生长肥育猪的蛋白质与氨基酸营养
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Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition of Growing and Finishing Pigs
生长肥育猪的蛋白质与氨基酸营养
Robert A. Easter, Ph.D. Professor of Swine Nutrition Dean, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois
日粮中的氨基酸由含蛋白质的饲料组分(如玉米,豆粕,高粱,鱼粉等)提供
Amino acid progression: Small intestine 小肠 Dietary Free amino acids protein
游离氨基酸
日粮蛋白质
Feces 粪
Urine 尿
Protein synthesis
Formulation Criteria
4. Corn-sesame meal 5. As 4 + lysine
Baker and Easter (1976)
1.10 1.46
38.0 38.0
144 181
.44 .46
Ideal Protein 理想蛋白质
The term, IDEAL PROTEIN, is used to describe the profile of dietary amino acids that would be perfectly in harmony with the pig’s requirements.. That is a perfect balance. The concept of ideal protein originated in the 1930’s in Dr. H. H. Mitchell’s laboratory at the University of Illinois.
(A hypothetical example)
由生长性能数据估计限制性氨基酸
Diet
Gain, kg/d
1. Corn-soybean meal, 12% CP
2. As 1 + Lysine
.40
.50
3. As 1 + Threonine
4. As 1 + Lysine + Threonine
.41 .22 .60 .48 .25
.45 .34 1.29 .61 .66
109.93 156.58 215.22 127.97 264.38
Protein Synthesis
Limiting Amino Acids in Some Common Feedstuffs 一些饲料原料中的限制性氨基酸
Second Tryptophan 色氨酸 Lysine 赖氨酸 Methionine 蛋氨酸 Threonine 苏氨酸 Threonine 苏氨酸 Threonine 苏氨酸 Threonine 苏氨酸 ?
Cottonseed meal Lysine 赖氨酸 Peanut Meal 花生粕 Lysine 赖氨酸
Tryptophan Isoleucine Met + CYs Histidine Leucine Valine Arginine
.12 .46 .41 .22 .60 .48 .25
.12 .47 .45 .34 1.29 .61 .66
102.45 102.91 109.93 156.58 215.22 127.97 264.38
8.9 11.4 14.0 48.5 41.7 49.0 45.0 61.2
.23 .36 .61 3.10 1.70 1.45 1.26 4.74
2.58 3.16 4.35 6.40 4.07 2.96 2.80 5.62
Estimation of Limiting Amino Acids from Growth Data
氨基酸不平衡导致饲料采食量和生长速度下降
Performance of Chicks Fed Diets Formulated to a Lysine Requirement with Either an Imbalanced Protein or Crystalline Lysine
饲喂蛋白质不平衡或添加晶体赖氨酸日粮鸡的生长性能
蛋白质来源的价值取决于为动物提供可消化氨基酸的能力，化学评分是 评定蛋白价值的简单方法
Amino acid Lysine Threonine
Requirement, %
Provided Provided/ by diet, % Requirement, % .75 .50 67.17 .48 .44 93.39
Isoleucine
Leucine Valine Phe + Tyr
.390
.600 .415 .570
.360
.600 .410 .570
.360
.660 .450 .720
.335
.445 .355 .485
DL-Met + Cys
Threonine Proline Glycine L-glutamate Chung and Baker, 1992
蛋白质合成
Typical Grower Diet
Ingredient 组分 Corn
玉米
典型生长猪日粮
% 78.55
Soybean meal 豆粕 Dicalcium phospate
磷酸氢钙
19.05
1.25
Limestone 石粉 Trace mineral salt
微量元素盐
.74
.35
Vitamin premix
Total
总计
维生素
.10
100.00
The value of a protein source is dependent on its capacity to contribute digestible amino acids to the animal. The Chemical Score is a simple approach to assessing value
.420
.390 .200 .600 4.855
Introductory Facts:
Pigs do not require protein per se but rather the amino acids that make up protein
猪本身不需要蛋白质，而是需要组成蛋白质的氨基酸
Amino acids in the diet are provided by protein-containing feeds (corn, soybean meal, sorghum, fish meal etc)
.30
.60
Amino Acid Balance
氨基酸平衡
Amino acid balance refers to the proportional relationships among the amino acids
氨基酸平衡指氨基酸之间的比例关系
An amino acid imbalance reduces feed intake and growth rate.
这种平衡不能通过添加或替代而改善
From: M.F. Fuller, Rowett Res. Inst.
Variations on Ideal Protein 各种理想蛋白质
Amino Acid Patterns, % of Diet Item Lysine Arginine Histidine Tryptophan Illinois Final Protein .600 .290 .185 .095 Illinois Ideal protein .600 .250 .190 .110 Wang & Fuller Protein .600 .250 .190 .110 NRC (1989) Protein .600 .250 .155 .110
Introductory Facts:
Proteins are made up of amino acids 蛋白质由氨基酸组成 Amino acids are either essential (must be present in the diet) or nonessential (can be made by the animal).
棉籽粕
Fish meal 鱼粉
Tryptophan 色氨酸
?
Comparison of Amino Acid Sources (Lysine as a percent of total protein)
氨基酸来源的比较（赖氨酸占总蛋白质的百分比）
Item Pig 猪 Corn 玉米
Crude protein, % 15.0 8.5
Item Diet 1. Corn-soybean meal 2. Corn-sesame meal 3. As 2 + lysine
Growth Performance Lysine, Protein Gain, Gain/ % % g feed 1.10 20.3 243 .66
.56 1.10 20.3 20.3 68 222 .34 .61
Ingredient Corn 玉米 Opaque-2 Corn Barley 大麦 Wheat 小麦 Sorghum (milo) Soybean meal 豆粕
买罗高粱
First Lysine 赖氨酸 Tryptophan 色氨酸 Lysine 赖氨酸 Lysine 赖氨酸 Lysine 赖氨酸 Met + Cys 蛋＋胱
最少量被提供的氨基酸制约了动物的生产性能，这种氨基酸通常称作第一限 制性氨基酸
Amino acid Lysine
Requirement, %
Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Met + His Histidine Leucine Valine Arginine
Provided Provided/ by diet, % Requirement, % (First) 67.17 .75 .50 .48 .44 (Second) 93.39 .12 .12 102.45 .46 .47 102.91
所谓理想蛋白质，指日粮中的氨基酸组成完全符合猪的氨基酸需要，氨基酸之间完美 平衡。理想蛋白质的概Baidu Nhomakorabea由伊力诺大学Mitchell博士的实验室于1930年提出。
- An optimum balance of amino acids 氨基酸之间的最佳平衡 - Exactly in the proportions in which the amino acids are required by the pig 氨基酸之间的比例关系与猪所需要的氨基酸比例完全一致 - Fully utilizable 可被完全利用 - A balance that cannot be improved by addition or substitution
The performance of an animal can be no greater than that made possible by the amino acid in least supply. This is commonly called the first limiting amino acid
氨基酸分为必需（日粮中必须有） 和非必需（动物可自体合成）
The 10 essential amino acids are 十种必需氨基酸是:
- Lysine 赖氨酸 - Tryptophan 色氨酸 - Methionine 蛋氨酸 - Threonine 苏氨酸 - Valine 缬氨酸 - Leucine 亮氨酸 - Isoleucine 异亮氨酸 - Histidine 组氨酸 - Phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸 - Arginine 精氨酸
Lysine, % .75 .25
Lysine as % of protein 5.00 2.94
Sorghum 高粱 Wheat 小麦 Rice bran 米糠 Soybean meal 豆粕 Cottonseed meal 棉籽粕 Peanut meal 花生粕 Sesame meal 芝麻粕 Fishmeal 鱼粉
生长肥育猪的蛋白质与氨基酸营养
Robert A. Easter, Ph.D. Professor of Swine Nutrition Dean, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois
日粮中的氨基酸由含蛋白质的饲料组分(如玉米,豆粕,高粱,鱼粉等)提供
Amino acid progression: Small intestine 小肠 Dietary Free amino acids protein
游离氨基酸
日粮蛋白质
Feces 粪
Urine 尿
Protein synthesis
Formulation Criteria
4. Corn-sesame meal 5. As 4 + lysine
Baker and Easter (1976)
1.10 1.46
38.0 38.0
144 181
.44 .46
Ideal Protein 理想蛋白质
The term, IDEAL PROTEIN, is used to describe the profile of dietary amino acids that would be perfectly in harmony with the pig’s requirements.. That is a perfect balance. The concept of ideal protein originated in the 1930’s in Dr. H. H. Mitchell’s laboratory at the University of Illinois.
(A hypothetical example)
由生长性能数据估计限制性氨基酸
Diet
Gain, kg/d
1. Corn-soybean meal, 12% CP
2. As 1 + Lysine
.40
.50
3. As 1 + Threonine
4. As 1 + Lysine + Threonine
.41 .22 .60 .48 .25
.45 .34 1.29 .61 .66
109.93 156.58 215.22 127.97 264.38
Protein Synthesis
Limiting Amino Acids in Some Common Feedstuffs 一些饲料原料中的限制性氨基酸
Second Tryptophan 色氨酸 Lysine 赖氨酸 Methionine 蛋氨酸 Threonine 苏氨酸 Threonine 苏氨酸 Threonine 苏氨酸 Threonine 苏氨酸 ?
Cottonseed meal Lysine 赖氨酸 Peanut Meal 花生粕 Lysine 赖氨酸
Tryptophan Isoleucine Met + CYs Histidine Leucine Valine Arginine
.12 .46 .41 .22 .60 .48 .25
.12 .47 .45 .34 1.29 .61 .66
102.45 102.91 109.93 156.58 215.22 127.97 264.38
8.9 11.4 14.0 48.5 41.7 49.0 45.0 61.2
.23 .36 .61 3.10 1.70 1.45 1.26 4.74
2.58 3.16 4.35 6.40 4.07 2.96 2.80 5.62
Estimation of Limiting Amino Acids from Growth Data
氨基酸不平衡导致饲料采食量和生长速度下降
Performance of Chicks Fed Diets Formulated to a Lysine Requirement with Either an Imbalanced Protein or Crystalline Lysine
饲喂蛋白质不平衡或添加晶体赖氨酸日粮鸡的生长性能
蛋白质来源的价值取决于为动物提供可消化氨基酸的能力，化学评分是 评定蛋白价值的简单方法
Amino acid Lysine Threonine
Requirement, %
Provided Provided/ by diet, % Requirement, % .75 .50 67.17 .48 .44 93.39
Isoleucine
Leucine Valine Phe + Tyr
.390
.600 .415 .570
.360
.600 .410 .570
.360
.660 .450 .720
.335
.445 .355 .485
DL-Met + Cys
Threonine Proline Glycine L-glutamate Chung and Baker, 1992
蛋白质合成
Typical Grower Diet
Ingredient 组分 Corn
玉米
典型生长猪日粮
% 78.55
Soybean meal 豆粕 Dicalcium phospate
磷酸氢钙
19.05
1.25
Limestone 石粉 Trace mineral salt
微量元素盐
.74
.35
Vitamin premix
Total
总计
维生素
.10
100.00
The value of a protein source is dependent on its capacity to contribute digestible amino acids to the animal. The Chemical Score is a simple approach to assessing value
.420
.390 .200 .600 4.855
Introductory Facts:
Pigs do not require protein per se but rather the amino acids that make up protein
猪本身不需要蛋白质，而是需要组成蛋白质的氨基酸
Amino acids in the diet are provided by protein-containing feeds (corn, soybean meal, sorghum, fish meal etc)
.30
.60
Amino Acid Balance
氨基酸平衡
Amino acid balance refers to the proportional relationships among the amino acids
氨基酸平衡指氨基酸之间的比例关系
An amino acid imbalance reduces feed intake and growth rate.
这种平衡不能通过添加或替代而改善
From: M.F. Fuller, Rowett Res. Inst.
Variations on Ideal Protein 各种理想蛋白质
Amino Acid Patterns, % of Diet Item Lysine Arginine Histidine Tryptophan Illinois Final Protein .600 .290 .185 .095 Illinois Ideal protein .600 .250 .190 .110 Wang & Fuller Protein .600 .250 .190 .110 NRC (1989) Protein .600 .250 .155 .110
Introductory Facts:
Proteins are made up of amino acids 蛋白质由氨基酸组成 Amino acids are either essential (must be present in the diet) or nonessential (can be made by the animal).
棉籽粕
Fish meal 鱼粉
Tryptophan 色氨酸
?
Comparison of Amino Acid Sources (Lysine as a percent of total protein)
氨基酸来源的比较（赖氨酸占总蛋白质的百分比）
Item Pig 猪 Corn 玉米
Crude protein, % 15.0 8.5
Item Diet 1. Corn-soybean meal 2. Corn-sesame meal 3. As 2 + lysine
Growth Performance Lysine, Protein Gain, Gain/ % % g feed 1.10 20.3 243 .66
.56 1.10 20.3 20.3 68 222 .34 .61
Ingredient Corn 玉米 Opaque-2 Corn Barley 大麦 Wheat 小麦 Sorghum (milo) Soybean meal 豆粕
买罗高粱
First Lysine 赖氨酸 Tryptophan 色氨酸 Lysine 赖氨酸 Lysine 赖氨酸 Lysine 赖氨酸 Met + Cys 蛋＋胱
最少量被提供的氨基酸制约了动物的生产性能，这种氨基酸通常称作第一限 制性氨基酸
Amino acid Lysine
Requirement, %
Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Met + His Histidine Leucine Valine Arginine
Provided Provided/ by diet, % Requirement, % (First) 67.17 .75 .50 .48 .44 (Second) 93.39 .12 .12 102.45 .46 .47 102.91
所谓理想蛋白质，指日粮中的氨基酸组成完全符合猪的氨基酸需要，氨基酸之间完美 平衡。理想蛋白质的概Baidu Nhomakorabea由伊力诺大学Mitchell博士的实验室于1930年提出。
- An optimum balance of amino acids 氨基酸之间的最佳平衡 - Exactly in the proportions in which the amino acids are required by the pig 氨基酸之间的比例关系与猪所需要的氨基酸比例完全一致 - Fully utilizable 可被完全利用 - A balance that cannot be improved by addition or substitution
The performance of an animal can be no greater than that made possible by the amino acid in least supply. This is commonly called the first limiting amino acid
氨基酸分为必需（日粮中必须有） 和非必需（动物可自体合成）
The 10 essential amino acids are 十种必需氨基酸是:
- Lysine 赖氨酸 - Tryptophan 色氨酸 - Methionine 蛋氨酸 - Threonine 苏氨酸 - Valine 缬氨酸 - Leucine 亮氨酸 - Isoleucine 异亮氨酸 - Histidine 组氨酸 - Phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸 - Arginine 精氨酸
Lysine, % .75 .25
Lysine as % of protein 5.00 2.94
Sorghum 高粱 Wheat 小麦 Rice bran 米糠 Soybean meal 豆粕 Cottonseed meal 棉籽粕 Peanut meal 花生粕 Sesame meal 芝麻粕 Fishmeal 鱼粉