词汇学复习重点
词汇学复习范围
复习重点:第一章1. word的正规定义及简略定义;2. 词汇的定义的四部分;3. sound与meaning的关系;4. 书写发音不一只的五个原因。
第二章1. Roman Language family的五个成员,Germanic language family的八个成员;2. 英语语言发展的三个时期:1)时间跨度;2)事件;3)每个事件带来的语言;4)词汇涉及的语言领域;3. 对英语词汇奉献最大的是Latin语言;对英语语言影响(含语法和词汇影响)最大的是French。
第三章1. morpheme的正规定义级简略定义。
2. allomorph的定义3. free morpheme 和bound morpheme的正规定义和简略定义4. root, stem 和base 的定义及关系。
第四章1. 英语构词法的主要构词方式和次要构词方式;2. affixation的定义,分类及其分类的定义;3. compounding的定义及特点;4. shortening的种类;5. blending的定义;6. clipping的定义;7. acronymy的定义和种类及种类的定义;8. backformation的定义第五章1. reference,concept 和sense的定义;2. 词义的两部分的定义;3. 词汇意义的分类定义,下分类的定义;第六章1. polysemy 的定义2. homonymy的定义和分类级分类定义;3. synonymy的传统和现代定义和分类及分类的定义;4. antonymy的传统和现代定义和分类及分类的定义;。
词汇学复习重点.doc
词汇学复习重点1.jargon------ J argon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.2.translation loans ---- Translation loans are words and expressions formed fromthe existi ng material in the En glish Ian guage but modeled on the patter ns take n from another Ianguage.3.Renaissance --- It is a European movement of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics.4.Allomorph------ one of the variants of the same morpheme5.inflectional affix ----- an affix that in dicates grammatical relation ships6.acronyms ---- the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters ofnames of social and poli廿cal organiza廿ons special noun phrases and technical terms7.back-formation ------ the method of crea廿ng words by removing the supposed suffixes8.polygsemy ----- Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses atthe same 廿me.9.morpheme ----- It is a minimal meaningful unit of a Ianguage, or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.10.grammaticalmeaning -------- that part of the meaning of the word indicatesgramma 廿cal con cept or re la 廿on ships such as part of speech of words, sin gular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their in flee 廿onal forms.11.homonym ---- Homonyms are words different in meaning but either identicalboth in sound and spelling or iden廿cal only in sound or spelling.12.reference ----- what a linguistic form refers to in the real word. It is therelaUonship between Ianguage and the world13.semanticfield ------- Semant:ic field is concerned with the vocabulary of a Ianguageas a system of interrelated lexical networks.14.motivation --- the cormection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.15.conceptualmeaning ------- t he mea ning give n in the die 廿on ary and forms the coreof word-mea ning.16.amelioration -------- or eleva廿on, a process by which words rise from humble begirrnings to posi廿ons of im porta nee.17.transfer----- a process whereby words which were used to designate one thinghave changed to mean something else.1・ Discuss the major characteristics of Basic word stock with examples・Basic word stock contains the following characteristics:All national character: Words of the basic word stock denote the most comm on things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the Ianguage.Stability: As they denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. Stability, however, is only relative.Productivity: Words of the basic word stock are most root words or mono syllabic words; They can form new words with other roots and affixesPolysemy: Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undergone semant:ic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.Collocability: Many words of the basic word stock have strong collocability.2. What are the major modes of modern vocabulary expansion and give your examples ・The major modes are crea廿on, semant:ic change and borrowing.Creation refers to the forma廿on of new words by using existing materials, namely roots, affixes, and other elements. Semantic change means an old form, which takes on a new meaning to meet the new ,such as mouse and web. Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier times. Borrowed words constitute merely six to seven percent of all new words.Creation:词根词缀构成新词semantic change: the word an gel is an example. The word is the n ame of a spiritual being, now, it has a new meaning used to refer to a radar echo caused by something not visually discernible.Borrowing: From French Ianguage, English has taken such words as: auteur, black humor, limoFrom German Ianguage, English has taken such words as: humoresqueFrom Chinese Ianguage, English has taken such words as: Kung fu, wok3・ What are the inflectional affixes frequently used in English? Discuss the meaning each ofthem indicates.-(e)s— plural number-(e)s— third- person singular present tense-(e)d— past tense -ing— progressive aspect-er— compara廿ve degree-est— superla廿ve degree-'s— possessive case4. How compounds differ from free phrases? Give examples to dwell on this point・phonetic features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stress. In cases of two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first eleme nt and the sec on dary stress, if any, on the sec ond whereas the opposite is true of free phrases, e.g. “a ' gree n room” is a compo un d, while “agree n ' room” is a free phrase.semantic features. Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Forexample, “agree n hand” is a n “in experie need pers on”.Grammatical features. A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example verb, a noun or an adjec廿ve. “Bad-mouth” used as a verb can take the third person singular-s.5・Both back-formation and back-clipping are ways of making words by removing the endings of words ・ Explain their differences ・Back-forma廿on is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixed. It is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. For example, "loafer" may be assumed to derive from the verb "loaf" on the an a logy of known derivatives, such as "swimmer" from "swim" or "driver" from "drive". By removing the supposed suffixes -er from "loafer: a verb "loaf" is coined. Back-clipping is different. The dele廿on occurs at the end of word. Both the original long word and its short form remain in the same word class.6・ What is the relationship between concept and meaning?Meaning and concept are closely cormected but not iden廿cal. They are both related directly to ref ere nts and are notions of the words but belong to differe nt categories. Concept, which is beyond Ianguage, is the result of human cognitJon, reflec廿ng the objective world in the human mind. It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, Ianguage and so on whereas meaning belongs to Ianguage, so is restricted to Ianguage use. A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are Ianguages in the world . Even in the same Ianguage, the same concept can be expressed in different words.7. What is the relationship between grammatical meaning and lexical meaning?Gramma廿cal meanings refer to that part of the meaning of the world which indicates gramma 廿cal con cept or rela 廿on ships such as part of speech of words, sin gular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their in flee 廿onal forms. Gramma 廿cal meaning of a word becomes im porta nt only when it is used in actual con text. Differe nt lexical items, which have differe nt lexical meanin gs, may have the same gramma廿cal meaning, on the other hand, the same word may have different gramma廿cal meanings. Lexical meaning and gramma廿cal meaning make up the word meaning. It is known that gramma廿cal meaning surfaces only in use .But lexical meaning is constant in all the content words withi n or without con text as it is related to the notion that a word conveys.8・What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants? How to differentiate them?The differenee between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that homonyms refer to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distJn guishable meanin gs. One im porta nt criterion is to see their etymology. Homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principle consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and cormected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree. On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In die廿onaries, a polysemant has its meaning all listed under one headwork while homonyms are listed as separate en tries.9・ Discuss some of the characteristics of antonyms・1)antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition2) a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3)antonyms differ in semant:ic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respec廿vely.4)contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.10. What are the causes of semantic changes? Illustrate your point.・There are many causes of sema ntic cha nge. The main causes in elude extra-li nguis tic factors and linguis廿c factors. In extra-linguis廿c factors. There are historical reasons, class reasons, and psychological reasons. In linguis廿c factors, there are shortening of phrases, in flux of borrowi ngs and an a logy.。
词汇学复习
1.词的概念。
(领会)2.词的分类。
(熟记)3.基本词汇的特点。
(熟记)4.本族语的重要性。
(熟记)Chapter21.印欧语系中的西部语系。
(熟记)2.古英语(熟记)3.中古英语(熟记)4.现代英语的发展模式。
(领会)Chapter31.词素的变体。
(熟记)2.总的词素的分类。
(领会)3.词缀法。
(熟记)4.指出例词的词素数量和类型。
(领会)1.前缀的分类。
(熟记)2.转类法的类型。
(领会)3.部分转类法和完全转类法区别.(熟记)4.拼缀法类型。
(领会)5.截断法的概念。
(熟记)6.指出给的例词属于合成词,派生词,转类法的词,拼缀法,截断法,首字母缩略词,首字母拼音词,逆生法,来自于专有名词的词中的哪一个。
Chapter51.所指的概念。
(熟记)2.词的理据。
(熟记)3.理据的分类。
(领会)4.概念意义。
(熟记)5.褒义和贬义。
(领会)Chpter61.同义词的分类。
(熟记)2.反义词的分类。
(领会)3.上下义关系概念。
(熟记)4.语义场的作用。
(熟记)Chapter71.语义的扩大和缩小。
(领会)2.语义的降格。
(熟记)3.语境的作用。
(熟记)Chapter91.习语的特点。
(领会)2.习语的变异形式。
(领会)Chapter101. 单语词典和双语词典。
(熟记)。
词汇学复习资料
词汇学复习资料词汇学复习资料词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支,研究词汇的构成、分类和使用规律。
对于学习一门语言来说,掌握丰富的词汇是非常重要的。
在这篇文章中,我们将提供一些词汇学的复习资料,帮助读者巩固和扩展词汇量。
一、词汇的构成词汇是语言的基本单位,是由一个或多个音素组成的。
在不同的语言中,词汇的构成方式也有所不同。
例如,英语中的词汇主要由字母组成,而汉语中的词汇则由汉字组成。
1. 字母构词法英语中的词汇通常由字母组成,可以通过添加前缀、后缀和词根来构成新的词汇。
例如,单词“unhappiness”由前缀“un-”(表示否定)和词根“happy”组成。
2. 字形构词法汉语中的词汇由汉字组成,可以通过添加偏旁部首、衍生字和合成字来构成新的词汇。
例如,汉字“学”可以通过添加偏旁部首“子”来构成“字”,表示学习。
二、词汇的分类词汇可以按照不同的分类标准进行分类,例如按照词性、语义和用途等。
下面是一些常见的词汇分类。
1. 词性分类词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等不同的词性。
名词用来表示人、事物或概念,动词用来表示动作或状态,形容词用来描述人或事物的特征,副词用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,代词用来代替名词,介词用来表示位置、时间或方式,连词用来连接词语或句子,感叹词用来表示强烈的情感。
2. 语义分类词汇可以按照词义的相似性进行分类。
例如,可以将名词按照人、动物、植物、物体、抽象概念等进行分类;将动词按照行为、状态、感觉、思维等进行分类;将形容词按照颜色、大小、形状、性质等进行分类。
3. 用途分类词汇可以按照在句子中的作用进行分类。
例如,可以将词汇分为实词和虚词。
实词包括名词、动词、形容词和副词,它们在句子中起到实际的意义;虚词包括代词、介词、连词和感叹词,它们在句子中起到连接或修饰的作用。
三、词汇的使用规律词汇的使用规律是指在特定语境中使用词汇的约束条件。
不同的语言和不同的语境中,词汇的使用规律也有所不同。
英语词汇学知识点归纳总结
英语词汇学知识点归纳总结
1.词汇分类:英语词汇可以分为实词和虚词两大类。
实词包括名词、
动词、形容词和副词,是能独立存在并具有词义的词类;虚词包括冠词、
介词、连词、代词和助词,是不能独立存在或不具有词义的词类。
2.词根与词缀:英语词汇中有很多词根和词缀,词根是词的核心部分,词缀是附加在词根上的,可以改变词的词义、词性或词形。
3.词义:英语词汇的词义可以通过定义、同义词、反义词、上下义词
等方式进行描述和解释。
词义可以有直观意义、引申意义和隐喻意义等。
4.词汇建构:英语词汇的建构可以通过合成、派生、转化、缩略等方
式进行。
合成是通过将两个或多个词根组合成一个新词,派生是通过添加
前缀或后缀来构成新词,转化是通过改变词的词类来构成新词,缩略是通
过省略部分词组或词根来构成新词。
5.词汇变化:英语词汇的变化形式包括时态、语态、人称、数和比较等。
词汇的变化形式可以通过词形变化、语法变化和语义变化等方式进行。
6.外借词:英语词汇中存在大量的外借词,这些词汇主要来自拉丁语、希腊语、法语、德语等其他语言。
外借词在英语中经过适当的拼写、读音
和意义调整后被接受和使用。
7.同源词:英语词汇中存在一些同源词,这些词源于同一词根或词源,并在语音、形态或词义上有一定的相似性。
了解同源词可以帮助理解和记
忆词汇。
8.词汇扩展:英语词汇在发展的过程中会发生扩展,即一个词从最初的特定意义扩展到更广泛的意义。
词汇扩展可以通过引申、转义、隐喻等方式进行。
这些是英语词汇学中的一些主要知识点,通过对这些知识点的学习和理解,可以更好地掌握和应用英语词汇。
英语词汇学知识点整理
英语词汇学知识点整理词汇期末复习(C1-C7)Chapter 1⼀、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form(最⼩的⾃由形式)(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity(meaning)(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.(具有句法功能)⼆、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.⼀般来说,词汇指的是⼀种语⾔⾥所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语⾔的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发⾳和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. ⼆者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发⾳和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical(正字的)record of the oralform.⾃然语⾔的书写形式是⼝语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发⾳与形式不同的原因:①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来⾃罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发⾳改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发⾳不断变化,书写标准化。
词汇学知识点
词汇学知识点词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支,研究词汇的形态、构词法、含义、语法功能和使用规律等方面的知识。
词汇学知识点有助于我们更深入地了解语言的结构和规律,提高我们的语言运用能力和沟通能力。
下面将就词汇学的一些重要知识点进行详细介绍。
1. 词汇的分类根据词性的不同,词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等不同种类。
名词是表示人、事、物、地点或抽象概念的词,如“学校”、“朋友”;动词是表示动作或状态的词,如“看”、“跑”;形容词是用来描述名词或代词的性质或特征的词,如“美丽”、“聪明”;副词是用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词,如“很”、“非常”。
2. 词汇的构词法构词法是指词汇的构成规律和方法。
词汇可以通过加前缀、后缀、派生、复合、缩略、转化等方式形成新词。
比如,“美”+“丽”=“美丽”;“快”+“速”=“快速”;“快速”+“度”=“快速度”。
3. 词汇的含义词汇的含义是指词汇所代表的概念或事物。
词汇的含义可以根据词义的延伸、转义、比喻、象征等方式进行词义推论。
比如,“明星”原指天空中的星星,后引申为受人尊敬或崇拜的人。
4. 词汇的语法功能词汇在句子中具有不同的语法功能,如名词可以作主语、宾语、定语、表语等;动词可以表示主谓关系、宾语关系、状语关系等;形容词和副词可以修饰名词或代词等。
5. 词汇的使用规律词汇在语言运用中有一定的使用规律,比如词的搭配、语法环境、语言风格等。
正确地运用词汇有助于提高语言表达的准确性和丰富性。
通过以上对词汇学知识点的介绍,我们可以更系统地了解词汇在语言中的作用和重要性,进一步提高我们的语言水平和表达能力。
希望大家都能在学习词汇学知识点的过程中取得更好的成绩,展现自己在语言运用方面的能力。
【正文结束】。
词汇学知识点总结
词汇学知识点总结词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支,研究的是词汇的形成、结构和意义等方面的问题。
在学习英语等外语的过程中,词汇是其中一个重要的组成部分。
下面,本文将对词汇学的一些知识点进行总结与归纳。
一、词的形态学词的形态学是词汇学中必须掌握的一个重要方面,主要包括词的构词法、屈折变化和派生变化等。
词的构词法指的是如何通过组合原有的词来创造新词,包括派生法、合成法、缩略法、转化法等。
屈折变化指根据语法要求,变化词的形态以表示不同的格、时、数、性等。
派生变化则指通过在原有词基础上添加字母或词缀等来产生新的词。
掌握词的形态学是很有必要的,因为它和词汇的理解和使用密切相关。
二、词的分类在英语中,词可以根据其不同的语法特征被归为不同的类别,常见的类别包括名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词等。
不同的词在句子中扮演着不同的角色,掌握各类别之间的区别以及它们在句子中的作用,可以帮助我们更好地理解和表达语言。
三、词义词义是从语言学的角度定义词的意义,包括原义和引申义。
原义指的是一个词最基本的意思,而引申义则是在原义基础上经过延伸、扩展而得到的新意义。
同一个词的不同意义和语言环境等也会导致其含义的变化,例如“bank”既可以表示银行,也可以表示河岸等。
在学习外语的过程中,掌握词义是十分重要的。
四、词汇的学习方法词汇的学习是英语学习中最基础也最重要的部分之一,因此选择适合自己的学习方法对于提高词汇量、扩大词汇面积至关重要。
常用的学习方法包括反复背诵、积累单词簿、整理词根词缀、阅读和听力等。
在学习方法上,以选择适合自己和有用的方法为主,同时注意与语言运用的联系,不断地推广和实践。
五、词汇的应用掌握了词汇学的知识和学习方法后,其实就迈出了学习英语的第一步。
在实际运用中,如何运用得当也是至关重要的环节。
为了提高语言的流利度,需要在口语和书面语两个方面加强实践,增强实际运用能力。
另外,可以较晚多在社交网络等平台上与外国人联系,使用所学的词汇,将知识应用到实际交流之中,效果更佳。
词汇学知识点总结
词汇学知识点总结词汇学是研究词汇的学科,它是语言学的一个重要分支,涉及了语言的构成、变化和使用等方面。
词汇学对于语言的理解和应用具有重要的意义,它不仅可以帮助我们更好地掌握语言知识,还可以帮助我们提高语言运用能力。
在这篇文章中,我们将对词汇学的知识点进行总结,帮助读者更好地理解和掌握这一学科。
一、词的定义和分类词是语言中的最小意义单位,是构成句子和表达意思的基本单位。
按照在句子中的功能和语法特征,词可以分为实词和虚词两大类。
实词包括名词、动词、形容词、副词等,它们能够表示具体的事物或抽象的概念;虚词包括代词、连词、介词、助词等,它们通常用来连接或修饰实词,没有明确的词义。
二、词汇的构成词汇的构成是指词的组成方式和形态特征。
在词汇的构成中,我们可以看到一些常见的构词法,如前缀、后缀、派生、合成、转化等。
通过这些构词法,我们可以对词汇进行灵活组合和创造,丰富语言的表达能力。
1.前缀前缀是指加在词根前面的一个字,可以改变词的词义或语法特征。
比如,“un-”表示否定,“re-”表示再次,“pre-”表示在前面等。
2.后缀后缀是指加在词根后面的一个字,同样可以改变词的词义或语法特征。
比如,“-ing”表示进行时,“-ful”表示充满的意思,“-ment”表示名词化等。
3.派生派生是指通过词根和词缀的组合来创造和衍生新的词。
比如,“happy”是一个形容词,通过加上“-ness”后缀就可以派生出名词“happiness”。
4.合成合成是指两个或多个词汇组合在一起,形成一个新的词。
比如,“blackboard”由“black”和“board”两个实词组合而成。
5.转化转化是指一个词汇的词类发生改变,但词形不变。
比如,“work”可以作为动词,也可以作为名词,它的词形都不发生变化。
词汇的构成方式是多种多样的,通过学习这些构词法,我们可以更好地理解和掌握词汇的形态特征,有助于提高我们的语言表达能力。
三、词汇的语义特征语义是指词汇所携带的意义,它是语言交流和理解的基础。
英语词汇学知识点归纳
英语词汇学知识点归纳英语词汇学是研究词汇的学科,主要研究词汇的形成、发展、构造和使用规律。
以下是一些英语词汇学的主要知识点。
1. 词汇分类:英语词汇可以分为原生词汇和派生词汇。
原生词汇是指直接来源于英语语言的词汇,而派生词汇则是通过加前缀、后缀或改变词性形成的新词。
2. 词根、前缀和后缀:许多英语单词都有共同的词根,通过添加前缀和后缀,可以构成各种派生词。
例如,'un-'是一个常见的前缀,表示否定,如'unhappy'(不快乐)。
3. 同义词和反义词:同义词具有相似的意思,可以在不同的上下文中互换使用,例如'big'和'large'。
反义词则是意思相反的词汇,如'hot'和'cold'。
4. 合成词:合成词是由两个或多个独立的词组合而成的词汇。
例如,'sunflower'(向日葵)由'sun'(太阳)和'flower'(花)组成。
5. 词源学:词源学研究词汇的起源和演变过程。
许多英语单词来自其他语言,如拉丁语、法语和希腊语。
了解词源可以帮助我们理解词汇的含义和用法。
6. 词义的变化:词汇的意义会随时间和语境的变化而变化。
一些词汇可能会产生新的意义或失去原有的意义。
例如,'mouse'(老鼠)最初是指一种小动物,现在也可以指计算机的输入设备。
7. 词汇的语法功能:词汇在句子中扮演不同的语法角色,如名词、动词、形容词等。
了解词汇的语法功能可以帮助我们正确使用它们。
8. 语义关系:词汇之间存在各种语义关系,如同义关系、反义关系、上下位关系等。
了解这些关系可以帮助我们扩展词汇量,提高语言表达能力。
9. 词汇的习得和记忆:习得和记忆词汇是学习英语的重要一部分。
采用合适的记忆方法,如使用词汇卡片、词汇表等,可以帮助我们更好地掌握词汇。
以上是英语词汇学的一些主要知识点。
英语词汇学知识点归纳
英语词汇学知识点归纳Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you! In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!1. 词汇分类:动词、名词、形容词、副词、连词、代词、介词、数词等。
2. 词性转换:同一单词的不同词性有不同的用法和含义,如:think(动词)和thought(名词),slowly(副词)和slow(形容词)。
3. 词义辨析:同一单词有不同的含义,如:bank可以指银行,也可以指河岸。
4. 词源研究:研究单词的来源和变化过程,了解其背后的文化、历史和社会等方面的知识。
英语词汇学怎么考 英语词汇学必背知识点
英语词汇学怎么考英语词汇学必背知识点英语词汇学怎么考英语词汇学是一门理论知识课,每个知识点应该说都重要,所以重点和一般本来就难以界定。
从掌握知识来说,不要去分重点和一般,对每章每节都要以搞懂弄通为原则。
1、考前重点词汇复习方法要知道语法填空重点考查的词:动词、形容词、副词和派生词。
其中重点是动词,要把考点的设置与拼写的可能形式结合起来(如从谓语动词的角度来看,就要考虑动词的时态、语态和主谓一致所带来的动词变化。
其中过去式是考查重点,所以对动词的过去式,尤其是不规则动词的过去式和过去分词的拼写,自然就成为后期复习的重点。
至于另外三大词类也完全可以如此类推。
2、词汇积累学习加强短文背诵,增强“词不离句”意识。
背诵是非常原始的英语学习方法,但也是非常积极、有效的学习方法。
优选一些名家名篇,做为背诵的素材;或从课文中精选一些精悍之作,作为研习的精典,不但能够迅速提高语感,而且容易激发兴趣,形成活生生的词库,为单词的准确使用打下良好的基础。
3、英语自考主观题拿分技巧首先是单词拼写,这是所有题目中考生得分最低的一个部分,通常平均分不超过3分,所以大家不要太在意,20个单词,对4个,能有2分就很不错了,如果想要提高这部分,大家还要有准备的背单词,因为这里面的单词,并不全是课本课后单词表的单词,其中很多都是以前在中学学过的,所以要准备这一部分,需要的是买一本自考英语的词汇大纲,按里面的词汇背记才有意义。
如果大家对英语词汇学课程学习有难度,那么可以通过在线视频学习的,以上三点就是希赛小编对英语词汇学必背知识点学习方法,希望大家能更好的学习。
点击进入>>>英语词汇学(00832)精讲班视频教程。
词汇学复习重点(精心挑选整理过的)
Motivation of words分类:onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, etymological motivation. Types of meaning: grammatical ~ & lexical ~; conceptual ~& associative ~(connotative~, stylistic~, affective ~, collocative ~,)Primary meaning is the only meaning that a word had when it was first created. Derived meanings are the meanings that a word gets from the primary meaning at different stages of its development in the course of time.同义关系Synonyms are words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other but different in sound and spelling. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrowing, dialects and regional English, figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their denotation, connotation or application. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.3.Sources of Synonyms 1) Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions4.What are the characteristics of antonyms?1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. 4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite.5.同形同音异义关系Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning from another, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fall into three classes: perfect homonyms (same name); homographs (same spelling) and homophones (some sound). Perfect homonyms are those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. Homophones refer to the words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning6.上下义关系:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomesa subordinate of creature. And creature in turn becomes7.词义变化的种类There are five types of meaning, changes: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes in meaning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, class reason, and psychological reason) and intra-linguistic factors (shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy).8.词义的扩大Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to covera broader or less9.Definite concept. Compare the following;词义的缩小Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense;词义的升华Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense;词义的降格Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,;词义的转移Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was once used to make paper. In modern times, paper is made from rags, wood, straw and the like, but theproduct has retained the same name. There is associated transfer. There are other kinds of transfer, such as, concrete to abstract, abstract to concrete and transfer of sensation.10.语境的种类:非语言语境。
英语词汇学总结复习资料
英语词汇学总结复习资料大家请注意:笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的,这些是绝对的基础,应该一字不漏的背下来。
其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总,再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。
区分两个词的区别,主要还是指明其各自的定义。
第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1. 词的定义Word ——A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German,’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand,the same sound /rait/ can mean right,rite and write,though denoting different things,yet have the same sound.3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.(At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns)a). the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b). Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling c). Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d). Borrowing of foreign language4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect,a given book,a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency,by notion,by originthe English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin.基本词汇的特点1). Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1.all national character (most important)–natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animals action,size,domain,state numerals,pronouns,prep. ,conj.2. stability– they donate the commonest thing necessary to life,they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative,some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow,bow,chariot,knight –past electricity,machine,car,plane ——now3.productivity– they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words,they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football,footage,footpath,footer4.polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove5.collocability– quite a number of set expressions,idiomatic usages,proverbial saying and others基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language .though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary ,yet it is the most important part of it .e.g. heart – a change of heart, a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——(例子)1. terminology –technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicinephotoscanning,hepatitis,indigestion,penicillin,algebra,trigonometry,calculus2. jargon– specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line,ballpark figures,bargaining chips,hold him back,hold him in,paranoid3. slang——substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread,grass and pot,beaver,smoky,bear,catch,holler,Roger,X-rays,Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener,dip,persuader cant,jargon ,argot are associated with,or most available to,specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words– only by speakers of the dialectbeauty,chook,cocky,station,auld,build,coo,hame,lough,bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems,legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism– newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics,futurology,AIDS,internet,E-mail old meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse,monitor2). Content word (notional word)– denote clear notions.Functional word (empty word,form word)– do not have notions of their own,express the relation between notions,words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3). Native words –are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words,50,000-60,000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style (not stylistical specific )2. 2.frequent in use (in academic fields and science French,Latin or Greek are used)(usage 70-90%)Borrowed words (loan words,borrowing)–words taken over from foreign language. 80%本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stockand stand at the core of the language .therefore , what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing,we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizen s–words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus(L)shift,change,shirt,pork cup from cuppa(L)2.Aliens– retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor(F)blitzkreeg(G)emir,intermez,rowtow,bazaar,rajar,status quo3.translation loans– formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1). Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal(L)black humor from humor noir long time no see,surplus value,master piece 2). Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak(Russ)lama from lama(Tib)ketchup tea4. Semantic loans– their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneer fresh old impertinent,sassy,cheeky第二章The Development of the English1、Indo-European language family (Europe,the Near East,India)It can be grouped into an Eastern set :Balto –Slavic 、Indo-Iranian、Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic、Italic 、Hellenic、GermanicIn the Eastern set , Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively,the Balto –Slavic comprises such modern language such as Prussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. In the Celtic,we find Scottish, Irish,Welsh, Breton. the five Romance language ,namely, Portuguese,Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consist of the four Northern European language :Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2、History (时间,历史事件,特征)1)Old English (450-1150)totally 50,000-60,000 words The 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts,the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles,Saxons and Jutes and their language,Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century,the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words bycombining two native words. In the 9th century,many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English,our daily life and speech.特点:highly inflected language///complex endings or vowel changes (full ending)2)Middle English (1150-1500)English,Latin,FrenchUntil 1066,although there were borrowings from Latin,the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century,English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin pouered into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点:fewer inflections leveled ending3)Modern English (1500-up to now)early modern English (1500-1700)late modern English(1700-up to now)The Renaissance(the early period),Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary herit age.From the 1500’s through the 1700’s ,many writers experimented with words. Over 10000 new words entered the English language .many of these were taken from Latin and Greek .The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization,British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe,thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II,many new words have been created to express new ideas,inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been enteredto express new ideas inventions,and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English,word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点:ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words当代英语词汇发展的现状New words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time .词汇发展的主要原因1).The rapid development of modern science and technology2).Social: economic and political changes3).The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development(英语发展的三个主要方式:创造新词、旧词新意、借用外来语词)1. Creation –the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely roots,affixes and other elements. (This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.)2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing –to take in words from other languages.(played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times)4. (Reviving archaic or obsolete)French 30%,Latin 8%,Japanese Italian 7%,Spanish 6%,German Greek 5%,Russian Yiddish 4%第三章Word Formation*1. Morpheme(词素) ——A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. (The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.)*2.Morph——A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words– morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph(词素变体)——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality (-s)has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context,e.g. in cats/s/,in bags/z/,in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences,e.g. cat,walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6.Bound Morphemes——The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words,e.g. recollection (re+collect+ion)collect –free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. (include bound root and affix)Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7.Bound root ——A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root,it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example:it conveysthe meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root,but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before)we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
1.单词的构成:单词由不同的字母组合而成,可以包括前缀、词根、
后缀等。
2.词根和词义:词根是单词中带有基本词义的部分,在单词形态变化
时不会改变。
词根可以是一个字母、一个词或一个词组。
词根可以通过前
缀和后缀的添加,以及音变等形式进行变化。
3.前缀和后缀:前缀是加在词根前面的一种字母或几个字母,可以改
变单词的意义或词类。
后缀是加在词根后面的一种字母或几个字母,可以
改变单词的意义、词类或语法功能。
4.同义词和反义词:同义词是意义相近或相同的词,可以在表达时相
互替换。
反义词则是意义相反的词,通常用来表达对立或对比的关系。
5.词义的变化:词义可以根据语境和用法的不同而发生变化,有时一
个词也可以具有多个意义。
6.词义的分类:词义可以分为字面意义(词义的最基本的意义)、引
申义(从原来的字面意义发展而来的新的意义)和隐喻义(使用一个词来
暗示或比喻另一个概念)。
7.词义的搭配:词义可以和其他词搭配使用,形成固定的词组或短语,这些搭配可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用单词。
8.词法关系:词汇学研究不同词之间的关系,如近义词、反义词、属
于关系等。
9.词源学:词源学研究词语的起源和发展,并追溯词汇的历史和语言
渊源。
10.词汇扩充:词汇学研究如何通过学习和运用词汇扩充词汇量,如学习词根、前缀和后缀的意义和用法,以及拆解和分析复杂单词的方法。
英语词汇学知识点归纳详细
英语词汇学知识点归纳详细英语词汇学是研究英语词汇的起源、发展、结构和功能的学科。
它关注词汇的形成、分布和使用规律,旨在帮助人们更好地理解和运用英语词汇,我将详细讨论英语词汇学的一些重要知识点。
第一部分:英语词汇的起源和发展1.1 词汇的起源英语词汇的起源可以追溯到原始语言,人类追求沟通的需要催生了词汇的出现。
最初,人们通过模仿自然声音或物体特性来命名事物,逐渐形成了最早的词汇系统。
1.2 词汇的发展随着社会的进步和交流的增加,语言发生了演变和变异。
英语词汇的发展经历了几个阶段,包括古英语、中古英语、现代英语等,每个阶段都有其独特的特点和词汇形态。
第二部分:英语词汇的结构2.1 词根词根是词汇的核心部分,它通常具有基本含义,并可以通过前缀和后缀来构成新的词汇。
例如,"write"是一个词根,可以通过添加前缀"re-"构成"rewrite",通过添加后缀"-er"构成"writer"。
2.2 前缀前缀位于词根之前,用于改变词的意义或形态。
常见的前缀包括"un-"(表示否定)、"re-"(表示再次)等。
例如,"happy"变为"unhappy"表示不快乐,"do"变为"redo"表示重新做。
2.3 后缀后缀位于词根之后,用于改变词的类别或形态。
常见的后缀包括"-er"(表示职业或性别)、"-able"(表示能力或性质)等。
例如,"act"变为"actor"表示演员,"comfort"变为"comfortable"表示舒适的。
第三部分:英语词汇的分类3.1 按词性分类英语词汇可以根据其功能和词法特征分为不同的词性,包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词等。
词汇学期末复习各章知识点
Chapter one The basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.1 The definition of a word(1)一个最小的自由形态(2)一个发音的集合体(3)一个意义单位(4)能独自影响句子的形式因此,我们能说“词语是语言最小的自由形式,拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。
”1.2 vocabularyAll the words in a language make up its vocabulary. The general estimate of the English vocabulary is over one million words.1.3Sound and meaning词语是一个符号,代表着世界上其他的事物。
每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人,事,地方,特性,过程,行动,当然是在语言系统之外。
这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的,并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系。
”1.4 sound and form在古英语中,口语比今天更忠实地代表书面语,但随着语言的发展,越来越多的不同出现在口语和书面语之间。
有以下几点原因:1.内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母,罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音,因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。
2.另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快,在一些时候还拉开了距离。
在最近五百年里,尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化,却没有相应的拼写变化。
Another reason for this is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.3.第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同Those scribes had made some change to the word spelling4.到1500年年末,印刷已经变得非常普及。
语文词汇学知识点梳理
语文词汇学知识点梳理语文词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支,它主要研究词汇的构成、分类、意义和使用规律等方面的知识。
掌握语文词汇学知识点对于学习和理解语言的运用具有重要意义。
本文将从构词法、词义、词汇选择和词汇运用等方面,对语文词汇学的一些基本知识点进行梳理。
一、构词法1.词根:词根是构成词汇的最基本的语素,它是词汇的核心。
例如,动词“走”是“步行”的词根。
2.词缀:词缀是附加在词根前缀或后缀的语素,可以改变词的词性、词义或语法功能。
例如,“不”是一个前缀,用于表示否定,“可”是一个前缀,用于表示可能性。
3.合成:合成是通过词根、词缀或其他成分的组合形成新词的过程。
例如,“读书”是由动词“读”和名词“书”合成而成的动词短语。
二、词义1.词义辨析:在语文学习中,我们经常会遇到一些词义相近但用法不同的词汇,如“坚固”和“牢固”。
了解和辨析这些词汇的词义,有助于我们正确使用它们。
2.词义扩展:有些词汇在使用过程中会出现词义的扩展,即原本指代一个具体的事物,后来泛指相关的事物。
例如,动词“吃”最初指的是进食,后来扩展为指消耗、接受等。
三、词汇选择1.同义词:同义词是指在词义上相近或相同的词汇。
在写作中,我们可以根据需要选择适当的同义词,以丰富表达。
2.反义词:反义词是指在词义上相反的词汇。
通过使用反义词,我们可以对比事物的不同方面,使写作更加生动。
四、词汇运用1.词语搭配:词语搭配是指在语言表达中,某些词汇常常与特定的词语搭配使用。
例如,“惊喜”常常与“带来”搭配使用,形成“带来惊喜”的固定搭配。
2.词语搭配的规范性:在语言运用中,一些词语搭配有一定的规范性,需要遵循特定的搭配规则。
例如,动词“走”在表示方式时,应该与副词“步”搭配,而不是与“步伐”搭配。
以上是语文词汇学的一些基本知识点梳理。
通过掌握这些知识,我们可以更好地理解和运用词汇,提高语文水平。
同时,在学习过程中,我们也需要多加实践和运用,通过读书、写作等方式不断积累和扩展自己的词汇量,提高语言表达能力。
英语词汇学复习重点——5、7-12单元
1.词的语用意义Pragmatic meaning=lexical meaning+grammatical meaning词汇意义lexical meaning=conceptual meaning=cognitive meaning语法意义grammatical meaninglexical meaning=primary meaning+extended meaning2.语境的分类;语境的4种作用分类:语境=linguistic context+non-linguistic context作用:3.词义发展的具体方式(扩大、缩小、升格、降格、转移)The enlarging/widening/extension/expansion of meaning或the generalization of meaningThe narrowing/restriction of meaning 或the specialization of meaningThe elevation/ascent/amelioration of meaningDegradation/degeneration/deterioration/catachresis 或pejoration of meaning 4.词义转移的概念及3种主要类型:隐喻、借代(转喻)、提喻概念:The semantic shift means the word transfers from the literal meaning to the figurative meaning.类型:metaphor metonymy synecdoche5.词义演变的3种形式:放射、连锁、综合Radiation concatenation proliferation6.英语词汇发展史的3个时期(三个时期的具体特点、标志性事件)The old EnglishThe middle EnglishThe modern English7.英语词汇的3种来源:本族语词、借词、新词Native words. loan/borrow words. Neologism8、新词的概念及4种产生方式(途径)新词(neologism&vogue words )A neologism is a recently coined word,phrase or usage.It can also be an existing word or phrase which has been assigned a new meaning.产生:1.构词法造词Word formation 2.借词borrowing 3.杜撰新词new coinage 4.语义转换semantic shift9、全世界使用英语国家的分类:ENL,ESL,EFLENL:English as a native languageESL:English as a second languageEFL:English as a foreign language10、美国英语词汇各发展阶段的特点(标志性事件)1.17世纪初到北美独立战争结束词美国在语言上的独立汇学家韦伯斯特美国独立战争后到内战占主导地位的仍然是英国英语美国内战后美国成为世界“盟主”对英语的影响不断扩大11、英语搭配的3种类别:固定型组合(成语/习语),自由型组合,习惯型搭配(能举例说明)固定型组合(fixed combination):see eye to eye(with)自由组合(free combination): see a film习惯型搭配(natural collocation): a cigar smoker12、搭配的4种理据语法(grammatical motivation)语用(pragmatic motivation)语义(semantic motivation)认知(cognitive motivation)13、英语成语的4个特点习用性:idiomaticity定型性:syntactic frozenness整体性:semantic nuity不透明性:semantic opacity14、英语成语的分类按句法分类:1.nominal idioms2.adjectival idioms3.verbal idioms 4.advertial idioms 5.sentence idioms最常见的按形式分类:1.比喻成语(figurative idioms)--隐喻成语(metaphorical idioms)明喻成语(similized idioms)2.谚语(proverbs)3.俚语(slang)。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
第一章1.word : 1简单意义:a word is a minimal unit/form in/of a sentence2.完整意义:a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2.vocabulary定义四个要素:1.refer to the total number of the words in a language.2.it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.3.refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. 4个要素:language, time, space, person.3.sound and form 1.关系:the symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional.2.more and more different 原因:1,the number of alphabet cannot describe the English sounds one by one.2, sounds develop faster than the written form.3.the scribes deliberately change the written form for being easily recognized.4.the printing machine fixed the written form.5.borrowed words make the gap wider. 4.motivation分类:1.onomatopec motivation.(Refers to the motivated aspect of motivation which means the words are created by imitation the natural sounds or noise. 2. morphological motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation which means the words created by using existing language materials ,as roots, affixes, etc).3.semantic motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation in which the new meanings are given to existing words by mentalassaiations.4.etymological motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation by which the new meanings can directly tell the origin of the word.)4.word meaning 分类:4. “All national character”is the most important of all the features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.basic word stock基础词汇:1.all national character(全民性,必须有)2.stability 3.productivity 4.polysemy(一词多义)5.collocability(可搭配性) –5.Nonbasic vocabulary. 1。
terminology,术语(this refers to the formal words that used by scientists in their research.)2.jargon,行话(refers to the informal words used by people of the same trades as workers, farmers, technicians, etc. in their work.)3.slang,俚语(refers to the informal words that usually used by young people in their daily activity. The words of this category are usually coined from a normal or daily-life words and are short-lived, otherwise they will become idioms.)4argot,黑话。
(refers to the informal words that are usually used by criminals in their “work”(communication inside the group)5.dialectal words方言词。
(refers to the informal words that are used in English by people from the same country.)6.archaism,古语(refers to informal or learned words used by scholars in their literary research)6.neologism,新词6.content words 和functional words的区别。
Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. (They are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.)Functional words do not have notions of their own, they are known as form words.区别:functional words are the words that are more important in use in grammatical meaning than in lexical meaning; content word, are the words that are full both in grammatical and lexical meaning. Pronoun既不是实词也不是虚词。
7.borrowed words.定义:borrowed words are the words borrowed from other languages after the settlement of Anglo-Saxon into England.特征。
(1. Neutral in style) 2 frequent in use. 1) denizens.(are the borrowed words borrowed in the early stage of English history and are well assimilated into English.)2) aliens (are the borrowed words that still keep their original sound and spelling) 3) translation loans (are the borrowed words that borrowed in 2 steps: first translating the word then borrowing the word into English.) 4. Semantic loans (are the borrowed words that borrowed in 2 steps: first borrowing the meaning of foreign language and then pat the meaning into existing English words.) Native words: Anglo-Saxon words: native words are not native in fact but words brought to Britain in the fifth century by German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words.(11)第二单元1. The five Romance languages, namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian and Roumanian.(finally comes to the Germanic family language). First, we have 4 northern European languages (Scandinavian language): Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish,+ then comes to 4( German, Dutch,, Flemish and English.)languages.2. Development: 1, Old English(450-1150): 1.settlement of Anglo-Saxon-----Anglo-Saxon dialects-----5th century-----daily life word.2.Introduction of Roman Catholic Church-----Latin-----6th century----daily life words and religious words.3.invasion of Vikings-----Scandinavians------9th century----daily life and military words.2.Middle English (1150-1500): 1.norman conquest: French---12th century----daily life and political words. Latin----12th century -----academic and scientific words.2.Foreign trade----Dutch----15th century-----foreign trade words.3.Modern English (1500-1700-up to the present): 1.Renaissance: ----Latin, Greek. ----16th century----academic, scientific, and literary words.2.industray revolution----all the languages in the world-----18th century.----grammer,analytic.3.英语影响的语种:Latin, Greek, French, Scandivian.第三章1.morpheme的简单概念和完整概念简单定义:a morpheme is a smallest, meaningful unit in a sentence.完整定义:a morpheme is a smallest, meaningful unit of a language.2.allomorph的概念:an allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme.3. Free and bound morphemes. A free morpheme is a morpheme which is independent of other morphemes and happens to be a simple word. Bound morpheme is a morpheme which is dependent of other morphemes and to be bound to other morphemes to form words.4. Root, stem and base. A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two morphemes as in a compound like handcuff. (Word form to which inflectional affixes can be attached). A base is a word form to which any kind of affixes(both derivational and inflectional can be attached)如果是stem就一定是base. Nation (root, stem. base) national (stem, base) internationalist (stem, base)Suffixation: inflectional affixes a derivational affixes第四章1.affixation分两大类:affixation is the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words are derived from old or base forms. The words created in this way are called derivations. According to thepositions affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.2. Compounds can be written open, solid, hyphenated, according to dictionary.compounding 的四个特点:1.phonological features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first constituent whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally accented if there is only one stress. In cases where there are two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the secondary stress, if only, on the second, whereas the opposite is true of the free phrases. BUT, these accentual patterns of compounds are not absolute. Sometimes, the primary stress may also fall on the second constituent as bottle-green as well as in combining –form compounds, socio-linguistic, phycho-analysis.2.semantic features. Compounds differ from free phrases in their semantic”one-wordness”, i.e. a single semantic unit even though they may be written open. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. For instance, a green hand is an “inexperienced person”, not a hand that is green in color; nevertheless, a lot of compounds are transparent, that is, the meaning can be obtained from the separate elements of compounds like disaster-related, washing machine. 3. Grammatical features. The one-wordness of compounds can be seen in the way the expressions are handled morphologically. Theytend to fill a single grammatical slot in a sentence, for example, that of a verb, a noun, or an adjective. For example, bad-mouth can be used as a verb,e.g ‘he bad-mouthed me’. 4. Orthographical features. In most cases, compounds are written either ‘solid’ or ‘hyphenated’ as mentioned earlier, thus easy to recognize. But spelling conversations are not often dependable because as illustrated above some compounds can be written in all three forms, e.g. flowerpot, flower-pot, flower pot. Comparatively, Britain speakers tend to hyphenate compounds while Americans like to compounds like free phrases.3.conversion 定义. Conversation is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.4.blending 定义.blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed as such are called blends or pormanteau words. For example, flush is the combination of flash and blush. Similarly, smog is the result of putting smoke and fog together. Breakfast + lunch=brunch5.clipping 定义. Clipping is the formation of new words by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. For example, plane and exam are sometimes used in place of aeroplane, and examination respectively.6. Acronymy 定义(is one of the minor ways in forming new words, by which new words are created by using initial letters of composite namesof social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms. Words formed in this way are called acronyms, which can be subdivided into initialisms and acronyms depending on the pronunciation of the words.Catalogue: initialisms and acronyms7. Initialisms are acronyms which are sounded letter by letter.8. word-formation is one of the minor in word formation by which new words are created by removing imagined or supposed suffixes away from already used words.9. Back-formation is one of the minor ways in forming new words, by which new words are created by removing and imagined or supposed suffixes away form words.第五章1. Word meaning.“Meaning”is what the form stands for. Related concepts: reference (is a term used in studying word meaning, referring to the relationship between language and the world)2.concept (is a term used in studying word meaning, referring to the result of human recognition of world which is beyond language)3.sense (is a term used in studying word mean denoting the relationships, inside the language, and being defined as meaning of word.)Sense: 简单定义:sense means the meaning of “meaning”. 完整定义:sense is a term used in studying word meaning by using semantictriangle, which denotes relationships inside language.)2.motivation定义:is a term used in studying the establishment of the relationship between linguistic symbols and its meaning.3. Types of meaning: 1. grammatical meaning(is one of the two parts ofa word meaning, which indicates a grammatical relationships or concepts which shows what is the relationships of word with other words in the same sentence) and lexical meaning( is one of the two parts of word meaning, which is used to describe everything in the word. 2. Lexical meaning classification---------Conceptual meaning and associative meaning.(Conceptual meaning is one of the two lexical meaning given in dictionary and forms the core of the word meaning which is acknowledged by all the people using the language; associative meaning is one of the two lexical meaning which is supplemented the conceptual meaning and comes into being depend on words.)4.associative meaning its categories: 1.connotative meaning(is one of category of associative meaning which indicates overtones or associations the word has, which is, resulted from conceptual meaning) ,2. stylistic meaning(is one of category of associative meaning, which indicates in what kind of association or condition the words can be used formal, neutral or informal) 3.affective meaning(is a category of associative meaning, which expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the person or the thing in a discussion, appreciative or pejorative. 4.Collative meaning (is a category of associative meaning, which indicates around what kind of words the word can be used).第六章1. Polysemy (is a term used in studying sense relations, referring to quality or condition of a word with many interrelated meanings.)2. Concatenation (is a term used in the development of word meaning, which is a process in which the primary meaning stands at its head and the other meaning move away from it like a chain until the sense of the first meaning lost.3. Homonymy (is a term used in studying sense relations, referring to a quality or condition two or more words the same in sound / or spelling but quite different in meanings.4. Types of homonyms:perfect homonyms; partial homonyms (homographs, homophones).5.synonomy(is a quality or condition of 2 or more words that are traditionally defined as words different in sound and spelling but most nearly this or exactly the same meaning.6. Types of synonyms1)absolute synonyms(are exactly the same in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning. 2) Relative synonyms (are the synonyms that are similar /nearly the same in denotation but every embrace different shades of meanings or different degrees of a givenquality).7.antonymy(is a quality or condition of two or more words that are traditionally defined as words opposite in meaning) plementaries are one kind of antonyms which are truly represent oppositeness of meaning that are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them.2) contraries are one kind of antonyms that are gradable.3) converses are one kind of antonyms that indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of the two can’t be used without mentioning the other.8. Hyponomy is a quality or condition of two or more words with meaning of one being included in the other which is more general.9. Superodinate is one of two classes of hyponymy that is general in meaning and other words with specific meaning are included. Subordinate is one of two classes of hyponymy that is specific and is included in superordinate in meaning.。