虚拟语气详解

虚拟语气详解

(一).语气的定义和种类：

1 语气(mood)

语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。

2 语气的种类

⑴.陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。

There are two sides to every question.

Were you busy all day yesterday?

How good a teacher she is!

⑵.祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如：

Never be late again!

Don’t forget to turn off the light.

⑶.虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设、推测、怀疑、建议等。

If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.

I wish I could pass the examination.

May you succeed!

(二). 虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式。表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种愿望、假设、推测、怀疑、建议、可能或纯粹的空想等。语气全体现在主句或从句谓语动词的时态上。谓语动词的时态是虚拟语气的核心。

虚拟语气题的做题主要分三步：1.判定该句是不是虚拟语气2.是哪种形式的虚拟语气。即对现在的虚拟，对过去的虚拟还是对将来的虚拟。3.从而选择相应的谓语动词形式。

下面就对虚拟语气分类详解：

一.既含if条件句又含结果主句的虚拟语气谓语动词形式。

1.对现在和将来的虚拟可归为一类。if条件句谓语动词用一般过去时（其中be动词不分人称始终用were），主句/结果句选择相应的情态动词would、could、should、might＋do （动词原形）。

If I were you, I would take immediate action.

If it were Sunday tomorrow, I could pay Mr. Smith a visit.

If there were no gravity, we shouldn’t be able to walk.

If there were enough people, we could do the work by ourselves.

If I had time, I would do some shopping with you.

If I knew her address, I would tell you.

2.对将来的虚拟也可以单列开来。If条件句谓语动词也可用were to＋do(表与将来事实相反的假设)，或should＋do（可能性很小常译为“万一”，比较正式常用于书面语中）。主句/结果句选择相应的情态动词would、could、should、might＋do.

If you were to come/came tomorrow, I might have time to see you.

If I were to see her tomorrow, I would tell her about your decision.

If it should rain tomorrow, what should we do?

If I should see him, I’ll tell him.

If you succeeded, everything would be all right.

If you should succeed, everything would be all right.

If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

有时条件句用would表意愿。

If he could give me a hand, he would do so.= could he give me a hand, he would do so.(少用) If he would live on with me, I would be his better half. 我仍愿做他妻子。(少用)

3.对过去的虚拟。If条件句谓语动词用过去完成时had done，主句/结果句选择相应的情态动词would、could、should、might＋have done.

If I had left a little earlier, I could have caught the first bus.

I wouldn’t have been criticized/punished by our English teacher, if I had finished my homework.

If I hadn’t had the accident, I should have met you at the airport.

注意：1.if 条件句谓语动词都是朝前推一个时态。2.充分注意虚拟语气中所暗含的时间状语。3.条件句与结果句前后根据情况可调换。

二.有时条件句的动作与结果句中的动作发生的时间不一致，这时谓语动词的形式要根据时间加以调整。

If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now.

You would be much better now if you had taken/followed my advice.

If I were you, I would have gone with her.

If you hadn’t helped me, I couldn’t have finished my work on time and mostly likely I would be still working now.

三.有时虚拟条件句中不用if条件句而用介词短语，动词不定式短语,分词短语等来表示。Without your help, I couldn’t have finished the work on time.

Without air, no one could live.

Without electricity human life would be quite difficult today.

But for your help, I wouldn’t have succeeded.

We didn’t know the phone number, otherwise we would have telephoned him.

I’m really very busy, otherwise I would certainly go there with you.

It would be a good idea to go swimming at the Summer Palace.

It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。

I should be happy to go with you.

To have studied harder, you would have passed the examination.

Born in better times, he would have been a scholar.

四.把真实句和虚拟句融合在一块。真实句该用什么时态用什么时态。

I ought to/should have gone with you, but I was too busy.

He remained very calm, otherwise he would have been found out.