美国文学2

Washington Irving《柑掌录》（即《见闻札记》[The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon,Gent.1819-1820]）其中收录奠定了欧文在美国文学史上的地位。

其中的散文《威斯敏斯特教堂》、短篇小说《瑞普·凡·温克尔》和《睡谷的传说》等，都是脍炙人口至今不衰之作。

《睡谷的传说》（The legend of the Sleepy Hollow）Ichabod Crane 和Katrina V an Tassel《瑞普．凡．温克尔》（Rip V an Winkle）等32篇《纽约外史》(A History of New Y ork,1809)第一部重要作品美国第一部诙谐文学杰作《布雷斯布里奇田庄》（Brace bridge Hall,1822）《旅人述异》（即《旅客谈》[Tales of a Traveller,1824]）《哥伦布的生平和航行》即《哥伦布传》[The Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus,1828] 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》（V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus,1831）《攻克格拉纳达》（The Chronicles of the Conquest of Granada,1829）《大食故宫余载》（即《阿尔罕伯拉》[Tales of the Alhambra,1832]）《阿斯托里亚》（Astoria,1836）《哥尔德斯密斯传》（The Life of Oliver Goldsmith,1840[revised1849]）《穆罕默德及其继承者》（Mahomet and His Successors,1850）《华盛顿传》（The Life of George Washington[5volumes],1855-1859）●James Fenimore CooperPrimary WorksFiction:Precaution,1820;The Spy,1821;The Pioneers, 1823;The Pilot, 1824;Lionel Lincoln,1824;The Last of the Mohicans, 1826;The Prairie, 1827;The Red Rover, 1828;The Wept of Wish-Ton-Wish,1829;The Water Witch,1830;The Bravo,1831;The Heidenmauer,1832 ;The Headsman,1833;The Monikins,1835;Homeward Bound,1838;Home as Found,1838;Mercedes of Castile,1840;The Pathfinder, 1840;The Deerslayer, 1841;The Two Admirals,1842;The Wing-and-Wing,1842;Romance,1843;Ned Myers, 1843;Wyandotte, 1843;Afloat and Ashore,1844;Miles Wallingford: A Sequel to Afloat and Ashore,1844;Satanstoe,1845;The Chain Bearer,1845;The Redskins,1846;The Crater,1847;Jack Tier,1848;Oak Openings, 1849;The Sea Lions,1849;The Ways of the Hour,1850.Non-Fiction:Notions of the Americans: Picked Up by a Travelling Bachelor, 1828;Sketches of Switzerland,1836;Gleanings in Europe,1837;The American Democrat,1838;The History of the Navy of the United States of America,1839.New England T ranscendentalism and Emerson超验主义& 爱默生Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. It is sometimes called American Transcendentalism.超验主义的特色First, the Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe.Oversoul is a unitary power of goodness，omnipresent and omnipotent，from which all things came and of which everyone was a part.Second, the Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society.Third, the Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of Nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Weakness1. The transcendentalist movement had a small membership and only lasted for a few years.2. The transcendentalism was never a systematic philosophy. It borrowed from many sources.3. The failure of transcendentalism as a moral force in American life was its denial of its real spiritual origin.EmersonNature 《论自然》Laying out the problem that he will attempt to solve in the essay, Emerson states that our energy and excitement in creating something new has been lost because we try to understand the world around us by using only theories and histories about nature rather than personally observing it. One solution to this problem involves our casting off impersonal theories or descriptions that distance us from nature and ourselves; afterwards, we can reexamine theactual thing that we are a part of —namely, nature. Direct experience with nature is best because it provides better insight into the contemporary world than does the historian's teachings or the scientist's theories.Emerson's discarding traditional ways of viewing the world indicates the importance that progress will play in the essay. Note that the worm/man relationship in the 1849 epigraphic poem contains verbs — " striving" and "mounts" — that connote the idea of progress. But Emerson also draws attention to the backward steps we too readily think of as progressive. He characterizes these steps as groping "among the dry bones of the past," and he quickly moves from this notion of a stagnant death to one of a revitalized future in which original thoughts reign.In order to help us focus more clearly on nature, Emerson distinguishes nature from art. Art, he says, is natural objects or materials that we alter for our own purposes —for example, a statue or a picture. That said, however, this distinction is relatively inconsequential to Emerson.The introduction ends by defining nature as all that is external to ourselves — all that is "not me," including our own bodies.Theme :The search for truth and beauty and how theses two qualities are relatedThe Poet 《论诗人》The American Scholar 《美国学者》---America’s Declaration of Intellectual IndependenceRepresentative Men 《代表性人物》English Traits 《英国人的特性》The Conduct of Life 《论为人处事》Essays 《散文选》the art of the life 《生活的艺术》《论自助》(Self-Relianc e)、《论超灵》(The Over-Soul)、《论补偿》(Compensation)、《论爱》(Love)、《论友谊》(friendship) 《五月节及其他诗歌》May Day and Other Poems，1867●Nathaniel Hawthorne＊1828: Fanshawe 《范肖》＊1835:Y oung Goodman Brown 《小伙子布朗》＊1836:The Minister's Black V eil 《教长的黑纱》＊1837: Twice-Told Tales 《重讲一遍的故事》＊1844:Rappaccini's Daughter ）《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》＊1846: Mosses from an Old Manse《古宅青苔》＊1850: The Scarlet Letter 《红字》Content ：Noisy crowd→they thougt Hester should be punished for she broke the law of puritanism→she was thought as a baggage→Hester stood exposed on the public scaffold with a baby in her arms →there is a scarlet “A”on her breast.本书写的是一段婚外恋情中三个主要人物的命运。