语言学纲要(徐通锵版)第一章讲义

Chapter One

Social and Thinking Functions of language

Z1.Social Functions of language

nguage is the most important and effective tool for thought

Z3.Important distinctions in linguistics

1.Social Functions of language

Z1.1Language and Parole

Z1.2What kind of phenomenon is L?

Z1.3Language is the most important tool for human communication

1.1Language and Parole

•Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances)as langue and parole.

语言和言语

•语言和言语的区分，最早是由德国的语言学家、普通语言学的创始人

•索绪尔在《普通语言学教程》中对语言和言语的区分作了系统的理论阐述。其目的是为了纯化语言研究对象。Saussure's View(Course in General Linguistics)

•"If we could embrace the sum of word-images stored in the minds of all individuals,we could identify the social bond that constitutes language(langue).

•It is a storehouse filled by the members of a given community through their active use of speaking(parole),a grammatical system that has a potential existence in each brain,or,more specifically,in the brains of a group of individuals."

•"For language is not complete in any speaker;it exists perfectly only within a collectivity.

•In separating language from speaking we are at the same time separating(1)what is social from what is individual;

and(2)what is essential from what is accessory and more or less accidental."

教材的观点：

语言和言语的关系——区别

1.从运用角度来说

言语是自由的；语言是不自由的，有规则的

2.从语言学角度分析

言语包括：张口说话的动作（言语动作）

说话代码（语言）→确定的部分

说、写、想的话（言语作品）

3.从表现形式看

言语是个人的、灵活的；语言有共同性，是社会的，稳定的

4.从哲学角度看

言语是主观的、个别的、具体的；语言是客观的、一般的、抽象的

语言和言语的关系——联系

1.语言存在于言语之中

语言是从言语中抽象括出来的模式，可以从说话中找语言。抽象的语言是不存在的，都以个体语言的形式存在着。从历史上看，言语事实在先，规则在后，通过言语反映存在。

2.语言存在以说话的需要为前提

言语是语言的存在形式，没有言语，也就没有语言。

3.言语是对语言的具体运用，是行为和结果

语言规则及词语均对言语形成制约，给予规范。语言规则及词语是言语活动的基础。

ÿ如果用数学运算类比，语言便相当于运算所使用的数字和规则，言语则相当于使用这些数字和规则进行运算

的过程和结果。

1.2what kind of phenomenon is L?

1.2.1Relation of language and society

1.2.2Language is a kind of social phenomenon.

1.2.3Language is a kind of special social phenomenon.

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1.2.1Relation of language and society

•(1)Language depends on society,and society is the prerequisite of language

•Language can not exist without society.

•(2)Society needs language,and language is an important part of society.

Thinking:

What would happen if we hadn't language?

•Society can not exist without language.

•They are interactional and dependent on mutually.

1.2.2Language is a kind of social phenomenon.

•Language is the product of society,social changes affect language greatly.

•EX:cavalier （骑士，武士）,crusaders （十字军），"走资派"，"大串连"，etc.are all historical words,

and vanished with social development.Thinking about:

•Is Language a natural phenomenon?

•Is Language a personal phenomenon?

Is Language a natural phenomenon?

•August Schleicher,a German linguist,who is a founder of naturalistic linguistics ,thought that language is a natural phenomenon.

•He is the first person who came up with "Linguistic Evolutionism".

•But the development of language is different from natural growth and death.

Language is not a kind of natural phenomenon.

•On the one hand,the decease of organisms is inevitable,but the death of a language is not.

•On the other hand,during the course of living creatures growing up and death ,the mother and her posterity can exist together,while language can not :the birth of a new language means ancestor language dying.

•Even though language has natural properties,the social quality of language is essential.

Is Language a personal phenomenon?

•Paul Hermann is one of the representatives of Junggrammatiker （青年语法学派）or Neogrammarians （新语法学派）in 19th century.

•He thought that the only object is linguistic activity of individual in linguistic studying.

Language is not a phenomenon of individual.

v Language is not created by a single person.

v Speech is personal,while language is social.

v Soliloquizing is used with the entire social language.

v Someone can play a finite role in the development of language,whereas this kind of effect just

provide a model to people who use languages.

•The arbitrariness(任意性）of combination in pronunciation and meaning and the diversity of

the world languages can also show that L is a social nguage is a kind of special social phenomenon.•••There are natural and individual elements in social property of nguage is not a social phenomenon of economic base （经济基础）.

Language is not a social phenomenon of superstructure （上层建筑）

either.语言不是上层建筑：

v （1）经济基础有适合于它的上层建筑，上层建筑随着经济基础的变化而变化，语言不是这样。v （2）上层建筑只为自己的经济基础服务，语言则一视同仁地为各个经济基础、各个阶级服务。

v （3）上层建筑生命不长久，语言生命长久。

v （4）上层建筑与生产及人的生产行为没有直接联系，语言与生产及人的生产行为则有直接联系，因为它是人类

的交际工具。

nguage is the most important tool for human communication

Try to compare:

•Writing,flag signal （旗语）,transportation signal （红绿灯）,etc.and language

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