Employee Engagement

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人力资源管理英语词汇

人力资源管理英语词汇

以下是一些与人力资源管理相关的英语词汇,附带对应的中文翻译:1. Human Resources (HR) - 人力资源2. Talent Acquisition - 人才招聘3. Recruitment - 招聘4. Onboarding - 入职培训5. Offboarding - 离职管理6. Job Analysis - 岗位分析7. Job Description - 岗位描述8. Job Specification - 岗位规格9. Compensation and Benefits - 薪酬与福利10. Employee Engagement - 员工参与11. Performance Appraisal - 绩效评估12. Performance Management - 绩效管理13. Employee Training and Development - 员工培训与发展14. Succession Planning - 继任计划15. Career Development - 职业发展16. Workforce Planning - 劳动力规划17. Employee Relations - 员工关系18. Employee Satisfaction - 员工满意度19. Diversity and Inclusion - 多元化与包容性20. Employee Retention - 员工保留21. HR Policies - 人力资源政策22. Labor Law - 劳动法23. Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) - 平等就业机会24. Workplace Safety - 工作场所安全25. Employee Handbook - 员工手册26. Staffing - 人员配置27. Job Evaluation - 岗位评估28. Work-life Balance - 工作与生活平衡29. Flexible Work Arrangements - 弹性工作安排30. Employee Recognition - 员工认可31. Grievance Handling - 申诉处理32. HR Metrics - 人力资源指标33. HRIS (Human Resources Information System) - 人力资源信息系统34. Wellness Programs - 健康管理项目35. Employee Benefits Package - 员工福利计划36. Employee Assistance Program (EAP) - 员工援助计划37. Conflict Resolution - 冲突解决38. HR Compliance - 人力资源合规39. Job Rotation - 岗位轮换40. Organizational Culture - 组织文化41. HR Audit - 人力资源审计42. Employer Branding - 雇主品牌塑造43. HR Strategy - 人力资源战略44. Collective Bargaining - 集体谈判45. Inclusive Hiring - 包容性招聘46. Recruitment Metrics - 招聘指标47. HR Analytics - 人力资源分析48. Remote Work Policies - 远程工作政策49. Diversity Training - 多元化培训50. Exit Interviews - 离职面谈51. Workforce Diversity - 劳动力多样性52. Flexible Spending Account (FSA) - 弹性支出账户53. Health Savings Account (HSA) - 健康储蓄账户54. COBRA (Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act) - 库布里克法案(美国医疗保险法)55. Furlough - 临时休假56. Talent Management - 人才管理57. Labor Relations - 劳资关系58. Absence Management - 缺勤管理59. Employee Benefits Specialist - 员工福利专员60. HR Consulting - 人力资源咨询61. HR Specialist - 人力资源专员62. HR Generalist - 人力资源综合专员63. HR Manager - 人力资源经理64. HR Director - 人力资源总监65. HR Coordinator - 人力资源协调员66. Recruiter - 招聘专员67. Headhunter - 猎头68. Compensation Analyst - 薪酬分析师69. Workplace Harassment Training - 工作场所骚扰培训70. Employee Privacy Policy - 员工隐私政策71. HR Outsourcing - 人力资源外包72. HR Technology - 人力资源科技73. HR Software - 人力资源软件74. HR Best Practices - 人力资源最佳实践这些词汇涵盖了人力资源管理领域的关键概念,有助于理解和应用相关术语。

如何提高员工的积极性英语作文

如何提高员工的积极性英语作文

如何提高员工的积极性英语作文Title: How to Improve Employee EngagementEmployee engagement is crucial for the success of any organization. Engaged employees are more motivated, productive, and committed to their work. As a manager, it is important to take steps to improve employee engagement within your team. In this article, we will discuss some effective strategies to boost employee morale and increase productivity.1. Clear Communication: Effective communication is key to improving employee engagement. Keep your team informed about company updates, goals, and expectations. Encourage open communication and seek feedback from employees on a regular basis. Make sure that employees understand their roles and responsibilities within the organization.2. Recognize and Appreciate: Everyone enjoys being recognized for their efforts. Acknowledge and appreciate the hard work of your employees. Celebrate achievements, milestones, and successes. Offer praise and rewards to employees who go above and beyond in their work. Recognition goes a long way in boosting employee morale and engagement.3. Provide Opportunities for Growth: Employees are more engaged when they have opportunities for career growth and development. Offer training programs, workshops, and seminars to help employees enhance their skills and knowledge. Encourage employees to set goals for themselves and provide them with the support they need to achieve these goals.4. Foster a Positive Work Environment: Create a positive work culture where employees feel valued, respected, and supported. Encourage teamwork, collaboration, and trust among team members. Provide a safe and healthy work environment where employees can thrive and perform at their best. Organize team-building activities and social events to strengthen relationships within the team.5. Empower Employees: Empower your employees to take ownership of their work and make decisions independently. Encourage creativity, innovation, and problem-solving skills. Provide autonomy and flexibility to employees to help them feel more engaged and motivated. When employees feel empowered, they are more likely to be committed to their work and invest in the success of the organization.6. Promote Work-Life Balance: Encourage employees to maintain a healthy work-life balance. Provide flexible workoptions, such as remote work or flexible hours, to help employees manage their personal and professional commitments. Show empathy and understanding towards employees' needs and priorities outside of work. A healthy work-life balance can lead to increased job satisfaction and improved employee engagement.7. Lead by Example: As a manager, it is important to lead by example and demonstrate the behaviors and attitudes that you expect from your employees. Show enthusiasm, passion, and dedication in your work. Be transparent, honest, and trustworthy in your communications. Treat employees with respect and fairness. Your leadership style can have a significant impact on employee engagement.In conclusion, improving employee engagement is a continuous process that requires effort, commitment, and dedication from both managers and employees. By implementing the strategies mentioned above, you can create a positive work culture where employees feel motivated, valued, and engaged. Remember that engaged employees are more likely to contribute to the success of the organization and achieve their full potential.。

给你所在的部门员工写一封邮件英语作文

给你所在的部门员工写一封邮件英语作文

给你所在的部门员工写一封邮件英语作文Subject: Boosting Employee Engagement for a More Productive DepartmentDear Team,I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to take a moment to express my gratitude for the hard work and dedication each of you has shown in contributing to our department's success. Today, I would like to discuss an important topic that has been on my mind lately – employee engagement.Without a doubt, our team is highly skilled and talented. However, tending to employee engagement is crucial for ensuring our continued growth and success. When employees are engaged, they are not only motivated but also more committed to delivering exceptional results. Therefore, I encourage all of us to work together towards creating an environment that fosters engagement.To begin with, let's focus on open communication and active collaboration within the team. Encouraging regular feedback sessions can help provide clarity on expectations as wellas identify any potential challenges or roadblocks that may hinder productivity. By involving each member in decision-making processes, we can foster a sense of ownership and ensure everyone feels valued for their contributions.Furthermore, promoting professional developmentopportunities is vital in keeping our team members engaged and satisfied in their roles. This could include offering training programs relevant to individual career goals or supporting attendance at industry conferences and workshops. Investing in the growth and development of our employeesnot only benefits them personally but also strengthens our overall team capabilities.Additionally, recognizing achievements and celebrating milestones cannot be overstated when it comes to boostingemployee morale. A simple thank-you note or public acknowledgment goes a long way in making individuals feel appreciated for their efforts. By creating a culture of recognition, we build an inclusive environment where everyone feels encouraged and motivated to excel.Lastly, maintaining work-life balance is essential for overall job satisfaction and employee engagement. Encourage your team members to take regular breaks during the workday, unplug from technology during personal time, and prioritize self-care activities outside of work hours. By supporting their well-being, we can ensure they bring their bestselves to work and stay energized and engaged in their roles.In conclusion, cultivating employee engagement within our department is a continuous effort that requires the commitment and dedication of each team member. By fostering open communication, supporting professional development, recognizing achievements, and promoting work-life balance,we can create a thriving workplace where everyone feels motivated and fulfilled.Thank you for your attention to this important matter. I am confident that by focusing on employee engagement, we will see even greater success as a team. Should you have any ideas or suggestions on how we can improve in this area, please do not hesitate to share them with me.Best regards,[Your Name]。

员工认同感 英语专业说法

员工认同感 英语专业说法

员工认同感英语专业说法## Employee Engagement: A Comprehensive Guide.Employee engagement is a crucial concept in modern workplace dynamics, referring to the extent to which employees feel connected to their work, their colleagues, and the organization as a whole. Engaged employees are more likely to be productive, satisfied, and committed to their jobs, leading to numerous benefits for both the individual and the organization.Understanding the concept of employee engagement is essential for HR professionals, managers, and business leaders seeking to create a positive and high-performing work environment. This comprehensive guide delves into the various dimensions of employee engagement, its key drivers, and effective strategies for fostering it within an organization.### Dimensions of Employee Engagement.Employee engagement encompasses several interconnected dimensions that collectively contribute to an engaged and motivated workforce. These dimensions include:Cognitive Engagement: This refers to the extent to which employees are mentally invested in their work,actively participate in decision-making, and seek out opportunities for growth and development.Emotional Engagement: Emotional engagement reflects employees' feelings of enthusiasm, passion, and commitment towards their work. Engaged employees derive personal meaning from their roles and feel a sense of belongingwithin the organization.Behavioral Engagement: Behavioral engagement manifests in employees' proactive behaviors, such as going above and beyond their assigned responsibilities, collaborating with colleagues, and actively contributing to the team's success.Understanding these dimensions provides a holistic viewof employee engagement, enabling organizations to identify and address areas for improvement.### Key Drivers of Employee Engagement.Various factors contribute to employee engagement levels within an organization. Key drivers of engagement include:Leadership: Engaged employees are more likely to have leaders who are supportive, provide clear direction, and value their contributions.Job Characteristics: Employees find their work more engaging when they have meaningful tasks, autonomy, and opportunities for growth.Work Environment: A positive work environment fosters employee engagement by providing a sense of community, collaboration, and recognition.Culture and Values: A strong organizational cultureand shared values align employees' personal values with those of the organization, leading to increased engagement.Rewards and Recognition: Recognizing and rewarding employees for their contributions and accomplishments reinforces engagement and motivates them to perform well.### Strategies for Fostering Employee Engagement.To effectively foster employee engagement, organizations can implement various strategies:Regular Communication: Maintain open and transparent communication channels, ensuring that employees feel informed and valued.Employee Recognition: Implement a comprehensive rewards and recognition program that acknowledges employee contributions and achievements.Professional Development Opportunities: Provide employees with access to training, development programs,and career advancement pathways.Employee Feedback and Listening: Actively seek and listen to employee feedback through regular surveys, one-on-one meetings, and suggestion boxes.Empowerment and Autonomy: Empower employees by granting them decision-making authority, autonomy, and the flexibility to manage their workload.Work-Life Balance: Create a supportive work environment that respects employees' time outside of work, fostering a healthy work-life balance.### Benefits of Employee Engagement.Employee engagement brings numerous benefits to both the individual and the organization, including:Increased Productivity: Engaged employees are more productive and efficient in their work.Improved Job Satisfaction: Employees who are engaged with their work are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs and have a positive workplace experience.Reduced Turnover: Engaged employees are less likely to leave their jobs, contributing to lower turnover rates and a more stable workforce.Enhanced Innovation: Engaged employees are more likely to be creative and innovative, generating new ideas and solutions.Improved Customer Satisfaction: Engaged employees provide better customer service and build stronger relationships with clients.Overall, employee engagement is a strategic investment that organizations can make to improve workforce performance, enhance employee satisfaction, and drive business success. By understanding the dimensions, drivers, and strategies for fostering employee engagement, organizations can create a positive and engaging workenvironment that benefits both employees and the organization as a whole.。

人力资源六大模块的英文

人力资源六大模块的英文

人力资源六大模块的英文1. Recruitment (招聘)Recruitment is the process of finding and hiring suitable candidates for job openings within an organization. It involves sourcing, screening, interviewing, and selecting qualified individuals to fill the vacant positions.Recruitment Strategies•Internal Recruitment: Hiring candidates from within the organization.•External Recruitment: Seeking candidates externally, through job portals, advertisements, etc.•Campus Recruitment: Visiting educational institutions to hire fresh graduates.•Employee Referrals: Encouraging current employees to refer potential candidates.•Social Media Recruitment: Utilizing social media platforms to attract talent.2. Training and Development (培训与发展)Training and development is a crucial aspect of human resource management. It involves providing employees with the necessary skills, knowledge, and competencies to perform their job effectively.Training and Development Methods•On-the-job Training: Learning through hands-on experience and job shadowing.•Classroom Training: Conducting workshops, seminars, and lectures.•E-learning: Utilizing online platforms for self-paced learning.•Mentoring and Coaching: Pairing employees with experienced mentors or coaches.•Cross-Training: Offering employees opportunities to learn skills beyond their current job role.3. Performance Management (绩效管理)Performance management aims to ensure that employees’ work aligns with the organization’s goals and objectives. It involves setting performance expectations, providing feedback, and evaluating employee performance.Performance Management Processes•Goal Setting: Collaboratively setting SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound) goals.•Ongoing Feedback: Regularly providing constructive feedback and performance updates.•Performance Appraisals: Conducting formal assessments of employees’ performance.•Rewards and Recognition: Recognizing and rewarding exceptional performance.•Performance Improvement Plans: Addressing underperformance and providing support for improvement.4. Compensation and Benefits (薪酬与福利)Compensation and benefits refer to the financial and non-financial rewards that employees receive in exchange for their work. It includes salary, incentives, bonuses, insurance coverage, retirement plans, and other perks.Compensation and Benefits Components•Base Salary: Fixed monetary compensation for the job role.•Performance-based Incentives: Bonuses and rewards based on individual or team performance.•Employee Benefits: Insurance, healthcare, retirement plans, vacation days, etc.•Stock Options: Offering employees the opportunity to purchase company shares.•Flexible Work Arrangements: Providing options like remote work, flexible hours, etc.5. Employee Relations (员工关系)Employee relations focus on maintaining a positive and productive work environment. It involves managing employee grievances, conflicts, and fostering healthy communication channels.Employee Relations Strategies•Communication and Feedback Mechanisms: Establishing open lines of communication.•Conflict Resolution: Addressing conflicts impartially and facilitating resolutions.•Employee Engagement: Creating opportunities for employee involvement and participation.•Policy and Procedure Development: Ensuring clear and fair policies and procedures are in place.•Team Building Activities: Promoting teamwork and collaboration.6. HR Analytics and Reporting (人力资源分析与报告)HR analytics involves applying data analysis techniques to gain insights into human resource management. It helps in making informed decisions and predicting future trends.HR Analytics Applications•Workforce Planning: Analyzing current and future staffing needs.•Talent Acquisition: Identifying effective recruitment sources and strategies.•Employee Performance: Analyzing performance data to improve productivity.•Employee Engagement: Using data to enhance employee satisfaction and retention.•HR Metrics and Reporting: Tracking key HR performance indicators.以上是人力资源六大模块的英文介绍。

EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT 员工敬业度 数据不是唯一

EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT 员工敬业度 数据不是唯一

EXPERTS大家EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT员工敬业度:数据不是唯一 共赢才是目的文/TEXT: 怡安翰威特: 杨柳青 吴国骅 童宁宁 张婵企业一切发展归根结底要通过广大员工的共同努力才能实现。

因此,如何驱动员工敬业乐业,成为宝钢二次创业、转型发展过程中亟需解决的重要课题。

从2010年起,宝钢携手怡安翰威特启动了员工敬业度调研。

这项活动由集团总部牵头,下属单位协助配合,调研范围覆盖钢铁主业和多元产业各子公司。

截至目前,已完成了三次敬业度调研。

攝影:刘 杰员工敬业度不同于员工满意度。

在怡安翰威特看来,员工敬业度指的是员工对于公司投入的感情、智慧和努力的状况。

敬业度有三个衡量的维度——乐于宣传、乐于留用和乐于努力。

乐于宣传是指员工会主动与同事、潜在同事,尤其是向客户高度赞扬公司;乐于留用是员工强烈希望成为公司的一员;乐于努力是员工会积极投入地工作,为企业的成功付出额外努力。

通过对这三者——乐于宣传、乐于留用、乐于努力——的把握与衡量,可以了解公司员工目前的敬业状态。

2003年起 ,宝钢对标赶超的目标——浦项制铁与怡安翰威特合作开展员工敬业度调研活动。

十年间,浦项制铁的员工敬业度水平稳步上升,与此同时,其销售收入、客户满意度、员工离职率等关键经营绩效指标也呈现出良好的发展态势,形成了员工与企业共同发展的良性循环。

宝钢二次创业将“成为员工与企业共同发展的公司典范”作为三大愿景之一。

在此背景下,敬业度调研成为建立完善员工与企业共同发展机制的一个重要输入。

企业通过员工敬业度模型,可以了解到一些什么呢?怡安翰威特的员工敬业度模型——包括敬业度衡量框架、驱动因素分析框架、影响力分析框架,除了可以帮助企业把握员工目前的敬业状态,还可以帮助企业了解影响员工敬业状态的潜在原因、提升员工敬业状态的优先次序等。

此外,通过怡安翰威特所积累的外部市场数据,企业还可以实施对标分析,从而了解自身相较于市场及所在行业的相对水平的高低。

如何提高员工敬业度Employee Engagement Survey & How to Improve

如何提高员工敬业度Employee Engagement Survey & How to Improve
Source Leadership IQ 3
Size of Company Surveyed 公司规模
Number of Employees 员工人数 Under 少于 100 100-499 500-999 1,000-3,499 5,000-9,999 10,000-24,999 25,000-49,999 50,000-99,999 Source Leadership IQ 100,000 or more 或更多 22% 38% 17% 12% 3% 2% 1% 1% 4 1%
Source Leadership16 IQ
Raw Engagement Survey Scores in China Across Industries (7-point scale) 各行业间各类文化类型的得分 (7分制)
可靠型 文化
高科技/电信业 医院/保健/保险 业 3.61 3.44
进取型 文化
Our organization is often relaxed and casual, and the line may be blurred between professional relationships and friendships. Workers are often given a lot of trust and are highly collaborative.
Our organization is a meritocracy, where the best idea always wins regardless of status or tenure. Creativity and intelligence are valued, and our organization is competitive, even if the competition between workers is friendly. Our organization is hierarchical and very traditional. An outsider could easily figure out who is in what role and at what level of the organization they are operating from. We value and compete for power. Our organization is very process-focused and predictable on a day-to-day basis. We pride ourselves on efficiency and standards, and we value workers who follow protocol.

翰威特 - 员工敬业度(Employee Engagement)

翰威特 - 员工敬业度(Employee Engagement)
翰威特咨询公司 8 [金蝶软件_POV_09/2001
公司文化 Organisational Culture
可以将一个团队的成员与另一团队的成员区别开的集体程 序化的思想 The collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group of people from another 以及and 以及 预先使人们偏向于某种特定事态 Predisposes people to prefer one state of affairs over another
翰威特咨询公司 2
个人需求及承诺 Individual Priorities and Engagement
[金蝶软件_POV_09/2001
为何重视敬业度: 为何重视敬业度:企业经营的需求 Why Engagement Matters: Business Needs
客户价值驱动因素: 客户价值驱动因素: Customer Value Drivers: :
翰威特咨询公司
10
[金蝶软件_POV_09/2001
对公司文化产生影响的因素 Factors Influencing Organization Culture
公司发展历史及所有权 History and Ownership 领导 Leadership 规模 Size 产品/服务 产品 服务 Product/Service 技术 Technology 环境 Environment 人员 People 目的与目标 目的与目标 Goals and Objectives
教条 Normative 或 or 实用 Pragmatic
12
翰威特咨询公司

engagement用法搭配

engagement用法搭配

engagement用法搭配Engagement是一个多义词,在不同的场合中可以有不同的用法和搭配。

以下是一些常见的用法和搭配:1. 意义:参与,投入,参加,订婚a) Employee engagement (员工参与度):指员工在工作中的投入程度和积极性。

例句:Employee engagement is crucial for the success of any organization.(员工参与度对于任何组织的成功都至关重要。

)b) Civic engagement (公民参与):指公民对于政治、社会和经济事务的参与和贡献。

例句:Civic engagement is essential for a healthy democracy.(公民参与对于一个健康的民主制度是至关重要的。

)c) Customer engagement (顾客参与):指企业与顾客之间的互动,包括市场营销、客户服务等方面的交流和沟通。

例句:Customer engagement is key to building brand loyalty.(顾客参与是建立品牌忠诚度的关键。

)d) Engagement ring (订婚戒指):指男女订婚时男方送给女方的戒指。

例句:He proposed to her with an engagement ring.(他给她戴上了订婚戒指。

)2. 意义:约束,承诺,契约a) Engagement letter (承诺函):指律师、会计师等专业人士向客户发出的关于合作的书面函件。

例句:We sent an engagement letter to our new client outlining the scope of our services.(我们向新客户发出了一封承诺函,说明我们的服务范围。

)b) Engagement contract (订婚合同):指男女订婚时签署的约定书,约定双方在婚姻中应承担的权利和义务。

《人力资源实战课件-Employee Engagement》

《人力资源实战课件-Employee Engagement》
《人力资源实战课件—— 员工参与度》
员工参与度是指员工对工作和组织的投入程度。它是建立强大团队和提高工 作效率的关键要素。
什么是员工参与度?
员工参与度指的是员工对工作的投入程度,包括积极参与团队活动、关注工 作目标并愿意为之付出额外努力。
员工参与度的重要性
员工参与度对组织来说至关重要,它可以提高生产力、增强员工忠诚度、改善工作环境,并促进创新和合作。
3 职业发展
为员工提供职业发展机会 和培训,可以激发员工的 动力和参与度。
如何测量员工参与度?
1 员工调查
通过问卷调查、访谈或小组 讨论来了解员工对工作的态 度和投入程度。
2 指标分析
通过分析员工的绩效评估、 工作满意度调查等数据,评 估员工参与度的水平。
3 观察和反馈
通过观察员工的行为和表现,并提供及时的反馈来评估员工参与度。
成功案例分享:提高员工参与度的实际经 验
团队合作
通过鼓励团队合作和沟通,促进 员工的参与和创新。
员工福利
员工融入
提供良好的员工福利和工作条件, 增强员工的工作满意度和参与度。
通过有效的员工融入计划,帮助 新员工更快地适应工作环境并提 高参与度。
结语:员工参与度的重要性及不断提高对 公司的好处
员工参与度不仅关乎员工个体的发展和满意度,更对整个组织的成功和业绩有着重要的影响。
1
提供支持和资源
提供员工所需的支持和资源,帮助他们更好地完成工作任务。
2
促进工作与生活平衡
鼓励员工保持工作与生活的平衡,提供灵活的工作安排。
3
培养积极的工作文化
倡导积极向上的工作文化,鼓励员工相互支持和合作。
让员工参与管理决策
通过让员工参与组织的决策过程,可以增强员工的归属感和责任感,并激发 员工的参与度。

Employee Engagement

Employee Engagement

Employee EngagementIntroductionEmployee engagement describes the relationship between an organization and employees who work for it. This concept was first raised up by Kahn in 1990, when he gave the definition of employee engagement as the harnessing of members of an organization to their works. Nowadays, scholars (Shaw 2005; Richman 2006) also define this word as both intellectual and emotional commitment of an employee to his or her organization.In general, organization with high degree of employee engagement usually out-performs those who have low employee engagement. Therefore, not matter what fields the organization stands in, its HR manager and top executives all wants to figure out the proper methods to enhance the employee engagement of their own organization. Especially in business word, according to the recent study conducted by hay group, profit organizations in top quartile on employee engagement demonstrate revenue growth x 2.5 than that of organizations in the bottom quartile.Since engagement directly affects the commitment and discretionary effort of an employee to its organization, it can also affect the employee’s daily performance, and then further influence the customer satisfaction, financial performance as well as the attraction and retention of talents of an organization. (Weight, 2000; Griffith, 2004; Macey, 2008; Hakanen, 2008 )Given such great importance, keeping employees engaged in high level is probably the biggest challenge a manager faces in both the short-term and the long-term of running a business.Literature reviewAlthough employee engagement has been a hot topic for many year both in academic and practical word, there is no universal and consistent definition of it. From the early 1990s, when employee engagement has first brought into academic world, its meaning and measurement has always been changing and discussed in disparate ways.As discussed in the first part, the early definition was given by Kahn (1990). He divided the engagement into three aspects, namely the physical aspect, cognitive aspect, and the emotional aspect. In the first aspect, cognitive engagement concerns employees’ engagement of its working conditions and leade rs. The physical engagement describes the energy employee exerted to accomplish his or her work. Meanwhile, the emotional engagement includes not only the employees’ feeling about the organization and their coworkers, but also their attitudes towards the above two aspects.In the following years, scholars also discussed employment engagement from three different approaches. There are approach of physical working conditions, behavioral outcome of engagement and the psychological conditions of an employee under certain working conditions.When seeing employment engagement from the perspective of physical working conditions, researchers such as Macey (2008) and (Robinsons et al., 2004) would like to measure the engagement by doing surveys on how employees describe their working environment. In practical word, many standardized survey were designed to test the employees’ satisfactions of their working environment and help organization to improve the employment engagement by providing better working environment. However, when taking organizational behavior into consideration, hardware of working environment is not enough to facility the employment engagement of an organization. On the contrary, the relationship in the working places (Organ, 2006), personal behavior (Crant, 2000), as well as the role expansion (Frese, 2001) would contributes a lot to employee’s engagement. In this perspective, OCB (short for organizational citizen behavior) is most discussed when measuring the engagement. Finally, researchers who consider employee engagement form the psychological prospective emphasis more on employee’s emotional reaction and personal thoughts than the working condition of the role itself. As discussed in the early studies of Kahn in 1990 and 1992, engagement is compromised by two important components, namely the absorption and attention in a role, suggesting that when employee fully engaged in an organization, he or she would not only physically engaged but also emotionallyand cognitively engaged in it by expressing feelings, innovating, questioning and etc. MBI (short for Maslach-Burnout Inventory) or MBI-GS (short for Maslach-Burnout Inventory-General Survey) all can be seen as practical examples of measuring the employment engagement from the psychological prospective (Schaufeli and Bakker, 2004).Although definitions are not all the same, most studies are unified in the positive outcome of high engagement. According to the meta-analysis of Harter in 2002, and many other empirical studies (Towers Perrin, 2003; ISR 2004; Johnson 2004; Seijts and Crim 2006), business results are positively related to the high employment engagement and the employee satisfaction. The Gallup Group also found the connections between these two concepts form the large scale survey. For example Frank and his coworkers (2004) believe that if the top manger concerns more on human capital than other affairs of a company, this company may outperform other companies in satisfaction, financial and productivity performance.What’s more, survey results suggest that, usually newly employed workers have the highest scores among all the employees, so keeping them engaged in this high level is also significant and cost saving than first let them down than find ways to let them re-engaged in the organization.As for how to use different approaches to improve the employee engagement, scholars usually take individual personality as a key influence factor. They argued that when applying strategies individual’s personal perception, social environment, relationships with soundings should all be taken into consideration (Bowditch, 2001; May et al, 2004). Because given varies life/working/education experiences/conditions/backgrounds, employees have different psychological conditions, different needs, different career goals, different perception of their roles in the company, and etc. therefore the best way to keep different people engaged is to first put them into different categories and then apply corresponding measures to stratify their unique needs and expectations (Robinson, 2006).To be more specific, scholars (Kahn, 1990) suggest using the regular investigation or survey to predict the engagement level of an organization then influence employee’sengagement accordingly. For instance, learning and training programs, flexible working arrangements, fine working conditions, enough supporting recourses are all important and commonly used practices. Moreover, strategies using to improve the employee engagement should be applied on all levels of employees from the top managers to the first line workers, since the transparent and continuous communication of all the employees as well as the overall efforts from the whole company contribute more than the efforts from only one or two top or middle level managers (Truss, 2006).Analysis and discussionAs discussed above, high employee engagement drives organization success, therefore in real business world is widely concerned by many HR managers in all kinds of organizations. According to researchers from the psychology field, Kahn (1990), for example, employee engagement is closely related to each individual instead of the organization as a whole. Therefore, different approaches should be used to improve the engagement of different employees according to their working roles and characters. Following report gives an example of employee engagement program for a medium sized brewing company based in UK. In this program, three kinds of strategies are designed regard to three completely different departments: the R&D department, customer service center, and the manufacturing department.To begin with, to enhance the employee engagement in R&D department, which will influence the innovation of products, and is one of the core departments of a company, strategies related to knowledge sharing and improving the value of the individual should be concerned. Since, employees in this department are well young and educated scientists with PhD degrees.For example, company can create a knowledge sharing environment or system, or build a learning organization, to engage all the scientists evolve in the departments. For instance, brainstorm meetings or daily sharing can be organized more frequently in ordinary work days instead of project oriented. Benefits of this approach are many: first of all, new comers can quickly feel that they are one of the team, and are givenenough chance to express their own ideas. Second, unlike the old days, when departments are divided in different small groups targeting to different product lines, open sharing system allows the inter-group sharing and enlarges the benefit of every innovation and breakthrough in related areas, and therefore maximizes the outcome of the whole company. Third, as for the company, knowledge sharing system may also to some extent help save learning and R&D cost.Another approach specialized for improve the engagement of young employees is mentorship program. In this program, experienced employees and new comers are paired to create a one to one learning and teaching group, helping every one highly engaged in the organization as well as keeping skills and knowledge flowing in the organization.Last but not the least, managers should clearly know that the turnover rate in R&D center may cause big loss of the company’s core information, therefore, should not save many paying those talents.In terms of keeping employee engaged in customer service center, which consist of 50 middle aged predominantly female personnel, companies should concern more about their feelings to the job and their own family. Employees in customers’ service center are the frontline staff who directly contact with the customer feeling, so they may be easily influenced by the negative feelings of the customers through complaint calls and after-sales service requirements. So company should provide good working conditions for them to satisfy them, for example, afternoon teas may give them more leisure time to relax, and setting rooms to let employees vent their emotions may also help. In addition, create excitement in the working place can also reduce the degree of fatigue and stress.Employees who are middle aged women usually put their family prior to their jobs, so giving them relatively free working time arrangements more keep them engaged in the organization. Since customers services center should be run all day 24 hours, employees could have right to pick which working hours they like to work as long as no affect the overall work. Moving one step further, the company could even letemployees serving in the call center or other sub departments who have needs to meet the customers face to face to choose their own onboarding environment and experience. For instance, set the monthly or the quarterly goal for them, then let them finish all the rest: pick the working schedule, place, and method, as long as the finish the goal, let them choose the working way they like.What’s more, on one hand, customer satisfaction is greatly depends on the performance of customer service center, and on the other hand, the turnover in the department will result in customer churn, manager should not save the investment in keeping employees engaged in this department.Last, as for the manufacturing department, which consists of 500 low to medium skilled workers who concerned more about the health and safety of their own, so companies should emphasis more on improving the working conditions for them and give them substantial salary.Getting enough money and benefits is the basic requirements of fist line workers, as they need the money to feed the family. However, linking their benefits to the company’s benefits could be a better way to keep them engaged. So how to get them linked together?With our own experience, showing the financial statement of our own to others are always based on the great trust. And it is the same for the company: showing the financial statement as well as the company’s detailed goal, and how it related to everyone’s efforts could help a lot in building trust of employees to the company. Moreover, by linking the company’s benefits and goals with those of individual workers, this approach can also encourage and motivate employees to put discretionary efforts to achieve their own goals in order to get more benefits, and ultimately achieve the company’s goal. Accompany with this approach, a friendly competition environment could further encourage employees engaged in the organization and perform better. Employees who win this kind of competition can not only award by money, but also award by spiritual rewards. For example, employees who have the highest performance get the chance to hang with the top manager andpost his or her photo on Honor Wall. Or the company can name one set of work processes as the name of the person or the group who did the best or once made some improvements.What’more import, first-line workers often feels lack of participation in the company’s business, and many feel that they are less concerned by the top managers, so involving them in the company’s business can also improving their engagement. Implantations may include that organize the meetings of top managers and fist line workers to discuss their feelings and attitudes towards the company in every quarter or 6 months. In these meetings, workers can freely talk about their ideas and suggestions to boost the company’s business to top managers, and in the meanwhile, managers get the chance to know the challenges and suggestions from the first line staff, which is also important in planning the business of the whole company.In addition, proving learning opportunities for employees in manufacturing departments are also important. Since there are more than 500 employees in this departments, feeling lack of learning opportunities may be one of the top reasons for employees to quit their job. In terms of this requirement, approaches such as the skill sharing meetings and mentorship pairs as suggested in R&D center can also be applied here. What’s more, different levels of curriculums helping employees improve their working skills could also be arranged for all the workers. To be more specific, 1 or 2 classes are offered on weekends or after working hours, which workers can freely join in the class paying no fee. Company can even offer scholarships for those who passed the curriculums and obtain the relevant vocational skills certification.Besides the above recommendations and implementations, one more important thing for the company is to regularly conduct the survey of employee engagement. By using the standardized or customized questioners, top managers or HR managers can keep an eye on the employee engagement conditions of the company. Usually, engagement scores or scorecards are used to measure the engagement and performance of employees. By analyzing the statistics, one can know which aspect the company outperforms the industry, and which area to improve in order to keep employeesengaged. This approach helps the company to frequently check its engagement strategy, modifying the implementations, changing the action accordingly and further boost the performance of its employees.Conclusion and recommendationTo sum up, high level of employee engagement has positive influence on the performance of an organization. Thus for a manager, he or she should first identify the diffident needs of employees in varies departments, and then apply different strategies and action plans with regard to their needs, as suggested by the scholars and according to the real world practice.Common engagement drivers mainly include the following aspects: understand the company’s values, connect the individual career goals with the goal of the organization, opportunities to learn and develop good working environment and proper rewards and benefits. Taking the UK brewing company as an example, three kinds of strategies were recommended for three completely different departments respectively. For R&D center, knowledge and experience sharing meetings and mentorship pairs system can be used to keep employees with high education backgrounds engaged and promote the good atmosphere of scientific research of the company at the same time. For customer service centers, flexible working arrangements and relaxing working conditions could help employees there to not only taking care of their own families but also have a good working mood when dealing with complicated customer feedbacks. Last for the manufacturing department, employee engagement strategies may include providing enough learning and developing opportunities, connecting the financial/business goals of the company with that of the individual, and offering varies rewards to high performance workers, all under the premise of guaranteed salary.Last but not the least, keeping employee engaged needs long-term efforts of an organization, in which qualitative and quantitative analysis based on the regular survey or research could help managers keep an eye on their employee engagement.ReferencesBowditch, J. and Buono, A. (2001) A Primer on Organisational Behaviour. 5th ed. New York, John Wiley.Crant, J. M. (2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26, 435–462.Griffith, J. (2004). Relation of principal transformational leadership to school staff job satisfaction, staff turnover, and school performance. Journal of Educational Administration. Year: 2004. pp: 333-356Hakanen, J.J., Schaufeli, W. & Ahola, K., (2008). The Job Demands-Resources model: A threeyear cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment, and work engagement. Work & Stress. V ol 22. No 3. 224-241.ISR (2004) International Survey Research. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 6th July]Johnson, M. (2004) ‘Gallup study reveals workplace disengagement in Thailand’, The Gallup Management Journal, 12th May. [online] Available at: /content/16306/3/Gallup-Study-Reveals-Workplace-Disengagem entin.aspx. Accessed 27th July 2007.Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692–724.Kahn, W. A. (1992). To be fully there: Psychological presence at work. Human Relations, 45, 321–349.May, D.R. Gilson, R.L. and Harter, L.M. (2004) ‘The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work’, Journal of Occupational and Organisati onal Psychology, V ol 77, pp11-37.Macey, W, & Schneider, B. (2008). Industrial and Organizational psychology. Engaged in Engagement: We are delighted we did it.1. 76-83.Robinson, D., Perryman. S & Hayday.S. (2004). The Drivers of Employee Engagement. Institute for employment studies.Robinson, I. (2006) Human Resource Management in Organisations. London, CIPD.Schaufeli, W.B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A.A. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of happiness Studies 3: 71-92.Seijts, G.H and Crim, D. (2006) ‘What engages employees the most or, the ten C’s of employee engagement’, Ivey Business Journal, March/April, pp1-5.The Gallup Organisation (2004) [online] Available at: . Accessed 28th June 2007.Truss, C., Soane, E., Edwards, C., Wisdom, K., Croll, A. and Burnett, J. (2006) Working Life: Employee Attitudes and Engagement 2006. London, CIPD.Perrin, T. (2003). The 2003 Towers Perrin talent report: Working today: Understanding what drives employee engagement.Wright, T.A., & Cropanzano, R. (2000). Psychological well-being and job satisfaction as predictors of job performance. J Occup Health Psychol. Jan;5(1):84-94。

Performance_management_and_employee_engagement中文翻译

Performance_management_and_employee_engagement中文翻译

绩效管理与员工参与摘要:目前,许多现代组织在很大程度上重视他们的绩效管理系统,并将其作为提高工作绩效到一个更高水平的方法之一。

我们认为,也许要最好的完成绩效增长的目标,需通过将绩效管理系统与促进员工参与相适应。

为此,我们描述了一个关于绩效管理过程的一个新方法,这包括在每一个阶段的员工参与以及员工参与的主要驱动力。

我们提出了一个绩效管理的模型,这一模型结合了本文的主旨,并为思考如何加速和管理员工参与以达到更高水平的绩效提供了一个新的视角。

1.绩效管理与员工参与绩效管理是组织效能的一个重要方面(Cardy,2004)。

因为它是完成工作的关键过程,它被认为是管理人力资本的一个“死穴”,因此是管理者的当务之急。

然而,不到三分之一的雇员认为他们公司的绩效管理过程在提高他们的绩效上提供了帮助,并且,绩效管理也常在员工满意度调查表中位于最低话题之中(Pulakos,2009)。

当前组织面临的挑战,使得一些组织开始重新将注意力集中到他们的绩效管理系统上(Buchner,2007),并探索提高员工绩效的方法。

在本文中,我们认为加强绩效管理过程的一个重要方法是将促进员工参与度作为增加绩效的一个驱动力。

为此,提出了一个“概念——接地”的方法来发展员工参与,并讨论了能促进绩效管理过程发生的元素。

我们还提出了一个建立在绩效管理前期工作的基础上的参与度管理模型。

2.广义的绩效管理尽管绩效评价是绩效管理的核心(Cardy,2004),但整个的过程包括所有的组织政策、实践以及设计特点,这些相互作用才创造了员工绩效。

这种相互的观点代表了一种战略型人力资源管理的构型方法,这种方法认为HR的活动模式,不是单一的活动,对于实现组织的管理目标是十分必要的(Delery&Doty,1996)。

阿姆斯特朗(2000)注意到,绩效管理过程为所有HR策略的相互作用提供了一个机会。

将HR活动捆绑,因此它们能补充和加强彼此,这已经显示出了其对于一个组织提供所需性能的结构来说是十分必要的(Pfeffer,1998)。

员工敬业度的重要性

员工敬业度的重要性

Employee engagementIntroductionEmployee engagement has widely been considered as the essential factor that can contribute significantly to the sustainable development of organization. This implies that contemporary organization should pay more attention to increase employee engagement in workplace. The purpose of the present essay is to testify the importance of employee engagement in the business world and thus develop effective strategies to develop and increase the job engagement of employees in workplace in order to improve the productivity and operational performance of organizations. This essay will be consisted of the following sections. In this first section, this essay will start with explaining the definition of employee engagement. The second section will discuss the importance of employee engagement for organizational business. The third section will discuss the drivers and antecedents of employee engagement. The final section will be analyzed ways to develop employee engagement in the final part of the essay.Regarding with employee engagement, various definitions were proposed by previous scholars. Employee engagement has been defined as the positive work phenomenon that the employee is fully absorbed by work enthusiasm and thus spare no effort to fight the maximized interest for both own career development and organizational overall development. The engaged employees will always be committed to offering support for organization to realize the common organizational goals. Gill (2015) put forward his perspective of employee engagement that the workers who are engaged with the work environment can greatly be motivated to devote own skills and knowledge to fulfilling own job responsibilities and thus promoting the organizational success. In his eyes, the engaged workers generally developed a full understanding of work responsibility and clear direction of own career planning. Apart from working for the interests of organization, the engaged employee also focus on gaining self- improvement by developing systematic work planning and achieving the business objectives (Eldor, & Vigoda-Gadot, 2016). In a sense, employee engagement could be understood as the enthusiasm and motivation that forces employees to engage in work.In current business work, the business competition is getting fiercer and fiercer, which requires the organization to constantly adjust own business strategies and thus improve the competitive force. Only in this way can the organization to gain the sustainable development in the fierce business environment. Developing employee engagement has been regarded as one of the most effective ways to strengthen the organizational competitive force. The following two aspects can be adopted to testify the importance of employee engagement in the development of organizational competitiveness. For one thing, employee engagement is able to motivate the employees to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of conducting the organizational task and thus enhance the productivity of the employees. Moreover, with high organizational commitment, the employees will pay attention to the detailed situation, figure out the potential problems without delay and then reduce or eliminate the business risks to the largest extent. According to the study that conducted by Jha and Kumar (2016), the employee engagement is conductive to cultivating the positive attitudes and shaping the favorable behaviors of the employees. Jha and Kumar made use of primary and second research to gain feedbacks and information data of one hundred people in New Delhi area. They highlighted the research results that employees with engaged work attitude and behavior will significantly improve their work efficiency and overall performance. And this will in turn be beneficial for enhancing the effectiveness and competitiveness of the organization. For another, high employee engagement can effectively reduce the turnover rate. Indeed, the high employee engagement is able to provide the intrinsic enjoyment for the employees. That is to say, the highly engaged employees enjoy doing their work task and are motivated to go above and beyond the duty boundary to meet the organizational objectives. Moreover, the highly engaged employees are more likely to realize both own work objectives and the organizational business goals at the same time. In this way, the employees will rarely change current job and thus tremendously reduce the rate of turnover. Benefited from the low turnover rate, organization can take the full advantage of the talented ability and then strengthen own business range and capability.In order to develop a better understanding of employee engagement, it is significant to evaluate the drivers of antecedents of employee engagement. Abraham (2012) hasinvestigated whether employee engagement will directly and significantly influence the level of employee satisfaction towards their jobs via questionnaire survey. The investigation result shows that job satisfaction is one of the antecedents for increasing the degree of employee engagement. High satisfactory degree toward job enables employees to fully engage in fulfilling the job responsibility and fight for the maximized benefits for shareholders. In addition of this, Megha (2016) indicated that several factors should be identified as the drivers and antecedents for developing employee engagement, which cover their balance between work and life, organizational communication, personal emotional experience and perception and organizational internal cooperation and regulations and so on. In this regard, the external environment factors and internal emotional factors should be evaluated as the main drivers and antecedents of employee engagement. Kumar and Sia (2012) further studied the contribution of work environment and showed that the autonomy and work pressure are the two environment dimensions that contribute to enhancing the emotional and cognitive engagement of employees. From the perspectives mentioned above, the related parties in the organization should work out effective organizational regulations based on clearly identifying the drivers and antecedents of employee engagement.As employee engagement is of great significant for the business development, organizations should put emphasis on carrying out effective methods and strategies to develop the employee engagement and thus enhance the organizational competitiveness (Nair & Salleh, 2015). Specifically, Organization should put emphasis on listening to the voices and feedbacks of employees so as to enhance their cognitive engagement. Based on the employees’ suggestions, organization should make adjustment accordingly so as to enhance their work satisfactory degree. Equally important, organization should develop the policies and regulations based on the principle of creating the maximized values for employees. For instance, the training and promotion opportunity should be provided for the employees so as to enable them to gain further improvement. In this way, employees will be highly motivated and work their best to earn these opportunities (Shuck, Reio, & Rocco, 2011). Besides, the positive working environment and welfare system should be offered for the employees on the ground that these external factors will provide the motivation for them to work harder. All inall, the organization can effectively develop the employee engagement provided that the organization focuses on the employee values and tries hard to improve the values for employees.ConclusionTo sum up, employee engagement is becoming more and more important for contemporary organization as employee engagement is the main factor that influences own work efficiency and also organizational productivity. Hence, it is essential for related parties to join hands to develop the employee engagement. In order to enhance the employee engagement, organization should identify the drivers and antecedents for creating the engagement in the first place, and then carry out effective business strategies and regulations to maximize the benefits of both organization and employees. Only in this way can organization truly improve the degree of employee engagement and thus improve their work efficiency and organizational overall business performance.ReferencesAbraham, S. (2012). Job Satisfaction as an Antecedent to Employee Engagement. SIES Journal of Management, 8(2), pp. 27-36.Eldor, L., & Vigoda-Gadot, E. (2016). The nature of employee engagement: Rethinking the employee–organization relationship. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp1- 27.Gill, R (2015). Why the PR strategy of storytelling improves employee engagement and adds value to CSR: An integrated literature review. Public Relations Review, 41 (5), pp. 662- 674. Jha, B., & Kumar, A. (2016). Employee Engagement: A Strategic Tool to Enhance Performance. DAWN: Journal For Contemporary Research in Management, 3(2), pp. 21- 29 Megha, S. (2016). A brief review of employee engagement: definition, antecedents and approaches. Clear International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, 7(6), pp79 – 88.Kumar, R., & Sia, S. K. (2012). Employee engagement: Explicating the contribution of work environment. Management and Labour Studies, 37(1), pp31- 43.Nair, M & Salleh, R (2015). Linking Performance Appraisal Justice, Trust, and Employee Engagement: A Conceptual Framework. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 211, Pages 1155- 1162.Shuck, B., Reio. T.G., & Rocco, T.S. (2011). Employee engagement: an examination of antecedent and outcome variables.Human Resource Development International.14(4), pp. 427-445.。

Employee_Engagement_Overview_Gallup

Employee_Engagement_Overview_Gallup

Employee Engagement What’s Your Engagement Ratio?Copyright © 2008 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. Gallup®, CE11®, Q12®, HumanSigma®, The Gallup Path®, Gallup University®, and Gallup Press® are trademarks of Gallup, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.Gallup’s engagement ratio is a macro-level indicator of an organization’s health that allows executives to track the proportion of engaged to actively disengaged employees. In average organizations, the ratio of engaged to actively disengaged employees is 1.5:1.Actively disengaged employees erode an organization’s bottom line, while breaking the spirits of colleagues in the process. Within the U.S. workforce, Gallup estimates this cost to the bottom line to be more than $300 billion in lost productivity alone. In stark contrast, world-class organizations that have built a sustainable model using Gallup’s approach have an engagement ratio near 8:1. As organizations move toward this benchmark, they greatly reduce the negative impact of actively disengaged employees while unleashing the organization’s potential for rapid growth.What’s Y ourEngagement Ratio?Employee Engagement as a Core StrategyThe world’s top-performing organizations understand that employee engagement is a force that drives business outcomes. Research shows that engaged employees are more productive employees. They are more profitable, more customer-focused, safer, and more likely to withstand temptations to leave the organization. In the best organizations, employee engagement transcends a human resources initiative — it is the way they do business. Employee engagement is a strategic approach supported by tactics for driving improvement and organizational change. The best performing companies know that developing an employee engagement strategy and linking it to the achievement of corporate goals will help them win in the marketplace.Gallup’s Research-Based ApproachGallup’s employee engagement work is based on more than 30 years of in-depthresearch involving more than 12 million employees. This research has appearedin many business and scientific publications, including the Journal of AppliedPsychology and the Harvard Business Review and in our bestselling books First,Break All the Rules and the sequel 12: The Elements of Great Managing.Gallup has developed and identified 12 core elements that link powerfully to 12 Elements of Engagementcritical business outcomes. These 12 statements emerged from Gallup’spioneering research as those that best predict employee and workgroupperformance.In addition to the 12 elements, Gallup recommends adding questions that address your company’s unique culture or address business issues facing your organization. Gallup’s expansive item bank includes key indices to help organizations measure their strength in areas such as innovation, change management, customer orientation, leadership, and inclusiveness.Gallup’s latest meta-analysis (an analysis of data from more than 125organizations) shows dramatic differences between top- and bottom-quartile workgroups on key business outcomes. It is through this meta-analysis that Gallup continues to validate the 12 elements. Beyond the dramatic difference engaged workgroups show in productivity, profitability, safety incidents, and absenteeism versus disengaged workgroups, Gallup has proven that engaged organizations have 2.6 times the earnings per share (EPS) growth rate compared to organizations with lower engagement in their same industry.Adding ElementsLinking Employee Engagement to Critical Business OutcomesSystematically Improving Employee EngagementImproving engagement goes beyond simply asking the right questions. Engaging employees requires a year-round focus on changing behaviors, processes, and systems to anticipate and respond to your organization’s needs. From the leadership team to the frontline employees, all levels within an organization must commit to making these changes.Gallup approaches employee engagement with sustainability in mind, and thus, provides managers and leaders with tools to help drive performance on an ongoing basis through a combination of measurement, reporting, learning, action planning, and strategic interventions. Using the latest technology and cutting-edge research, Gallup continually provides clients with innovative solutions that drive change. From state-of-the-art organizational mapping software and online tools to first-class instructional designers and consultants, Gallup’s approach to employee engagement reduces the amount of time needed to move from measurement to improvement.The world’s top-performing organizations recognize the critical role managers play in achieving business objectives. As a global leader in the area of employee recruitment and selection, Gallup has a proven method for hiring managers with the talent to build engagement. After reviewing nearly 10,000 validated pre-employment questions and the global Q 12 database, Gallup uncovered a subset of questions that will enable organizations to assess whether a job candidate, if hired, will boost engagement levels. This engagement selecting approach will help hiring managers find candidates who have more potential to drive engagement in the workplace.A Sustainable ApproachSelecting for EngagementWhat the World’s Best Organizations Do DifferentlyGallup drives organizations to systematically improve employee engagementusing proven interventions at the local and enterprise level. Beyond setting the proper strategy, interventions include finding the right performance metrics that drive accountability, creating a comprehensive communication strategy, and designing development opportunities for every employee, manager, and leader. While partnering with many of the world’s best organizations, Gallup has observed that world-class organizations make employee engagement a priority by focusing on the following:Strategy•World-class organizations develop a formula for success by looking objectively and rigorously at the business problems they face and by focusing on finding the right employees and keeping them engaged. For these organizations, an employee engagement strategy is not only fundamental to the way they do business, it is critical to their success.Accountability and Performance•The top-driven companies focus on outcomes. They define and rigorously measure success at every level in the organization. Thesemeasurements ultimately help focus each person, team, department, and business unit on driving performance and results.Communication•Within the best performing organizations there is a cultural alignment between the employees and the company; paired with a strategic alignment between activities and company goals. These organizations use their corporate communication touchpoints to reinforce their commitments to employees and customers.Development•As the struggle for talent intensifies, organizations face a continual challenge to build and grow their leadership capacity. The world’s top-performing companies have comprehensive leader and manager development programs, but they also go one step further — these programs are performance-driven and incorporate a comprehensivesuccession plan throughout the organization. They make it a priority to not only identify leadership potential, but also focus intently on the creation of developmental paths of current and future managers and leaders.Proven Return on InvestmentIncreasing employee engagement directly correlates with a positive impact on key business metrics. A partnership with Gallup enables your organization to design, implement, and execute an employee engagement strategy, and at the same time, your organization will have concrete evidence of the impact of this strategy on the bottom line. Gallup’s proof of ROI goes beyond the case study level. By continually validating the effect of increasing employee engagement through meta-analyses and business impact studies, Gallup can observe ROI trends across hundreds of clients. The observed net gain in key business outcomes for business units that grow employee engagement is a direct link to ROI.Think about the cost to replace an employee, attract a new, loyal customer, or pay workers’ compensation. Using quick and simple math with the net gain values provided, your organization can begin to model the ROI it is capable of attaining.HumanSigma ®: Managing the Employee-Customer EncounterTaking employee engagement one step further, Gallup’s HumanSigmaapproach offers an innovative, research-based approach to one of the toughest challenges businesses face today: how to drive success by effectively managing the moments when employees interact with customers. The HumanSigma approach brings together employee and customer engagement on to a single management platform. It combines a proven method for assessing the health of the employee-customer encounter with a disciplined process for improving it. Gallup is unique in its ability to design and execute a HumanSigma program because our expertise and global capability in customer engagement is as deep as our expertise and global capability in employee engagement.Our meta-analysis of engagement and financial performance in companies across multiple industries reveals that business units that score above our database median on customer and employee engagement significantly outperform units that rank in the bottom half on both measures.Organizations employing HumanSigma management principles have outperformed their competitors by 26% in gross margin and 85% in sales growth. Their customers buy more, spend more, return more often, and stay longer. Blending strategic analysis with hands-on, practical steps and advice, HumanSigma changes how leaders view their work, their employees, and their customers.Change That Drives OutcomesTransformation does not occur instantaneously. It takes a lot of energy and effort to initiate change, and it takes even more energy to build on that momentum. It takes focused attention to drive engagement. A partnership with Gallup will help your organization influence and inspire engagement by building a “people” strategy that holds people accountable for performance, aligns communication, and builds development opportunities for leaders, managers, and frontline employees, giving your organization a competitive edge.Gallup’s Global ReachGallup’s 2,000 professionals deliver services at client organizations and from 40 offices around the world.Gallup maintains the world’s most comprehensive historical and comparative employee engagement databases. The historical database contains data collected in 50 languages from more than 12.5 million respondents in 150 countries worldwide. Gallup updates the comparative database annually, which enables clients to benchmark their organization’s employee engagement levels against the most recent data Gallup collects from around the world. Gallup’s mostrecent database, covering the past three years, includes data collected from more than 5.4 million employees representing 620,000 workgroups in 16 major industries and more than 70 sub-industries in 137 countries worldwide. Gallup understands the importance of timely data and relevant comparisons in the competitive landscape of today’s fast-paced marketplace. As a result, your organization can compare its engagement data with Gallup’s global, world-class, industry-specific, or custom database segments.Benchmarking World-ClassOrganizationsCopyright © 2008 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.9For more information about Gallup Consulting or Gallup’s employee engagement programs, please visit or contact Sarah Van Allen at 202.715.3152 or sarah_van_allen@.“We don’t want to just measure results, we want to measure what drives our results, and that includes team-member engagement. That measure might not get cited in your general ledger, but it can be quantified in a statistically valid way, compared over time to certain goals, and correlated to business outcomes.”— Howard Atkins, CFO, Wells Fargo; CFO magazine。

外文翻译--员工敬业度的前因后果

外文翻译--员工敬业度的前因后果

本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译外文题目Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement 外文出处Journal of Managerial Psychology.2006(7):p600-619外文作者Alan M. saks.原文:Antecedents and consequences of employee engagementAlan M. Saks.In recent years, there has been a great deal of interest in employee engagement. Many have claimed that employee engagement predicts employee outcomes, organizational success, and financial performance (e.g. total shareholder return) (Bates, 2004; Baumruk, 2004; Harter et al., 2002; Richman, 2006). At the same time, it has been reported that employee engagement is on the decline and there is a deepening disengagement among employees today (Bates, 2004; Richman, 2006). It has even been reported that the majority of workers today, roughly half of all Americans in the workforce, are not fully engaged or they are disengaged leading to what has been referred to as an “engagement gap” that is costing US businesses $300 billion a year in lost productivity (Bates, 2004; Johnson, 2004; Kowalski, 2003).Unfortunately, much of what has been written about employee engagement comes from the practitioner literature and consulting firms. There is a surprising dearth of research on employee engagement in the academic literature (Robinson et al., 2004). The purpose of this study was to investigate the antecedents and consequences of two types of employee engagement: job and organization engagements. Previous research has focused primarily on engagement in one's job. However, there is evidence that one's degree of engagement depends on the role in question (Rothbard, 2001). Thus, it is possible that the antecedents and consequences of engagement depend on the type of engagement. In the next section, employee engagement is defined followed by a discussion of employee engagement models and theory and the study hypotheses.What is employee engagement?Employee engagement has become a widely used and popular term (Robinson et al., 2004). However, most of what has been written about employee engagement can be found in practitioner journals where it has its basis in practice rather than theory and empirical research. As noted by Robinson et al. (2004), there has beensurprisingly little academic and empirical research on a topic that has become so popular. As a result, employee engagement has the appearance of being somewhat faddish or what some might call, “old wine in a new bottle.”To make matters worse, employee engagement has been defined in many different ways and the definitions and measures often sound like other better known and established constructs like organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior (Robinson et al., 2004). Most often it has been defined as emotional and intellectual commitment to the organization (Baumruk, 2004; Richman, 2006; Shaw, 2005) or the amount of discretionary effort exhibited by employees in their jobs (Frank et al., 2004).In the academic literature, a number of definitions have been provided. Kahn (1990, p. 694) defines personal engagement as “the harnessing of organization members' selves to their work roles; in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitive ly, and emotionally during role performances.” Personal disengagement refers to “the uncoupling of selves from work roles; in disengagement, people withdraw and defend themselves physically, cognitively, or emotionally during role performances” (p. 694). T hus, according to Kahn (1990, 1992), engagement means to be psychologically present when occupying and performing an organizational role.Rothbard (2001, p. 656) also defines engagement as psychological presence but goes further to state that it involves two critical components: attention and absorption. Attention refers to “cognitive availability and the amount of time one spends thinking about a role” while absorption “means being engrossed in a role and refers to the intensity of one's focus on a role.”Burnout researchers define engagement as the opposite or positive antithesis of burnout (Maslach et al., 2001). According to Maslach et al. (2001), engagement is characterized by energy, involvement, and efficacy, the direct opposite of the three burnout dimensions of exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy. Research on burnout and engagement has found that the core dimensions of burnout (exhaustion and cynicism) and engagement (vigor and dedication) are opposites of each other (Gonzalez-Romaet al., 2006).Sc haufeli et al. (2002, p. 74) define engagement “as a positive, fulfilling, work-related state of mind that is characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption.” They further state that engagement is not a momentary and specific state, but rather, it is “a more persistent and pervasive affective-cognitive state that is not focused on any particular object, event, individual, or behavior” (p. 74).In the academic literature, engagement is said to be related to but distinct from other constructs in organizational behavior. For example, Robinson et al. (2004, p. 8) state that:engagement contains many of the elements of both commitment and OCB, but is by no means a perfect match with either. In addition, neither commitment nor OCB reflect sufficiently two aspects of engagement –its two-way nature, and the extent to which engaged employees are expected to have an element of business awareness.Organizational commitment also differs from engagement in that it refers to a person's attitude and attachment towards their organization. Engagement is not an attitude; it is the degree to which an individual is attentive and absorbed in the performance of their roles. And while OCB involves voluntary and informal behaviors that can help co-workers and the organization, the focus of engagement is one's formal role performance rather than extra-role and voluntary behavior.Engagement also differs from job involvement. According to May et al. (2004), job involvement is the result of a cognitive judgment about the need satisfying abilities of the job and is tied to one's self-image. Engagement has to do with how individuals employ themselves in the performance of their job. Furthermore, engagement involves the active use of emotions and behaviors in addition to cognitions. May et al. (2004, p. 12) also suggest that “engagement may be thought of as an antecedent to job involvement in that individuals who experience deep engagement in their roles should come to identify with their jobs.”In summary, although the definition and meaning of engagement in the practitioner literature often overlaps with other constructs, in the academic literature it has been defined as a distinct and unique construct that consists of cognitive,emotional, and behavioral components that are associated with individual role performance. Furthermore, engagement is distinguishable from several related constructs, most notably organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and job involvement.Employee engagement models and theoryGiven the limited research on employee engagement, there has been little in the way of model or theory development. However, there are two streams of research that provide models of employee engagement. In his qualitative study on the psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work, Kahn (1990) interviewed summer camp counselors and organizational members of an architecture firm about their moments of engagement and disengagement at work. Kahn (1990) found that there were three psychological conditions associated with engagement or disengagement at work: meaningfulness, safety, and availability. In other words, workers were more engaged at work in situations that offered them more psychological meaningfulness and psychological safety, and when they were more psychologically available.In the only study to empirically test Kahn's (1990) model, May et al. (2004) found that meaningfulness, safety, and availability were significantly related to engagement. They also found that job enrichment and role fit were positive predictors of meaningfulness; rewarding co-worker and supportive supervisor relations were positive predictors of safety while adherence to co-worker norms and self-consciousness were negative predictors; and resources available was a positive predictor of psychological availability while participation in outside activities was a negative predictor.The other model of engagement comes from the burnout literature which describes job engagement as the positive antithesis of burnout noting that burnout involves the erosion of engagement with one's job (Maslach et al., 2001). According to Maslach et al. (2001), six areas of work-life lead to burnout and engagement: workload, control, rewards and recognition, community and social support, perceived fairness, and values. They argue that job engagement is associated with a sustainableworkload, feelings of choice and control, appropriate recognition and reward, a supportive work community, fairness and justice, and meaningful and valued work. Like burnout, engagement is expected to mediate the link between these six work-life factors and various work outcomes.Although both Kahn's (1990) and Maslach et al.'s (2001) models indicate the psychological conditions or antecedents that are necessary for engagement, they do not fully explain why individuals will respond to these conditions with varying degrees of engagement. A stronger theoretical rationale for explaining employee engagement can be found in social exchange theory (SET).SET argues that obligations are generated through a series of interactions between parties who are in a state of reciprocal interdependence. A basic tenet of SET is that relationships evolve over time into trusting, loyal, and mutual commitments as long as the parties abide by certain “rules” of exchange (Cropanzano and Mictchell, 2005). Rules of exchange usually involve reciprocity or repayment rules such that the actions of one party lead to a response or actions by the other party. For example, when individuals receive economic and socioemotional resources from their organization, they feel obliged to respond in kind and repay the organization (Cropanzano and Mitchell, 2005). This is consistent with Robinson et al.'s (2004) description of engagement as a two-way relationship between the employer and employee.One way for individuals to repay their organization is through their level of engagement. That is, employees will choose to engage themselves to varying degrees and in response to the resources they receive from their organization. Bringing oneself more fully into one's work roles and devoting greater amounts of cognitive, emotional, and physical resources is a very profound way for individuals to respond to an organization's actions. It is more difficult for employees to vary their levels of job performance given that performance is often evaluated and used as the basis for compensation and other administrative decisions. Thus, employees are more likely to exchange their engagement for resources and benefits provided by their organization.. In summary, SET provides a theoretical foundation to explain why employees chooseto become more or less engaged in their work and organization. The conditions of engagement in both Kahn's (1990) and Maslach et al.'s (2001) model can be considered economic and socioemotional exchange resources within SCT. When employees receive these resources from their organization they feel obliged to repay the organization with greater levels of engagement. In terms of Kahn's (1990) definition of engagement, employees feel obliged to bring themselves more deeply into their role performances as repayment for the resources they receive from their organization. When the organization fails to provide these resources, individuals are more likely to withdraw and disengage themselves from their roles. Thus, the amount of cognitive, emotional, and physical resources that an individual is prepared to devote in the performance of one's work roles is contingent on the economic and socioemotional resources received from the organization.Study hypothesesFigure 1 shows a model of employee engagement. At the core of the model are two types of employee engagement: job and organization engagements. This follows from the conceptualization of engagement as role related (Kahn, 1990; Rothbard, 2001); that is, it reflects the extent to which an individual is psychologically present in a particular organizational role. The two most dominant roles for most organizational members are their work role and their role as a member of an organization. Therefore, the model explicitly acknowledges this by including both job and organization engagements. This also follows from the notion that people have multiple roles and as suggested by Rothbard (2001) as well as May et al. (2004), research should examine engagement in multiple roles within organizations.Antecedents of employee engagementAlthough there is little empirical research on the factors that predict employee engagement, it is possible to identify a number of potential antecedents from Kahn's (1990) and Maslach et al.'s (2001) model. While the antecedents might differ for job and organization engagement, identical hypotheses are made for both types of engagement given the lack of previous research and this being the first study toexamine both job and organization engagement. (节选)译文:员工敬业度的前因后果Alan M. Saks.近几年,员工敬业度一直受到关注。

Employee Engagement

Employee Engagement

/ijbm International Journal of Business and Management V ol. 5, No. 12; December 2010 Employee Engagement: The Key to Improving PerformanceSolomon Markos (Corresponding author)PhD Scholar, Department of Commerce and Management Studies, Andhra UniversityWaltair, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaTel: 91-996-664-1683 E-mail: solomonmarkos5@M. Sandhya SrideviProfessor, Department of Commerce and Management Studies, Andhra UniversityWaltair, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaTel: 91-984-884-2230 E-mail: sandhya.sridevi@AbstractEmployee engagement is a vast construct that touches almost all parts of human resource management facets we know hitherto. If every part of human resources is not addressed in appropriate manner, employees fail to fully engage themselves in their job in the response to such kind of mismanagement. The construct employee engagement is built on the foundation of earlier concepts like job satisfaction, employee commitment and Organizational citizenship behaviour. Though it is related to and encompasses these concepts, employee engagement is broader in scope. Employee engagement is stronger predictor of positive organizational performance clearly showing the two-way relationship between employer and employee compared to the three earlier constructs: job satisfaction, employee commitment and organizational citizenship behaviour. Engaged employees are emotionally attached to their organization and highly involved in their job with a great enthusiasm for the success of their employer, going extra mile beyond the employment contractual agreement.Keywords: Employee engagement, Employee commitment, Organizational citizenship behaviour, Job satisfaction1. IntroductionManagers unequivocally agree that this century demands more efficiency and productivity than any other times in history. Businesses are striving to increase their performance. Managers have been grappling with many challenges to succeed putting their company ahead of competitors. To help managers manage, different scholars, researchers and consultants have been contributing their part showing the best ways they think are useful to managers. Among those suggested techniques, concepts like Total Quality Management (TQM) and Business Process Reengineering (BPR) earned recognition from many authors in the second half of twentieth century and were found helpful in increasing organizational performance by focusing on operational and process improvements. They were/still being used as tools for management in their effort to plan, execute and control of the desired changes in the operational quality.Thanks to technology, nowadays business companies are making use of advanced techniques of operation. As sophistication of technologies continues to evolve, they pose more challenges for managers because organizations will have to need more number of employees with increased technical and professional skills. These knowledge workers can not be managed with old styles of totalitarian management. They expect operational autonomy, job satisfaction and status. It is because of these facts that attention of managers is shifting towards employees’ side of organizations. From last quarter of twentieth century onwards, concepts like employee commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) started to appear on the ground that efficiency and productivity lie within the employees’ ability and commitment. Managers’ eye is on how to keep employees engaged in their job. Employers now realize that by focusing on employee engagement, they can create more efficient and productive workforce. Any initiatives of improvement which are taken by management can not be fruitful without wilful involvement and engagement of employees. Employee engagement as a concept is vast. This article limits itself to discuss only the basic concepts on employee engagement based on recent literatures. It has four major parts. Firstly, the article explores the evolution of the concept, its definition and how it is different from the earlier concepts such as Commitment, Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) and job satisfaction. Secondly, the article discusses the factors or drivers leading to engagement. Thirdly, Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education 89/ijbm International Journal of Business and Management V ol. 5, No. 12; December 2010 ISSN 1833-3850 E-ISSN 1833-811990it details the impact of employee engagement on organizational performance indicators or business outcomes such as profitability, customer satisfaction, company growth, productivity and others pointing out its benefits and importance to organizations. Finally, the article suggests strategies the companies should take up to keep employees engaged in their jobs.2. Evolution of Employee Engagement and its Definition2.1 Evolution of Employee EngagementMost references relate employee engagement to survey houses and consultancies. It is less taken as an academic construct. The concept is relatively new for HRM and appeared in the literatures for nearly two decades (Rafferty, Maben, West and Robinson, 2005; Melcrum Publishing, 2005; Ellis and Sorensen, 2007).The construct, employee engagement emanates from two concepts that have won academic recognition and have been the subjects of empirical research-Commitment and Organizational Citizen Behaviour (OCB) (Robinson, Perryman and Hayday, 2004; Rafferty et al., 2005). Employee engagement has similarities to and overlaps with the above two concepts.Robinson et al. (2004) state that neither commitment nor OCB reflect sufficiently two aspects of engagement-its two-way nature, and the extent to which engaged employees are expected to have an element of business awareness, even though it appears that engagement overlaps with the two concepts. Rafferty et al (2005) also distinguish employee engagement and the two prior concepts- Commitment and OCB, on the ground that engagement clearly demonstrates that it is a two-way mutual process between the employee and the organization.2.2 Definition of Employee EngagementTo date, there is no single and generally accepted definition for the term employee engagement. This is evident if one looks at the definitions forwarded for the term by three well-known research organizations in human resource area, let alone individual researchers. Below are the definitions:Perrin’s Global Workforce Study (2003) uses the definition “employees’ willingness and ability to help their company succeed, largely by providing discretionary effort on a sustainable basis.” According to the study, engagement is affected by many factors which involve both emotional and rational factors relating to work and the overall work experience.Gallup organization defines employee engagement as the involvement with and enthusiasm for work. Gallup as cited by Dernovsek (2008) likens employee engagement to a positive employees’ emotional attachment and employees’ commitment.Robinson et al. (2004) define employee engagement as “a positive attitude held by the employee towards the organization and its value. An engaged employee is aware of business context, and works with colleagues to improve performance within the job for the benefit of the organization. The organization must work to develop and nurture engagement, which requires a two-way relationship between employer and employee.”This verdict and definition forwarded by Institute of Employment Studies gives a clear insight that employee engagement is the result of two-way relationship between employer and employee pointing out that there are things to be done by both sides. Furthermore, Fernandez (2007) shows the distinction between job satisfaction, the well-known construct in management, and engagement contending that employee satisfaction is not the same as employee engagement and since managers can not rely on employee satisfaction to help retain the best and the brightest, employee engagement becomes a critical concept. Other researchers take job satisfaction as a part of engagement, but it can merely reflect a superficial, transactional relationship that is only as good as the organization’s last round of perks and bonuses; Engagement is about passion and commitment-the willingness to invest oneself and expand one’s discretionary effort to help the employer succeed, which is beyond simple satisfaction with the employment arrangement or basic loyalty to the employer (BlessingWhite, 2008; Erickson, 2005; Macey and Schnieder ,2008). Therefore, the full engagement equation is obtained by aligning maximum job satisfaction and maximum job contribution. Stephen Young, the executive director of Towers Perrin, also distinguishes between job satisfaction and engagement contending that only engagement (not satisfaction) is the strongest predictor of organizational performance (Human Resources, 2007).Recent researches also indicate that Employee commitment and OCB are important parts and predictors of employee engagement in that commitment is conceptualized as positive attachment and willingness to exert energy for success of the organization, feeling proud of being a member of that organization and identifying oneself with it and OCB is a behaviour observed within the work context that demonstrates itself through taking/ijbm International Journal of Business and Management V ol. 5, No. 12; December 2010 innovative initiatives proactively seeking opportunities to contribute one’s best and going extra mile beyond employment contract. However, these constructs constitute the bigger construct employee engagement and they can not independently act as a replacement for engagement (Macey and Schneider, 2008; Robinson et al, 2004). The bad news for management is that global surveys conducted by survey houses and research organizations indicate that significant size of employees are disengaged being sceptical of any organizational initiative or communication and rather more likely indulging in contagious negativity (Dernovsek, 2008; Perrin, 2003; Ellis and Sorensen, 2007; BlessingWhite, 2008). The problem with these surveys is that they use their own items to measure employee engagement. If looked at the available literatures on measuring employee engagement, one would get surprisingly several measurement items to the extent that it seems different constructs are being measured (Robinson et al, 2004; Cohen and Higgins, 2007; Perrin, 2003; Ellis and Sorenson, 2007; Dernovsek, 2008). Future researches are expected to come up with clear definition and dimensions of employee engagement on basis of which the level of engagement can be measured thereby pointing out to managers the roadmap for fully engaging employees in their job. As the old saying goes “what you can’t measure, you can’t manage”. Thus, there is a call for future researches, as suggested by Endres and Mancheno-Smoak (2008), to define engagement in clear terms to avoid interpretation by subsequent users giving to the construct different meanings.3. Drivers of Employee EngagementMany researches have tried to identify factors leading to employee engagement and developed models to draw implications for managers. Their diagnosis aims to determine the drivers that will increase employee engagement level.According to Penna research report (2007) meaning at work has the potential to be valuable way of bringing employers and employees closer together to the benefit of both where employees experience a sense of community, the space to be themselves and the opportunity to make a contribution, they find meaning. Employees want to work in the organizations in which they find meaning at work. Penna (2007) researchers have also come up with a new model they called “Hierarchy of engagement” which resembles Maslow’s need hierarchy model. In the bottom line there are basic needs of pay and benefits. Once an employee satisfied these needs, then the employee looks to development opportunities, the possibility for promotion and then leadership style will be introduced to the mix in the model. Finally, when all the above cited lower level aspirations have been satisfied the employee looks to an alignment of value-meaning, which is displayed by a true sense of connection, a common purpose and a shared sense of meaning at work.The BlessingWhite (2006) study has found that almost two third’s (60%) of the surveyed employees want more opportunities to grow forward to remain satisfied in their jobs. Strong manager-employee relationship is a crucial ingredient in the employee engagement and retention formula.Development Dimensions International (DDI, 2005) states that a manager must do five things to create a highly engaged workforce. They are:x Align efforts with strategyx Empowerx Promote and encourage teamwork and collaborationx Help people grow and developx Provide support and recognition where appropriateThe Towers Perrin Talent Report (2003) identifies the top ten work place attributes which will result in employee engagement. The top three among the ten drivers listed by Perrin are: Senior management’s interest in employees’ well-being,Challenging work and Decision making authority.After surveying 10,000 NHS employees in Great Britain, Institute of Employment Studies (Robinson et al., 2004) points out that the key driver of employee engagement is a sense of feeling valued and involved, which has the components such as involvement in decision making, the extent to which employees feel able to voice their ideas, the opportunities employees have to develop their jobs and the extent to which the organization is concerned for employees’ health and well-being.CIPD (2006) on the basis of its survey of 2000 employees from across Great Britain indicates that communication is the top priority to lead employees to engagement. The report singles out having the opportunity to feed their views and opinions upwards as the most important driver of people’s engagement. The report also identifies the importance of being kept informed about what is going on in the organization. Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education 91/ijbm International Journal of Business and Management V ol. 5, No. 12; December 2010 ISSN 1833-3850 E-ISSN 1833-811992The oldest consulting organization in conducting engagement survey, Gallup has found that the manager is the key to an engaged work force. James Clifton, CEO of Gallup organization indicates that employees who have close friendships at work are more engaged workers (Clifton, 2008). Vance (2006) explains the fact that employee engagement is inextricably linked with employer practices. To shed light on the ways in which employer practices affect job performance and engagement, he presents a job performance model. According to him, Employee engagement is the outcome of personal attributes such as knowledge, skills, abilities, temperament, attitudes and personality, organizational context which includes leadership, physical setting and social setting and HR practices that directly affect the person, process and context components of job performance.Most drivers that are found to lead to employee engagement are non-financial in their nature. Therefore, any organization who has committed leadership can achieve the desired level of engagement with less cost of doing it. This does not mean that managers should ignore the financial aspect of their employees. In fact, performance should be linked with reward. Nevertheless, this is simply to repeat the old saying of Human Relations Movement which goes “as social being, human resource is not motivated by money alone.” As Buckingham and Coffman (2005) said, pay and benefits are equally important to every employee, good or bad. A company’s pay should at least be comparable to the market average. However, bringing pay and benefits package up to market levels, which is a sensible first step, will not take a company very far- they are like tickets to the ballpark, -they can get the company into the game, but can’t help it win.4. Employee Engagement and Organizational PerformanceWhy should companies invest in employee engagement? The answer is because employee engagement is interwoven significantly with important business outcomes. In this part we will see how employee engagement impacts organizational performance in the light of various research works done.Studies have found positive relationship between employee engagement and organizational performance outcomes: employee retention, productivity, profitability, customer loyalty and safety. Researches also indicate that the more engaged employees are, the more likely their employer is to exceed the industry average in its revenue growth. Employee engagement is found to be higher in double-digit growth companies. Research also indicates that engagement is positively related to customer satisfaction (Coffman, 2000; Ellis and Sorensen, 2007; Towers Perrin Talent Report, 2003; Hewitt Associates, 2004; Heintzman and Marson, 2005; Coffman and Gonzalez-Molina, 2002).Engaged employee consistently demonstrates three general behaviours which improve organizational performance:x Say-the employee advocates for the organization to co-workers, and refers potential employees and customersx Stay-the employee has an intense desire to be a member of the organization despite opportunities to work elsewherex Strive-the employee exerts extra time, effort and initiative to contribute to the success of the business ( Baumruk and Gorman, 2006)What will happen to an organization if its employees are disengaged? Employees who are not engaged are likely to be spinning (wasting their effort and talent on tasks that may not matter much), settling (certainly do not show full commitment, not dissatisfied enough to make a break) and splitting (they are not sticking around for things to change in their organization), have far more misgivings about their organization in terms of performance measures such as customer satisfaction (BlessingWhite, 2006; Perrin Report, 2003). Meere (2005) based on the survey conducted by ISR on 360000 employees from 41 companies in the world’s 10 economically strong countries finds that both operating margin and net profit margins reduced over a three year period in companies with low engagement, while these measures increased over the specified period in companies with high levels of engagement.Financial News, March 2001, as cited by Accord Management Systems (2004), reveals that disengaged employees are more likely to cost their organization. According to the report, Employees who are disengaged:x Miss an average of 3.5 more days per yearx Are less productivex Cost the US economy $292 to $355 billion per year/ijbm International Journal of Business and Management V ol. 5, No. 12; December 20105. Employee Engagement StrategiesSo far we have discussed the evolution and definition of employee engagement, the factors that affect it and importance of employee engagement explaining how it is linked to business performance. Now, at this stage any inquisitive reader may ask a question: So what? Employee engagement strategies listed below answer this question. In order to have engaged employees in any organization, managers need to look at the following ten points. We can call these points “tablets” because it is believed that they will cure employee disengagement diseases. Take these ten tablets:1.Start it on day one: Most organizations do have clear new talent acquisition strategies. However, theylack employee retention strategies. Effective recruitment and orientation programs are the first building blocks to be laid on the first day of the new employee. Managers should be careful in pooling out the potential talent of the new employee through effective recruitment. The newly hired employee should be given both general orientation which is related to the company mission, vision, values, policies and procedures and job-specific orientation such as his/her job duties, and responsibilities, goals and current priorities of the department to which the employee belongs in order to enable him/her to develop realistic job expectations and reduce role conflict that might arise in the future. After the hiring decision is made, the manager has to ensure role-talent fit when placing an employee in a certain position and exert all managerial efforts needed to retain that talent in the organization.2.Start it from the top: Employee engagement requires leadership commitment through establishingclear mission, vision and values. Unless the people at the top believe in it, own it, pass it down to managers and employees, and enhance their leadership, employee engagement will never be more than just a “corporate fad” or “another HR thing”. Employee engagement does not need lip-service rather dedicated heart and action-oriented service from top management. It requires “Leading by Being example”3.Enhance employee engagement through two-way communication: Managers should promotetwo-way communication. Employees are not sets of pots to which you pour out your ideas without giving them a chance to have a say on issues that matter to their job and life. Clear and consistent communication of what is expected of them paves the way for engaged workforce. Involve your people and always show respect to their input. Share power with your employees through participative decision making so that they would feel sense of belongingness thereby increasing their engagement in realizing it.4.Give satisfactory opportunities for development and advancement:Encourage independentthinking through giving them more job autonomy so that employees will have a chance to make their own freedom of choosing their own best way of doing their job so long as they are producing the expected result. Manage through results rather than trying to manage all the processes by which that result is achieved.5.Ensure that employees have every thing they need to do their jobs: Managers are expected to makesure that employees have all the resources such as physical or material, financial and information resources in order to effectively do their job.6.Give employees appropriate training: Help employees update themselves increasing their knowledgeand skills through giving appropriate trainings. Generally it is understood that when employees get to know more about their job, their confidence increases there by being able to work without much supervision from their immediate managers which in turn builds their self-efficacy and commitment.7.Have strong feedback system: Companies should develop a performance management system whichholds managers and employees accountable for the level of engagement they have shown. Conducting regular survey of employee engagement level helps make out factors that make employees engaged.After finalizing the survey, it is advisable to determine all the factors that driving engagement in the organization, then narrow down the list of factors to focus on two or three areas. It is important that organizations begin with a concentration on the factors that will make the most difference to the employees and put energy around improving these areas as it may be difficult to address all factors at once. Managers should be behind such survey results and develop action-oriented plans that are specific, measurable, and accountable and time- bound.8.Incentives have a part to play: Managers should work out both financial and non-financial benefits foremployees who show more engagement in their jobs. Several management theories have indicated that Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education 93/ijbm International Journal of Business and Management V ol. 5, No. 12; December 2010ISSN 1833-3850 E-ISSN 1833-811994when employees get more pay, recognition and praise, they tend to exert more effort into their job. There should be a clear link between performance and incentives given to the employees.9. Build a distinctive corporate culture : Companies should promote a strong work culture in which thegoals and values of managers are aligned across all work sections. Companies that build a culture of mutual respect by keeping success stories alive will not only keep their existing employees engaged but also they baptize the new incoming employees with this contagious spirit of work culture.10. Focus on top-performing employees : A study conducted by Watson Wyatt Worldwide in 2004/05 onHR practices of 50 large USA firms shows that high-performing organizations are focusing on engaging their top-performing employees. According to the finding of the same research, what high-performing firms are doing is what top-performing employees are asking for and this reduces the turnover of high-performing employees and as a result leads to top business performance.Note that there is lack of sufficient literature on what could be the challenges that entangle with leaders’ effort to improve their employee engagement scores. Most researches on the area focus on identifying the drivers or factors leading to engagement; however, failing to indicate clearly articulated strategies to get employees engaged in their work. The suggested strategies will definitely have financial implications on organizations. However, researches do not lucidly show the cost of efforts aimed at increasing employee engagement.ConclusionTo date, there is no generally accepted definition for employee engagement. However, there is growing consensus among the authors that the construct is distinguishable from related concepts in management such as employee commitment, organizational citizenship behaviour and job satisfaction in such a manner that employee engagement clearly reflects the two-way exchange of effort between employees and employers, and it has stretched meaning beyond the aforementioned constructs. Research on engagement is still on its infancy, attempting to come up with more clear-cut and acceptable definition.Most studies demonstrate that feeling valued by management, two-way communication between management and employees, management’s interest in employees’ well-being and giving more opportunities for employees to grow are the top drivers of employee engagement. Nevertheless, as studies indicate, employees do not give much importance to pay and benefits. This might be the case because almost all the surveys were made in companies working in economically-well-to-do countries. The priorities of drivers might have varied if similar surveys were undergone in other third world countries, like African countries. Therefore, there is a need for more global surveys including more number of countries.The literatures indicate that employee engagement is closely linked with organizational performance outcomes. Companies with engaged employees have higher employee retention as a result of reduced turnover and reduced intention to leave the company, productivity, profitability, growth and customer satisfaction. On the other hand, companies with disengaged employees suffer from waste of effort and bleed talent, earn less commitment from the employees, face increased absenteeism and have less customer orientation, less productivity, and reduced operating margins and net profit margins. Most researches emphasize merely the importance and positive impacts of employee engagement on the business outcomes, failing to provide the cost-benefit analysis for engagement decisions. As any other management decisions, engagement decision should be evaluated in terms of both its benefits and its associated costs, without giving greater emphasis to neither of the two, not to bias the decision makers. Thus there is a need to study the cost aspect of engagement decisions. The remarkable fact is, the findings of today’s researches, can be used as corner stone for the building of complete essence to the construct. Furthermore, much of the works related to “employee engagement” construct is attributed to survey houses and consultancies. Therefore, there is a need for academia to investigate this new construct and come up with a clear definition and dimensions that will be used for measuring employee engagement justifying the importance of engagement concept. Otherwise, it will pass away shortly as many other human resource fads did. Findings of various researches suggest their own strategies in order to keep employees engaged. Here in this article ten points or strategies called ‘the ten tablets” were suggested to keep employees engaged. For managers, work of employee engagement starts at day one through effective recruitment and orientation program, the work of employee engagement begins from the top as it is unthinkable to have engaged people in the organizations where there are no engaged leadership. Managers should enhance two-way communication, ensure that employees have all the resources they need to do their job, give appropriate training to increase their knowledge and skill, establish reward mechanisms in which good job is rewarded through various financial and non-financial incentives, build a distinctive corporate culture that encourages hard work and keeps success stories alive, develop a strong performance management system which holds managers and employees。

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Employee Engagement1. IntroductionEmployee engagement is a property of the relationship between an organization and its employees. An engaged employee is defined as one who is fully absorbed by and enthusiastic about their work and so takes positive action to further the organization's reputation and interests. The two authoritative argument is from consulting firms: Gallup and Hewitt. An organization with "high" employee engagement might therefore be expected to outperform those with "low" employee engagement, all else being equal.Employee engagement first appeared as a concept in management theory in the 1990s,becoming widespread in management practice in the 2000s. It stands in an unspecified relationship to earlier constructs such as morale and job satisfaction. Despite academic critiques, employee-engagement practices are well established in the management of human resources and of internal communications.Gallup’s view on employeeengagement. The oldest and most authoritative opinion research institute in the United States - Gallup Consulting Co., Ltd., employee engagement research was originated from this company. They are based on the relationship between the success factors of health enterprise nearly 40 years of painstaking research, established the "Gallup path" model, describe the path of their performance and the final performance, the overall value of the company. "Gallup path" can be expressed as: the actual profit of enterprise growth to promote the growth of the stock, the actual profit growth driven sustainable development , the sustainable development of loyal customers,driving by in outstanding manager make staff to play well.They believe that employee engagement is to create a good environment for employees to play on the basis of his strengths, so that each employee has a sense of belonging, resulting in a sense of responsibility. Hewitt’s view on employeeengagement. The world's leading human resources management consulting firm HewittConsulting Co. Ltd., research on the 1500 enterprises, research data ranging from global "engagement" Hewitt best employer and customer consulting projects, revealed there is a close relationship between engagement and performance.Hewitt believes that employee engagement is a measure of the staff would be happy to stay at company and to strive for the service level. There are three aspects of the behavior of professional employees:The first layer is willing to promote (say), that is, employees often to colleagues, may join the business people, customers and potential customers, said the company is good.The second layer is willing to leave (stay), that is, employees have a strong desire to stay within the organization.The third layer is to play hard (strive), which is the highest level of professionalism, which is not only the staff dedicated to work, and willing to pay extra efforts to promote the success of the enterprise.The influence of engagement on enterprise performance. Gallup, with its research model to measure engagement. The results show that by using the method of statistical analysis, and dedicated staff attention to business performance impact, including efficiency, customer loyalty, employee retention, safety and value. These employees create an organization of all the profits and customer loyalty. They are the driving force to promote the growth of the organization's profits.HewittConsulting Co. Ltd. research final certificate that the high correlation between the measured by the index key business performance and employee engagement. Research also shows that companies increase employee engagement are improving productivity, employee loyalty, customer satisfaction, shareholder returns, and sales growth.Therefore, employee engagement has an important influence on the enterprise, employee engagement of enterprises, employees of the highly recognized company, identification with company with heartfelt values and social values, the identification with company to achieve its value goal, process, structure and management, and are willing to take the initiative to give full play to their value.From above, the argument on employee engagement although not uniform, but the emphasis is: employee engagement is actually refers to the employees in the emotional and intellectual aspects of a commitment to the enterprise and investment. Dedicated employees have the greatest impact on the business performance indicators, including efficiency, customer loyalty, employee retention, security and output value. These employees create an organization of all the profits and customer loyalty, only they can help the company to achieve its business objectives and results. We can enhance the employeeengagements from different angles, so as to achieve the purpose of improving the performance of the enterprise.2.TextNow I'm going to talking my own employee engagement. According to Hewitt’s employee engagement classification, I think I belong to the third layer. that is : I am play hard and strive in my work, which is the highest level of professionalism, the level I dedicateto work, and willing to pay extra efforts to promote the success of the enterprise.接下来结合客户的工作汇报提供支持自己说法的证据,给出应该如何提升敬业度的措施等。

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