833
包装后冷却前的胴体
ISO21528-2 EN/ISO 6579
包装后冷却前的胴体 包装后冷却前的胴体
在每个胴体的检测区域不得检出
EN/ISO 6579
2.1.6 肉末、肉馅
2.1.7机械分割肉(9) 2.1.8预制肉
备注:
沙门氏菌
50(5)
2(6)
沙门氏菌
50(5)
5(6)
沙门氏菌
50(5)
5(6)
需氧菌落计数(7)
5
2
大肠杆菌(8) 需氧菌落计数 大肠杆菌(8) 大肠杆菌(8)
5
2
5
2
5
2
5
2
(1) n = 取样数; c =结果数据在m和M之间的样品数
(8)PH≤4.4且AW≤0.92的产品、PH≤5.0且Aw≤0.94的产品、保质期少于5天的产品自动 的证据
(9)机械分割肉制品的检测技术适用于欧洲议会和委员会规则(EC)No 853/2004附录5
(10)排除以下食品:食品生产商能保证食品有最佳的收获时间、合适的水活度及不存在
(11)只指含乳成分的冰激凌 (12)在一批种子开始萌芽之前要进行初步测试或在沙门氏菌达到期望的最高值期间进 (13)参考:凝固酶阳性葡萄球菌共同参考的实验室:欧洲放映方法检测奶及奶制品中 (14)肠杆菌科和坂崎肠杆菌需要做平行试验,除非在个别装置水平上已经建立了这些 (15)在这里大肠杆菌是作为排泄物污染指示菌 (16)采用混样,并应取至少10个动物个体。 (17)尤其是以下这些科目的鱼类:鲭科鱼、鲱科的鱼、鳀科类鱼、 (17)尤其是以下这些科目的鱼类:鲭科鱼、鲱科的鱼、鳀科类鱼、 (18)单个样品可以在零售的范围内取样,在此情况下,(EC) No 178/2002中14(6)款 (19)参考文献

EC-2073-2005微生物限量标准

EC-2073-2005微生物限量标准

This document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents►B COMMISSION REGULATION(EC)No2073/2005of15November2005on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs(Text with EEA relevance)(OJ L338,22.12.2005,p.1)Amended by:Official JournalNo page date►M1Commission Regulation(EC)No1441/2007of5December2007L322127.12.2007 Corrected by:►C1Corrigendum,OJ L278,10.10.2006,p.32(2073/2005)►C2Corrigendum,OJ L283,14.10.2006,p.62(2073/2005)COMMISSION REGULATION(EC)No2073/2005of15November2005on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs(Text with EEA relevance)THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,Having regard to Regulation(EC)No852/2004of the European Parliament and of the Council of29April2004on the hygiene of foodstuffs(1),and in particular Articles4(4)and12thereof,Whereas:(1)A high level of protection of public health is one of the funda-mental objectives of food law,as laid down in Regulation(EC) No178/2002of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28January2002laying down the general principles and requirements of food law,establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety(2).Microbiological hazards in foodstuffs form a major source of food-borne diseases in humans.(2)Foodstuffs should not contain micro-organisms or their toxins ormetabolites in quantities that present an unacceptable risk for human health.(3)Regulation(EC)No178/2002lays down general food safetyrequirements,according to which food must not be placed on the market if it is unsafe.Food business operators have an obli-gation to withdraw unsafe food from the market.In order to contribute to the protection of public health and to prevent differing interpretations,it is appropriate to establish harmonised safety criteria on the acceptability of food,in particular as regards the presence of certain pathogenic micro-organisms.(4)Microbiological criteria also give guidance on the acceptability offoodstuffs and their manufacturing,handling and distribution processes.The use of microbiological criteria should form an integral part of the implementation of HACCP-based procedures and other hygiene control measures.(5)The safety of foodstuffs is mainly ensured by a preventiveapproach,such as implementation of good hygiene practice and application of procedures based on hazard analysis and critical control point(HACCP)principles.Microbiological criteria can be used in validation and verification of HACCP procedures and other hygiene control measures.It is therefore appropriate to set microbiological criteria defining the acceptability of the processes,and also food safety microbiological criteria setting a limit above which a foodstuff should be considered unacceptably contaminated with the micro-organisms for which the criteria are set.(6)According to Article4of Regulation(EC)No852/2004,foodbusiness operators are to comply with microbiological criteria.This should include testing against the values set for the criteria through the taking of samples,the conduct of analyses and the implementation of corrective actions,in accordance with food law and the instructions given by the competent authority.It is therefore appropriate to lay down implementing measuresconcerning the analytical methods,including,where necessary, the measurement uncertainty,the sampling plan,the microbio-logical limits,the number of analytical units that should comply with these limits.Furthermore,it is appropriate to lay down implementing measures concerning the foodstuff to which the criterion applies,the points of the food chain where the criterion applies,as well as the actions to be taken when the criterion is not met.The measures to be taken by the food business operators in order to ensure compliance with criteria defining the acceptability of a process may include,among other things,controls of raw materials,hygiene,temperature and shelf-life of the product.(7)Regulation(EC)No882/2004of the European Parliament and ofthe Council of29April2004on official controls performed to ensure the verification of compliance with feed and food law, animal health and animal welfare rules(1)requires the Member States to ensure that official controls are carried out regularly,ona risk basis and with appropriate frequency.Those controlsshould take place at appropriate stages of the production, processing and distribution of food to ensure that the criteria laid down in this Regulation are complied with by food business operators.(8)The Communication from the Commission on the CommunityStrategy for setting microbiological criteria for foodstuffs(2) describes the strategy to lay down and revise the criteria in Community legislation,as well as the principles for the devel-opment and application of the criteria.This strategy should be applied when microbiological criteria are laid down.(9)The Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures relating toPublic Health(SCVPH)issued an opinion on23September 1999on the evaluation of microbiological criteria for food products of animal origin for human consumption.It highlighted the relevance of basing microbiological criteria on formal risk assessment and internationally approved principles.The opinion recommends that microbiological criteria should be relevant and effective in relation to consumer health protection.The SCVPH proposed,while awaiting formal risk assessments,certain revised criteria as interim measures.(10)The SCVPH issued at the same time a separate opinion onListeria monocytogenes.That opinion recommended that it be an objective to keep the concentration of Listeria monocytogenes in food below100cfu/g.The Scientific Committee on Food (SCF)agreed with these recommendations in its opinion of22 June2000.(11)The SCVPH adopted an opinion on Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio-parahaemolyticus on19and20September2001.It concluded that currently available scientific data do not support setting specific criteria for pathogenic V.vulnificus and parahaemo-lyticus in seafood.However,it recommended that codes of practice should be established to ensure that good hygiene practice has been applied.(12)The SCVPH issued an opinion on Norwalk-like viruses(NLVs,noroviruses)on30-31January2002.In that opinion it concluded that the conventional faecal indicators are unreliable for demon-strating the presence or absence of NLVs and that the reliance on faecal bacterial indicator removal for determining shellfish puri-fication times is unsafe practice.It also recommended using E.coli rather than faecal coliforms to indicate faecal contamination in shellfish harvesting areas,when applying bacterial indicators.(13)On27February2002the SCF adopted an opinion on specifi-cations for gelatine in terms of consumer health.It concluded that the microbiological criteria set in Chapter4of Annex II to Council Directive92/118/EEC of17December1992laying down animal health and public health requirements governing trade in and imports into the Community of products not subject to the said requirements laid down in specific Community rules referred to in Annex A(I)to Directive 89/662/EEC and,as regards pathogens,to Directive90/425/ EEC(1)in terms of consumer health were excessive,and considered it sufficient to apply a mandatory microbiological criterion for salmonella only.(14)The SCVPH issued an opinion on verotoxigenic E.coli(VTEC)in foodstuffs on21and22January2003.In its opinion it concluded that applying an end-product microbiological standard for VTEC O157is unlikely to deliver meaningful reductions in the associated risk for the consumers.However, microbiological guidelines aimed at reducing the faecal contam-ination along the food chain can contribute to a reduction in public health risks,including VTEC.The SCVPH identified the following food categories where VTEC represents a hazard to public health:raw or undercooked beef and possibly meat from other ruminants,minced meat and fermented beef and products thereof,raw milk and raw milk products,fresh produce,in particular sprouted seeds,and unpasteurised fruit and vegetable juices.(15)On26and27March2003the SCVPH adopted an opinion onstaphylococcal enterotoxins in milk products,particularly in cheeses.It recommended revising the criteria for coagulase-positive staphylococci in cheeses,in raw milk intended for processing and in powdered milk.In addition,criteria for staphy-lococcal enterotoxins should be laid down for cheeses and powdered milk.(16)The SCVPH adopted an opinion on salmonellae in foodstuffs on14and15April2003.According to the opinion,food categories possibly posing a high risk to public health include raw meat and some products intended to be eaten raw,raw and undercooked products of poultry meat,eggs and products containing raw eggs, unpasteurised milk and some products thereof.Sprouted seeds and unpasteurised fruit juices are also of concern.It recom-mended that the decision on the need for microbiological criteria should be taken on the basis of its ability to protect the consumers and its feasibility.(17)The Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards(BIOHAZ Panel)ofthe European Food Safety Authority(EFSA)issued an opinion on the microbiological risks in infant formulae and follow-on formulae on9September2004.It concluded that Salmonella and Enterobacter sakazakii are the micro-organisms of greatest concern in infant formulae,formulae for special medical purposes and follow-on formulae.The presence of these pathogens constitutes a considerable risk if conditions after reconstitution permit multiplication.Enterobacteriaceae,which are more often present,could be used as an indicator for risk.Monitoring and testing of Enterobacteriaceae was recommended in both the manufacturing environment and the finished product by the EFSA.However,besides pathogenic species the family Entero-bacteriaceae includes also environmental species,which often appear in the food manufacturing environment without posingany health hazard.Therefore,the family Enterobacteriaceae can be used for routine monitoring,and if they are present testing of specific pathogens can be started.(18)International guidelines for microbiological criteria in respect ofmany foodstuffs have not yet been established.However,the Commission has followed the Codex Alimentarius guideline ‘Principles for the establishment and application of microbio-logical criteria for foods CAC/GL21—1997’and in addition, the advice of the SCVPH and the SCF in laying down micro-biological criteria.Existing Codex specifications in respect of dried milk products,foods for infants and children and the histamine criterion for certain fish and fishery products have been taken account.The adoption of Community criteria should benefit trade by providing harmonised microbiological requirements for foodstuffs and replacing national criteria. (19)The microbiological criteria set for certain categories of food ofanimal origin in Directives that were repealed by Directive 2004/41/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21April2004repealing certain Directives concerning food hygiene and health conditions for the production and placing on the market of certain products of animal origin intended for human consumption and amending Council Directives89/662/ EEC and92/118/EEC and Council Decision95/408/EC(1) should be revised and certain new criteria set in the light of the scientific advice.(20)The microbiological criteria laid down in Commission Decision93/51EEC of15December1992on the microbiological criteria applicable to the production of cooked crustaceans and molluscan shellfish(2)are incorporated in this Regulation.It is therefore appropriate to repeal that Decision.Since Commission Decision 2001/471/EC of8June2001laying down rules for the regular checks on the general hygiene carried out by the operators in establishments according to Directive64/433/EEC on health conditions for the production and marketing of fresh meat and Directive71/118/EEC on health problems affecting the production and placing on the market of fresh poultrymeat(3)is repealed with effect from the1January2006,it is appropriate to incorporate microbiological criteria set for carcases in this Regu-lation.(21)The producer or manufacturer of a food product has to decidewhether the product is ready to be consumed as such,without the need to cook or otherwise process it in order to ensure its safety and compliance with the microbiological criteria.According to Article3of Directive2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of20March2000on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the labelling,presen-tation and advertising of foodstuffs(4),the instructions for use ofa foodstuff are compulsory on the labelling when it would beimpossible to make appropriate use of the foodstuff in the absence of such instructions.Such instructions should be taken into account by food business operators when deciding appro-priate sampling frequencies for the testing against microbiological criteria.(22)Sampling of the production and processing environment can be auseful tool to identify and prevent the presence of pathogenic micro-organisms in foodstuffs.(1)OJ L157,30.4.2004,p.33,corrected by OJ L195,2.6.2004,p.12.(2)OJ L13,21.1.1993,p.11.3(23)Food business operators should decide themselves the necessarysampling and testing frequencies as part of their procedures based on HACCP principles and other hygiene control procedures.However,it may be necessary in certain cases to set harmonised sampling frequencies at Community level,particularly in order to ensure the same level of controls to be performed throughout the Community.(24)Test results are dependent on the analytical method used,andtherefore a given reference method should be associated with each microbiological criterion.However,food business operators should have the possibility to use analytical methods other than the reference methods,in particular more rapid methods,as long as the use of these alternative methods provides equivalent results.Moreover,a sampling plan needs to be defined for each criterion in order to ensure harmonised imple-mentation.It is nevertheless necessary to allow the use of other sampling and testing schemes,including the use of alternative indicator organisms,on condition that these schemes provide equivalent guarantees of food safety.(25)Trends in test results should be analysed,as they are able toreveal unwanted developments in the manufacturing process enabling the food business operator to take corrective actions before the process is out of control.(26)The microbiological criteria set in this Regulation should be opento review and revised or supplemented,if appropriate,in order to take into account developments in the field of food safety and food microbiology.This includes progress in science,technology and methodology,changes in prevalence and contamination levels,changes in the population of vulnerable consumers,as well as the possible outputs from risk assessments.(27)In particular,criteria for pathogenic viruses in live bivalvemolluscs should be established when the analytical methods are developed sufficiently.There is a need for development of reliable methods for other microbial hazards too, e.g.Vibrio parahaemolyticus.(28)It has been demonstrated that the implementation of controlprogrammes can markedly contribute to a reduction of the prevalence of salmonella in production animals and products thereof.The purpose of Regulation(EC)No2160/2003of the European Parliament and of the Council of17November2003 on the control of salmonella and other specified food-borne zoonotic agents(1)is to ensure that proper and effective measures are taken to control salmonella at relevant stages of the food chain.Criteria for meat and products thereof should take into account the expected improvement in the salmonella situation at the level of primary production.(29)For certain food safety criteria,it is appropriate to grant theMember States a transitional derogation,enabling them to comply with less stringent criteria but provided that the foodstuffs would only be marketed on the national market.The Member States should notify the Commission and other Member States where this transitional derogation is used.(30)The measures provided for in this Regulation are in accordancewith the opinion of the Standing Committee on the Food ChainHAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:Article1Subject-matter and scopeThis Regulation lays down the microbiological criteria for certain micro-organisms and the implementing rules to be complied with by food business operators when implementing the general and specific hygiene measures referred to in Article4of Regulation(EC)No 852/2004.The competent authority shall verify compliance with the rules and criteria laid down in this Regulation in accordance with Regulation(EC)No882/2004,without prejudice to its right to undertake further sampling and analyses for the purpose of detecting and measuring other micro-organisms,their toxins or metabolites,either as a verification of processes,for food suspected of being unsafe,or in the context of a risk analysis.This Regulation shall apply without prejudice to other specific rules for the control of micro-organisms laid down in Community legislation and in particular the health standards for foodstuffs laid down in Regulation (EC)No853/2004of the European Parliament and of the Council(1), the rules on parasites laid down under Regulation(EC)No854/2004of the European Parliament and of the Council(2)and the microbiological criteria laid down under Council Directive80/777/EEC(3).Article2DefinitionsThe following definitions shall apply:(a)‘micro-organisms’means bacteria,viruses,yeasts,moulds,algae,parasitic protozoa,microscopic parasitic helminths,and their toxins and metabolites;(b)‘microbiological criterion’means a criterion defining the accept-ability of a product,a batch of foodstuffs or a process,based on the absence,presence or number of micro-organisms,and/or on the quantity of their toxins/metabolites,per unit(s)of mass,volume, area or batch;(c)‘food safety criterion’means a criterion defining the acceptability ofa product or a batch of foodstuff applicable to products placed onthe market;(d)‘process hygiene criterion’a criterion indicating the acceptable func-tioning of the production process.Such a criterion is not applicable to products placed on the market.It sets an indicative contamination value above which corrective actions are required in order to maintain the hygiene of the process in compliance with food law;(e)‘batch’means a group or set of identifiable products obtained froma given process under practically identical circumstances andproduced in a given place within one defined production period;(f)‘shelf-life’means either the period corresponding to the periodpreceding the‘use by’or the minimum durability date,as defined respectively in Articles9and10of Directive2000/13/EC;(g)‘ready-to-eat food’means food intended by the producer or themanufacturer for direct human consumption without the need for cooking or other processing effective to eliminate or reduce to an acceptable level micro-organisms of concern;(h)‘food intended for infants’means food specifically intended forinfants,as defined in Commission Directive91/321/EEC(1);(i)‘food intended for special medical purposes’means dietary food forspecial medical purposes,as defined in Commission Directive 1999/21/EC(2);(j)‘sample’means a set composed of one or several units or a portion of matter selected by different means in a population or in an important quantity of matter,which is intended to provide infor-mation on a given characteristic of the studied population or matter and to provide a basis for a decision concerning the population or matter in question or concerning the process which has produced it; (k)‘representative sample’means a sample in which the characteristics of the batch from which it is drawn are maintained.This is in particular the case of a simple random sample where each of the items or increments of the batch has been given the same prob-ability of entering the sample;(l)‘compliance with microbiological criteria’means obtaining satis-factory or acceptable results set in Annex I when testing against the values set for the criteria through the taking of samples,the conduct of analyses and the implementation of corrective action,in accordance with food law and the instructions given by the competent authority.Article3General requirements1.Food business operators shall ensure that foodstuffs comply with the relevant microbiological criteria set out in Annex I.To this end the food business operators at each stage of food production,processing and distribution,including retail,shall take measures,as part of their procedures based on HACCP principles together with the implemen-tation of good hygiene practice,to ensure the following:(a)that the supply,handling and processing of raw materials and food-stuffs under their control are carried out in such a way that the process hygiene criteria are met,(b)that the food safety criteria applicable throughout the shelf-life ofthe products can be met under reasonably foreseeable conditions of distribution,storage and use.2.As necessary,the food business operators responsible for the manufacture of the product shall conduct studies in accordance with Annex II in order to investigate compliance with the criteria throughout the shelf-life.In particular,this applies to ready-to-eat foods that are able to support the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and that may pose a Listeria monocytogenes risk for public health.Food businesses may collaborate in conducting those studies. Guidelines for conducting those studies may be included in the guides to good practice referred to in Article7of Regulation(EC)No 852/2004.Article4Testing against criteria1.Food business operators shall perform testing as appropriate against the microbiological criteria set out in Annex I,when they arevalidating or verifying the correct functioning of their procedures based on HACCP principles and good hygiene practice.2.Food business operators shall decide the appropriate sampling frequencies,except where Annex I provides for specific sampling frequencies,in which case the sampling frequency shall be at least that provided for in Annex I.Food business operators shall make this decision in the context of their procedures based on HACCP principles and good hygiene practice,taking into account the instructions for use of the foodstuff.The frequency of sampling may be adapted to the nature and size of the food businesses,provided that the safety of foodstuffs will not be endangered.Article5Specific rules for testing and sampling1.The analytical methods and the sampling plans and methods in Annex I shall be applied as reference methods.2.Samples shall be taken from processing areas and equipment used in food production,when such sampling is necessary for ensuring that the criteria are met.In that sampling the ISO standard18593shall be used as a reference method.Food business operators manufacturing ready-to-eat foods,which may pose a Listeria monocytogenes risk for public health,shall sample the processing areas and equipment for Listeria monocytogenes as part of their sampling scheme.Food business operators manufacturing dried infant formulae or dried foods for special medical purposes intended for infants below six months which pose an Enterobacter sakazakii risk shall monitor the processing areas and equipment for Enterobacteriaceae as part of their sampling scheme.3.The number of sample units of the sampling plans set out in Annex I may be reduced if the food business operator can demonstrate by historical documentation that he has effective HACCP-based procedures.4.If the aim of the testing is to specifically assess the acceptability ofa certain batch of foodstuffs or a process,the sampling plans set out in Annex I shall be respected as a minimum.5.Food business operators may use other sampling and testing procedures,if they can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the competent authority that these procedures provide at least equivalent guarantees.Those procedures may include use of alternative sampling sites and use of trend analyses.Testing against alternative micro-organisms and related microbiological limits as well as testing of analytes other than microbiological ones shall be allowed only for process hygiene criteria.The use of alternative analytical methods is acceptable when the methods are validated against the reference method in Annex I and if a proprietary method,certified by a third party in accordance with the protocol set out in EN/ISO standard16140or other internationally accepted similar protocols,is used.If the food business operator wishes to use analytical methods otherArticle6Labelling requirements1.When the requirements for Salmonella in minced meat,meat preparations and meat products intended to be eaten cooked of all species set down in Annex I are fulfilled,the batches of those products placed on the market must be clearly labelled by the manu-facturer in order to inform the consumer of the need for thorough cooking prior to consumption.2.As from1January2010labelling as referred to in paragraph1in respect of minced meat,meat preparations and meat products made from poultrymeat will no longer be required.Article7Unsatisfactory results1.When the results of testing against the criteria set out in Annex I are unsatisfactory,the food business operators shall take the measures laid down in paragraphs2to4of this Article together with other corrective actions defined in their HACCP-based procedures and other actions necessary to protect the health of consumers.In addition,they shall take measures to find the cause of the unsatis-factory results in order to prevent the recurrence of the unacceptable microbiological contamination.Those measures may include modifi-cations to the HACCP-based procedures or other food hygiene control measures in place.2.When testing against food safety criteria set out in Chapter1of Annex I provides unsatisfactory results,the product or batch of food-stuffs shall be withdrawn or recalled in accordance with Article19of Regulation(EC)No178/2002.However,products placed on the market, which are not yet at retail level and which do not fulfil the food safety criteria,may be submitted to further processing by a treatment elimi-nating the hazard in question.This treatment may only be carried out by food business operators other than those at retail level.The food business operator may use the batch for purposes other than those for which it was originally intended,provided that this use does not pose a risk for public or animal health and provided that this use has been decided within the procedures based on HACCP principles and good hygiene practice and authorised by the competent authority.3.A batch of mechanically separated meat(MSM)produced with the techniques referred to in Chapter III,paragraph3,in Section V of Annex III to Regulation(EC)No853/2004,with unsatisfactory results in respect of the Salmonella criterion,may be used in the food chain only to manufacture heat-treated meat products in establishments approved in accordance with Regulation(EC)No853/2004.4.In the event of unsatisfactory results as regards process hygiene criteria the actions laid down in Annex I,Chapter2shall be taken.Article8Transitional derogation1.A transitional derogation is granted until31December2009at the latest pursuant to Article12of Regulation(EC)No852/2004as regards compliance with the value set in Annex I to this Regulation for。

欧盟20052073EC 食品微生物标准中文版

欧盟20052073EC 食品微生物标准中文版

编译说明1、2005年11月15日,欧盟委员会发布了2073/2005/EC《食品微生物标准》,并在2006年1月1日正式实施,该规章规定了严格的食品微生物指标要求,并取代了93/51/EEC规章。

适用产品范围为:肉及可食用肉类内脏、鱼及甲壳类、软体动物及其他水生无脊椎动物(但不包括活鱼)、乳制品、禽蛋、天然蜂蜜、可食用动物源性产品、可食用蔬菜、可食用水果和坚果、人造黄油、鱼类、甲壳类、软体类或其他水生无脊椎动物的肉类半成品、粮谷、面粉、淀粉或乳类半成品、蔬菜、水果、坚果半成品、软体动物可食用半成品。

2、为帮助我检验检疫人员和食品加工企业了解该技术法规,本局应对技术措施小组动植物产品及食品专业组组织编译了本规章,以供参考,但因能力有限,不到之处在所难免,请读者尽可能对照原文使用。

3、编译人员:顿玉慧、李大春、吴海、董晓慧、王忠才、宋宜国审校:顿玉慧、李大春、吴海2007年7月I(强制性法令)欧盟第2005/2073/EC号规章2005年11月15日食品微生物学标准(本文已经EEA批准)欧盟委员会:根据欧共体成立条约,根据欧洲议会、欧盟理事会第2004 / 852 / EC号规章(2004年4月29日)中关于食品卫生的规定(1),特别是第4条第4款和第12条。

鉴于:(1) 如欧洲议会和欧盟理事会第178/2002号规章(2002年1月28日)所指出的,追求高标准地保护公众健康是食品法的基本目的之一。

该规章还确立了制定食品法、成立欧洲食品安全局以及处理食品安全事宜程序的一般原则和要求(2)。

食品中的微生物危害是人类食源性疾病的重要源头。

(2)食品中含有的微生物、微生物毒素或其代谢物的量不应给人类健康带来不能接受的危害。

(3)欧盟第2002/178 /EC号规章制定了食品安全的一般要求,依照此规章,食品若不安全就不能投放市场;万一投放,食品经营者有收回的义务。

为保护公众健康和防止误解,有必要对食品的可接受性制订统一的安全标准,尤其是针对食品中存在的某些致病菌。

食品微生物学标准欧盟(ec)no20732005号规章

食品微生物学标准欧盟(ec)no20732005号规章

欧盟(EC)No 2073/2005/EC 号规章摘要食品微生物学标准欧盟(EC)No 2073/2005 号规章主要内容1、制定一个用来确定食品加工企业可接受的微生物标准和食品安全微生物限量标准;2、食品加工企业遵照执行、主管当局验证符合性;3、该标准包括依标准设定值(见附录)进行检验、检验方法和执行纠偏措施。

主体框架(总计12条,其中主要相关的7条)第1条范围第2条定义第3条一般要求第4条比对试验第5条特殊试验和取样要求第7条不合格结果第9条趋势分析附录1 食品微生物限量标准第1章食品安全标准第2章加工卫生标准2.1 肉和肉制品2.2 乳及乳制品2.3 蛋制品2.4 水产品2.5 蔬菜及其制品、水果及其制品第3章取样和试样制备准则3.1 取样和试样制备一般准则3.2 屠宰场及肉制品生产车间的细菌取样方法前言测试结果依赖于所使用的分析方法,因此每个微生物标准都应有一个指定的参考方法。

当然,食品生产企业可以使用其他分析方法而非参考方法,特别是一些快速检测方法,只要这些检测方法能达到同等结果。

80/777/EEC(13)的章程关于微生物的标准的有关规定。

第2条定义微生物学的标准是定义产品中微生物的可接受水平。

此可接受水平是基于单位质量、体积、面积或批次产品中的微生物和它们的毒素及代谢物的不存在或存在一定数量。

食品安全标准是对适合在市场上流通的一种食品或一批食品的可接受水平。

即食食品指生产的或经营的可直接食用的食品,此食品不须再经加热或经别的有效杀灭或降低有关微生物使其降到可接受的水平的过程。

过程卫生标准指产品生产过程可接受的标准。

此标准不适用于市场上的产品,标准设定了污染值,超过此值,就应采取措施确保过程的卫生并符合食品法。

“批”指一组或一批特定的产品,其在实际上同一环境条件下的特定过程获得的和在确定生产期内的特定地方生产的一系列可以确认的产品。

货架期指使用截至日期之前的一段时间或耐受存储的最小日期,同2000/13/EC指令中第9和10条款中的定义。

美国欧盟与中国关于出口肉类产品微生物控制标准简介(PPT50页)

美国欧盟与中国关于出口肉类产品微生物控制标准简介(PPT50页)
FSIS在不提前通知企业的情况下,采集生肉样品,检 测这类产品中沙门氏菌的感染率,来决定企业是否遵守规
则。检测的频率和时间将取决于企业先前的实验结果和企业
的其它信息。当企业按照微生物控制标准生产多种产品时,
FSIS可以采集任意种产品或全部种类的产品。
(3)违规和企业的回应
如果加工厂生产的产品其沙门氏菌含量 超过规定,农业部将分三阶段进行处理。第 一阶段是让加工厂自行改善;第二阶段是由 检验单位重估该加工厂的HACCP 体系,作适 当的改进建议;第三阶段则暂停对该厂的检 验。
微生物污染控制
• 水分活度、pH值、化学物质及包装控制
0.85的水分活度是病原体生长的安全界限; pH≤4.6是抑制致病菌生长和产生毒素的界限;
常用的化学抑制剂有苯甲酸盐、山梨酸盐、亚硫酸盐、亚硝酸盐和抗
生素,使微生物蛋白质变性,抑制酶和改变或破坏细胞壁或细胞膜; 包装能防止灭菌食品再次污染,增加食品防腐方法的有效性在加工控制图表中,其
中至少包含最近的13个试验结果,并对应所
屠宰的家畜种类。记录应在企业保存12个月
并随时提供给FSIS使用。
(4)实验结果的评价标准
(a)企业切割组织的方法采样进行检测,当最近大 肠杆菌的实验结果没有超过最高限值(M)时, 或者最近13个样品中,菌落数量超过(m)的样 品数为3或比3少时,可以按照表1进行评价。通过 用基线调查敏感性方法定义的阴性,大肠杆菌的 测试方法敏感度要达到小于5cfu/ml。
由于需要大量的时间处理清理,所以最好使用至少两套仪器、解剖
刀和镊子。使用之前工具不再污染是非常重要的。作为一个选择,允许 使用无菌一次性的材料。
(f)样品的储存与运输
在一个放有冰块的绝缘冷冻盒中运输样 品。不允许样品冻结或者与使用过的冰块接 触。 或者在采集1h内实验室处理样品,或者储 存在0℃~4℃最多24h。

欧盟对抑菌标准的定义

欧盟对抑菌标准的定义

中国、欧盟致病菌标准及管控要求比对近几年,国内外频发的食源性疾病给公众身体健康与生命安全、社会、经济带来严重危害,食源性疾病已成为不断扩大的公共卫生问题之一,引起各国政府的高度关注。

而食品中致病菌污染是导致食源性疾病的重要原因,预防和控制食品中致病菌污染是食品安全风险管理的重点内容。

我为大家梳理了中国、欧盟致病菌标准要求及差异,供大家参考。

01中欧致病菌标准概况1.中国2021年9月7日,国家卫生健康委员会和国家市场监督管理总局联合发布两项食品中致病菌限量的食品安全国家标准——《食品安全国家标准预包装食品中致病菌限量》(GB 29921-2021)和《食品安全国家标准散装即食食品中致病菌限量》(GB 31607-2021),两项标准分别于2021年11月22日、2022年3月7日起实施。

两项标准共同构成了我国对食品中致病菌的限量标准,有助于保障食品安全和消费者健康,强化食品生产、加工和经营全过程管理,助推行业提升管理水平和健康发展。

2.欧盟2005年11月15日,欧盟委员会发布了(EC) No 2073/2005《食品微生物标准》,并在2006年1月1日正式实施,该规章规定了严格的食品微生物指标要求,并取代了93/51/EEC。

该法规参照CAC的标准制定和实施原则,以及国际食品微生物标准委员会(ICMSF)的分级采样方案,对食源性细菌及其毒素和代谢物制定了食品安全限量标准。

02中欧致病菌适用范围1.中国GB 29921适用于预包装食品,不适用于执行商业无菌要求的食品、包装饮用水、饮用天然矿泉水。

涵盖了乳制品、肉制品、水产制品、即食蛋制品、粮食制品、即食豆类制品、巧克力类及可可制品、即食果蔬制品、饮料、冷冻饮品、即食调味品、坚果与籽实类食品、特殊膳食用食品13类食品类别;未规定致病菌限量的食品类别包括非即食生鲜类食品、微生物风险较低的食品或食品原料(如食用盐、味精、食糖、植物油、乳糖、蒸馏酒及其配制酒、发酵酒及其配制酒、蜂蜜及蜂蜜制品、花粉、食用油脂制品、食醋等)。

欧盟食品微生物标准

欧盟食品微生物标准

L 322/12 EN Official Journal of the European UnionCOMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 1441/2007of 5 December 20077.12.2007amending Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs(Text with EEA relevance)THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,Having regard to Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the hygieneof foodstuffs (1), and in particular Article 4(4) thereof,Whereas:(1) Commission Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 of 15November 2005 on microbiological criteria for food-stuffs (2) lays down microbiological criteria for certainmicro-organisms and the implementing rules to becomplied with by food business operators when im-plementing the general and specific hygiene measuresreferred to in Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No852/2004. Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 alsoprovides that food business operators are to ensurethat foodstuffs comply with the relevant microbiological criteria set out in Annex I to that Regulation.(2) Chapters 1 and 2 of Annex I to Regulation (EC) No2073/2005 set out food safety criteria and processhygiene criteria regarding dried infant formulae anddried dietary foods for special medical purposesintended for infants below six months of age (driedinfant formulae and dried dietary foods). Part 2.2 ofChapter 2 of that Annex provides that where driedinfant formulae and dried dietary foods are tested andEnterobacteriaceae are detected in any of the sampleunits, the batch is to be tested for Enterobacter sakazakiiand Salmonella.(3) On 24 January 2007, the Scientific Panel on BiologicalHazards (BIOHAZ Panel) of the European Food SafetyAuthority (EFSA) issued an opinion with regard toEnterobacteriaceae as indicators of Salmonella andEnterobacter sakazakii. It concluded that it is not possible(1) OJ L 139, 30.4.2004, p. 1, as corrected by OJ L 226, 25.6.2004,p. 3.(2) OJ L 338, 22.12.2005, p. 1.to establish a correlation between Enterobacteriaceae andSalmonella, and no universal correlation between Entero-bacteriaceae and Enterobacter sakazakii exists. At individualplant level, a correlation between Enterobacteriaceae andEnterobacter sakazakii may however be established.(4) Therefore the requirement laid down in Regulation(EC) No 2073/2005 as regards the testing of driedinfant formulae and dried dietary foods for Salmonellaand Enterobacter sakazakii where Enterobacteriaceae aredetected in any of the sample units should no longerapply. Part 2.2 of Chapter 2 of Annex I to that Regu-lation should therefore be amended accordingly.(5) In line with the opinion on the microbiological risks ininfant formulae and follow-on formulae issued by theBIOHAZ Panel of EFSA on 9 September 2004, micro-biological criteria on Salmonella and Enterobacteriaceaeshould be laid down for dried follow-on formulae.(6) The BIOHAZ Panel of EFSA issued an opinion on Bacilluscereus and other Bacillus spp. in foodstuffs on 26 and 27January 2005. It concluded that one of the major controlmeasures is to control temperature and to establish asystem based on hazard analysis and critical controlpoint principles. Dehydrated foods, in which thepresence of spores of pathogenic Bacillus spp. isfrequent, might permit the growth of Bacillus cereusonce rehydrated in warm water. Some dehydratedfoods, including dried infant formulae and dried dietaryfoods, are consumed by potentially fragile consumers. In line with the EFSA opinion, the numbers of Bacillus cereusspores in dried infant formulae and dried dietary foodsshould be as low as possible during processing and aprocess hygiene criterion should be laid down inaddition to good practices designed to reduce delaybetween preparation and consumption.(7) Chapter 1 of Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005provides for the analytical reference method for staphy-lococcal enterotoxins in certain cheeses, milk powder andwhey powder. That method has been revised by theCommunity reference laboratory for coagulase positivestaphylococci. The reference to that analytical referencemethod should therefore be amended. Chapter 1 ofAnnex I to that Regulation should therefore beamended accordingly.7.12.2007 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 322/13(8) Chapter 3 of Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005sets out sampling rules for carcasses of cattle, pig, sheep,goats and horses for Salmonella analyses. Pursuant tothose rules the sampling area is to cover a minimumof 100 cm2per site selected. However, neither thenumber of sampling sites nor the minimum total areaof sampling is specified. In order to improve theimplementation of these rules in the Community, it isappropriate to further specify in Regulation (EC) No2073/2005 that the areas most likely to be contaminatedshould be selected for sampling and that the totalsampling area should be increased. Chapter 3 ofAnnex I to that Regulation should therefore beamended accordingly.(9) In the interests of clarity of Community legislation, it isappropriate to replace Annex I to Regulation (EC) No2073/2005 by the text set out in the Annex to thisRegulation. (10) The measures provided for in this Regulation are inaccordance with the opinion of the StandingCommittee on the Food Chain and Animal Health,HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:Article 1Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 is replaced by the text in the Annex to this Regulation.Article 2This Regulation shall enter into force on the 20th day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States. Done at Brussels, 5 December 2007.For the CommissionMarkos KYPRIANOUMember of the CommissionL 322/14 ENChapter 1.Chapter 2.Official Journal of the European UnionANNEX‘ANNEX IMicrobiological criteria for foodstuffsFood safety criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Process hygiene criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207.12.20072.1 Meat and products thereof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.2 Milk and dairy products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.3 Egg products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.4 Fishery products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.5 Vegetables, fruits and products thereof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Chapter3. Rules for sampling and preparation of test samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.1 General rules for sampling and preparation of test samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.2 Bacteriological sampling in slaughterhouses and at premises producing minced meat and meatpreparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297.12.2007ENOfficial Journal of the European UnionL 322/15C h a p t e r 1. F o o d s a f e t y c r i t e r i aeeeeeeeeL 322/16 EN Official Journal of the European Union 7.12.2007e e e e e e e e e e7.12.2007 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 322/17e e e e e e e eL 322/18ENOfficial Journal of the European Union7.12.2007e1 (2 ) F o r p o i n t s 1.1-1.25 m = M . (3 ) T h e m o s t r e c e n t e d i t i o n o f t h e s t a n d a r d s h a l l b e u s e d . (4 ) R e g u l a r t e s t i n g a g a i n s t t h e c r i t e r i o n i s n o t r e q u i r e d i n n o r m a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a d y -t o -e a t f o o d s : — t h o s e w h i c h h a v e r e c e i v e d h e a t t r e a t m e n t o r o t h e r p r o c e s s i n g e f f e c t i v e t o e l i m i n a t e L . m o n o c y t o g e n e s , w h e n r e c o n t a m i n a t i o n i s n o t p o s s i b l e a f t e r t h i s t r e a t m e n t (f o r e x a m p l e , p r o d u c t s h e a t t r e a t e d i n t h e i r f i n a l p a c k a g e ), — f r e s h , u n c u t a n d u n p r o c e s s e d v e g e t a b l e s a n d f r u i t s , e x c l u d i n g s p r o u t e d s e e d s , — b r e a d , b i s c u i t s a n d s i m i l a r p r o d u c t s , — b o t t l e d o r p a c k e d w a t e r s , s o f t d r i n k s , b e e r , c i d e r , w i n e , s p i r i t s a n d s i m i l a r p r o d u c t s , — s u g a r , h o n e y a n d c o n f e c t i o n e r y , i n c l u d i n g c o c o a a n d c h o c o l a t e p r o d u c t s , — l i v e b i v a l v e m o l l u s c s . (5 ) T h i s c r i t e r i o n s h a l l a p p l y i f t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r i s a b l e t o d e m o n s t r a t e , t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f t h e c o m p e t e n t a u t h o r i t y , t h a t t h e p r o d u c t w i l l n o t e x c e e d t h e l i m i t 100 c f u /g t h r o u g h o u t t h e s h e l f -l i f e . T h e o p e r a t o r m a y f i x i n t e r m e d i a t e l i m i t s d u r i n g t h e p r o c e s s t h a t m u s t b e l o w e n o u g h t o g u a r a n t e e t h a t t h e l i m i t o f 100 c f u /g i s n o t e x c e e d e d a t t h e e n d o f s h e l f -l i f e . (6 ) 1 m l o f i n o c u l u m i s p l a t e d o n a P e t r i d i s h o f 140 m m d i a m e t e r o r o n t h r e e P e t r i d i s h e s o f 90 m m d i a m e t e r . (7 ) T h i s c r i t e r i o n s h a l l a p p l y t o p r o d u c t s b e f o r e t h e y h a v e l e f t t h e i m m e d i a t e c o n t r o l o f t h e p r o d u c i n g f o o d b u s i n e s s o p e r a t o r , w h e n h e i s n o t a b l e t o d e m o n s t r a t e , t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f t h e c o m p e t e n t a u t h o r i t y , t h a t t h e p r o d u c t w i l l n o t e x c e e d t h e l i m i t o f 100 c f u /g t h r o u g h o u t t h e s h e l f -l i f e . (8 ) P r o d u c t s w i t h p H ≤ 4,4 o r a w ≤ 0,92, p r o d u c t s w i t h p H ≤ 5,0 a n d a w≤ 0,94, p r o d u c t s w i t h a s h e l f -l i f e o f l e s s t h a n f i v e d a y s s h a l l b e a u t o m a t i c a l l y c o n s i d e r e d t o b e l o n g t o t h i s c a t e g o r y . O t h e r c a t e g o r i e s o f p r o d u c t s c a n a l s o b e l o n g t o t h i s c a t e g o r y , s u b j e c t t o s c i e n t i f i c j u s t i f i c a t i o n . ( 9 ) T h i s c r i t e r i o n s h a l l a p p l y t o m e c h a n i c a l l y s e p a r a t e d m e a t (M S M ) p r o d u c e d w i t h t h e t e c h n i q u e s r e f e r r e d t o i n p a r a g r a p h 3 o f C h a p t e r I I I o f S e c t i o n V o f A n n e x I I I t o R e g u l a t i o n (E C ) N o 853/2004 o f t h e E u r o p e a n P a r l i a m e n t a n d o f t h e C o u n c i l . ( 10 ) E x c l u d i n g p r o d u c t s w h e n t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r c a n d e m o n s t r a t e t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f t h e c o m p e t e n t a u t h o r i t i e s t h a t , d u e t o t h e r i p e n i n g t i m e a n d a wo f t h e p r o d u c t w h e r e a p p r o p r i a t e , t h e r e i s n o s a l m o n e l l a r i s k . ( 11 ) O n l y i c e c r e a m s c o n t a i n i n g m i l k i n g r e d i e n t s . ( 12 ) P r e l i m i n a r y t e s t i n g o f t h e b a t c h o f s e e d s b e f o r e s t a r t i n g t h e s p r o u t i n g p r o c e s s o r t h e s a m p l i n g m u s t b e c a r r i e d o u t a t t h e s t a g e w h e r e t h e h i g h e s t p r o b a b i l i t y o f f i n d i n g S a l m o n e l l a i s e x p e c t e d . ( 13 ) R e f e r e n c e : C o m m u n i t y r e f e r e n c e l a b o r a t o r y f o r c o a g u l a s e p o s i t i v e s t a p h y l o c o c c i . E u r o p e a n s c r e e n i n g m e t h o d f o r t h e d e t e c t i o n o f s t a p h y l o c o c c a l e n t e r o t o x i n s i n m i l k a n d m i l k p r o d u c t s . ( 14 ) P a r a l l e l t e s t i n g f o r E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e a n d E . s a k a z a k i i s h a l l b e c o n d u c t e d , u n l e s s a c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s e m i c r o -o r g a n i s m s h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d a t a n i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t l e v e l . I f E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e a r e d e t e c t e d i n a n y o f t h e p r o d u c t s a m p l e s t e s t e d i n s u c h a p l a n t , t h e b a t c h m u s t b e t e s t e d f o r E . s a k a z a k i i . I t s h a l l b e t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r t o d e m o n s t r a t e t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f t h e c o m p e t e n t a u t h o r i t y w h e t h e r s u c h a c o r r e l a t i o n e x i s t s b e t w e e n E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e a n d E . s a k a z a k i i . ( 15 ) E . c o l i i s u s e d h e r e a s a n i n d i c a t o r o f f a e c a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n . ( 16 ) A p o o l e d s a m p l e c o m p r i s i n g a m i n i m u m o f 10 i n d i v i d u a l a n i m a l s . ( 17 ) P a r t i c u l a r l y f i s h s p e c i e s o f t h e f a m i l i e s : S c o m b r i d a e , C l u p e i d a e , E n g r a u l i d a e , C o r y f e n i d a e , P o m a t o m i d a e , S c o m b r e s o s i d a e . ( 18 ) S i n g l e s a m p l e s m a y b e t a k e n a t r e t a i l l e v e l . I n s u c h a c a s e t h e p r e s u m p t i o n l a i d d o w n i n A r t i c l e 14(6) o f R e g u l a t i o n (E C ) N o 178/2002, a c c o r d i n g t o w h i c h t h e w h o l e b a t c h i s t o b e d e e m e d u n s a f e , s h a l l n o t a p p l y . ( 19 ) R e f e r e n c e s : 1 . M a l l e P ., V a l l e M ., B o u q u e l e t S . A s s a y o f b i o g e n i c a m i n e s i n v o l v e d i n f i s h d e c o m p o s i t i o n . J . A O A C I n t e r n a t . 1996, 79, 43-49. 2. D u f l o s G ., D e r v i n C . , M a l l e P ., B o u q u e l e t S . R e l e v a n c e o f m a t r i x e f f e c t i n d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f b i o g e n i c a m i n e s i n p l a i c e ( P l e u r o n e c t e s p l a t e s s a ) a n d w h i t i n g ( M e r l a n g u s m e r l a n g u s . J . A O A C I n t e r n a t . 1999, 82, 1097-1101.7.12.2007ENOfficial Journal of the European UnionL 322/19I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e t e s t r e s u l t sT h e l i m i t s g i v e n r e f e r t o e a c h s a m p l e u n i t t e s t e d , e x c l u d i n g l i v e b i v a l v e m o l l u s c s a n d l i v e e c h i n o d e r m s , t u n i c a t e s a n d g a s t r o p o d s i n r e l a t i o n t o t e s t i n g E . c o l i , w h e r e t h e l i m i t r e f e r s t o a p o o l e d s a m p l e .T h e t e s t r e s u l t s d e m o n s t r a t e t h e m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l q u a l i t y o f t h e b a t c h t e s t e d ( 1 ).L . m o n o c y t o g e n e s i n r e a d y -t o -e a t f o o d s i n t e n d e d f o r i n f a n t s a n d f o r s p e c i a l m e d i c a l p u r p o s e s :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a l l t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d i n d i c a t e t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m i s d e t e c t e d i n a n y o f t h e s a m p l e u n i t s .L . m o n o c y t o g e n e s i n r e a d y -t o -e a t f o o d s a b l e t o s u p p o r t t h e g r o w t h o f L . m o n o c y t o g e n e s b e f o r e t h e f o o d h a s l e f t t h e i m m e d i a t e c o n t r o l o f t h e p r o d u c i n g f o o d b u s i n e s s o p e r a t o r w h e n h e i s n o t a b l e t o d e m o n s t r a t et h a t t h e p r o d u c t w i l l n o t e x c e e d t h e l i m i t o f 100 c f u /g t h r o u g h o u t t h e s h e l f -l i f e :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a l l t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d i n d i c a t e t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m i s d e t e c t e d i n a n y o f t h e s a m p l e u n i t s .L . m o n o c y t o g e n e s i n o t h e r r e a d y -t o -e a t f o o d s a n d E . c o l i i n l i v e b i v a l v e m o l l u s c s :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a l l t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e ≤ t h e l i m i t ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a n y o f t h e v a l u e s a r e > t h e l i m i t .S a l m o n e l l a i n d i f f e r e n t f o o d c a t e g o r i e s :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a l l t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d i n d i c a t e t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m i s d e t e c t e d i n a n y o f t h e s a m p l e u n i t s .S t a p h y l o c o c c a l e n t e r o t o x i n s i n d a i r y p r o d u c t s :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f i n a l l t h e s a m p l e u n i t s t h e e n t e r o t o x i n s a r e n o t d e t e c t e d ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e e n t e r o t o x i n s a r e d e t e c t e d i n a n y o f t h e s a m p l e u n i t s .E n t e r o b a c t e r s a k a z a k i i i n d r i e d i n f a n t f o r m u l a e a n d d r i e d d i e t a r y f o o d s f o r s p e c i a l m e d i c a l p u r p o s e s i n t e n d e d f o r i n f a n t s b e l o w 6 m o n t h s o f a g e :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a l l t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d i n d i c a t e t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m i s d e t e c t e d i n a n y o f t h e s a m p l e u n i t s .H i s t a m i n e i n f i s h e r y p r o d u c t s f r o m f i s h s p e c i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a h i g h a m o u n t o f h i s t i d i n e :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e f o l l o w i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s a r e f u l f i l l e d :1. t h e m e a n v a l u e o b s e r v e d i s ≤ m2. a m a x i m u m o f c /n v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e b e t w e e n m a n d M3. n o v a l u e s o b s e r v e d e x c e e d t h e l i m i t o f M ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e m e a n v a l u e o b s e r v e d e x c e e d s m o r m o r e t h a n c /n v a l u e s a r e b e t w e e n m a n d M o r o n e o r m o r e o f t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e > M .___________( 1 ) T h e t e s t r e s u l t s m a y b e u s e d a l s o f o r d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e h a z a r d a n a l y s i s a n d c r i t i c a l c o n t r o l p o i n t p r i n c i p l e s o r g o o d h y g i e n e p r o c e d u r e o f t h e p r o c e s s .L 322/20ENOfficial Journal of the European Union7.12.2007C h a p t e r 2. P r o c e s s h y g i e n e c r i t e r i a2.1 M e a t a n d p r o d u c t s t h e r e o fr f r f r f r f r s f r f f f r f f f7.12.2007ENOfficial Journal of the European UnionL 322/21f f f f f ( 2 ) F o r p o i n t s 2.1.3-2.1.5 m = M . ( 3 ) T h e m o s t r e c e n t e d i t i o n o f t h e s t a n d a r d s h a l l b e u s e d . ( 4 ) T h e l i m i t s (m a n d M ) s h a l l a p p l y o n l y t o s a m p l e s t a k e n b y t h e d e s t r u c t i v e m e t h o d . T h e d a i l y m e a n l og sh a l l b e c a l c u l a t e d b y fi r s t t a k i n g a l o g v a l u e o f e a c h i n d i v i d u a l t e s t r e s u l t a n d t h e n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e m e a n o f t h e s e l o g v a l u e s . ( 5 ) T h e 50 s a m p l e s s h a l l b e d e r i v e d f r o m 10 c o n s e c u t i v e s a m p l i n g s e s s i o n s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e s a m p l i n g r u l e s a n d f r e q u e n c i e s l a i d d o w n i n t h i s R e g u l a t i o n . ( 6 ) T h e n u m b e r o f s a m p l e s w h e r e t h e p r e s e n c e o f s a l m o n e l l a i s d e t e c t e d . T h e c v a l u e i s s u bj e c t t o r e v i e w i n o r d e r t o t ak e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e p r o g r e s s m a d e i n r e d u c i n g t h e s alm on e l l a p r e v a l e n c e . M e m b e r S t a t e so r r e g i o n s h a v i n g l o w s a l m o n e l l ap r e v a l e n c e m a y u s e l o w e r c v a l u e s e v e n b e f o r e t h e r e v i e w . ( 7 ) T h i s c r i t e r i o n s h a l l n o t a p p l y t o m i n c e d m e a t p r o d u c e d a t r e t a i l l e v e l w h e n t h e s h e l f -l i f e o f t h e p r o d u c t i s l e s s t h e n 24 h o u r s . ( 8 ) E . c o l i i s u s e d h e r e a s a n i n d i c a t o r o f f a e c a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n . ( 9 ) T h e s e c r i t e r i a a p p l y t o m e c h a n i c a l l y s e p a r a t e d m e a t (M S M ) p r o d u c e d w i t h t h e t e c h n iq u e sr e f e r r e d t o i n p a r a g r a p h 3 o f C h a p t e r I I I o f S e c t i o n V o f A n n e x I I I t o R e g u l a t i o n (E C ) N o 853/2004 o f t h e E u r o p e a n P a r l i a m e n t a n d o f t h e C o u n c i l .L 322/22ENOfficial Journal of the European Union7.12.2007I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e t e s t r e s u l t sT h e l i m i t s g i v e n r e f e r t o e a c h s a m p l e u n i t t e s t e d , e x c l u d i n g t e s t i n g o f c a r c a s e s w h e r e t h e l i m i t s r e f e r t o p o o l e d s a m p l e s .T h e t e s t r e s u l t s d e m o n s t r a t e t h e m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l q u a l i t y o f t h e p r o c e s s t e s t e d .E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e a n d a e r o b i c c o l o n y c o u n t i n c a r c a s e s o f c a t t l e , s h e e p , g o a t s , h o r s e s a n d p i g s :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e d a i l y m e a n l o g i s ≤ m ,— a c c e p t a b l e , i f t h e d a i l y m e a n l o g i s b e t w e e n m a n d M ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e d a i l y m e a n l o g i s > M. S a l m o n e l l a i n c a r c a s e s :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e p r e s e n c e o f S a l m o n e l l a i s d e t e c t e d i n a m a x i m u m o f c /n s a m p l e s ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e p r e s e n c e o f S a l m o n e l l a i s d e t e c t e d i n m o r e t h a n c /n s a m p l e s .A f t e r e a c h s a m p l i n g s e s s i o n , t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e l a s t t e n s a m p l i n g s e s s i o n s s h a l l b e a s s e s s e d i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n t h e n n u m b e r o f s a m p l e s .E . c o l i a n d a e r o b i c c o l o n y c o u n t i n m i n c e d m e a t , m e a t p r e p a r a t i o n s a n d m e c h a n i c a l l y s e p a r a t e d m e a t (M S M ):— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a l l t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e ≤ m ,— a c c e p t a b l e , i f a m a x i m u m o f c /n v a l u e s a r e b e t w e e n m a n d M , a n d t h e r e s t o f t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e ≤ m ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f o n e o r m o r e o f t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e > M o r m o r e t h a n c /n v a l u e s a r e b e t w e e n m a n d M .7.12.2007ENOfficial Journal of the European UnionL 322/232.2 M i l k a n d d a i r y p r o d u c t sf s f s d --L 322/24ENOfficial Journal of the European Union7.12.2007f l- 1 ( 2 ) F o r p o i n t s 2.2.7, 2.2.9 a n d 2.2.10 m = M . ( 3 ) T h e m o s t r e c e n t e d i t i o n o f t h e s t a n d a r d s h a l l b e u s e d . ( 4 ) T h e c r i t e r i o n s h a l l n o t a p p l y t o p r o d u c t s i n t e n d e d f o r f u r t h e r p r o c e s s i n g i n t h e f o o d i n d u s t r y . ( 5 ) E . c o l i i s u s e d h e r e a s a n i n d i c a t o r f o r t h e l e v e l o f h y g i e n e . ( 6 ) F o r c h e e s e s w h i c h a r e n o t a b l e t o s u p p o r t t h e g r o w t h o f E . c o l i , t h e E . c o l i c o u n t i s u s u a l l y t h e h i g h e s t a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e r i p e n i n g p e r i o d , a n d f o r c h e e s e s w h i c h a r e a b l e t o s u p p o r t t h e g r o w t h o f E . c o l i , i t i s n o r m a l l y a t t h e e n d o f t h e r i p e n i n g p e r i o d . ( 7 ) E x c l u d i n g c h e e s e s w h e r e t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r c a n d e m o n s t r a t e , t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f t h e c o m p e t e n t a u t h o r i t i e s , t h a t t h e p r o d u c t d o e s n o t p o s e a r i s k o f s t a p h y l o c o c c a l e n t e r o t o x i n s . ( 8 ) O n l y i c e c r e a m s c o n t a i n i n g m i l k i n g r e d i e n t s . ( 9 ) P a r a l l e l t e s t i n g f o r E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e a n d E . s a k a z a k i i s h a l l b e c o n d u c t e d , u n l e s s a c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s e m i c r o -o r g a n i s m s h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d a t a n i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t l e v e l . I f E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e a r e d e t e c t e d i n a n y o f t h e p r o d u c t s a m p l e s t e s t e d i n s u c h a p l a n t , t h e b a t c h h a s t o b e t e s t e d f o r E . s a k a z a k i i . I t s h a l l b e t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r t o d e m o n s t r a t e t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f t h e c o m p e t e n t a u t h o r i t y w h e t h e r s u c h a c o r r e l a t i o n e x i s t s b e t w e e n E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e a n d E . s a k a z a k i i . ( 10 ) 1 m l o f i n o c u l u m i s p l a t e d o n a P e t r i d i s h o f 140 m m d i a m e t e r o r o n t h r e e P e t r i d i s h e s o f 90 m m d i a m e t e r .7.12.2007ENOfficial Journal of the European UnionL 322/25I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e t e s t r e s u l t sT h e l i m i t s g i v e n r e f e r t o e a c h s a m p l e u n i t t e s t e d .T h e t e s t r e s u l t s d e m o n s t r a t e t h e m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l q u a l i t y o f t h e p r o c e s s t e s t e d .E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e i n d r i e d i n f a n t f o r m u l a e , d r i e d d i e t a r y f o o d s f o r s p e c i a l m e d i c a l p u r p o s e s i n t e n d e d f o r i n f a n t s b e l o w s i x m o n t h s o f a g e a n d d r i e d f o l l o w -o n f o r m u l a e :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a l l t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d i n d i c a t e t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m i s d e t e c t e d i n a n y o f t h e s a m p l e u n i t s .E . c o l i , E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e (o t h e r f o o d c a t e g o r i e s ) a n d c o a g u l a s e -p o s i t i v e s t a p h y l o c o c c i :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a l l t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e ≤ m ,— a c c e p t a b l e , i f a m a x i m u m o f c /n v a l u e s a r e b e t w e e n m a n d M , a n d t h e r e s t o f t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e ≤ m ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f o n e o r m o r e o f t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e > M o r m o r e t h a n c /n v a l u e s a r e b e t w e e n m a n d M .P r e s u m p t i v e B a c i l l u s c e r e u s i n d r i e d i n f a n t f o r m u l a e a n d d r i e d d i e t a r y f o o d s f o r s p e c i a l m e d i c a l p u r p o s e s i n t e n d e d f o r i n f a n t s b e l o w s i x m o n t h s o f a g e :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a l l t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e ≤ m ,— a c c e p t a b l e , i f a m a x i m u m o f c /n v a l u e s a r e b e t w e e n m a n d M , a n d t h e r e s t o f t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e ≤ m ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f o n e o r m o r e o f t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e > M o r m o r e t h a n c /n v a l u e s a r e b e t w e e n m a n d M .。

欧盟食品微生物标准

欧盟食品微生物标准

(强制性法令)欧盟第2005/2073/EC号规章2005年11月15日食品微生物学标准(本文已经EEA批准)欧盟委员会:根据欧共体成立条约,根据欧洲议会、欧盟理事会第2004 / 852 / EC号规章(2004年4月29日)中关于食品卫生的规定(1),特别是第4条第4款和第12条。

鉴于:(1) 如欧洲议会和欧盟理事会第178/2002号规章(2002年1月28日)所指出的,追求高标准地保护公众健康是食品法的基本目的之一。

该规章还确立了制定食品法、成立欧洲食品安全局以及处理食品安全事宜程序的一般原则和要求(2)。

食品中的微生物危害是人类食源性疾病的重要源头。

(2)食品中含有的微生物、微生物毒素或其代谢物的量不应给人类健康带来不能接受的危害。

(3)欧盟第2002/178 /EC号规章制定了食品安全的一般要求,依照此规章,食品若不安全就不能投放市场;万一投放,食品经营者有收回的义务。

为保护公众健康和防止误解,有必要对食品的可接受性制订统一的安全标准,尤其是针对食品中存在的某些致病菌。

(4)微生物学标准也给食品的可接受性以及其生产、处理、销售过程确立了框架。

微生物学标准的使用应作为执行HACCP程序和其他卫生管理措施完整部分中之一。

(5) 食品安全主要通过预防措施来保证,如执行良好卫生规范和HACCP计划。

微生物学标准还可用来验证HACCP计划及其他卫生管理措施的有效性。

因此有必要制定食品微生物学标准以规定食品加工过程是否合适,同时还有必要为保证食品安全制定微生物限值,超出此限值的食品即被认为受微生物污染而不安全。

(6) 依照EC 852/2004规章第4条,食品经营者应遵守食品微生物学标准。

这包括了符合食品法及有关当局规定的测试、分析和纠偏等工作。

因此应该制定有关分析方法的措施,此措施包括应用的地方、不确定度、抽样方法、微生物限制值、和限定值相一致的分析单元的数量等。

此外,应制定执行措施以确保食品及食物链的监控点符合标准,当没有达到食品安全标准时采取的措施。

欧盟提出有关食品微生物限量标准的法规草案

欧盟提出有关食品微生物限量标准的法规草案

欧盟提出有关食品微生物限量标准的法规草案
佚名
【期刊名称】《企业标准化》
【年(卷),期】2005()9
【摘要】2005年7月19日,欧盟委员会健康消费者保护总司提出有关食品微生物限量标准的法规草案。

草案中规定了碎肉,肉类加工品由的沙门氏菌[salmonella];方便食品中李斯特菌[Listeria monocytogenes];某些乳制品中葡萄球菌[staphylococcal enterotoxins];某些水产品中组胺[histamine]的食品安全标准。

还规定了屠宰动物胴体内沙门氏菌[salmonella]及若干种干酪内葡萄球菌[staphylocccal]的卫生处理标准。

【总页数】1页(P69-69)
【关键词】食品微生物;欧盟委员会;限量标准;法规;食品安全标准;沙门氏菌;葡萄球菌;李斯特菌;方便食品
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TS201.3;F116.7
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因版权原因,仅展示原文概要,查看原文内容请购买。

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欧盟(EC)No 2073/2005/EC 号规章摘要食品微生物学标准欧盟(EC)No 2073/2005 号规章主要内容1、制定一个用来确定食品加工企业可接受的微生物标准和食品安全微生物限量标准;2、食品加工企业遵照执行、主管当局验证符合性;3、该标准包括依标准设定值(见附录)进行检验、检验方法和执行纠偏措施。

主体框架(总计12条,其中主要相关的7条)第1条范围第2条定义第3条一般要求第4条比对试验第5条特殊试验和取样要求第7条不合格结果第9条趋势分析附录1 食品微生物限量标准第1章食品安全标准第2章加工卫生标准2.1 肉和肉制品2.2 乳及乳制品2.3 蛋制品2.4 水产品2.5 蔬菜及其制品、水果及其制品第3章取样和试样制备准则3.1 取样和试样制备一般准则3.2 屠宰场及肉制品生产车间的细菌取样方法前言测试结果依赖于所使用的分析方法,因此每个微生物标准都应有一个指定的参考方法。

当然,食品生产企业可以使用其他分析方法而非参考方法,特别是一些快速检测方法,只要这些检测方法能达到同等结果。

80/777/EEC(13)的章程关于微生物的标准的有关规定。

第2条定义微生物学的标准是定义产品中微生物的可接受水平。

此可接受水平是基于单位质量、体积、面积或批次产品中的微生物和它们的毒素及代谢物的不存在或存在一定数量。

食品安全标准是对适合在市场上流通的一种食品或一批食品的可接受水平。

即食食品指生产的或经营的可直接食用的食品,此食品不须再经加热或经别的有效杀灭或降低有关微生物使其降到可接受的水平的过程。

过程卫生标准指产品生产过程可接受的标准。

此标准不适用于市场上的产品,标准设定了污染值,超过此值,就应采取措施确保过程的卫生并符合食品法。

“批”指一组或一批特定的产品,其在实际上同一环境条件下的特定过程获得的和在确定生产期内的特定地方生产的一系列可以确认的产品。

货架期指使用截至日期之前的一段时间或耐受存储的最小日期,同2000/13/EC指令中第9和10条款中的定义。

“样品”是指在被测试总体或一个较大量的物料中按照不同的方法所抽取的一个单元、几个单元或其中的一部分。

其主要的目的是提供被研究(目标)产品或物料人群或事件特定特征的信息,还为涉及被测试总体或物料及其生产过程提供处理的决策基础。

代表性的样品指在保持批的特征的样品。

尤其是在简单随机取样事例中,它给了总体中每一构成单元进入样本的同样机率。

依照微生物的标准指通过采样、分析和采取有效的措施,同时遵照食品法和主管当局的指令所测的结果符合附则Ⅰ中满意或可接受的值。

第3条总体要求食品生产者要保证食品符合附录I中相关的微生物学的标准。

附录I 食品微生物标准第1章食品安全标准第2章加工卫生标准2.1 肉和肉制品2.2 乳及乳制品2.3 蛋制品2.4 水产品2.5 蔬菜及其制品、水果及其制品第3章取样和试样制备准则3.1 取样和试样制备一般准则3.2 屠宰场及碎肉和肉制品生产车间的细菌取样方法第一章食品安全标准(1)n:指一批产品采样个数,c:指该批样品中检测值超过m或在m和M 之间的检样数。

(2)1.1-1.24中m=M.(3)使用最新修订的标准(1441-2007EC标准)(15)采用混样,并应取自至少10个动物个体(16)组胺鱼类包括:鲭科鱼、鲱科鱼、鳀科、鲯鳅科( Coryfenidae)、蓝鱼科( Pomatomidae[bluefish])、鲹科( Scombresosidae).(17)单个样品可以在零售的范围内取样,在此情况下,(EC) No 178/2002中14(6)款中的假设就不能采用,整批样应视为不合格,。

(18)参考文献:1.Malle P., Valle M., Bouquelet S. Assay of biogenic anines involved in fish decomposition. J. AOAC Internat.1996,79,43-49.2.Duflos G., Dervin C., Malle P., Bouquelet S. Relevance of matrix effect in determination of biogenic amines in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa ) and whiting (Merlangus merlangus ).J. AOAC Internat.1999,82,1097-1101第二章加工过程卫生标准食品种类微生物项目取样计划(1)限量标准检测方法(2)监控点纠偏行动N C m M(1) n = 取样数; c =结果数据在m和M之间的样品数(2) 2.1.3 — 2.1.5 条款中m=M.第三章测试样品采集和制备准则测试样品采集和制备总则当没有更专门的测试样品采集和制备准则时,应使用国际标准化组织(ISO)的相关标准和食品法典(the Codex Alimentarius)指南作为参考准则。

第4条测试除了附录I中提供的具体的采样频率,食物生产者应当根据实际情况确定合适的采样频率,在这种情况下,采样频率将不得少于附录I中提供的频率。

5条取样第和测验的具体规则分析方法、抽检方案和附录︱的方法作为检验的参考方法。

为了保证取样和检验符合标准要求,应从生产车间和生产设备中取样,同时ISO 18593作为参考方法。

如果食品生产者能够提供历史文献证明他们是基于HACCP流程操作的,附录I中有关采样计划的样品单元数量可以适量的被减少。

如果食品生产者能够能提供同等结果、经过主管当局认可的其他适当的方法,它们就可以采用这些采样和测试方法。

这些方法应当包括,对提供选择采样点和趋势的分析。

当分析方法和附录I中的参考方法同等效果,可以选择使用此方法。

当私人的方法得到第三方的认证,并且要求与已发行 EN/ISO 16140标准相一致或者与国际上认可使用的协议一致的,可以选择此分析方法。

此方法也必须根据国际上有效的协议规定,并需要得到主管当局的批准。

第7条不合格结果1.当对照附录I所定标准的试验结果不令人满意时,食品企业应该采取本条中第2-4段所述措施,和基于HACCP原则的程序的其他纠偏措施以及为了保护消费者健康的其他行动。

此外,为避免再次出现不可接受的微生物污染,他们应该采取措施来查找引起不合格结果的原因,这些措施可以包括对基于HACCP原则的程序或的程序其他食品卫生控制措施进行适当修改。

2.当对照附录I第1章所定食品安全标准的试验结果不令人满意,应根据(EC)No 178/2002规章第19条收回或召回该产品或该批次食品。

然而,已投放市场的但未达到食品安全标准且未进行零售的产品,可以进一步采取消除可疑危害的处理措施。

这种处理措施只能由食品企业进行而不是零售环节。

食品企业可以将该批货物用于其他用途,前提是这种使用不会对公众健康或动物健康引发风险,并且这种利用取决于基于HACCP原则的程序和良好卫生规范,并得到主管当局批准。

3.按照(EC)No 853/2004规章附录III第V部分第III章第3段所述技术生产的一批机械分割肉(MSM),如果在沙门氏菌上有不合格结果,仅可于食物链中生产热加工肉制品,这种处理必须在依照(EC)No 853/2004规章认可的工厂中进行。

4.如果关于加工卫生标准出现令人不满意的结果,则应采取附录I第2章所设定的措施。

第9条趋势分析食品生产者应该对测验结果进行分析。

如果观察到结果不令人满意的话,那就应该马上采取适当的措施来补救这种不利形式以防止微生物风险的发生。

主体框架:总计12条,其中主要相关的9条第1条范围第2条定义第3条一般要求第4条比对试验第5条特殊试验和取样要求第7条不合格结果第9条趋势分析附录1 食品微生物限量标准附录I 食品微生物标准第1章食品安全标准第2章加工卫生标准2.1 肉和肉制品2.2 乳及乳制品2.3 蛋制品2.4 水产品2.5 蔬菜及其制品、水果及其制品第3章取样和试样制备准则3.1 取样和试样制备一般准则3.2 屠宰场及碎肉和肉制品生产车间的细菌学取样方法中国相关规章《最新国家食品卫生标准实施手册》具体品种有关的国家标准和行业标准中制定了具体的微生物指标,如《农产品质量安全无公害水产品安全要求》(GB/T18406-2001)、《动物性水产干制品卫生标准》(GB 10144-2005)等《出口水产品质量安全控制规范》(GB/Z 21702-2008)《水产品加工质量管理规范》(SC/T 3009-1999)《农产品质量安全无公害水产品安全要求》(GB/T18406.4-2001)《食品微生物学检验水产食品检验》(GB/T4789.20-2003)《出口食品中金黄色葡萄球菌检验方法》SN0172-1992《出口食品副溶血性弧菌检验方法》SN0173-1992《出口食品中沙门氏菌属(包括亚利桑那菌)检验方法》SN0170-1992《出口食品中大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和大肠杆菌的检验方法》SN 0169-1992 欧盟(EC)No 2074/2005/EC 号规章摘要根据欧盟(EC)No 853/2004及854/2004、882/2004规章对某些产品和官方管理机构制定实施措施对欧盟(EC)No 852/2004规章制定豁免同时修订欧盟(EC)No 853/2004和854/2004规章主体框架共计10条,主要涉及5条第1条有关食物链信息的要求第2条有关水产品的要求第3条海洋毒素认可的检测方法第7条传统工艺食品豁免执行第8条修订(EC)No 853/2004规章第6条第I章定义“可见寄生虫”是指一个或一群在尺寸、颜色或结构上可以清楚的与鱼类组织区分的寄生虫。

“感观检验”是指在良好的照明情况下,借助或不借助光学放大的方法,对鱼类或水产品进行的非破坏性检查,必要时包括灯检。

“灯检”是指对扁平的鱼或鱼片在黑暗的房间中借助照明灯光来检测寄生虫。

第II章感观检验1、必须对具有代表性的样品进行感观检验。

陆上企业的负责人和加工船上有资格的人员必须根据水产品的类型、地理来源及其用途来确定检验的频率和数量。

在生产过程中,有资格的人员必须对去脏鱼类进行感观检验,检验供人类食用的鱼腹腔、肝脏和鱼籽。

根据使用的去脏方式,必须进行如下感观检验:a)如果是人工去脏,由加工者在去脏和清洗时连续检验;b)如果是机器去脏,抽取具有代表性数量的样品进行检验,每批次不少于10条鱼。

2、在修整过程中和切片后,必须由有资格的人员对鱼片进行感观检验。

如果由于鱼片大小或开片操作,不能对鱼片进行正常检验,根据(EC)No 853/2004规章附件III第Ⅷ部分第Ⅱ章(4)条规定,必须制定一个主管部门了解的取样计划,从技术角度上来说,对鱼片进行灯检是必要的,取样计划中必须包括灯检。

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