美国文学2

Washington Irving
《柑掌录》（即《见闻札记》[The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon,Gent.1819-1820]）其中收录奠定了欧文在美国文学史上的地位。

其中的散文《威斯敏斯特教堂》、短篇小说《瑞普·凡·温克尔》和《睡谷的传说》等，都是脍炙人口至今不衰之作。

《睡谷的传说》（The legend of the Sleepy Hollow）Ichabod Crane 和Katrina V an Tassel
《瑞普．凡．温克尔》（Rip V an Winkle）等32篇
《纽约外史》(A History of New Y ork,1809)第一部重要作品美国第一部诙谐文学杰作
《布雷斯布里奇田庄》（Brace bridge Hall,1822）
《旅人述异》（即《旅客谈》[Tales of a Traveller,1824]）
《哥伦布的生平和航行》即《哥伦布传》[The Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus,1828] 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》（V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus,1831）《攻克格拉纳达》（The Chronicles of the Conquest of Granada,1829）
《大食故宫余载》（即《阿尔罕伯拉》[Tales of the Alhambra,1832]）
《阿斯托里亚》（Astoria,1836）
《哥尔德斯密斯传》（The Life of Oliver Goldsmith,1840[revised1849]）
《穆罕默德及其继承者》（Mahomet and His Successors,1850）
《华盛顿传》（The Life of George Washington[5volumes],1855-1859）
●James Fenimore Cooper
Primary Works
Fiction:
Precaution,1820;
The Spy,1821;
The Pioneers, 1823;
The Pilot, 1824;
Lionel Lincoln,1824;
The Last of the Mohicans, 1826;
The Prairie, 1827;
The Red Rover, 1828;
The Wept of Wish-Ton-Wish,1829;
The Water Witch,1830;
The Bravo,1831;
The Heidenmauer,1832 ;
The Headsman,1833;
The Monikins,1835;
Homeward Bound,1838;
Home as Found,1838;
Mercedes of Castile,1840;
The Pathfinder, 1840;
The Deerslayer, 1841;
The Two Admirals,1842;
The Wing-and-Wing,1842;
Romance,1843;
Ned Myers, 1843;
Wyandotte, 1843;
Afloat and Ashore,1844;
Miles Wallingford: A Sequel to Afloat and Ashore,1844;
Satanstoe,1845;
The Chain Bearer,1845;
The Redskins,1846;
The Crater,1847;
Jack Tier,1848;
Oak Openings, 1849;
The Sea Lions,1849;
The Ways of the Hour,1850.
Non-Fiction:
Notions of the Americans: Picked Up by a Travelling Bachelor, 1828;
Sketches of Switzerland,1836;
Gleanings in Europe,1837;
The American Democrat,1838;
The History of the Navy of the United States of America,1839.
New England T ranscendentalism and Emerson
超验主义& 爱默生
Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. It is sometimes called American Transcendentalism.
超验主义的特色
First, the Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe.Oversoul is a unitary power of goodness，omnipresent and omnipotent，from which all things came and of which everyone was a part.
Second, the Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society.
Third, the Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of Nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Weakness
1. The transcendentalist movement had a small membership and only lasted for a few years.
2. The transcendentalism was never a systematic philosophy. It borrowed from many sources.
3. The failure of transcendentalism as a moral force in American life was its denial of its real spiritual origin.
Emerson
Nature 《论自然》
Laying out the problem that he will attempt to solve in the essay, Emerson states that our energy and excitement in creating something new has been lost because we try to understand the world around us by using only theories and histories about nature rather than personally observing it. One solution to this problem involves our casting off impersonal theories or descriptions that distance us from nature and ourselves; afterwards, we can reexamine the
actual thing that we are a part of —namely, nature. Direct experience with nature is best because it provides better insight into the contemporary world than does the historian's teachings or the scientist's theories.Emerson's discarding traditional ways of viewing the world indicates the importance that progress will play in the essay. Note that the worm/man relationship in the 1849 epigraphic poem contains verbs — " striving" and "mounts" — that connote the idea of progress. But Emerson also draws attention to the backward steps we too readily think of as progressive. He characterizes these steps as groping "among the dry bones of the past," and he quickly moves from this notion of a stagnant death to one of a revitalized future in which original thoughts reign.
In order to help us focus more clearly on nature, Emerson distinguishes nature from art. Art, he says, is natural objects or materials that we alter for our own purposes —for example, a statue or a picture. That said, however, this distinction is relatively inconsequential to Emerson.
The introduction ends by defining nature as all that is external to ourselves — all that is "not me," including our own bodies.
Theme :The search for truth and beauty and how theses two qualities are related
The Poet 《论诗人》
The American Scholar 《美国学者》
---America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence
Representative Men 《代表性人物》
English Traits 《英国人的特性》
The Conduct of Life 《论为人处事》
Essays 《散文选》
the art of the life 《生活的艺术》
《论自助》(Self-Relianc e)、《论超灵》(The Over-Soul)、《论补偿》(Compensation)、《论爱》(Love)、《论友谊》(friendship) 《五月节及其他诗歌》May Day and Other Poems，1867
●Nathaniel Hawthorne
＊1828: Fanshawe 《范肖》
＊1835:Y oung Goodman Brown 《小伙子布朗》
＊1836:The Minister's Black V eil 《教长的黑纱》
＊1837: Twice-Told Tales 《重讲一遍的故事》
＊1844:Rappaccini's Daughter ）《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》
＊1846: Mosses from an Old Manse《古宅青苔》
＊1850: The Scarlet Letter 《红字》
Content ：Noisy crowd→they thougt Hester should be punished for she broke the law of puritanism→she was thought as a baggage→Hester stood exposed on the public scaffold with a baby in her arms →there is a scarlet “A”on her breast.
本书写的是一段婚外恋情中三个主要人物的命运。

少妇海丝特·白兰犯通奸罪，但是她拒绝
说出她的情人是谁，于是加尔文教政教合一机关惩罚她带着红色A字（英语“通奸”一Adultery 的首字母）示众。

在受罚的过程中，她对其他不幸的人表示出深切的同情，她的许多善行逐渐使她赢得人们的尊敬。

海丝特的同犯，年轻的清教徒牧师丁梅斯代尔深受良心谴责，最后鼓起勇气承认了自己的罪责，并死在海丝特的怀里，获得了道德上的自新；海丝特的丈夫则因被复仇的烈火所围困，变得如魔鬼般疯狂，在道德上完全堕落，也毁掉了自己的生活。

作者通过这个故事探讨法律上的罪恶和道义上的罪恶之间的关系，提出了“罪恶在哪里？”、“谁是真正的罪人？”这样的道德问题。

＊1851: The House of the Seven Gables《带有七个尖角阁的房子》
＊1852: The Blithe dale Romance《福谷传奇》
＊1860: The Marble Faun 《玉石雕像》
●Herman Melville
•Novels
Typee 1846«泰皮»
Omoo 1847«欧穆»
Mardi 1849«玛地»
Redburn 1849 «雷得本»
White Jacket 1850 «白外衣»
Moby Dick 1851 «白鲸»这部小说被认为是美国最伟大的小说之一。

梅尔维尔被誉为美国的“莎士比亚”。

人一旦置身于大自然中，唯一的选择只有充当征服者，他与被征服对象的关系必然是对立的，两者是彼此仇视的、互不相容的。

麦尔维尔对亚哈船长的塑造尤其突出了这一点，使其成为《白鲸》这部书的灵魂。

在麦尔维尔笔下，虚拟的大海与真实的大海相去甚远，麦尔维尔的大海永远是变幻莫测、充满险恶的，它是“冷酷恶毒的”，它有“幽灵似的白浪滔滔的洋面”，即使晴朗的天气，“在它那一派蔚蓝的、柔和的底里，隐藏有一种邪恶的魔力。

”这就是“大寿衣似的海洋”，一切邪恶皆来自它的最深处，它孕育了凶残无比的大白鲸，还有嗜人血的抹香鲸，而大白鲸在大海中横行无忌，简直就像个“蠕动的海魔王”。

Pierre 1852 《皮埃尔》
Israel Potter 1855 《伊斯雷尔·波特》
The Confidence Man 1857《骗子的化装表演》
Billy Budd 1891 《比利•巴德》
•Short stories
The Piazza Tales (1856) 《广场故事》
Benito Cereno 《贝尼托·塞莱诺》
•Poetry
Battle-Pieces and the Aspects of War (1866)《战事集》
Clarel (1876) 《克拉瑞尔》
●W alt Whitman
Leaves of Grass 草叶集
Drum-Taps 桴鼓集
Song of Myself 自我之歌
I Sit and Look Out 坐观世间
O Captain, My Captain! 船长，我的船长
When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d最近紫丁香在庭院里开放的时候
I hear America Singing 我听见美国在歌唱
●Edgar Allan Poe (爱伦·坡、安布鲁斯·布尔斯（1842～1914？）和
H.P.洛夫克拉夫特（1890～1937）并称为美国三大恐怖小说家。

)
以色拉费Israfel
睡美人The Sleeper
不安的山谷The Valley of Unrest
海中之城The City in the Sea
丽诺尔Lenore
致乐园中的一位To One in Paradise
赞歌Latin Hymn//Hymn
谜Enigma
小夜曲Serenade
你就是凶手"Thou Art the Man"
被窃之信The Purloined Letter
玛丽·罗热疑案The Mystery of Marie Roget
莫格街谋杀案The Murders in the Rue Morgue
金甲虫The Gold-Bug
Sonnet——To Science 致科学
Short Story——The Fall of the House of Usher 厄舍古屋的倒塌
O, Tempora! O, Mores! 哦，时代！哦，风尚！
To Helen 致海伦
Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔
The Raven乌鸦
Silence, a Sonnet 十四行诗——静
The Haunted Palace 闹鬼的宫殿
A Dream Within A Dream梦中之梦
…
Gothic novels 哥特式小说
Metzengerstein
The Duc De L'Omelette
King Pest
The Fall of the House of Usher
Ligeia
Morella
Berenice
Eleonora
The Assignation
The Devil in the Belfry Detective novels 侦探小说
Thou Art the Man 你就是凶手
The Purloined Letter 被窃之信
The Mystery of Marie Roget 玛丽·罗热疑案
The Murders in the Rue Morgue 莫格街谋杀案
The Gold-Bug 金甲虫
The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether 塔尔博士和费瑟尔教授的疗法
The Oblong Box 长方形箱
Comic novels
(The Business Man 生意人；Never Bet the Devil Y our Head 千万别和魔鬼赌你的脑袋）Historical novels
(A Tale of Jerusalem耶路撒冷的故事; The Pit and the Pendulum陷坑与钟摆)
Long adventure novels
(The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket 阿·戈·皮姆的故事; The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall 汉斯·普法尔历险记)
essays and comments.
阿恩海姆乐园The Domain of Arnheim
兰多的小屋Landor's Cottage
灯塔(残稿）The Light-House
巨人舞石柱林一瞥Some Account of Stonehenge
仙女岛The Island of the Fay
维萨西孔河之晨Morning on the Wissahiccon
拜伦与查沃思小姐Byron and Miss Chaworth
梅泽尔的象棋手Maelzel's Chess-Player
评霍桑的《故事重述》Review of Hawthorne's 'Twice-Told Tales'
冯·肯佩伦和他的发现V on Kempelen and His Discovery
郎费罗及其它公抄Long Fellow and the other plagiarist
如何写布莱克伍德式文章How to Write a Blackwood Article
●Realism
Definition of Realism: Broadly defined as “the faithful representation of reality”
or “verisimilitude,”realism is a literary technique practiced by many schools of writing. Although strictly speaking, realism is a technique, it also denotes a
particular kind of subject matter, especially the representation of middle-class
life .
①William Dean Howells
②Henry James
The Turn of the Screw
A Tragedy of Errors (1864)
•Transatlantic Sketches (1875)
•The American (1877) 美国人
•Daisy Miller (1878) 戴茜·米勒
•The Europeans (1878) 欧洲人
•The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 贵妇的肖像
•Washington Square (1881) 华盛顿广场
•The Bostonians (1886) 波士顿人
•The Princess Casamassima (1886)卡萨玛西玛公主
•The Tragic Muse (1890)
•Guy Domville (play, 1895)
•What Maisie Knew (1897)
•The Turn of the Screw (1898) 碧庐冤孽
•The Awkward Age (1899)
•The Wings of the Dove (1902) 鸽之翼
•The Ambassadors (1903) 大使(或译：奉使记)
•The Beast in the Jungle (1903)
•The Golden Bowl (1904) 金碗
•English Hours (1905)
•The American Scene (1907
③Mark Twain
Local Colorism 乡土文学
Definition: Local color is fiction and poetry that focuses on the characters, dialect, customs, topography, and other features particular to a specific region.
●有三种书写方式：浪漫主义、现实主义和现代主义。

分别以库柏、加兰和
福克纳为代表。

库柏赞美西部边疆,书写的是“西部牧歌”;加兰揭示乡村生
活的残酷性,书写的是“乡村讽刺诗”;福克纳在对南方种植园的眷念和批判
中,书写着“南方哀歌”
●赫姆林·加兰（Hamlin Garland）：乡土文学代表人物。

代表作《大路》
（Main-Traveled Roads）。

●马克·吐温（Mark Twain）：the true father of American literature杰出的幽默
讽刺作家。

代表作：《镀金时代》（The Gilded Age）《汤姆·索亚历险记》（The Adventures of Tom Sawyer）《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》（The
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn）（all modern American literature comes）
《王子与贫儿》（The Prince and the Pauper）《密西西比河上》（Life on the Mississippi）roughing《苦行记》《卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》(1867)、《傻子国外旅行记》(1869)、《艰苦岁月》(1872)、《镀金时代》(1873，与查尔斯·达德利·沃纳合写)、《汤姆·索耶历险记》(1876)、《国外流浪汉》
(1880)、《王子与贫儿》(1882)、《密西西比河上》(1883)、《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》(1884)、《亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国人》(1889)、《傻瓜威
尔逊》(1894)、《贞德传》(1896)。

他去世后出版的作品有：《神秘的来客》(1916)、《马克·吐温的笔记本》(1935)和《自传》(1959)
Masterpiece成名作：The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County卡拉维拉斯县的著名跳蛙
Magnum opus代表作:The Adventures of T om Sawyer (1876)汤姆·索亚历险记《汤姆·索亚历险记》
《汤姆·索亚历险记》是美国著名小说家马克·吐温的代表作，发表于1876年。

小说主人公汤姆·索亚天真活泼，富于幻想和冒险，不堪忍受束缚个性，枯燥乏味的生活，幻想干一番英雄事业。

小说通过主人公的冒险经历，对美国虚伪庸俗的社会习俗、伪善的宗教仪式和刻板陈腐的学校教育进行了讽刺和批判，以欢快的笔调描写了少年儿童自由活泼的心灵。

《汤姆·索亚历险记》以其浓厚的深具地方特色的幽默和对人物敏锐观察，一跃成为最伟大的儿童文学作品，也是一首美国“黄金时代”的田园牧歌。

本书的姊妹篇是《哈克贝利·费恩历险
记》。

Its sequel-- Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885)哈克贝利·费恩历险记亦称顽童流浪记《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》
《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》是马克·吐温一部重要的作品，故事的主人公是在《汤姆·索亚历险记》中就跟大家见面的哈克贝利·费恩。

哈克贝利是一个聪明、善良、勇敢的白人少年。

他为了追求自由的生活，逃亡到密西西比河上。

在逃亡途中，他遇到了黑奴吉姆。

吉姆是一个勤劳朴实、热情诚实、忠心耿耿的黑奴，他为了逃脱被主人再次卖掉的命运，从主人家中出逃。

The Million Pound Note 百万英镑
Running for governor 竞选州长
The Prince and the Pauper 王子与贫儿
The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today 镀金时代
Is he dead? 他是否还在人间？
Roughing It 苦行记
The $30,000 Bequest 三万元遗产
A Dog's Tale 狗的自述
A Double Barrelled Detective Story 案中案
The Innocents Abroad 傻子旅行
●American Naturalism
American Naturalism is a theory in American literature. It emphasizes the role of heredity and en vironment upon human life and character development roughly between 1890’s and early 1900’s.
Naturalism Vs. Realism
As a historian of manners , the realists treat their novels as records of men and manners.A realist observes a general situation and invents some incidents.
The naturalists treat their novels as demonstration of the general theory of human conduct.
A naturalist is not permitted to invent but report with scientific accuracy.
The features of literary Naturalism
Reveals a bitter and wretched(不幸的）world
The whole picture is somber and dark
The general tone is hopeless and despair
Humanistic values
A desire to assert one’s human identity, to define oneself against the social and natural forces one confronts.
●Stephen Crane
Novels:
Maggie: A Girl of the Street<<街头女郎麦琪>>
（the first uncompromising naturalistic novel in American）
The Red Badge of Courage<<红色英勇勋章>>
Short stories:
The Open Boat，The Blue Hotel,etc
Collection of poems:The Black Riders<<黑衣骑士>>
●Frank Norris
Mc Teague (1899)
2.His trilogy(三部曲）on the production, distribution, and consumption of wheat:
The Octopus (1901)
The Pit (1903)
The Wolf (Never Written)
3.The Responsibilities of the Novelist(1903)
4.
●Theodore Dreiser
1.Fiction(小说）
Sister Carrie (1900) 《嘉莉妹妹》
Jennie Gerhardt (1911) 《珍妮姑娘》
《欲望三部曲》(Trilogy of Desire)
The Financier (1912) 《金融家》
The Titan (1914) 《巨人》
The Stoic (1947) 《斯多噶》
The "Genius" (1915) 《天才》
Free and Other Stories (1918) 《自由》
Twelve Men (1919) 《十二个男人》
An American Tragedy (1925) 《美国的悲剧》
Chains: Lesser Novels and Stories (1927) 《锁链》
A Gallery of Women (1929) 《妇女群像》
The Bulwark (1946) 《壁垒》
Old Rogaum and His Theresa(1901）
《老罗格姆和他的特里萨》
2.Drama（戏剧）
Plays of the Natural and Supernatural (1916) 《自然和超自然的戏剧》
The Hand of the Potter (1918), first produced 1921《得心应手》
3.Nonfiction（非小说）
A Traveler at Forty (1913) 《一个四十岁的旅客》
A Hoosier Holiday (1916) 《印第安纳节日》
Hey Rub-a-Dub-Dub: A Book of the Mystery and Wonder and Terror of Life (1920) 《咚锵锵》A Book About Myself (1922) 《关于我自己》
The Color of a Great City（1923）《大都会的色彩》
Dreiser Looks at Russia (1928) 《德莱塞访苏印象记》
My City (1929) 《我的城市》
Tragic America （1931）《悲剧的美国》
Dawn（1931）《黎明》
America Is Worth Saving(1941）《美国值得拯救》
●Edwin Arlington Robinson
￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣
●Robert Lee Frost
A Boy’s Will《少年的心愿》
North of Boston 《波士顿的北部》
Mountain Interval 《山间低地》
New Hampshire 《新罕布仕尔》
West-Running Brook 《小河西流》
Collected Poems 《诗集》
A Further Range 《又一片牧场》
A witness Tree 《见证树》
Steeple Bush 《绒毛绣线菊》
A Masque of Reason 《理性假面具》
A Masque of Mercy 《仁慈假面具》
In the Clearing 《林间空地》
Birches<<白桦树>>
After apple-picking <<摘罢苹果>>
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening<<雪夜林前小驻>>
The Road Not Taken<<未选择的路>>
In this poem, the speaker comes upon 2 roads and he takes the one less traveled by.
But he is doubtful whether he will regret his choice or not when he is old, because the choice has made all the difference. Clearly life is here compared to a journey.
Just as one will have to choose a road when facing a fork, one has to make a choice at a critical moment in his or her life. Sometimes the choice is so important that one’s success or happiness will be entirely depended upon it. Though it is important to make a choice, yet where the road leads to is still uncertain. This uncertainty of life is unknown at the present. One has to wait to see the result of the choice until one’s life is coming to an end. Then it will be too late, for one cannot go back and live his life again. Frost acknowledges the limits of life (knowing how way leads on to way), yet he indulges himself in the sentimental notion that we could be really different from what we have become, because life is unpredictable.
The poem has 4 stanzas and each has a rhyme scheme of abaab. The poem is a monologue by one who is uncertain about his choice some time ago. In the first stanza he talks about the choice before him: 2 roads diverged in a yellow wood. In the second stanza the choice has been made because he is courageous and independent. In the third stanza the speaker talks of the untrodden road and his uncertainties about the limits of life. Then in the last stanza the speaker becomes convinced about the truth in life: “I took the one less traveled by,/And that has made all the difference”. The poem presents the process of making choice and having doubt, vividly revealing the truth in a metaphoric way
Mending wall<<补墙>>
●F.Scott Fitzgerald
This Side of Paradise(1920)人间天堂
The Beautiful and Damned(1922)美丽和诅咒
The Great Gatsby(1925)了不起的盖茨
Tender is the Night (1934)夜色温柔
The Last of Tycoon最后的大亨
Flappers and Philosophers
Tales of the Age
●Ernest Miller Hemingway
The Torrents of Spring 《春潮》(1925)
· The Sun Also Rises 《太阳照旧升起》(1926)
· A Farewell to Arms《永别了，武器》(1929)
· To Have and Have Not(1937)《虽有犹无》
· For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》(1940)
· Across the River and Into the Trees 《渡河入林》(1950)
· The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》(1952)
· Adventures of a Y oung Man《少年历险记》(1962)
· Islands in the Stream《岛之恋》(1970)
· The Garden of Eden《伊甸园》(1986)
Nonfiction
Death in the Afternoon 《午后之死》(1932)
Green Hills of Africa《非洲的青山》(1935)
The Dangerous Summer 《危险夏日》(1960)
A Movable Feast 《流动的宴席》
Short Story Collections
· Three Stories and Ten Poems《三个故事和十首诗》(1923)
· In Our Time 《在我们的时代里》(1925)
· Men Without Women《没有女人的男人》(1927)
· The Snows of Kilimanjaro《乞力马扎罗的雪》(1932)
· Winner Take Nothing 《胜者一无所获》(1933)
· The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories 《第五纵队与49个故事》(1938) · The Nick Adams Stories 《尼克·亚当斯故事集》(1972)
●O'Neill
Bound East for Cardiff, 1916
Beyond the Horizon, 1920
The Emperor Jones, 1920
The Hairy Ape, 1922
Anna Christie, 1922
Desire Under the Elms, 1925
Lazarus Laughed, 1925-26
The Great God Brown, 1926
Strange Interlude, 1928
Mourning Becomes Electra, 1931
Ah, Wilderness!, 1933
The Iceman Cometh,
Long Day's Journey Into Night,。