认知心理学心理表象

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History of Imagery

Philosophers, including Plato


Introspectionists, following Wundt

a mental artist painting pictures in the soul thoughts rely on images


Craver-Lemley & Reeves, 1992
How visual imagery interfers with vision, Psychological Review, 99, 633-649

Segal & Fusella, 1970

Influences of imagined pictures and sounds on detection of visual and auditory signals, JEP, 83, 458-464
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The experiment consisted of two main phases, the perceptual phase and the imagery phase, followed by the ratings of vividness for each image and a spatial memory test
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5) the participants were then asked to rate the vividness of the image in the imagery task, using the five-step rating scale 6) the memory test diagram, with a number in each cell, was then presented on the screen and subjects reported the five digits that they thought corresponded to the previously seen and imagined black squares At the end of each session, a recording was also made while the subject looked in a sequence to each of the 9 calibration points, so as to check the quality of the optical alignment Finally, a debriefing session was conducted at the end of the experiment to ensure that the subject was naive about the hypotheses of the experiment
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表象与知觉相似 ——行为证据
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Mental rotations
(Shepard & Metzler, 1971)
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Mental Scanning

Denis & Kosslyn, 1999; Kosslyn, 1973
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The Finding


An alternative explanation (BELIEFS, Pylyshyn, 1981)
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心理表象的存储形式

图像

模拟码 (Analog Code) 存储

描绘表征。与实际物体非常相似的一种表征

表象是知觉的“近亲”
命题码 (Prepositional Code) 存储


语言

描述表征。一种抽象的、象语言一样的表征。非 视空的，与原始刺激并不相似

表象是语言的“近亲”
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Propositional Representations of Underlying Meanings
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表象与知觉相似 ——神经生理学证据


猴子的心理旋转 (Georgopoulos et al., 1989)
训练猴子按垂直的、逆时针方向将一个把柄移 动到作为参照点的目标灯光处 猴子旋转把柄期间。单细胞记录。运动皮层 后来，把柄并不出现，但目标灯光同样出现在 各个位置，仍记录皮层活动 同移动把柄相比，当把柄并不出现时，反应的 皮层细胞相同
recorded people’s experiences of mental imagery
3% of people claim to have no visual mental images whatsoever

Galton (1883)


Behaviorists, 1913-1960 Cognitive revolution
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Eye movements during imagery are similar to those made during perception

Laeng & Teodorescu, 2002

Eye scan paths during visual imagery reenact those of perception of the same visual scene, Cognitive Science, 26, 207-231

能够表征空间环境中的距离、形状和方向
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认知地图和距离 Thorndyke, 1981

一幅假设的一个地区的地图

地图上分布着一些城市
城市与城市之间的距离为100、200、300或
400英里 两座城市之间，隔着0、1、2或3座其它城市

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被试首先一遍一遍地学习这幅地图，直到他们
能够连续两次精确地重构这幅地图 最后，给他们一张纸，上面列有 64 个可能的 城市对，要求他们估计每对城市中两座城市之 间的距离
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Can Beliefs Change Our Visual Perception?
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Visual imagery selectively interferes with visual perception more than auditory
perception, and vice versa
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Ganis, Thompson, & Kosslyn
Cognitive Brain Research, 2004, 20, 226-241

Imagery task

Forming a mental image of a previously studied line drawing and then evaluating a probed property
Subjects were also specifically told to keep their eyes open at all times during the imagery phase and, importantly, that they were free to look wherever they wanted on the screen during the imagery task
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表象与知觉相似 ——神经心理学证据

许多视觉皮层损伤的病人，不能产生表 象，即使其它认知功能正常 (Farah, 1988,
1995)


大多数病人在知觉和表象上表现出类似 的损伤 (Farah, 1995; Intons-Peterson, 1993) 视觉表象牵连大脑皮层中负责视觉加工 的区域



被试首先学习地图上的各个位置 然后，拿走地图，让被试估计每对标志 中两个标志之间的距离
51பைடு நூலகம்

结果发现

人们可能把法院记忆成离警察局或城 镇礼堂更近，而不是离公园更近
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表象与知觉相似 ——脑成像证据 (Kosslyn et al., 1993, 1996)

视觉表象任务激活了大脑后部的枕叶视觉皮层
当要求被试形成较小的视觉表象时，大脑视觉 皮层最活跃的区域，同我们看较小的视觉刺激 时，所激活的区域相同

当要求被试形成较大的视觉表象时，视觉皮层 最活跃的区域，同我们观看较大的视觉刺激时， 所激活的部分相同，即视觉皮层更靠前的部分
认知心理学
Cognitive Psychology
心理表象
Mental Imagery
张亚旭
yxzhang@pku.edu.cn
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心理表象 (Mental Imagery)

所谓心理表象是指物理上并未出现的刺 激的心理表征


物体、事件、环境等 内部表征

visual/auditory imagery The place of imagery in cognition

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插入城市数目影响距离估计

当两座城市在地图上实际距离为300英里时
插入城市数目
0
所估计的距离
280
3
350
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认知地图和距离 Hirtle & Mascolo, 1986

一幅假设的城镇地图

其中既包括一些与城镇政府相联系的标志

法院、警察局、城镇礼堂 公园、高尔夫球场、海滩

也包括一些与消遣娱乐相联系的标志
Lowcontrast
表象与知觉相似 ——ERPs证据 (Farah & Peronnet, 1989)

当要求产生心理表象时

同表象能力低的人相比，表象能力高的人，
枕叶视皮层显示出更大的ERPs
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认知地图 (Cognitive Map)

认知地图

人们编码和简化空间环境安排方式的一种心
理装置，是人对空间环境的一种内部表征
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Sequence of events for each trial


1) a fixation cross appeared at the center of the screen for about a second 2) a diagram was presented for a duration of 20 sec. 3) an empty screen was presented on the monitor for circa 40 sec, in order to prevent after images, while the instructions for the imagery task were repeated to the subject 4) an empty diagram (i.e., the same grid used as the stimulus but with no black squares) was presented for 20 s while the participant formed and maintained an image of the previously seen stimulus

More time is required to scan greater distances across visualized objects

People were simulating what would happen if they were to move from point A to point B They know that, in real situations, it takes longer to move greater distances, and to move one’s eyes greater distances Accordingly, they estimate the time it would take
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Instructions for the Free Vision group

The perception phase


The imagery phase

Look carefully at the figure that shall appear on the monitor and try to remember it as precisely as possible Build a visual image of the figure you just saw while keeping the eyes open