语言学-形态学
形态学专业术语
形态学专业术语形态学是一个多学科交叉的领域，涉及对形态、结构及其发展变化的科学研究。
在不同的学科中，形态学有着各自的侧重点和应用领域。
以下是形态学在一些主要学科中的专业术语概述：1. 语言学中的形态学：词素（Morpheme）：语言中最小的意义单位，可以是词也可以是词根、前缀或后缀。
形态变化（Morphological Change）：词的形态随语法、时态、数、性等的变化。
词形变化（Inflection）：词汇通过变化形态来表达语法关系，如时态、数、格等。
词根（Root）：构成词的基本部分，通常表达核心意义。
前缀（Prefix）、后缀（Suffix）：加在词根前或后的字母组合，用来改变词的意义或形式。
2. 生物形态学：形态发生（Morphogenesis）：生物体形态的形成和发展过程。
结构形态学（Structural Morphology）：研究生物体结构的形态学分支。
功能形态学（Functional Morphology）：研究生物体形态与其功能关系的形态学分支。
解剖形态学（Anatomical Morphology）：对生物体内部结构的形态学研究。
3. 动物形态学：比较形态学（Comparative Morphology）：通过比较不同物种的形态结构来研究它们的进化关系。
发育形态学（Developmental Morphology）：研究生物体从胚胎到成体的发育过程中的形态变化。
4. 植物形态学：构型形态学（Configural Morphology）：研究植物体的整体形态和结构。
细胞形态学（Cellular Morphology）：研究植物细胞形态和组织的形态学分支。
5. 组织形态学：组织结构（Tissue Architecture）：研究组织的三维结构和组成。
细胞排列（Cell Arrangement）：细胞在组织中的排列方式和联系方式。
6. 细胞形态学：细胞形态（Cell Shape）：研究细胞的外形和内部结构。
语言学基础知识
语言学基础知识语言学是一门探索语言现象和语言规律的学科，它涉及语音、语义、语法、语用等多个方面，对研究和理解语言的发展和使用具有重要意义。
本文将介绍语言学的基本概念、分类及其相关理论，以帮助读者初步了解语言学的基础知识。
一、语言学的定义和概念语言学可以被定义为研究语言现象的学科，它涉及语言的结构、功能、历史、变化等多个方面。
语言是人类交流、表达思想与情感的重要工具，而语言学的目的就是通过观察、分析和解释语言的规律，帮助我们更好地理解语言的本质和运作方式。
语言学的研究对象主要包括语音、语义、语法和语用等多个方面。
语音学研究语言的音素、音节、音调等音声特征；语义学研究语言的意义和词汇的搭配规律；语法学则研究语言的句法结构和短语组织；语用学则关注语言的使用及其在特定语境中的意义。
二、语言学的分类根据研究的层面和对象的不同，语言学可以分为多个不同的分类。
以下是其中几个主要的分类。
1.应用语言学：应用语言学是指将语言学的理论和方法应用于实际语言问题的研究领域。
这包括语言教学、翻译研究、语音识别、自然语言处理等方面。
2.历史语言学：历史语言学研究语言的发展和演变。
它通过比较不同时期和地区的语言形态、语法、词汇等，揭示语言的历史变化规律。
3.形态学：形态学研究词汇的内部结构和构词规律。
它关注词的形态形式、词根、词缀等，以及它们在句中的使用方式和句法功能。
4.句法学：句法学研究句子的结构和组成。
它关注词与词之间的关系以及它们按照一定规律组合而成的短语、从句和主句等句法单位。
5.语音学：语音学研究语言的音素、音节和音调等音声特征。
它通过观察和描述语言的发音规律，揭示不同语言之间的音位差异和音变规律。
6.语义学：语义学研究语言的意义和词汇的表义关系。
它关注词语之间的意义关联和句子的语义结构，帮助我们理解语言中的暗示、隐喻和逻辑关系。
三、语言学的相关理论1. 结构主义：结构主义是20世纪初发展起来的一种语言学理论，强调语言的内在结构和规律。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(形态学)【圣才出品】
第3章形态学3.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Definition of Morphology形态学的定义2. Definition and Classification of Morphemes词素的定义及分类3. Morphs and Allomorphs词素变体4. Types of Word Formation词语构成的分类常考考点：词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法(合成与派生)；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素(词根，词缀和词干)。
本章内容索引：I. MorphologyDefinition of MorphologyII. Morphemes1. Definition2. Types of Morphemes(1) Free morpheme(2) Bound morphemeIII. Morphs and AllomorphsDefinition of Morphs and AllomorphsIV. Types of Word Formation1. Compounding2. Derivation3. Other ways of word formation(1) Conversion(2) Backformation(3) Clipping(4) Blending(5) Acronym(6) InitialismI. Morphology形态学【考点：名词解释】Morphology, as a branch of linguistics, is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.形态学作为语言学的一个分支，是研究词语的内部结构，形式及分类的一门科学。
II. Morpheme语素1. Definition定义Morpheme is the smallest unit of language, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。
现代语言学
一、语言和语言学1.语言学的核心: 语音学Phonetics, 音位学Phonology, 形态学Morphology, 句法学Syntax, 语义学Semantics, 语用学Pragmatics.2.瑞士语言学家索绪尔Saussure提出的langue语言vs parole言语.他是现在语言学之父3.语言的功能: the instrumental function,the regulatoryfunction,the heuristic function,the interactional function,the personal function,the imaginative function,the imformative function4.美国生成语法的创始人乔姆斯chomsky提出的competence语言能力vs performance语言运用5.语言的普遍特征: arbitrariness任意性,productivity多产性,duality双层结构,displacement移位性,cultural transmission文化传播性6.语用学研究的是上下文context中语言运用的情况7.Crash 拟声词onomatopoeic word8.现代语言学和传统语言学的不同点是: 描写性/规定性descriptive vs prescriptive, 口语/书面, 非拉丁语框架/拉丁语框架non-Latin-based framework vs Latin-based framework9.把语言学原理principle和理论theories应用到语言教学和学习的语言学是应用语言学applied linguistics10.语言文体学linguistic stylistics是介于语言学和文学之间的研究领域11.数学语言学mathematical linguistics, 人类语言学anthropological linguistics, 神经语言学neurolinguisitics12.孩子先学会说话再学会写字, 表明语言是发声的基础13.心理语言学研究儿童如何习得母语, 运用语言是大脑如何工作, 交流时如何处理接收到的信息14.语言的随意性说明语言在意义和声音方面没有逻辑关系15.语言的双层结构包含两种: 声音结构和语法结构16.形态学和句法学主要研究语法层面上的意义studythe units at the grammatical level17.Johnson 的大辞典为英语的用法和拼写制定了统一的标准二、语音学和音位学语音学三大分支: articulatory phonetics发音语音学,auditory phonetics听觉语音学,acoustic phonetics声学语音学辅音consonants的分类:根据发音方式: 爆破音stops, 摩擦音fricatives, 破擦音affricates, 鼻音nasals, 滑音glides根据发音部位：bilabials双唇音, labiodentals唇齿音, dentals齿间音, alveolars齿龈音, palatals上颚音, velars 软腭音, glottal声门音超音段音位suprasegmental phonology: stress重音,tone 音调,intonation语调三、形态学形态学主要研究单词的内部构造以及构成规则封闭性词汇closed class words: 连词conjunction, 介词preposition, 冠词article, 代词pronoun开放性词汇open class words: 名词noun, 动词verb, 形容词adjective, 副词adverb词素morpheme是语言中音义结合的最小单位, 也是语法分析的最小单位自由词素free morphemes, 粘着词素bound morphemes, 词干stem, 词根root, 外来词a borrowed one构词法包括：合成compound和派生derivation, 指的是自由词素屈折变化inflection指的是粘着词素,主要用于语法方面四、句法学句法学研究句子结构, 揭示构成某一语言句子的内在规则深层结构deep structure: 指抽象的句法结构表层结构surface structure: 是深层结构通过一系列转换规则之后得到的最后的结果, 就是人实际说出的句子英国语言学家韩礼德M.A.K.Halliday发展的系统功能语法, 主要关注语言和社会之间的关系简单句a simple sentence, 并列句a coordinate sentence, 复杂句a complex sentence一个词组主要包含: head中心语,specifier标志语,compliement补足语决定词类范畴category的有意义meaning, 屈折变化inflection, 分布distribution句法成分syntax component给句子提供了结构五、语义学语义学指语言产生意义的方法的系统研究, 主要研究对象是词义和句义同义词synonymy, 反义词antonymy, 多义词polysemy, （同音异义(一语双关)homophones, 同形异义homographs, 同音同形异义complete homonyms）都是homonymy, 上下义hynonymy,同义词包括: 方言性同义词dialectal synonyms, 风格性同义词stylistic synonyms指的是适用场合不同, 感情色彩不同的同义词emotive synonyms, 搭配不同的同义词collocational synonymsX entailing Y包含关系, X presupposing Y前提关系语义变化的四种模式: extension,narrowing,elevation,degradation成分分析componential analysis用于语义学的研究领域六、语用学英国哲学家John.Austin发明了言语行为理论speech act theory区分语义学和语用学的最本质因素是是否考虑了语言使用过程中的语境言语行为的三种次行为: 言内行为locutionary, 言外行为illocutionary, 言后行为perlocutionary act美国哲学语言学家john searle约翰舍尔把言外行为分为五大类: representative描述性功能, directive指示性功能（包括invitng,suggesting,requesting,advising,warning,threatening ,ordering）, commissive承担性功能, expressive表达性功能, declarative宣告性功能美国哲学家格莱斯Grice认为言语交际要包含以下四条准则：数量准则quantity maxim, 质量准则quality maxim, 关联准则relation maxim, 方式准则manner maxim情境因素contextual features包括时间, 地点和参与人, 不包括目的。
语言学Morphology形态学课件
3) A grammatical unit:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
语言学Morphology形态学
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
• --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
sentence together (function words).
语言学Morphology形态学
3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.
《语言学形态学》课件
索形态规律。
3
词素分析
通过分解词素来研究词的形态结构和变 化。
对比研究
比较不同语言的形态特点，寻找共性和 差异。
形态学的基本概念和术语
词素 派生 屈折
最小的具有意义的语言单位。 通过加词缀、变音等方式形成新词的过程。 词形变化通过词尾、词首变化体现的形态过程。
形态结构和形态规则
形态结构
研究词的内部结构，包括词缀、词根等组成部分。
形态学为语法分析提供了基础，揭示了句子结构与词的关系。
3
语言教学
学习形态学可以帮助人们更好地理解和运用语言。
语言学形态学的分支
层级形态学
研究词素的层级关系和组织结构。
词根形态学
研究词根在形态变化中的作用和意义。
型态形态学
研究词形的内部结构和语音变化规律。
形态学的研究方法
1
语料库研究
2
通过分析大量真实语料库中的数据，探
形态规则
研究词的形态变化规则，如屈折变化、派生变化等。
形态变化和形态标记
形态变化
词的形态在不同语法环境下发生 的变化。
形态标记
形态特征通过词缀和其他标记来 表示。
形态过程
研究词如何形成新的形态。
结论和总结
通过学习《语言学形态学》，我们可以深入探索词的内部结构、形态变化规律以及形态标记的使用方式，从而 更好地理解和运用语言。谢谢收看！
《语言学形态学》PPT课 件
语言学形态学研究词汇的内部结构和形态形式的变化规律，是语言学中的一 个重要分支。
什么是语言学形态学
1 词形变化
研究词如何在不同语法环境下发生形态变化。
2 词构成
研究如何通过词素的组合来构成词汇研究
语言学中的形态学
语言学中的形态学1. 哇塞!今天咱们来聊聊语言学中的形态学,这可是个有意思的话题啊!别以为形态学就是枯燥无味的学术研究,它其实就像是词语的变装派对,让咱们的语言变得丰富多彩!2. 形态学,说白了就是研究词语结构和变化的学问。
你们想啊,咱们说话的时候,一个词怎么变来变去的,这不就是形态学在捣鼓吗?3. 来来来,我给你们举个例子。
"吃"这个字,它可以变成"吃了"、"吃过"、"吃着"。
哎呀,这不就是形态变化吗?形态学就是研究这些变化的规律,简直就像是词语的魔术师!4. 小明问我:"老师,那形态学到底有啥用啊?"我心想:"这孩子,问得好啊!"我说:"小明啊,形态学可有大用处了!它能帮咱们更好地理解语言,写出更漂亮的句子,说出更地道的话!"5. 形态学还研究词根呢!就像"读"这个字,它可以变成"阅读"、"读者"、"朗读"。
看看,一个词根能变出这么多词,是不是很神奇?形态学就是要研究这些变化的规律,简直就像是词语的魔法师!6. 哎呀,说到这儿,我突然想起来,形态学还研究词缀呢!就是那些加在词前面或后面的小东西。
比如"老虎"前面加个"小",就变成了"小老虎"。
这不就是前缀在起作用吗?形态学就是要研究这些小东西的规律,简直就像是词语的裁缝!7. 小李问我:"老师,那不同语言的形态学是不是不一样啊?"我说:"哎呀,你这孩子,问得太好了!没错,不同语言的形态学确实不一样。
比如咱们汉语,就不像英语那样有那么多变化。
这就是形态学研究的有趣之处啊!"8. 形态学还研究词类呢!就是把词分成名词、动词、形容词这些类别。
英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)
"basketball" (combination of "basket" and "ball")
"mother-in-law" (combination of "mother" and "in-law")
"blackboard" (combination of "black" and "board")
• Inflectional Variation: Morphology also deals with the inflectional variation of words, which refers to the changes in word form that indicate grammatical function or category. Understanding inflectional morphology is crucial for proper sentence structure and grammar.
Grammar
目录
• The Relationship between Morphology and Vocabulary
01
Morphological Overview
Definition and Purpose
Definition: Morphology is the study of the structure and forms of words in a language. It focuses on the internal composition of words, including the derivation of new words from existing words (derivational morphology) and the modification of words through the addition or deletion of affixes (inflectional morphology).
英语语言学形态学复习资料
英语语言学形态学复习资料Chapter 3：MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so isa morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is calleda stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning.13. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.15. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17. C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m___________ rules.19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.20. A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold.This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by thepart of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to becombined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internalstructure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB.GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful unitsof language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootIV. Define the following terms:31. morphology 32. inflectional morphology33. derivational morphology 34. morpheme35. free morpheme 36. bound morpheme37. root 38. affix39. prefix 40. suffix41. derivation 42. CompoundingV. Answer the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.TII. II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. Morpheme 12. grammatical 13. Bound 14. derivative 15.Derivative 16. suffix 17. Compounding 18. morphological 19. derivation 20. stem III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 2l.D 22.D 23.B 24.B 25.C 26. C 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. C IV. Define the following terms:31. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies theinternal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.32. inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections33. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study ofword- formation.34. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35. free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which areindependent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.36. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannotbe used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.37. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never standby itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.38. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.39. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modifythe meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.40. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modifythe meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.41. Derivation:Derivation is a process of word formation by whichderivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.42. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of twoor sometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Anwser the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can beused freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammati cal categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of noun s. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixesoccur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.。
(完整word版)Chapter-3-Morphology--形态学(现代语言学)
Chapter 3 Morphology 形态学1.Definition 定义Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.形态学是语法学的一个分支，它研究的是单词的内在结构及单词的构成规则。
The aim of morphology is to find out these rules。
形态学的任务就是要找出这些规则（单词构成的规则）。
Morphology is divided into two sub-branches：inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. The former studies the inflections and the latter the study of word-formation.形态学可以划分两个分支：屈折形态学和词汇形态学（也叫派生形态学).前者研究的是单词的屈折变化，后者研究的是构词法。
2.Morpheme 词素2.1Morpheme： the smallest meaningful unit of language词素:语言中最小的意义单位Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology。
正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样,词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
Monomorphemic words 单词素单词2.2Types of morphemes 词素的类型2.2.1Free morphemes 自由词素The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called free morphemes。
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A grammatical unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
--Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
Hi. Wonderful.
Invariable words: those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello. They do not have inflective endings.
2) Grammatical words vs. lexical words:
The lexical words carry the main content of a language (content words) and the grammatical words serve to link the different parts of a
sentence together (function words).
3) Closed-clasClosed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc.
《语言学教程》 3 形态学(收藏)
可能[不]改变原词的词性
增加与否取决于所属短语或句子中的其 增加与否只是取决于不同的表意意图。 他因素。
主要是后缀。名词复数；名词所有格； 前缀，后缀，或同时。
动词第三人称单数；过去式；过去分词； 名变动，形变副，形变动，形容词变否
现在分词；动名词；比较级和最高级
定，形变名，动变名，等
25
Morpheme [语素]
derivative inflectional words [派生屈折词]
F
F+F
F+BI
F+BD, BD+F+BD
BD+B F+BD+BI BD+F+BI
21
语素的分类[2] [在多语素词(除复合词外)内部的划分]
Root [词根]
free root morpheme （自由词根语素） bound root morpheme （粘附词根语素）
18
形态学的定义[四种] • 1. Morphology, as a branch of linguistics, is the systematic study of morphemes, which
studies the internal structures and rules of morphemes by which words are formed. • 2. Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the
text
[语篇]
clause complex/sentence [小句复合体/句子]
clause word group / phrase
浅谈形态学在词汇教学中的运用
浅谈形态学在词汇教学中的运用
英语语法教学普遍受到重视。
但是对于英语词汇教学，教师往往一笔带过。
教师通常只是简单地讲述一下单词的意思和发音，便开始正文的学习，较少能做到系统地引导学生认知、记忆词汇。
这样的词汇教学不利于学生长期的词汇积累和记忆。
形态学是语言学的一个重要分支，被定义为“科学地研究词汇”。
本文将以高级英语中LoveIsAFallacy一文为例，对比形态学指导下的英语专业词汇教学与常见的直接教学法和间接教学法，分析形态学在词汇教学法中的优势。
1形态学
语言学家在研究语言学时会或多或少地提及形态学。
语言学界对形态学有着不同层面的界定。
Booij（2007：24）将形态学定义为Thestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,dealswiththeformsofle xemes（inflection）,andwiththewaysinwhichlexemesareformed （word-formation），即形态学是研究词汇的内在结构，探寻词形变化和构成方式。
Hamawand（2011：19）则直接分析了morphology的构词，morph意为“形态，形式”，-ology则指“科学、学问”。
由此，形态学旨在明确表达词汇的形式与含义；解释形态单位的整合和整合后的形态；展示形态学的单位是如何体现词典中词汇的关联性和对比性。
在英语词汇教学中，形态学可以应用于描绘单词的结构和形成方式，揭示词汇来源，帮助语言使用者获得创造性运用语言的技能，从而充分表达自己的思想和情感。
形态学语言学研究的两个领域
形态学语言学研究的两个领域
形态学语言学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究单词的内部结构和形态变化规律。
在形态学语言学研究中，存在着两个重要的领域。
一、形态学
形态学研究的是词的内部结构和形态变化规律。
形态学家研究的是单词本身，他们关注的是单词内部构成和单词形态的变化。
在形态学领域，研究的问题包括如何构成合适的单词、怎样构成复合词，还有如何制定合理的单词拼写规则等。
二、词汇学
词汇学则是形态学的补充，它主要研究单词在语汇系统中的意义和用法。
词汇学家研究的是单词在语境中的应用和搭配。
他们还研究如何理解语境中存在的意象、语义选择的可能性以及单词的合适用法。
以上是形态学语言学研究中的两个领域，形态学和词汇学的结合能够让我们全面理解单词的构成、意义和应用。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
A
10
Derivational vs. inflectional morpheme
• Derivational morphemes are morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of the words to which they are conjoined, or change their lexical or dictionary meaning.
following words contain? • boy, desire • boyish, desirable • boyishness, desirability • gentlemanliness, undesirability • antidisestablishmentarianism
• Bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “-al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, “-ed” in “recorded”.
A
3
• Q2. A distinction is made between open class and closed class concerning the categorization of words in a language. How does this distinction relate itself to morphology in your opinion?
Morphology
形态学
A
1
• Q1. What is morphology?
• Q2. A distinction is made between open class and closed class concerning the categorization of words in a language. How does this distinction relate itself to morphology in your opinion?
• Q3. Morpheme: free morpheme vs. bound morpheme; derivational morpheme vs. inflectional morpheme
• Q4. Affix: prefix vs. suffix
• Q5. Compounding and compounds
A
2
Q1. What is morphology?
1.什么是形态学？研究范围？
• 形态学是涉及语素系统的研究，它研究词的内部结构和构 造规则
• Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
• Open class words: content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs.
• E.g.
• hacker, email, internet, surf, spam, blogsphere, songlifting (song+shoplifting),
• workaholic, surgiholic, tree-hugger
• Taikonaut,
• ginormous, fantabulous • 菜鸟、驴友、枪手、做秀、粉丝、帖子、拍砖、下课、前卫、PK、
丁克、爽、酷、饭局、充电、月光族、黄牛、房奴
A
4
• Closed class words: grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns.
前缀，后缀
prefix， suffix
A
8
词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素的关系
A
9
Free vs. bound morpheme
• Free morpheme is one that may constitute a word by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance.
• E.g.
• modern: modernize; length: lengthen; fool: foolish; do: undo; selfish: unselfish etc.
A
11
Inflectional ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱorphemes
• When a word changes in form but not in lexical meaning, we say it has undergone an inflection.
• “e”
• “偶”
A
5
Q3: What is morpheme?
Q3.语素的定义
• 语素是语言最小的意义单位。句子是由单词 构成的，词可以被分成更小的成分。我们把 这些处于单词最低一层的、有意义的成分称 为”语素”。
A
6
Q3: What is morpheme?
• Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unit • How many morphemes does each of the
A
7
根据结构 语素分为 自由语素 和 粘着语素
(morpheme) (free morpheme) (bound morpheme)
具有完整词汇意义 具有一定词汇意义
能够独立使用
不能单独使用
根据语义 语素分为 词根 (root）和 词缀(affix）
自由，粘着
屈折，派生
free root, bound root inflectional affix, derivational affix