天津大学无机化学课后习题参考答案
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第1章 化学反应中的质量关系和能量关系 习题参考答案
1.解:1.00吨氨气可制取2.47吨硝酸。 2.解:氯气质量为2.9×103g 。 3.解:一瓶氧气可用天数
33111-1
222()(13.210-1.0110)kPa 32L
9.6d 101.325kPa 400L d n p p V n p V -⨯⨯⨯===⨯⨯
4.解:pV MpV
T nR mR
=
= = 318 K 44.9=℃ 5.解:根据道尔顿分压定律
i
i n p p n
=
p (N 2) = 7.6⨯104 Pa
p (O 2) = 2.0⨯104 Pa p (Ar) =1⨯103 Pa
6.解:(1)2(CO )n = 0.114mol; 2(CO )p = 42.87 10 Pa ⨯
(2)222(N )(O )(CO )p p p p =--43.7910Pa =⨯ (3)
4224(O )(CO ) 2.6710Pa
0.2869.3310Pa
n p n p ⨯===⨯ 7.解:(1)p (H 2) =95.43 kPa (2)m (H 2) =
pVM
RT
= 0.194 g 8.解:(1)ξ = 5.0 mol
(2)ξ = 2.5 mol
结论: 反应进度(ξ)的值与选用反应式中的哪个物质的量的变化来进行计算无关,但与反应式的写法有关。
9.解:∆U = Q p - p ∆V = 0.771 kJ 10.解: (1)V 1 = 38.3⨯10-3 m 3= 38.3L
(2) T 2 =
nR
pV 2
= 320 K (3)-W = - (-p ∆V ) = -502 J (4) ∆U = Q + W = -758 J (5) ∆H = Q p = -1260 J
11.解:NH 3(g) +
45O 2(g) 298.15K
−−−−→标准态
NO(g) + 2
3H 2O(g) m r H ∆= - 226.2 kJ·mol -1
12.解:m r H ∆= Q p = -89.5 kJ m r U ∆= m r H ∆- ∆nRT
= -96.9 kJ
13.解:(1)C (s) + O 2 (g) → CO 2 (g)
m r H ∆ =
m f H ∆(CO 2, g) = -393.509 kJ·mol -1
21CO 2(g) + 2
1
C(s) → CO(g) m r H ∆ = 86.229 kJ·mol -1
CO(g) +
31Fe 2O 3(s) → 3
2
Fe(s) + CO 2(g)
m r H ∆ = -8.3 kJ·mol -1
各反应
m r H ∆之和
m r H ∆= -315.6 kJ·mol -1。 (2)总反应方程式为
23C(s) + O 2(g) + 31Fe 2O 3(s) → 23CO 2(g) + 3
2
Fe(s) m r H ∆ = -315.5 kJ·mol -1
由上看出:(1)与(2)计算结果基本相等。所以可得出如下结论:反应的热效应只与反应的始、终态有关,而与反应的途径无关。
14.解:
m r H ∆(3)=
m r H ∆(2)×3-
m r H ∆(1)×2=-1266.47 kJ·mol -1
15.解:(1)Q p = m r H ∆== 4 m f H ∆(Al 2O 3, s) -3
m f H ∆(Fe 3O 4, s) =-3347.6 kJ·mol -1
(2)Q = -4141 kJ·mol -1
16.解:(1) m r H ∆ =151.1 kJ·mol -1 (2) m r H ∆ = -905.47 kJ·mol -1(3) m r H ∆ =-71.7
kJ·mol -1
17.解: m r H ∆=2 m f H ∆(AgCl, s)+ m f H ∆(H 2O, l)- m f H ∆(Ag 2O, s)-2 m f H ∆(HCl, g) m f H ∆(AgCl, s) = -127.3 kJ·mol -1
18.解:CH 4(g) + 2O 2(g) → CO 2(g) + 2H 2O(l)
m r H ∆ = m f H ∆(CO 2, g) + 2 m f H ∆(H 2O, l) - m f H ∆(CH 4, g)
= -890.36 kJ·mo -1 Q p = -3.69⨯104kJ
第2章 化学反应的方向、速率和限度 习题参考答案
1.解: m r H ∆ = -3347.6 kJ·mol -1;
m r S ∆ = -216.64 J·mol -1·K -1;
m r G ∆ = -3283.0
kJ·mol -1 < 0
该反应在298.15K 及标准态下可自发向右进行。
2.解:
m r G ∆ = 113.4 kJ·mol -1 > 0
该反应在常温(298.15 K)、标准态下不能自发进行。
(2) m r H ∆ = 146.0 kJ·mol -1;
m r S ∆ = 110.45 J·mol -1·K -1;
m r G ∆ = 68.7 kJ·mol -1 > 0
该反应在700 K 、标准态下不能自发进行。
3.解: m r H ∆ = -70.81 kJ·mol -1 ;
m r S ∆ = -43.2 J·mol -1·K -1; m r G ∆ = -43.9 kJ·mol -1
(2)由以上计算可知:
m r H ∆(298.15 K) = -70.81 kJ·mol -1; m r S ∆(298.15 K) = -43.2 J·mol -1·K -1
m r G ∆ = m r H ∆ - T ·
m r S ∆ ≤ 0 T ≥
K)
(298.15K) (298.15m r m r
S H ∆∆ = 1639 K
4.解:(1)c K = {}
O)
H ( )(CH )(H (CO) 243
2c c c c p K = {}O)H ( )(CH )(H (CO) 243
2p p p p
K = {}{}{}{}
p p p p p p p p / O)H ( /)(CH / )(H / (CO) 2
4
3
2
(2)c K =
{}{}
)(NH )(H )(N 32
3221
2c c c p K =
{}{}
)(NH )(H )(N 32
32212p p p
K =
{}{}
p
p p p p p / )(NH
/)(H
/
)(N
32
3
2212
(3)c K =)(CO 2c p K =)(CO 2p K = p p /)(CO 2 (4)c K =
{}{}
3
23
2 )(H O)(H c c p K =
{}{}
3
23
2 )(H O)(H p p
K =
{}{}
3
23
2 /
)(H
/O)(H
p
p p p
5.解:设 m r H ∆、
m r S ∆基本上不随温度变化。
m r G ∆ = m r H ∆ - T · m r S ∆
m r G ∆(298.15 K) = -233.60 kJ·mol -1 m r G ∆(298.15 K) = -243.03 kJ·mol -1
K lg (298.15 K) = 40.92, 故 K (298.15 K) = 8.3⨯1040 K lg (373.15 K) = 34.02,故 K (373.15 K) = 1.0⨯1034
6.解:(1) m r G ∆=2
m f G ∆(NH 3, g) = -32.90 kJ·mol -1 <0