词汇学复习重点

第一章

1.word : 1简单意义：a word is a minimal unit/form in/of a sentence

2.完整意义：a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.

2.vocabulary定义四个要素：1.refer to the total number of the words in a language.2.it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.

3.refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. 4个要素：language, time, space, person.

3.sound and form 1.关系：the symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional.2.more and more different 原因：1,the number of alphabet cannot describe the English sounds one by one.2, sounds develop faster than the written form.3.the scribes deliberately change the written form for being easily recognized.

4.the printing machine fixed the written form.

5.borrowed words make the gap wider. 4.motivation分类：1.onomatopec motivation.(Refers to the motivated aspect of motivation which means the words are created by imitation the natural sounds or noise. 2. morphological motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation which means the words created by using existing language materials ,as roots, affixes, etc).3.semantic motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation in which the new meanings are given to existing words by mental

assaiations.4.etymological motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation by which the new meanings can directly tell the origin of the word.)

4.word meaning 分类：4. “All national character”is the most important of all the features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.

basic word stock基础词汇：1.all national character(全民性，必须有)2.stability 3.productivity 4.polysemy(一词多义)5.collocability(可搭配性) –

5．Nonbasic vocabulary. 1。terminology，术语(this refers to the formal words that used by scientists in their research.)2.jargon，行话(refers to the informal words used by people of the same trades as workers, farmers, technicians, etc. in their work.)3.slang，俚语(refers to the informal words that usually used by young people in their daily activity. The words of this category are usually coined from a normal or daily-life words and are short-lived, otherwise they will become idioms.)4argot，黑话。(refers to the informal words that are usually used by criminals in their “work”(communication inside the group)5.dialectal words方言词。(refers to the informal words that are used in English by people from the same country.)6.archaism，古语(refers to informal or learned words used by scholars in their literary research)6.neologism，新词