真心一篇不少版当代研究生英语课后cloze1-8翻译
当代研究生英语课后close 和课后部分翻译
第一单元There are two factors which determine an individual’s intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some be more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual—the sort of environment in which he brought up. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the lever of intelligence of which he is capable. The importance of environment in determining an individual’s intelligence can be demonstrate by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Johen. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolate community with poor educational opportunity. John, however, was educated in home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, When they were given tests to measure their intelligence. John’s I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother.第二单元Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in someinteresting discoveries. Scientists believe that a way to improve the power of the brain may soon be possible.Scientists have discovered that brain can make its own drugs. The brain contains a protein substance which can act directly on the brain to change aspects of mental activity. Some may change or improve, for example, creativity, intelligence, imagination, and good memory.Chemicals found in the brain carry message. In recent years scientists have found that chemicals that affect mood, memory and other happenings of the mind. About 25 have been found so far.Today the role of chemicals and protein substance in human behavior is creating much interest. Research seems to show that they may help control insomnia, pain, and mental illness. They have a great capacity to stimulate the brain to conquer deficiencies. They also improve the qualities of memory and learning already in the brain. They hold the secret to mood and emotion. Someday there may be a chemical way to create a better and more efficient brain.第三单元By measuring the amount of HIV’s genetic material in various representative tissue samples from infected people ,and extrapolating from these samples to the entire body ,Hasse estimates that at most 1 in 2500 cells, maybe fewer ,is infected with HIV. This is nowhere near enough for direct cell killing to amount for the depletion in theirnumbers that leads to AIDS.Hasse says that his own work now shows that large numbers of CD4 cells are becoming trapped in lymph tissue, and he believes that HIV also disrupts the production of new cells. In common with a number of other researchers , he also believe that HIV may cause the loss of uninfected CD4 cells by triggering abnormally high levers of cell suicide, or apoptosis—a separate process that has been a subject of research throughout the 1990s.Taken together , these findings clearly suggest that HIV keeps the immune system in a state of constant activation , and unbalances it in four ways :by trapping mature cells , by stopping the production of new cells ,by triggering abnormally high rates of apoptosis and by killing a small but significant number of new cells directly . Their combined impact leaves the immune system depleted and unable to cope with opportunistic infections.How will any of this affect treatment? Would better knowledge of the ways in which the virus disturbs the immune system enable researchers to rebuild it, broadening the depleted repertoire of CD4 cells? Roederer, at least, thinks that drugs that directly affect the immune system will be need.Others go further Jay Levy at the university of California ,San Francisco, worries that prolonged treatment with cocktails of antiviraldrugs might even the immune system and “put it to rest”, by keeping levels of HIV so low in the body that they fail to triggering any immune responses at all. This might make individuals who stop taking drugs even more vulnerable. He argues that immune—restoring treatments should be given alongside antiviral drugs. Already, some researchers are working on novel approaches such as developing genetically engineered T cells to replace lost CD4 cells.第四单元What is Globalization?Economic “globalization” is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological progress. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows. The term sometime also refers to the movement of people and knowledge across international borders. There are also broader culture, political and environmental dimensions of globalization that are not covered here.At its most basic, there is nothing mysterious about globalization. The term has come into common usage since the1980s, reflecting technological advances that make it easier and quicker to complete international transactions—both trade and financial lows. It refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity—villagemarkets, urban industries, or financial centers.Markets promote efficiency though competition and the division of labor—the specialization that allows people and economies to focus on what they do best. Global markets offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more and larger markets around the world. It means that they can have access to more capital flows, technology, cheaper imports, and larger export markets. But markets do not necessarily ensure that the benefits of increased efficiency are shared by all. Countries must be prepared to embrace the policies needed, and in the case of the poorest countries may need the support of the international community as they do so.第五单元Spinal CordsAgricultural and public-health experts in Britain find many other serious flaws in the government’s handling of the mad-cow epidemic. Officials waited 18 months after discovering the first cases of BSE to declare it a “notifiable” disease, requiring that all cases be reported to the authorities. They waited nearly three years to forbid use of cattle brains and spinal cords in food for humans. The government offered to compensate farmers for any suspected BES cases they destroyed –but at far less than the animal’s normal value, a rate that discouraged farmers from reporting the disease in their herds, according to critics. ”It could allhave been over in a month,” says Milstone. “It might have cost a few million pounds. But that’s a fraction of what it’s going to cost now.”Currie argues that the government likewise fumbled when it disclosed the possible link between CJD and mad-cow disease. ”If you are going to announce a health scare,” she says, “you have to announce at the same time what you are going to about it. ” The government has yet to announce any preventive measures beyond a few tightened restrictions, such as the ban on mammalian meat in cattle feed. Currie herself knows all too well how easy it is to start a public health panic; she left her post as health minister after helping touch off a scare in the winter of 1988-89 over the safety of British eggs and other farm products.第六单元Almost every American wears a watch, and, in nearly every room in an American home, there’s a clock. “Be on time.” “Don’t waste time.” “Time waits for no one.” All of these familiar sayings reflect the American obsession with promptness and efficiency. Students and employees disappoint their teacher and bosses when they arrive late. This desire to get the most out of every minute often affects behavior, making Americans impatient when they have to wait. The pressure to make every moment count sometimes makes it difficult for Americans to relax and do nothing. The desire to save time and handle work efficientlyoften leads Americans to buy many kinds of machines. These range from household appliances to equipment for the office, such as calculators, photocopy machines, and computers. One such machine is the video cassette recorder, which gives Americans a new kind of control over time. Baseball fans don’t have to miss the Sunday afternoon game on TV because of a family birthday party. They simply videotape it. Then, for them, the Sunday afternoon game occurs on Sunday evening.第七单元Intellectual property regimes coupled with trade regulations have serious implications for third world economies. Agricultural research has developed much faster on plants than animals. And there is insufficient reason to expect that if species patents on plants are upheld, the practices of granting such patents will be restricted to them. It seems from developments so far that the blitzkrieg is inching its way to higher life forms.Protection and enforcement strategies for plant-based technology are implemented through four different forms of intellectual property : utility plants, plant patents, plant variety protection certificates and trade secrets. Since patenting provides a broader range of protection and costs less, this has potential to be preferred means of protection plant-based inventions by private companies in the US. New utility patents form more aggressive property rights than ever existed inbiological material before.Utility patents can establish property rights in board classes of organisms in radically different species as long as the organisms have the same traits and functional properties. The Harvard oncomouse patent is actually an onco mammal patent. Harvard thus owns any mammal with any recombinant canner causing gene, inserted into any mammal or its ancestors at an embryonic stage. This allows biotechnicians to patent organisms they have never actually produced.Broadly worded patent rights, or the taking out of a larger number of patents effectively suppress competition through the threat of infringement suits. On a global scale this allows patents holders to exert control on the production of a variety of agricultural commodities leading to unprecedented competitive advantage. The enormity of this possibility has led to “biocolonial” concerns in the developing world.Utility patents also prohibit farmers from the common practice of saving and using seeds from previous crops or from breeding animals, as well as restricting research exemptions. This could create a barriers to further innovation. Most nations have in place a research exemption analogous to the fair use doctrine in copyright law.第八单元Shyness is the cause of unhappiness for a great many people. Shy people are anxious and self-conscious; that is, they are excessivelyconcerned with their own appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are constantly occurring in their mind: What kind of impression am I making? Do they like me? Do I sound stupid? Am I wearing unattractive clothes?It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must affect people adversely. A person’s self-concept is reflected in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other people’s reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives.Shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance that they are doing “the right thing”. Shy people are very sensitive to criticism; they feel it confirms their inferiority.They also find it difficult to be pleased by complements because they believe they are unworthy of praise. A shy person may respond to a compliment with a statement like this one: “You’re just saying that make me feel good. I know it’s not true.” It is clear that, while self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is harmful.Can shyness be completely eliminated, or at least reduced? Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determined and patient effort in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes hand in hand with lake of self-esteem, it is important for people to accept their weakness aswell as strengths. For example, most people would like to be “A” students in every subject. It is not fair for them to label themselves inferior because they have difficulty in some areas. People’s expectations of themselves must be realistic. Living on the impossible leads to a sense of inadequacy.Each one of us is a unique, worthwhile individual. We are interested in our own personal ways. The better we understand ourselves, the easier it becomes to live up to our full potential. Let’s not allow shyness to block our chances for a rich and fulfilling life.课后翻译Unit21. It took several years for the virus to break out of Congo′s dense and sparsely populated jungles but ,once it did ,it marched with rebel armies through the continentˊs numerous warzones, rode with truckers from one rest-stop brothel to the next ,and eventually flew, perhaps with an air steward, to America, where it was discovered in the early 1980s.译：几年之后此病毒从刚果荒蛮浓密的丛林中爆发出来。
当代研究生英语下册1-7单元TextA英汉对照版
UNIT 1 PASSAGES OF HUMAN GROWTH (I)1 A person’s life at any given time incorporates both external and internal aspects. The external system is composed of our memberships in the culture: our job, social class, family and social roles, how we present ourselves to and participate in the world. The interior realm concerns the meanings this participation has for each of us. In what ways are our values, goals, and aspirations being invigorated or violated by our present life system? How many parts of our personality can we live out, and what parts are we suppressing? How do we feel about our way of living in the world at any given time?1．一个人在每一特定时期内的生活都是由外部生活和内心生活这两个方面结合而成的。
外部生活是指我们在文明社会中的实际生活（对文明社会中实际活动的参与），其中包括我们的工作、社会地位、家庭生活、（担当的）社会角色、我们如何向社会展现自己，以及如何参与到社会中去等。
内心生活是指我们所参与的种种外部活动对我们个人产生的影响。
例如，我们目前的生活体系是符合我们的价值观、目标和理想呢，还是与之相违背? 我们的个性能在多大程度上得到发挥，还是受到某种程度的压抑? 在每一特定时期，我们对自己的生活方式又有何种感受?2 The inner realm is where the crucial shifts in bedrock begin to throw a person off balance, signaling the necessity to change and move on to a new footing in the next stage of development. These crucial shifts occur throughout life, yet people consistently refuse to recognize that they possess an internal life system. Ask anyone who seems down, “Why are you feeling low?” Most will displace the inner message onto a marker event: “I’ve been down since we moved, since I changed jobs, since my wife went back to graduate school and turned into a damn social worker in sackcloth,” and so on. Probably less than ten percent would say: “There is some unknown disturbance within me, and even though it’s painful, I feel I have to stay with it and ride it out.” Even fewer people would be able to explain that the turbulence they feel may have no external cause. And yet it may not resolve itself for several years.2．正是在人的内心世界这个领域中，一些重大的和基本的转变开始使人失去自我平衡，这就意味着必须进行调整，以步人人生发展的下一个阶段。
研究生基础综合英语unit1-8课后习题汉翻英.
翻译Unit 1李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。
老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。
老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。
李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。
Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonishedhim that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showedher trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma. otherwise, evenafter graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did notlose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake.Unit2我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育，既美丽又端庄，三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。
大学英语cloze翻译
UNIT 8Many people are hostile to daydreaming, believing that it can interfere with the pursuit of success. They consider that daydreamers will never amount to much in their chosen careers. Recently, however, some experts have begun to argue that indulging in fantasy can have positive benefits. Daydreaming of success, they claim, can contribute to success. One technique they recommend is to picture yourself as you wish to be. Holding this vision clearly in your mind supposedly helps you make it come true. Of course, you should not neglect necessary study or work because daydreaming cannot substitute for hard work. Merely relying on daydreaming will not help you attain your goal.很多人都敌视白日梦，相信它会阻碍成功的追求。
他们认为，daydreamers绝不会在自己选择的职业生涯量太多。
但最近，一些专家已经开始认为，沉迷在幻想能有正面助益。
成功的白日梦，他们声称，可以有助于成功。
他们推荐的一种技术，是把自己描绘为您希望的人。
《当代研究生英语》1-8单元翻译和课后答案.doc
Unit 1A: formerly, embrace, artificial, regulate, precisely, unwanted, extraneous, passionate, be targeted to, at hand, be sued forB: ACBDB BBACDUnit 2A.uncovered, concurred, accompanies, frustrated, stereotype, switching, dismissed, distracted,adapted, assume, probe, subordinateB.BADB ADACUnit 3A.intricate, approximately, earthquake, versatile, isolated, reverse, as well as, interdependent,multiply, live on, kill off, out of true, qualify, (not) at all, spontaneouslyB.DABCA BCABCUnit 4A.on, up, by, in, behind, behind, through, in, out, in, on, in, by, out, up, with, down, off, away, inB.prime, constantly, at regular intervals, at arm's length, come off, got over, yielded, be put intooperation, challenging, resort to, swarming with, take inUnit 5A.find out, community, convert, make sense, ecstasy, replace, more or less, at least, intractable,make outB.BDABC BCACACloze: quantitatively, make up, at least, unlikely, even if, greater than, common-sense, turn out to be, increases, in the direction of, complaints, the Theory of Relativity, close to, so far as, not only Unit 6A.acbacabbB.singaled, steer, stand out, stand up for, secondary, stand by, steered, pulled up, pulled into,expireUnit 7A.get the better of, futility, one-way, unnerve, unscramble, chaotic, haphazardness, catch, smog,flute, depressing, nil, random, distress, institution, congregateB.DBCAB CADBC CCUnit8A. 1. boom 2.hybrid 3. executive 4. returns 5. apart from 6. unparalleled 7. bringabout 8. stillborn 9. strategy 10. subsequent 11. figure out 12. leave overB. 1. C 2.D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.D 10. Bll.A 12.C新生的亿万富翁■1最近所呈现的技术进步，新商务的欣欣何荣，以及个人财富的急剧增长是过去25年中计算机产业形成的第三次，也是最令人瞩目的一次浪潮。
当代研究生英语1-8单元的cloze
当代研究生英语1-8单元的cloze1、There are two factors which determine an individual ’s intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born w ith .Human brains differ considerably, some being mor e capable than others . But no matter how good a brai n he has to begin with ,an individual will have a low or der of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn . So the second factor is what happens to the individual -the sort of environment in which he is brought up .If a n individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likel y that his brain will fail to develop and he will never att ain the level of intelligence of which he is capable. Th e importance of environment in determining an indivi d ual’s intelligence can be demonstrated by the case histo ry of the identical twins, Peter and John. When the twin s were three months old, their parents died, and they w ere placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared b y parents of low intelligence in an isolated communit y with poor educational opportunities. John, however , was educated in home of well-to-do parents who ha d been to college, This environmental difference contin ued until the twins were in their late teens, when the y were given tests to measure their intelligence. John’s IQ was 125,twenty-five points higher than the averag e and fully forty points higher than his identical brothe r.2、Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in s ome interesting discoveries. Scientists believe that a wa y to improve the power of the brain may soon be possi ble. Scientists have 1.discovered that the brain can mak e its own drugs. The brain contains a protein substanc e which can act directly on the brain to change aspect s of mental activity. Some may change orimprove, fo r example, creativity, intelligence, imagination, and go od memory. Chemicals found in the brain carry messag es .In recent years scientists have found chemicals tha t affect mood, memory and other happenings of the mi nd .About 25 have been found so far。
研究生综合英语1Cloze翻译
Unit 7 18岁之前，我们的座右铭响亮又清楚：“我必须要脱离我的父母。
”但是这些话却很少付诸于实践。
我们仍然是家庭的一份子，即使我们离开家去学校，我们仍能感到自主权时不时受到威胁。
18岁以后，我们开始急切的渴望摆脱家庭。
社会给我们提供了第一次能够往返于家庭和自己小天地来回穿梭的机会，上大学、服兵役和短途旅行都是最常见的途径。
为了把我们的世界观与我们家人的分离开，不管反对的呼声多么高，“我知道我想要的是什么”，我们都会为自己的信念据理力争。
我们四处寻找可以称之为属于我们的信仰。
而且在尝试这些信仰的过程中我们常常陷于狂热中，对那些我们的父母感到神秘和难以实现的信念有特别的偏好。
不管我们在这个世界中尝试建立怎样的暂时性的角色，有种担心害怕始终萦绕心头——因为自己还是孩子不能照顾好自己。
我们用反抗和假装的自信来掩饰这种害怕。
为了寻找能够取代父母的同盟者，我们向同龄人寻求帮助并与之行程同盟者。
只要他们的观点与我们自己的观点相吻合，他们就可能会成为取代家庭的庇护所，但那是不能持久的。
只要他们的观点与“我们的团队”的观点有哪怕一点点的分歧，他们就会被我们视为背叛者。
通常在18－22岁之间他们会重新返回家庭。
Unit 8 对于大多数人来说，工作是我们的生活的中心，是我们生活的主要方面。
我们将自己清醒时刻中的大部分放在了工作，为工作而准备以及上下班的来回穿梭中。
我们所做的这一切很大程度的决定了我们的生活标准，也在相当程度上决定了我们在同伴中获得的地位。
我们经常听到，因为休闲越来越重要，工作中的侮辱与不公就可以抛到九霄云外；因为大部分工作都是相当的难以忍受，所以从事这项工作的人为了弥补这种乏味，挫折及侮辱便会将希望寄托于生活中的其他方面。
我反对这种绝望消极的观点，因为在可预见的未来，在影响生活所能提供给人们的满意度方面，工作所能提供的物质和精神上的奖励以及工作的环境仍然将继续起到至关重要的作用。
然而只有一小部分人能够控制他们工作的节奏及他们工作的环境；也只有极少一部分人为工作提供创造性，想象力和主动性的空间。
英语1-8翻译
物化学家用物理学和化学的基本原理来解 决应用于化学界的基本问题：为什么有些 物质会和其他物质反应，然而却不和另一 种反应？一个特定的的化学反应的速度到 底有多快？一个反应可提供的能量是多少？
• • • • • •
单词 Dotted:adj. 星罗棋布的；有点的 Devise:vt. 设计；发明；想出；图谋 Synthesize:vt. 合成；综合 vi. 合成；综合 Substitute:n.代替者；代用品 Nonhazardous:adj. 非危险的；无毒害
Chemistry is a science that tries to understand the properties of substance and the changes that substance undergo.
化学是一门科学,它试图了解物质 的性质及其经历的变化。
It is concerned with substances that occur naturally—the minerals of the earth,the gases of air,the water and salts of the seas,the chemicals found in living creatures and also with new substances creatured by humans.
Society requires improved methods of pollution control, substitutes for scarce materials, nonhazardous means of disposing of toxic wastes, and more efficient ways to extract energy form fuels. Chemists are work in all these areas. 社会需要改善污染控制的方法, 社会需要改善污染控制的方法,替代稀缺的材 用安全的手段处理有毒废物， 料 ,用安全的手段处理有毒废物，提高有效的 方法从燃料中提取能量。 方法从燃料中提取能量。化学家正在这些领 域不断研究。
当代研究英语课后翻译中英文对照版(上下册)
上册Unit1The possibility of a real market-style evolution of governance is at hand.In cyberspace ,we'll be able to test and evolve rules governing what needs to be governed--intellectual property content and access control,Rules about privacy and free speech. Some communities will allow anyone in;others will restrict access to members who qualify on one basis or another.Those communities that prove self-sustaining will prosper(and perhaps grow and split into subsets with ever-more-particular interests and identities).Those that can't survive-either because people lose interest or get scared off--will simply wither away.一种真正的市场型管理模式很快成为可能。
在信息空间，我们将能够检验并完善所需要的管理制度----知识产权制度、服务内容与使用权的控制制度、个人隐私权与自由言论制度等。
有些群体允许任何人加入，而有些则只允许符合这样或那样条件的人加入。
能够自持的群体会兴旺发展（或许也会因为志趣与身份日趋特殊，而发展成为几个分支）。
有些群体或因为成员失去兴趣，或因为成员被吓跑而不能幸存下来，他们将渐渐萎缩消亡。
新时代研究生综合英语课本的1单元到9单元课文的翻译
put stock in workers‘ compensation agoraphobia blind spot Achilles‘ heel people skills relate to sb. office politics social intelligence put up a front wait out
Unit 1
• • • • • • • • • • •
Avoid the Top Ten Reasons People Fail
• • • • • • • • • • • • take time to do get sb. down make the best of chronic failure Corporate America corporate life work one‘s way up New American Library Jaws grand opening an honest mistake out of whack
blind spot
• Blind spot (vision), also known as the physiological blind spot, the specific scotoma in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light-detecting photoreceptor cells on the optic disc • Blind spot (automobile), areas of the road that cannot be seen while looking forward or through either the rear-view or side mirrors in an automobile • Blind spot (psychology), subject about which you are ignorant or prejudiced and fail to exercise good judgment • －Golf is one of his blind spots and he's proud of it.
研究生英语教材课文翻译1-6单元
' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope. 'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck of 1935.' 十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道：“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。请来看看那古老 的灯塔和 1935 年失事的大轮船残骸吧。” Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnifi要ce十nt.便 士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海 湾的景色确实壮丽。 Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the beach, and a
多么严重。” 'Fi y years ago to-night, no light appeared in the tower, and only at two o'clock in the morning did the beam
suddenly start to flash out its warning again. 'The next morning the light was s ll visible. The storm had almost bl own itself out, so a relief boat set out to inves gate. A grim discovery awaited the crew . The men's living-room w as in a horrifying state. The table was over-turned: a pack of playing cards was sca ered everywhere: bloodstains splashed the floor. The relief men climbed the winding stair to the lantern room and there discovered Mar n's bo dy, crouched beside the burning lamp. He had been stabbed and was dead. Two days later, Blake's body was wash ed up. scratched, bruised, and terribly injured.
当代研究生英语（外研社）英语课文翻译
第一单元CYBERSPACE: IF YOU DON’T LOVE IT , LEA VE IT1 美国人的内心深处具有一种酷爱探索新领域的气质。
我们渴求宽敞的场地，我们喜欢探索，喜欢制定规章制度，却不愿去遵守。
在当今时代，却很难找到一块空间，可以供你任意驰骋，又不必担心影响你的邻居。
2 确实有这样一个空间，那就是信息空间。
这里原本是计算机迷的游戏天地，但如今只要想像得到的各类人群应有尽有，包括少年儿童、轻佻的单身汉、美籍匈牙利人、会计等。
问题是他们都能和睦相处吗？人们是否会因为害怕孩子们躲在卧室里看网上的淫秽图片而将它封杀？3 首先要解决的问题是，什么是信息空间。
我们可以抛开高速公路、前沿新领域等比喻，把信息空间看作一个巨大的庄园。
请记住，庄园是人们智慧的结晶，是合法的、人工营造的氛围，它建立在土地之上。
在庄园里，公园和商业中心、红灯区与学校、教堂与杂货店都能区分开来。
4 你可以用同样的方法把信息空间想像为一个巨大的、无边无际的虚拟庄园。
其中有些房产为私人拥有并已租出，有些是公共场所；有的场所适合儿童出入，而有些地方人们最好避开。
不幸的是，正是这些应该避开的地方使得人们心向神往。
这些地方教唆你如何制造炸弹、为你提供淫秽材料、告诉你如何窃取信用卡。
所有这些使信息空间听起来像是一个十分肮脏的地方。
正直的公民纷纷作出这样的结论：最好对它严加管理。
5 但是，在利用规章制度来反击下流之举之前，关键是从根本上理解信息空间的性质。
恶棍并不能在信息空间抢走毫无提防之心的儿童；信息空间也不像一台巨大的电视机，向不情愿的观众播放令人作呕的节目。
在信息空间这座庄园里，用户对他们所去之处、所见所闻、所做所为都要作出选择，一切都出于自愿。
换句话说，信息空间是个出入自便的地方，实际上，信息空间里有很多可去之处。
人们不能盲目上网，必须带着具体的目标上网。
这意味着人们可以选择去哪个网址、看什么内容。
不错，规章制度应该在群体内得以实施，但这些规章制度必须由信息空间内各个群体自己来制定，而不是由法庭或华盛顿的政客们来制定。
研究生综合英语课文译文及课后练习答案(3)
研究生综合英语课文译文及课后练习答案第一课Text A 自由落体[1] 直到动身的那一天，我才感到告别和真正离家对我所产生的影响，这使我比闹钟预定的时间提前一小时醒来。
那时，我那金色的爱犬米西最后一次用力地舔了我一下表示问候。
以前她那么做时，我厌烦得要命，不过那天，我张开双臂把她搂在怀里，深情地慢慢抚摸着她。
此时，她那悲伤的眼神与我四目相对，她那绸缎般的皮毛摸上去比平常更加柔滑。
当然直到告别那天，我才注意到爱犬的这些特点，这令我更加难舍难离。
[2] 一整天都是这样：我突然感到自己将会怀念许多人和事。
我变得多愁善感起来，因为要与那些我早已习以为常的人说再见——那些常我工作的饭馆里的顾客，那些我好像从来都找不到时间和他们说话的人。
我不得不离开我所有的朋友，还有我总想“某天去认识”的同学。
最重要的是，我将被迫与生我养我的人分别。
[3] 突然间，我那些渴望独立和自由的豪言壮语变成了可怕的现实。
我曾经说过我了不起，就要上一所名校，现在我开始感到了这些大话的压力。
没什么了不起。
我曾经是那么急不可待地盼望这一天的到来，而现在，这一天终于到来了，我却感到自己好像并不想走了，我想那可能是因为我要到一所离家有6小时车程的大学去上学的缘故。
[4] 事实上，在我决定要离家的时候，我所有的个人问题仿佛都烟消云散了，我才不在乎呢，反正我要走了。
我要向每个人表明我想走————而且，上帝作证，我整装待发。
然而，这一天到来了，我不知道自己是否真正做好了出发的准备。
[5] 老爸和继母要送我去学校，不过，我要首先和妈妈告别。
谁都知道离婚不是件容易的事。
那天早上我和妈妈一起吃了饭，她当时立刻就谈起我过去的一些经历来，还谈到了她第一年离家上大学的一些事情，比如零乱的宿舍、腼腆的室友、一些艺术史课。
她说得那么详细，那么热情，以至于我清楚地感到大学生活会给人留下多么深刻的印象。
后来，我们又谈到了我到学校后可能会发生的事情————与我同住一层的家伙会是什么样，我多么希望教室不会在校园的另一侧，我是否会因为吃食堂的饭而发胖。
当代研究生英语cloze英文全文1-8
●(1)The web magazine From the Window contains poetry and literature from well-know writers across the global. There are thoughtful articles analyzing the state of the world we live in. There is even a piece from the Secretary General of the United States, Kofi Annan. It may come as some surprise to find out that the editor of the magazine is a 12-year-old girl, Joy Nightingale.From the window won Joy Nightingale the first prize in the 1999 childnet international and Cable and Wireless awards. These are given annually for the best use of the Internet by and for young people. And they highlight one of the most welcoming aspects of the virtual world. Children have taken to the Internet as though they are born surfing.Perhaps this is because adults have had to change their understanding of technology while children simply accept it as natural. Whatever the reason, children can be found building websites an E-mailing friends across the world while adults are still asking:” Tell me again-where exactly is cyberspace？”Of course there is growing concern about the fact that Children can travel far away from parental supervision in cyberspace. In response, many parents have installed software packages which pervert access to violent or pornographic websites. Childnet is taking a more positive line. The website is a gateway to a world of education and entertainment.The rapid growth in Internet culture has led analysts to speculate that society will soon be divided between the “information rich” and “information poor”. For Childnet it is especially important that children at the margins of society through poverty or disability have the chance to take their place as equal citizens in the virtual world.●(2)When you can e-mail your colleagues from the comfort of your garden, there is no need to suffer an uncomfortable journey just to speak to them. If you need an important document, it can be faxed via satellite to your mobile phone, and viewed on laptop computer. You can receive the document almost immediately, even from another continent. Since the price of technology gets lower every day, ownership of the means of production becomes a reality.Having bought the computer, mobile phone,fax machine, Internet connection and printerthat are their only material tools,telecommuters become true electricpeasants.Living and working in the sameenvironment like traditional peasant farmers,they do not till the soil with their hands butgrow services from fertile resources of theirminds.With no fancy office on the twenty-fifthfloor, however, the micro-entrepreneur canhave trouble proving his or her credentials.Rightly or wrongly, people respond to statussymbols like big offices in smart building.” Ifthe company can afford all this,” people think,“it must be doing pretty well.” But faced withone person doing business from a room athome, clients are tempted to think that theircontact is not such a big-shot after all. But isit necessarily true that a central location anda large office make a better worker?In fact, studies show that homeworkersare actually more disciplined aboutcompleting tasks and indeed work longerhours than their colleagues in the office. Likethe traditional peasant who owned his land,they feel that they own their work.Furthe rmore they aren’t tied to schedulebut work when it suits them. If that meanstaking an hour or two to play with thechildren and then staying up until midnight tofinish a presentation, the net result is ahappier worker who has completed the task.●(3)，when 1998 began, east africashould have been at its most beautiful:normally the short rainy season ends indecember, the rivers subside（褪去）, and thecountry sparkles; farmers raise crops,animals graze, tourists（旅行者）go onsafaris. But this year was different. The rainswere heavy and long. The water spread outfor miles in places in kenya and somalia,cutting off villages and forcing herders tocrowd with their livestock（畜生）onto a fewpatches of dry land. Things quickly turnedugly, camels ,cows, sheep, and goat allstarted dying of violent(强烈) fevers. Somepeople, too, began to get sick. Some wenttemporarily(暂时的) blind; others beganbleeding uncontrollably.The disease was rift valley fever, causedby an obscure mosquitoborns virus. It popsup every few years in africa when standingwater encourages mosquito eggs to hatch –this year`s huge floods brought a spectacularoutbreak（壮观的爆发）. According to officialestimates, at least 89000 people caught thedisease. Two hundred died, but then thedisease is not ususlly fatal（致命）to humans.Animal losses, however, were almostcertainly vast- owners reported losing up to90 percent of their herds.Yet catastrophic（灾难）as the eastafrican floods were, they had to jostle争夺for the world`s attention with other cases ofstrange weather – with unusual occurrencesof droughts, fires, rains, cold snaps, and heatwaves. Every year brings its own grab bag ofsuch anomalies（异常）, but this year manyof them could be link to a phenomenon in theempty expanses of the equatorial pacific – achange in the ocean currents and winds thatbegan in the early months of 1997 and thataltered weather patterns around the world.The change in the weather was, of course,the work of ei nino.By the end of 1997,ei nino had alreadybecome a celebrity of sorts. In 1998,however, ei nino`s on the world came intofull flower. It helped make the year thehottest ever recorded. In addition to（出什么之外）rifu balley fever, ei nino has beenlinked to an upsurge in diseases ranging fromcholera to malaria to denguefever ,in kenya,canmbodia, peru, and other countriesscattered around the globe.●(4)We may roughly classify thespeakers of English into two groups: one inwhich the speakers use English as theirnative language, the other in which thespeakers learn English as a second languagefor the purpose of education, commerce, andso on. In the former group we, obviously,would include England, Canada, the UnitedStates, Australia, and New Zealand. Naturally,not all people in these countries speakEnglish natively, but a large majority do. Inthe latter group, we would include, amongothers, India, Denmark, Kenya, Burma,Turkey, Ethiopia, and the Philippines. Not allthese countries use English for the samepurpose. Each of them uses English for important social and commercial activities.English also serves as an international second language. It is one of the important languages of commerce. Its use in international diplomacy is strengthened by its acceptance as one of the official languages of the United Nations. English is also the language of the majority of technical materials in the world; therefore, many people heavily rely on English to communicate with people of similar training and interests.Learning a second language extends one’s vision and expands the mind. Looking at the world or oneself through a different language system shows the limits of one’s own perception and adds new dimensions to familiar objects or events. A second language teaches us different ways of labeling and organizing our experiences. The history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional lives of a people and their culture; knowledge of them adds to our ability to understand and to feel as they feel. Learning English as a second language provides another means of communication through which the window of the entire English speech community becomes a part of your heritage.●(5)It is an astonishing fact that there are laws of nature, rules that summarize conveniently-not just qualitatively but quantitatively-how the world works. We might imagine a universe in which there are no such laws, in which the 1080 elementary particles that make up a universe like our own behave with utter and uncompromising abandon. To understand such a universe we would need a brain at least as massive as the universe. It seems unlikely that such a universe could have life and intelligence, because beings and brains require some degree of internal stability and order. But even if in a much more random universe there were such beings with an intelligence much greater than our own, there could not be much knowledge, passion or joy.Fortunately for us, we live in a universe that has at least important parts that are knowable. Our common-sense experience and our evolutionary history have prepared us to understand something of the workaday world.When we go into other realms, however,common sense and ordinary intuition turn outto be highly unreliable guides. It is stunningthat as we go close to the speed of light ourmass increases indefinitely, we shrink towardzero thickness in the direction of motion, andtime for us comes as near to stopping as wewould like. Many people think that this is silly,and every week or two I get a letter fromsomeone who complains to me about it. But itis virtually certain consequence not just ofexperiment but also of Albert Einstein’s brilliantanalysis of space and time called Theory ofRelativity. It does not matter that these effectsseem unreasonable to us. We are not in thehabit of traveling close to the speed of light.The testimony of our common sense is suspectat high velocities.The idea that the world placesrestrictions on what humans might do isfrustrating. Why shouldn’t we be able to haveintermediate rotational positions? Why can’twe travel faster than the speed of light? Butso far as we can tell, this is the way theuniverse is constructed. Such prohibitions notonly press us toward a little humility; theyalso make the world more knowable.●(6)Philip's father was reading, and hismother, with the marvellous serenity of olderpeople, was clearing the table. She hadfinished week's work, had bathed, and herlong, black hair, washed and combed, hungin a neat shining knot. Philip too was reading,but pages remained unturned. Philipsupposed it often happened that children hadno intimate knowledge of their parents. Hiswas also distant. That was because he didnot understand them; they were strange tohim and often even unreal. What had theybeen when they were my age, he wondered.Was it possible that they had been once boyand girl? What had their courtship beenwhen they were young? What could happenwhen the time came for them to die? It wasdifficulty to imagine that they had beenyoung once, or indeed that they had evenbeen other than as he saw them now.Yet there was an old picture of hismother, taken over thirty years ago. OftenPhilip gazed at his mother as she was yearsago, deeply impressed and wondering at theyoung, fine face with sad innocent eyes. Hecould never picture his mother as a girl, andhere she was, soft, feminine, and really lovely.At those times, too, Philip thought of earlierdays when he himself had been younger andwatched his mother in her bedroom brushher hair or powder her face. Once heexamined her box of face powder. The coverwas printed in soft grey-blue colours, and thedesign was of blossoms and leaves delicatelyintermingled, and the French words held amysterious charm. Pussy-willow, the box said.Fascinated, he used to say to himself,pussy-willow, pussy-willow, hardly knowingwhat exactly those silky syllables meant.Later, as often in such cases, walking or at atheatre, thinking of other matters, thechance scent of powder would bing back thememory of his mother in those days.While Philip might have had difficulty invisualizing his parents' younger days, theyhad had them, of course, and it was thisrealization, as he contemplated them over hisbook on that Friday evening, that saddenedhim. For their youth was gone, they were oldnow, and when something was gone it madeno difference whether you had ever had it ornot. It was truly as thougt it had never been.A memory was unsatisfying solace. Hismother, in speaking of herself, would oftensay with wry humour, "Downhill. We're goingdownhill now." They had been young, theywould soon come to die, and it would all befinished, a drop of water losing its identity inthe sea.●(7)I have always disliked being a man.The whole idea of manhood in america ispitiful, a little like having to wear an ill-fittingcoat for one`s entire life. Even theexpression be a man .strikes me as insulting无礼的and abusive粗鲁的. It means: bestupid愚蠢的, be unfeeling, obedient andsoldierly, and stop thinking. Man meansmanly –how can one think about menwithout considering the terrible ambition抱负of manliness男子汉? And yet it is part ofevery man`s life. It is a hideous丑恶的andcrippling lie; it not only insists on坚持difference and connives纵容at superiority, itis also by its very nature destructive-emotionally damaging and socially harmful.The youth who is subverted, as most are,into believing in the masculine男性的ideal is effectively separated from women – it is the most savage tribal logic – and he spends the rest of his life finding women a riddle and a nuisance. Of course, there is a female version 版本of this male affliction. It begins with mothers encouraging little girls to say (to other adults), “do you like my new dress?” In a sense从某种意义上讲, girls are traditionally urged to鼓励please adults with a kind of coquettishness, while boys are enjoined to behave like monkeys toward each other. The 9-year-old coquette proceeds to进行become womanish in a subtle power game in which she learns to be sexually indispensable, socially decorative and always alert to a man`s sense of inadequacy.Femininity-being ladylike- implies needing a man as witness and seducer; but masculinity celebrates the esclusive company of men. That is why it is so grotesque奇怪; and that is also why there is no manliness without inadequacy – becarse it denies 否决men the natural friendship of women.It is very hard to imagine any concept of manliness that dose not belittle women, and it begins very early. At an age when I wanted to meet girls –let`s say the treacherous years of 13 to 16 – I was told to take up a sport, get more fresh air, join the boy scouts, and I was urged not to read so much.(8)Late next century, when scholars are scripting the definitive history of the PC, these last few years of high-octane growth may actually be depicted as the Dark Ages. Historians will marvel at how we toiled in front of monolithic, beige BUBs (big ugly boxes), suffering under the oppressive glare of cathode-ray tubes while our legs scraped against the 30-pound towers beneath our desks.They may also mark 1999 as the start of the PC renaissance, when manufacturers finally started to get it: design matters. This holiday season, computer shoppers will enjoy unprecedented variety in shapes, sizes and colors-and not just in Apple’s groundbreaking line of translucent iMacs and iBooks. Nearly every major PC maker now has innovative desktop designs on the way to market, from hourglass-sculpted towers to flat-panel displays with all the processing innards packed into the base. Among industrial designers, who still think the PC has a long way before you’ll want to display it on your mantle, the only question is, what took so long?”the PC industry has ridiculed design for a long time,”says Hartmut Esslinger, founder of Frog Design. “They have not respected their customers and have underestimated their desires.”PC makers are finally catching on-and it’s partly out of desperation. Manufacturers used to sell computers by trumpeting their techno bells and whistles, like processor speed and memory. But since ever-faster chips have given us more power on the desktop than we could ever possible use, computer makers have been competing on price-astrategy that has dropped most units below $1,000 and slashed profits. Last week IBM limped from the battlefield, announcing it would pull its lagging Aptiva line from store shelves and sell it only on the Web. Competing only on proce”made an industry shakeout inevitable”,says Nick Donatiello, president of the marketing research firm Odyssey.。
全新版大学英语第二版4课后答案cloze翻译中英文
全新版大学英语第二版4课后答案cloze翻译中英文Unit1.Cloze 1:When hilter decided to launch his (1) invasion of russia .he thought that nothing could (2) stand in the way of his armies.(3) Conquest,it seemed,was inevitable . He had surprise on his side , (4) catching Stalin off his guard by (5) launching his attack without a (6) declaration of war.Hitler expected the (7) campaign to last only a few months. In the event ,it was to (8) drag on for much longer.Like Napoleon beforehim ,he had made a fatal mistake in failing to (9) reckon with the severity of the Russian weather.Many German soldiers were to die from the cold as winter set in, (10) bringing the German advence to a halt.Translation1) . Mr. Doherty and his family are currently engaged in getting the autumn harvest in on the farm. 多贝蒂先生和他的家人目前正在农场忙于秋收。
( be engaged in doing in )2) . We must not underestimate the enemy. They are equipped with the most sophisticated weapons. 我们不能低估敌人，他们装备了最先进的武器。
研究生 基础综合英语 课后题翻译1-8单元
1) Our youngest, a world-class charmer, did little to develop his intellectual talents but always got by. Until Mrs. Stifter.我的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷，学习不怎么动脑筋却总能蒙混过关。
直到施蒂夫特太太当了他的老师，这种局面才彻底改变了。
2) No one seems to stop to think that — no matter what environments they come from —most kids don’t put school first on their list unless they perceive something is at stake.似乎没有人停下来想想看，无论孩子们来自何种环境，他们当中大多数若不是发现情况到了危急关头，才不会把功课当作头等大事呢。
3) Of average intelligence or above, they eventually quit school, concluding they were too dumb to finish.这些学生智力水平至少也算中等，但最终都退学了，他们总结说自己太笨，学不下去了。
4) Young people generally don’t have the maturity to value education in the same way my adult students value it.年轻人往往不够成熟，不会像我的成人学生们那样重视教育。
5) It is an expression of confidence by both teachers and parents that the students have the ability to learn the material presented to them.这表明老师和家长都对学生有信心，相信他们能够学好发给他们的学习材料。
当代研究生英语下册课后翻译
UNIT 11、During each of these passages, how we feel about our way of living will undergo subtle changes in four areas of perception. One is the interior sense of self in relation to others. A second is the proportion of safeness to danger we feel in our lives. A third is our perception of time—do we have plenty of it, or are we beginning to feel that time is running out? Last, there will be some shift at the gut level in our sense of aliveness or stagnation. These are the hazy sensations that compose the background tone of living and shape the decisions on which we take action.在这些变化和转折中，我们对生活方式的看法要经历四个感知方面的微妙变化：第一，通过与他人比较（交往）形成的自我意识（对自己的看法）；第二，在生活的各种威胁面前所具有的安全程度（的变化）；第三是我们时间的认识，是感到来日方长，还是开始感到时日无多? 最后是对自己的精力和活力的直觉意识，是感到精力充沛，还是感到力不从心? 这些都是在我们内心里产生的若明若暗的感觉，它构成了我们生活的基调，影响着我们（作为）采取行动前的（依据的）种种决定。
2、The tasks of this passage are to locate ourselves in a peer group role, a sex role, an anticipated occupation, an ideology or world view. As a result, we gather the impetus to leave home physically and the identity to begin leaving home emotionally.人生这一阶段的任务是，在同龄人中、在性别角色中、在期望的职业中、以及化思想意识和世界观方面确立自己的位置。
研究生英语Cloze翻译
Unit1天生的冲浪者网络杂志《视窗》收录了全球知名作家的诗歌和文学作品。
其中有许多发人深思的文章是分析我们所生活的这个世界的现状的。
这里甚至有来自联合国秘书长科菲·安南的一篇。
当发现这本杂志的编辑时一位年近12岁，名叫乔伊·南丁格尔的小女孩时，这也许会让我们大吃一惊。
1999年，《视窗》为乔伊·南丁格尔赢得了由国际儿童网，有线网和无线网共同举办的大奖赛的一等奖，这些奖项每年颁发一次，颁给那些能最充分利用儿童网络的年轻人和孩子们。
同时，这些奖项突出了虚拟世界最受欢迎的一面。
孩子们已经爱上了互联网就好像他们是天生的冲浪者。
也许这是因为大人们必须改变他们对技术的理解而孩子们却能很自然的接受它。
无论什么原因，当孩子们开始建立网站，通过E-mail在世界范围内交朋友时，大人们还在问：“再告诉我一遍，信息空间到底是在哪里？”诚然，孩子们在信息空间能够远远地摆脱父母的监督，这个事实正越来越多的受到关注。
相应地，许多父母已经安装了能够阻止孩子进入暴力或色情网站的软件包。
儿童网站正在采取更为积极的措施，这个网站是孩子们通过教育和培养世界的一个入口。
互联网文化的快速增长已经使分析家们开始考虑：社会将很快被分为“信息富足”和“信息贫瘠”的二元化社会。
对于儿童网络来说，尤其重要的是那些由于贫困或伤残而生活在社会边缘的孩子们能有机会作为与普通孩子平等的公民身份在虚拟的世界中占有自己的一席之地。
Unit2你可以在你那舒适的花园给你的朋友发电子邮件而不需要再在经受一场让人身心疲惫的旅程之后才能够同朋友交谈。
如果你需要一份重要的文件，你可以在你的笔记本电脑上接收到通过卫星传输的文件。
就算你在另一个国家，你也可以理解接收到这个文件。
随着技术的价格逐日降低，拥有有关互联网络的工具也成为可能。
把电脑、移动电话、传真机、联网设备以及打印机买回家以后，远程办公的人变成了货真价实的电子农民。
像其他传统的农民一样生活与工作都在一个相同的环境下，远程办公的人虽然不需要用自己的双手去耕种土地，但他们要用自己脑中所储备的丰富的资源来提供服务。
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1.网络杂志《世界之窗》收录了世界各地知名作家的诗篇和文学作品。
那些富有思想的文章分析了我们所居住的世界。
甚至有一篇是联合国秘书长安南所作。
令人惊奇的是，这本杂志的编辑时一位12岁的小姑娘，乔•南丁格尔。
《世界之窗》 使乔•南丁格尔赢得了1999年国际儿童网络奖一等奖。
这个奖是颁给每年利用网络最好的年轻人的。
并且，他们使网络空间里最受欢迎的方面更加突出。
孩子们已经养成了上网的习惯，就像他们天生会网上冲浪一样。
也许，当成年人不得不改变他们对技术的理解时，孩子们却很自然的接受了它。
不管什么原因，孩子们通过网络能够发现正在建设的网站和电子邮件朋友，儿大人们却还在问： “告诉我，网络空间到底在哪？” 当然，在网络空间里，孩子们远离父母监管的事实收到日趋的关注。
对此，很多家长都已安装了阻止孩子们进入暴力和色情网站的软件包。
儿童网在这一方面也做了积极的努力。
网络开启了通往教育和娱乐世界的一扇大门。
网络文化的迅速发展已经致使分析家做出推测：社会很快会被分成“信息富有”和“信息贫乏”两个部分。
在虚拟世界里，因贫穷和伤残而处在社会边缘的孩子们有机会取得和正常人平等的地位，这一点对儿童网站来说尤其重要。
2.当你在舒适的花园中给同事发邮件时，就不必仅仅为了告诉他们而去忍受劳顿的旅程了。
如果你需要一份重要文件，它可以通过卫星信号传真到你手机上，然后你就可以在笔记本电脑上看见它。
即使在大洋彼岸，你也能立刻收到文件。
随着科技产品间隔的日趋降低，拥有这些电子产品已成为现实。
远程工作者一旦购买了电脑，手机，传真机，网络连接器，打印机等工具时，他们就成了真正的电子农民。
这些人与传统农民一样，生活和工作在相同的环境中。
不同的是，他们不再用双手耕种土地，而是用丰富的脑力资源去提供服务。
然而，小企业家如果没有高楼大厦中奢华的办公室，他们就很难去证明自己的身份。
不管对与错，人们总是认为摩天大楼中的超大办公室是身份地位的象征。
人们总认为：如果一个公司能够支付这些开销，那么这个公司肯定相当不错。
但是，当面对一个在家办公的人时，顾客总是认为他们毕竟不是在跟那样的名人联系。
但是，有一个办公中心和超大型办公室就会有好的员工，这样的观点总是正确的吗？ 事实上，研究表明，那些在家办公的人更自律的完成工作，也确实比他们那些在办公室的同事工作时间更长。
像传统的农民一样，他们有自己的土地，他们认为这是他们的工作。
进一步讲，他们不愿被工作束缚，他们想在合适的时间工作，如果那样的话，就意味着他们可以画一两个小时去陪小孩玩耍，然后熬夜到很晚去完成工作，最终的结果是：员工是幸福的，而且又完成了工作。
3.1998年伊始，东非本应该在它最美丽的时节：短暂的雨季正常情况下在12月结束，河水回落，乡村生机盎然，农民在种植玉米，动物在草地上啃着青草，游客们在狩猎。
但是，这一年不一样了，雨季很长而且雨量很大，大水在肯尼亚和索马里境内绵延数十里， 是村庄与外界隔绝并且迫使牧人们将他们的牲畜赶到仅有的一小块干地上去。
情况很快变得更糟，骆驼，牛，绵羊和山羊开始死于高热。
一些人也开始得病，其中一些人短暂性失明，而另外一些人却流血不止。
这种病叫裂谷热，是由一种靠蚊虫传播的不知名的病毒引起的。
当死水促使大量蚊虫卵孵化时，这种病每隔几年就在欧洲爆发。
这一年，特大洪水导致了这种病的大爆发，据官方统计，至少有89000人感染。
虽然有200人死亡，但这种病通常不会对人造成致命威胁。
但是，动物的损失量几乎可以说是很大的。
牧民报告说损失量达到了牧群的90%。
东非的洪水时灾难性的。
它和其他情况的异常天气共同引起了全世界的注意。
比如：干旱，大火，暴雨，冰冻和热浪。
每年带来这种异常天气的几率就像中彩票一样。
但是今年，许多怪异的天气都和赤道附近，太平洋大部分地区的一种现象有关。
这些地区洋流和风向的转变始于 1997 年的前几个月，并且它们改变了整个世界的天气模式。
当然，这种天气的转变就是厄尔尼诺的杰作。
到 97年底，厄尔尼诺勉强算是一种不知名的现象。
然而到了1998年，厄尔尼诺对全世界的影响达到了顶峰，它使 1998 年成为有史以来最热的一年。
除了裂谷热，厄尔尼诺还和一些疾病的猛增联系起来，这些疾病从伤寒到疟疾再到登革热，在肯尼亚，柬埔寨，秘鲁和其他国家传播，并蔓延到了全球。
4、我们可以粗略的将说英语的人分成两类，一类是把英语当成母语的人，另一类是为了学习、商贸等目的而学习英语。
在前者，我们明显应该将，英国，加拿大，美国，澳大利亚和新西兰包括在内。
当然不是所有这些国家的人都将英语作为母语，而是大部分是这样。
后者我们应该将印度，丹麦，肯尼亚，缅甸，土耳其，埃塞俄比亚，和菲律宾包括在内。
所有这些国家并不为了同样的目的使用英语。
但他们每一个使用英语都为了重要的社会和商贸活动。
英语也充当了一个国际外语。
它是重要的商贸用语之一。
它在国际外交中的使用因为联合国将它接受为为官方用语之一而得到加强。
英语也是世界上大部分科学文件材料使用的语言；因此，很多人强烈依赖英语去和类似专业和兴趣的人交流。
学习外语使人开阔视野并且扩展思维。
通过一个不同的语言系统来看待这个世界或自己，显示出一个人自己感知能力的局限性，给相同的事物或事件增加了新的视角。
外语教给我们用不同的方式去分类和组织我们的经验。
外语版的历史记录或者文学作品或真实或虚构的记录了一个人的生活这是他们的文化；它们记录的知识能增加我们了解和体会他们感受的能力。
将英语作为外语来学习提供了交流的另一个途径，整个使用英语的人群通过它变成了我们财富的一部分。
5.自然法则不仅定性而且定量的对世界是如何运作的做出了方便的总结，这是一个令人十分惊讶的事实。
我们可以想象这样一个宇宙，在那里有像组成我们的宇宙一样的1080个基本粒子杂乱无章的运行着。
去理解这样一个宇宙，我们需要有一个像宇宙一样巨大的大脑。
在这样的宇宙里有人和生命存在似乎是不可能的，因为生物和人类的存在需要一定程度的内不稳定和秩序。
然而，记时在这样一个混乱的宇宙中又比我们更有智慧的生物存在，它们却不能像我们一样拥有这么多的知识，激情和快乐。
对我们来说幸运的是，我们生活的宇宙至少重要部分是可知的。
我们的常识和进化史位我们了解我们生活的宇宙做好了准备。
然而，当我们进入另一个领域，我们的常识和直觉将是非常不可靠的。
令人吃惊的是，当我们接近光速时，我们的质量会无限增加，在我们运动的方向上我们的厚度将会缩小为零，并且时间也会像我们所希望的那样几乎停止。
许多人认为这是荒谬的。
每隔一两周我都会收到抱怨这一理论的信。
然而实际上这不仅仅是实验所得出的结论，而是爱因斯坦关于时间和空间的精彩分析，即相对论。
尽管这些结果对我们来说是不合理的。
这不重要，我们还没有习惯于接近光速的旅行。
据我们的常识，这样告诉的旅行是被质疑的。
宇宙将会对人们的行为有所限制，这个观点是令人沮丧的。
为什么我们不能有居于中间的旋转位置？为什么我们不能以超过光速的速度运动呢？但据我们所知，这是宇宙的造物方式，这些限制是人类显得更加卑微，而且也让世界更加可知。
6. 菲利普的父亲在读书，他母亲在清理桌子，笼罩在一片老年人所特有的安详的宁静之中。
她已经洗了澡，她那长长的黑头发洗过，梳的整整齐齐，束在一个闪闪发亮的发扣里。
菲利普自己也在读书，但他的书一直都没有再翻。
他在想，是否是这么回事，孩子们通常不会对自己的父母有清晰的了解。
他自己的情况就是这样。
那是因为，他不了解他们，他们对他来说有时甚至是奇怪的、不真实的。
他们在我这个年龄时在做什么？他想知道。
有没有可能使他们重回青春时代？他们当年恋爱的情形是怎样的？如果他们去世，会怎么样？很难想象他们会再一次年轻，也很难想象他们此刻以外的任何时候的样子。
曾经有一张母亲的照片，三十年以前照的。
菲利普对这张老照片印象非常深刻。
他长久地看照片上的女子，看她那年轻、姣好的面容，以及那双忧郁无邪的眼睛。
他永远无法把母亲刻画成一个少女的样子，但母亲的少女时代的模样就在这里，温柔、娇美，十分可爱。
这些时候，菲利普也会想起早些年，他看到母亲在卧室里梳头，或者在搽粉。
有一次他仔细研究了那个粉盒，盖子是轻柔的灰蓝色，花纹是精致而错落有致的花和叶子，上面印着一行神秘的法语：Pussy‐willow（意为飘落的柳絮）。
Pussy‐willow，Pussy‐willow，他被深深吸引，常常轻轻念叨，虽然并不知道这几个丝绸般平滑的音节代表什么意思。
后来，当他在散步，或者在剧院，或者想什么事情，偶尔那粉的香味就会不经意地飘来，将他带到当年关于母亲的记忆中去。
菲利普不能想象和描画父母年轻时代，父母也确实年轻过。
正是意识到这一点，使菲利普陷入伤感。
就在这个周五的晚上，他的目光离开书页，凝视着他的父母。
他伤感，因为他们韶华已逝，青春不再，他们现在是老了。
事情就是这样，有的东西逝去了就是逝去了，不管你是不是曾经拥有过，有没有过都已经毫无意义，因为事实就是如此：这美好的东西确实是不在了的。
而记忆，不是一个令人满意的安慰。
母亲常常用苦涩的幽默口吻这样说：“下坡路，我们是在走下坡路啦。
”他们从前年轻，他们将来会去世，一切都会结束，一滴水回到它的海里，失去它的过去、现在、将来的印记，从而彻底消失。
7.我一直不喜欢作为一个男人。
在美国，所有具有男子气概的想法是可悲的，有点像一个人不得不穿一件不合身的衣服度过一生。
甚至“是一个男人”的表达也让我感到侮辱和不安。
这意味着愚蠢、冷漠、呆板和没有思想。
男人意味着男子气概——如果不说到男人的雄心壮志， 怎么谈论男人呢？而且这些已成为每个男人生活中的一部分。
这是一个可怕而又严重的谎言。
这不仅坚持男女之间的区别和纵容男人的优越性，而且从本质上说，还具有精神伤害性和社会破坏性。
大多数年轻人被教导，认为具有男子气概是有效区别于女人的标准，这是最野蛮部落的逻辑，儿男人用他后半生的时间去研究却发现，女人是一个谜和令人讨厌的人。
当然，这有和男人痛苦一样的女人版本，一开始母亲就鼓励小女孩 想成年人说： “你喜欢我新衣服吗？”在某种意义上，女孩吗天生就被教导用各种卖弄风情去取悦于成年人， 而男孩们像猴子一样彼此表现， 九岁的小女孩在这样微妙的力量游戏中成长为一个具有女子气概的成年人，在这个过程中，她要学会显得性感、社交，而且一直对男人温雅的意识有所警觉。
女子气概——像淑女一样暗示女人要有一个男人作为伴侣和欣赏。
但是，男子气概崇尚排他性，这就是为什么那样是如此荒谬，儿那也是为什么男人都有缺点——因为男人和女人之间没有自然的友谊。
8、下个世纪末，当学者们描述个人电脑的决定性历史时，那么PC在过去这几年的迅速增长可能会被描述成为黑暗时代。
历史学家们将对我们如何在又大又丑的集成电路箱前工作而感到惊讶。