1998年社科院博士生入学考试英语真题及答案
1998年考研英语真题及答案(卷一)
考研资料1998年全国研究生入学考试试卷及参考答案（精校版）英语1998年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recent l y most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that its 3 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 4 of the English population. 5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 7 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 8 history and economics, have 9 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1. ［A］admitted ［B］believed ［C］claimed ［D］predicted2. ［A］plain ［B］average ［C］mean ［D］normal3. ［A］momentary ［B］prompt ［C］instant ［D］immediate4. ［A］bulk ［B］host ［C］gross ［D］magnitude5. ［A］On ［B］With ［C］For ［D］By6. ［A］broadly ［B］thoroughly ［C］generally ［D］completely7. ［A］however ［B］meanwhile ［C］therefore ［D］moreover8. ［A］at ［B］in ［C］about ［D］for9. ［A］manifested ［B］approved ［C］shown ［D］speculated10. ［A］noted ［B］impressed ［C］labeled ［D］markedSection ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assertthemselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.11. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight12. In P aragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area13. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of baker y cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance c h asing.”15. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery16. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy17. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Bl ake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”19. The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities21. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.22. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the historyof the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.23. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, Americain 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”25. We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up t he earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates theformation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).27. The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates correspon ds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart28. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe29. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans30. The passage is mainly about ________.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 31) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Admi nistration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosionthat has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion froma single mass of energy).32) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn’t have long to wait. 33) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 35) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.31. ________32. ________33. ________34. ________35. ________Section V WritingDirections:[A] Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.[B] Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)[C] Your essay should meet the requirements below:1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2. Give your commentsn.注：图片上的文字是：本母鸡承诺：①本鸡下蛋不见棱不见角②保证有蛋皮，蛋黄和蛋清1998年答案及解析Part ⅠCloze Test1. A2. B3. D4. A5. D6. D7. A8.B9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage 111. C 12. D 13.D 14. CPassage 215.A 16.B 17.B 18.APassage 319.C 20.D 21.A 22.APassage 423.B 24.C 25.D 26.CPassage 527.B 28.B 29.C 30.CPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
2020 参考1998年考研英语真题答案及解析
1998 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析Part ⅠCloze Test1. A2. B3. D4. A5. D6. D7. A8.B9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage 111. C 12. D 13.D 14. CPassage 215.A 16.B 17.B 18.APassage 319.C 20.D 21.A 22.APassage 423.B 24.C 25.D 26.CPassage 527.B 28.B 29.C 30.CPart Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation31.更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150 亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
32.巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是20 年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位不可缺少的。
33.天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器和球载仪器，正在越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
34.假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一种科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。
35.宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但是它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论产生的在科学上看来似乎可信的结论。
许多天体物理学家近十年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。
Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36.见分析试题精解Section I Cloze Test一、文章总体分析本文在关于工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题上提出了两种对立的观点。
第一段讲述了第一种观点，是大部分历史学家的看法，即工业革命的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。
第二段讲述的是另一种人普遍持有的观点，即工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。
二、试题具体解析1.[A] admitted 承认[B] believed 相信，认为[C] claimed 声称[D] predicted 预言[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+ 动词词义辨析。
中国社会科学院2008年3月博士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案解析 (12年印版)
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社科院1999考博英语试题+答案
中国社会科学院研究生院1999博士研究生入学考试英语试题 Part Ⅰ V ocabulary (15％)Section ADirections ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle the answer that best completes the sentence ．1．With her last child having left home ，she felt a________ need to fill her time ．A ．tenseB ．thoroughC ．pressingD ．small2．It is generally thought that as teachers work with students ，psychology course work is________ to teacher-training ．A ．indispensableB ．inviolateC ．indisposedD ．invariable3．The announcement of the death of their leader caused thereafter a feeling of great despair to________ heir lives ．A ．overflowB ．scatterC ．permeateD ．manipulate4．Fear of pirate________ led the French to fortify their coastline ．A ．excursionsB ．incursionsC ．transmigrationsD ．transmogrifications5．During the oil crisis of the 1970s ，many states________ speed limits to reduce gasoline use ．A ．implantedB ．imposedC ．impairedD ．impressed6．Over-taxation ，many argue ，impedes initiative ，so that government income may actually________．A ．mushroomB ．capsizeC ．shrinkD ．dispel7．The assassin hid himself carefully from view before________ his future victim ．A ．drawing fromB ．drawing upC ．drawing withD ．drawing on8．He never exerts himself to aid those trying to________ a difficult situation ．A ．rectifyB ．modifyC ．solidifyD ．verify9．His alibi was fishy ，yet________ to close scrutiny ．A ．stood stillB ．withstoodC ．stood upD ．stood off10．Practitioners of law and medicine are esteemed in many countries which seems to indicate that________ depends on profession or title ．A ．prestigeB ．superiorityC ．privilegeD ．merit11．After the demonstration the protestors________ quietly ．A ．dismissedB ．diffusedC dispatchedD ．dispersed12．Mutual trade implies________ advantages ．A ．alliedB ．cooperativeC ．periodicalD ．reciprocal13．A virtual anchorite ，he________ to his self-sufficiency ．A ．adheresB ．confirmsC ．conformsD ．admonishes14．It is scarcely an exaggeration to say that during the Cold War period the threat________ by nuclear arms seemed an everpresent danger ．A ．imposedB ．convokedC ．posedD ．provoked15．Scientific integrity is as much a matter of self-interest as it is of________．A ．self-esteemB ．self-deceiving 考博家园C ．selfishnessD ．self-improvement Section BDirections ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle the letter that is the closest synonym to the underlinedword ．16．The majority of the observers at the conference ，in contradistinction to the delegates ，were opposed to ratification ．A ．adjournmentB ．distributionC ．tablingD ．approval17．Although it was none of my business I asked her if the one she was lamenting for was in any way kin ．A ．speaking forB ．running risks forC ．pleading forD ．mourning for18．I could never spend the tome that he does pouring over sports magazines ，compiling in tricate lists ，and calculating averages ．A ．delicateB ．incomprehensibleC ．meaninglessD ．complicated19．In England ，Latin appears never to have superseded the old Gaelic speech among the people ．A ．joinedB ．replacedC ．influencedD ．given way to20．Landslides triggered by heavy rainfall impeded our best attempts at rescuing the victims ．A ．encouragedB ．hinderedC ．nullifiedD ．crowned21．Death ensued as a result of suffocation ．A ．heartfailure B ．an accident C ．disease D ．asphyxiation 22．We must safeguard against coerced confessions ．A ．bribedB ．emotionalC ．unprofitableD ．forced23．My attention was engaged by the article's caption ．A ．graphB ．authorC ．contentsD ．title24．The report was unusual in that it insinuated corruption on the part of the minister ．A ．deniedB ．suggestedC ．proposedD ．stated25．When a newspaper prints an inaccurate date for an event ，universal chagrin results ．A ．discomfitureB ．amusementC ．reprisalD ．loss of profit26．In various parts of the world ，the devoted and devout participate enthusiastically in public processions during the major events of the liturgical year ．A ．piousB ．seriousC ．diseasedD ．misled27．Absent impartiality on the part of the psychotherapist ，a patient's conflicts may be exacerbated ．A ．indifferenceB ．objectivityC ．voiced concernD ．engagement28．They awoke to find the maid had left the remnants of dinner on the table ．A ．list of items for aB ．invitations to aC ．leftovers ofD ．preparations for a29．The upshot of all this was that travelling had become precarious ．A ．gloriousB ．funC ．expensiveD ．dangerous30．Some would consider that an infringement of good manners whereas others would not ．A ．an exampleB ．a violationC ．a problemD ．an indication Part Ⅱ Grammar (15％)Section ADirections ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle the letter that best completes the sentence ．1．________ sugar________ salt is oil water ． 考博家园A ．Not as ．．．as B ．No more than ．．．is C ．Not more than ．．．．is D ．Not more than ．．．as2．His mother frequently denies him permission to do things ，and that is________．A ．everB ．thisC ．thatD ．over3．The staff in pediatrics________ rushed whereas the geriatric ward is not busy at all ．A ．is nearly alwaysB ．nearly is alwaysC ．always is nearlyD ．is always nearly4．Anais Nin's diaries are often scandalous ，probably because she describes herself as she is rather than________．A ．others' define herB ．as others define herC ．her definition by othersD ．she is defined by others5．________，the mayor conceded defeat in his bid for re-election ．A ．Having racked up a lead of some 150，000 votesB ．Having been racked up a lead of some 150，000 votesC ．His opponent having racked up a lead of some 150，000 votesD ．His opponent racking up a lead of some 150，000 votes6．Never has a scientific explanation emerged________ someone somewhere has objected to it ．A ．thatB ．whichC ．whomD ．but7．Your mentor and friend________ to support me in my financial undertaking ．A ．have consentedB ．has consentedC ．have been consentingD ．are consented8．Due in large part to the complexity of its structure—over two hundred bones________ together by ligaments—the human skeleton is a marvel of architectural construction ．A ．bindingB ．boundC ．houndedD ．bind9．Inasmuch as a year does not elapse without a certain number of villagers falling victim to the ferocity of a tiger ，its roar is________ heard by the natives________ feelings of terror ．A ．not ．．．withB ．not ．．．withoutC ．seldom ．．．withD ．always ．．．without10．I regret to say that your thesis requires more thinking than________ for the problem is exceedingly complex ．A ．to be put inB ．has been put inC ．being put inD ．have been put in11．I must finish this assignment tonight ，________．A ．it is ever so lateB ．be it ever so lateC ．it be ever so lateD ．so late it be12．Science majors ，________，require a good basic foundation in the sciences as a whole ．A ．whether they are future physicists and chemistsB ．be they future physicists or chemistsC ．they are future physicists or chemistsD ．whether they should be future physicists and chemists13．Those are very important papers and I'd just as soon________ here ．A ．as you leave themB ．you leave themC ．you will leave themD ．that you will leave them14．Anatomists generally maintain that the human heart is nearest________． 考博家园A ．to the size in our fistB ．in the size to our fistC ．in size to our fistD ．to the size to our fist15．Foreigners are very fussy about their phone calls ．They hate________ anyone eavesdropping ．A ．thereB ．there beC ．there to beD ．beingSection BDirections ：In the sentences below ，either A ，B ，C or D is the incorrect gramatical form for thesentence ．Pick the incorrect form as your answer ，and on your Answer Sheet ，circle the corresponding letter ．16．One of the more intriguing theories about the destruction of Ur is his contention that the A population may destroy their ziggurats and abandoned their metropolis in anger a gainst the deitiesB C that permitted so long a famine ．D17．In the bush ，the ill took it to be only logical if the one who could dure an illness should also possess A B C the ability of causing it ，and that even at a distance ．D18．Ores which are occurred naturally as elements ，such as gold are of extreme rarity andA B C are occasionally of high value ．D19．Unless they are so permitted by the attending physician ，no visitors or relatives can enter theA B C patient's room ．D20．A rigorous alertness must be adhered when notetaking with the inessential ignored and theA B C D superfluous eliminated ．21．It is largely through perspiration ，or the evaporation of water through the pores ，that humansA B C rid them of excess moisture ．D22．Provided the computer is given correct information to start ，accuracy is another out standingA B C Dadvantage ．23．And so early every morning therefore ，but not before the infant bathed ， did she betake herself A B C D to the outhouse ．24．He stood on tiptoe ，stretching as far as he could ，however ，still ，he could not reach the book ． A B C D25．As gentle as possible ，and with help from an assistant ，the veterinarian examined the hippo to A B 考博家园determine if she was pregnant ．C D26．In a recent survey ，that responsiveness was that most of all made a woman dear to them was theA B C opinion of three out of four men ．D27．All personnel will be required to undergo special sensitivity training programs prior to leavingA B for aboard in order to be prepared against culture shock ．C D28．Among the many changes were those to the New Yorker book review ，and very shortsighted A B C they were ．D29．The majority of students ，preferring eternal verities ，rarely see that knowledge is subject A of growth and transformation ，and that it shifts in meaning and status with time ．B C D30．Because of the recent turmoil and until further notice ，any gathering of more than two people isA B C prohibited in the interest of preserving the law and order ．DPart Ⅲ Cloze (10％)Directions ：Choose as your answer the word that best fits the blank ．On your Answer Sheet ，circlethe corresponding letter ．My knees were shaking ． 1 afraid 2 with them ， 3 Ⅰ 4 myself out on the path to follow them ．Amara's husband 5 coming back and saw me ．“ 6 my age mates 7 thiswitchcraft ．You come back with me and keep watch 8 my wife ．Help me guard 9 body ．He will kill her and I cannot prevent it ．But he 10 killed her in vain ．He shall not eat her body ．”It was dark inside the reception hut ，and very quiet ．The women 11 kept watch over Amara ，and her co-wife still sat with her ．The man stood looking down upon her ．A man must never call his wife 12 her name and may never touch her 13 public ．The man knelt 14 hiswife ．“Child of Lain ．”She did not 15 ．Tentatively he 16 his hand on her forehead ．Perhaps he thought she heard ， 17 he added bravely ， 18 will happen to you ，Amara 19 wife ．”He clasped her hand in 20 ．We sat on in silence waiting for Amara to die ．1．A ．Am B ．Was C ．Will be D ．Have been2．A ．I went B ．go C ．but D ．to go3．A ．yet B ．moreover C ．even D ．soon4．A ．obliged B ．constrained C ．coerced D ．forced5．A ．is B ．was C ．will be D ．had been6．A ．Grant B ．Let C ．Pardon D ．Forgive 考博家园7．A ．takecare for B ．take care of C ．care of D ．care for 8．A ．around B ．with C ．by D ．for9．A ．my B ．your C ．his D ．her10．A ．is B ．was C ．will have D ．would have11．A ．even B ．ever C ．still D ．while12．A ．for B ．with C ．around D ．by13．A ．around the B ．in C ．when D ．while14．A ．along B ．beside C ．besides D ．thinking15．A ．budge B ．mix C ．stir D ．bestir16．A ．laid B ．lain C ．had lain D ．sat17．A ．for B ．when C ．listening D ．quietly18．A ．Nothing B ．Something C ．Anything D ．Everything19．A ．my B ．your C ．his D ．her20．A ．his B ．hers C ．theirs D ．ours Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (30％)Directions ：Read each passage and answer all the questions that follow the passage ．On yourAnswer Sheet ，circle the letter that best answers the question ．Passage 1The sources of anti-Christian feeling were many and complex ．On the more intangible side ，there was a general pique against the unwanted intrusion of the Western countries ；there was an understandable tendency to seek an external scapegoat for internal disorders only tangentially attributable to the West and perhaps most important ，there was a virile tradition of ethnocentricism ，vented long before against Indian Buddhism ，which ，since the seventeenth century ，focused on Western Christianity ．Accordingly ，even before the missionary movement really got under way in the mid-nineteenth century ，it was already at a disadvantage ．After 1860，as missionary activity in the hinterland expanded ，it quickly became apparent that in addition to the intangibles ，numerous tangible grounds for Chinese hostility abounded ．In part ，the very presence of the missionary evoked attack ．They were ，after all ，the first foreigners to leave the treaty ports and venture into the interior ，and for a long time they were virtually the only foreigners whose quotidian labors carried them to the farthest reaches of the Chinese empire ．For many of the indigenous population ，therefore ，the missionary stood as a uniquely visible symbol against which opposition to foreign intrusion could be vented ．In part ，too ，the missionary was attacked because the manner in which he made his presence felt after 1860 seemed almost calculated to offend ．By indignantly waging battle against the notion that China was the sole fountainhead of civilization and ，more particularly ，by his assault on many facets of Chinese culture per se ，the missionary directly undermined the cultural hegemony of the gentry class ．Also ，in countless ways ，he posed a threat to the gentry's traditional monopoly of social leadership ．Missionaries ，particularly Catholics ，frequently assumed the garb of the Confucian literati ．They were the only persons at the local level ，aside from the gentry ，who were permitted to communicate with the authorities as social equals ．Amid they enjoyed an extraterritorial status in the interior that gave them greater immunity to Chinese law than had ever been possessed by the gentry ．Although it was the avowed policy of the Chinese government after 1860 that the new 考博家园treaties were to be strictly adhered to ，in practice implementation depended on the wholehearted accord of provincial authorities ．There is abundant evidence that cooperation was dilatory ．At the root of this lay the interactive nature of ruler and ruled ．In a severely understaffed bureaucracy that ruled as much by suasion as by might ，the official ，almost always a stranger in the locality of his service ，depended on the active cooperation of the local gentry class ．Energetic attempts to implement treaty provisions concerning missionary activities ，in direct defiance of gentry sentiment ，ran the risk of alienating this class and destroying future effectiveness ．1．In a vague way ，anti-Christian feeling stemmed from________．A ．the mere presence of invadersB ．a generalized unfocused feelingC ．the introduction to the WestD ．none of the above2．The author would agree that________．A ．many problems in China came from internal disorders due to Western influenceB ．many problems in China came from China itself and were unrelated to the WestC scapegoats perform a necessary function and there should be more of themD ．all of the above are true3．With which of the following statements would the author agree?A ．Ethnocentricism is a manly tradition ．B ．The disdain toward Christianity was prefigured by a disdain toward Buddhism ．C ．Although Christianity was not well received in China ，Buddhism was ．D ．The author would agree with A and C4．Missionaries________．A ．often dressed the same way as Chinese scholars didB ．were free of the legal constraints that bound the local indigenous populationC ．had greater access to authority than Chinese peasantsD ．may be described by all of the above5．By which of the following statements may the dichotomy between government policy and its implementation be described?A ．There's many a slip twixt the cup and the lip ．B ．You can lead a horse to water but you cannot make him drink ．C ．All that glitters is not gold ．D ．All of the above apply in various ways to the dichotomy ．6．Provincial authorities________．A ．cooperated fully with the central government's policyB ．were alive to local feelingsC ．were obliged to determine whether local sentiment tolerated implementationD ．may be described by B and CPassage 2Proponents of creating large private sectors as quickly as possible in transition economies offer both political and economic arguments to support their view ．They argue that if democracy is to become a viable political system in the countries undergoing transition ，the state's monopoly 考博家园over the bases of political power must be broken so that the countervailing sources of political influence may emerge (Berger ，1991)．Otherwise ，the nomenklatura ，managers of state-owned firms and former bureaucrats ，may sabotage or block economic reforms ，as well as loot ，dissipate or transfer to their own possession the assets of the firms they manage ．By creating property owners ，privatization can create an ascent middle class that has a stake in the creation and maintenance of an effective system of property rights and the pursuit of economic policies that would enable the private sector to flourish ．The most compelling economic reason for privatizing state-owned enterprises in the transition economies is that as units of production—as distinct from providers of secure employment—they were a failure ．Private ownership is thus seen as the means of unlocking gains in productivity by stimulating productive efficiency ，offering greater motivation for both managers and workers ，and creating incentives to enter new markets and exit declining ones ．Privatization ，it is argued ，will unleash dynamic small businesses ，act as a lure for foreign direct investment and speed the painful process of restructuring industry ，and it would accomplish all this while returning property to its rightful historical owners and raising funds for the government ．Despite this enticing list of promises ，many countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union remain reluctant to privatize ．Some of the opposition is ideological ．Some comes from insiders at state-owned enterprises ，both workers and managers ，who fear the loss of income and power ．More broadly ，there are fears that privatization will reduce employment as private owners dismiss redundant workers and that the new private sector will be unlikely to provide the social benefits—like housing ，health and nursery care ，and recreation ，sports and vacation facilities—that state-owned enterprises often provided ．At the extreme ，there are fears that if privatization exacerbates unemployment and causes declines in production ，reformist governments will be swept away ．Practical difficulties have compounded this resistance to privatization ．The valuations of firms is difficult because capital markets barely exist ，accounting statements can be almost meaningless ，and profits and sales achieved in the communist era are a poor guide to future viability ．Households in these countries do not have sufficient sayings to purchase many of the largest firms ，and ，even if they did have the money ，they view former stateowned enterprises as dubious investments ．With a rudimentary banking system ，loans for the purchase of state property are seen as both risky and inflationary ．In this muddled situation ，suspicions naturally arise that buyers are benefiting from low prices at the expense of the state ．7．The argument about democracy is________．A ．a political argumentB ．an economic argumentC ．an argument based upon demonstrable proofD ．an argument favored by all economists8．The information contained between brackets refers to________．A ．something unknownB ．an American Supreme Court Justice's legal decisionC ．someone who does not in fact believe the argumentsD ．an author who deals with the topic being discussed9．Which of the following statements is true? 考博家园A ．“Nomenklatura” is underlined because its meaning cannot be determined by the text ．B ．“Nomenklatura” is different from managers and bureaucrats ．C ．“Nomenklatura” is a foreign term whose meaning in English is managers and bureaucrats ．D ．The origin of the word “nomenklatura” is well-known ．10．The author would necessarily agree________．A ．with the political argumentsB ．that state-owned enterprises were successful in providing secure employmentC ．that state-owned enterprises were successful as units of productionD ．that none of the above is true11．In paragraph 3，the ultimate fear is that of________．A ．the enterprise managersB ．the workersC ．the average citizenD ．the government itself12．The practical difficulties may be explained by________．A ．theoretical argumentsB ．the state of the economic systemsC ．fears of privatizationD ．all of the abovePassage3One traditional justification for greater judicial deference to agencies ，on legal questions in the U. S. administrative regime is she expertise argument ：This justification comports with traditional understandings about the respective roles of the different branches of government and agencies' place in modern government ．Agencies ，in this view ，are the technical experts that put into operation the policy judgments made by legislators ．Indeed ，technical expertise is the raison d'etre of agencies ；by focusing on a particular regulatory field ，or sector of the economy ，agencies can do what Congress lacks the time and other institutional resources to do ．Chevron v ．National Resources ，which presented the question whether the statutory term “stationary source” referred to an entire pollution—emitting plant or ，rather ，to every single smokestack within such a plant ，supplies an apt example of when an agency's special technical expertise can aid statutory interpretation ．According to the expertise argument ，agencies are deemed to understand even the legal ramifications of the problems agencies are created to work on ．Admittedly ，the dichotomy between legal and factual questions may at times be difficult to maintain ，but that observation argues asmuchin favor of as it does against Chevron deference ．Agency expertise ，however ，is not the only common justification ，sometimes the doctrine is justified also on democratic grounds ．According to the argument from democracy ，it is agencies ，not courts ，that are answerable to both the executive and the legislative representatives of the citizenry ．Because judges are not elected ，while presidents and legislators are ，and because agencies but not judges are accountable to the President and to Congress ，judicial deference to agency decisions enhances the political legitimacy of the administrative regime ．Finally ，Chevron may be justified also in the name of administrative efficiency or coordination ．Before Chevron ，different federal courts in different jurisdictions could interpret the same statutory provision differently ．Multiple interpretations by different federal courts would mean that the statute “said” different things in those different jurisdictions ．Such confusion could be eliminated by appellate review ，but agencies faced uncertainty pending review ，and the possibility of different interpretations across different appellate circuits remained ．Because multiple agencies do not typically interpret the same statutory language ，however ，Chevron 考博家园deference allows the agency charged with administering a statute to interpret that statute ．One agency ，rather than many federal courts ，now resolves ambiguities in the statute that the agency in question is charged to administer ．Such interpretive streamlining not only reduces uncertainty but also promotes regulatory coordination ．Once an agency has settled on a reasonable interpretation ，it can act on the basis of that interpretation nationally ．13．The expertise argument assumes that________．A ．an agency has experts but that Congress does notB ．Congress is more interested in policy than in implementationC ．modern agencies are more responsible than agencies were in the pastD ．all of the above are true14．Chevron is underlined________．A ．because it is the name of a companyB ．because it is one party to a law caseC ．because it is the title of a bookD ．because it is the title of a scholarly article15．A “stationary source”________．A ．refers to where one goes to buy writing paperB ．may mean either a plant or a smokestack ，but not bothC ．is in this instance a legal term whose meaning is being questionedD ．refers to something not covered by the above16．We may assume that________．A ．different lower federal courts may have different opinions about a lawB ．the decision of a lower federal court is not necessarily the final decisionC ．both of the above are trueD ．none of the above is true17．The difference between an appellate circuit court and a given agency is________．A ．that the latter is local whereas the former is nationalB ．that a variety of appellate courts may review a given law in contradistinction to a given agency and its jurisdictionC ．that albeit the former specializes in a given area ，the latter has a range of expertise across many different areasD ．that the first is state—based while the latter is nationally—based18．Throughout this passage ，“Chevron deference” refers to________．A ．favoring ChevronB ．favoring National ResourcesC ．favoring the agency involvedD ．favoring none of the abovePassage 4The main feature of a convention—a pattern of behavior that is customary ，expected ，and selg-enforced—is that ，out of a host of conceivable choices ，only one is actually used ．This fact also explains why conventions are needed ：they resolve problems of indeterminacy in interactions that have multiple equilibria ．Indeed ，from a formal point of view ，we may define a convention as an equilibrium that everyone expects in interactions that have more than one equilibrium ． 考博家园Theeconomic significance of conventions is that they reduce transaction costs ．Imagine the inconvenience if ，whenever two vehicles approached one another ，the drivers had to get out and negotiate which side of the road to take ．Or consider the cost of having to switch freight from one type of railroad to another whenever a journey involves both a wide-gauge and a narrow-gauge railroad line ．This was a common circumstance in the nineteenth century and not unknown in the late twentieth ：until recently ，Australia had different rail gauges in the states of South Wales and Victoria ，forcing a mechanical switch for all trains bound between Sydney and Melbourne ． Conventions are also a notable feature of legal contracts ．People rely on standard leases ，wills ，purchasing agreements ，construction contracts and the like ，because it is less costly to fill in the blanks of a standard contract than to create one from scratch ．Even more important ，such agreements are backed up by legal precedent ，so the signatories have even greater confidence that ，their terms are enforceable ．We may discern two ways in which conventions become established ．One is by central authority ．Following the French Revolution ，for example ，it was decreed that horse-drawn carriages in Paris should keep to the right ．The previous custom had been for carriages to keep left and for pedestrians to keep right ，facing the oncoming traffic ．Changing the custom was symbolic of the new order ：going on the left had become politically incorrect because it was identified with the privileged classes ：going on the right was the habit of the common many and therefore more “democratic”．In Britain ，by contrast there seems to have been no single defining event that gave rise to the dominant convention of left-handed driving ．Rather ，it grew up by local custom ，spreading from one region to another ．This is the second mechanism by which conventions become established ：the gradual accretion of precedent ．The two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive ，of course ．Society often converges on a convention first by an informal process of accretion ：later it is codified into law to regulate exceptions ．In many countries ，rules of the road were not legislated until the nineteenth century ，but by this time the law was merely reiterating what had already become established custom ．The surprising fact is that until the end of the eighteenth century ，the dominant convention was for horse-drawn carriages to keep to the left ．This situation obtained in Great Britain ，France ，Sweden ，Portugal ，Austria ，Hungary ，Bohemia and parts of Italy ．A chain of historical accidents—Napoleon adopting the new convention for his armies and imposing this convention in occupied countries ；Portugal sharing a common border with occupied Spain ；Austria ，Hungary and Bohemian Czechoslovakia falling under German rule ；Italy having elected a “modern” leader under a king—gradually tipped the balance ．19．In the first sentence ，the word “convention” is underlined________．A ．for personal reasons regarding styleB ．to stress the importance of the wordC ．because the author will define itD ．for none of the above reasons20．A synonym for “equilibria” is________．A ．choicesB ．conventionsC ．problemsD ．interactions21．We may assume that the cost in time of passenger traffic in Australia as a whole________．A ．is great 考博家园。
[中科院]中国社会科学院研究生院博士研究生英语入学试题及答案
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中国社会科学院研究生院2005年博士研究生英语入学考试和答案PART I: VocabularySection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.1. Too often, the sales manager who hires salesmen simply because of their extroverted and flamboyant personality will have a high turnover.a. deviousb. humorousc. singulard. ostentatious2. He remains alert to signs of hope and finds one in the story of the late SuAnne Big Crow, a high-school basketball star whose exploits and character united the reservation in pride.a. featsb. peatsc. leatsd. beats3. The emergence of extraterrestrial life, particularly intelligent life, is a key test for these rival paradigms.a. doctrinesb. heresiesc. examplesd. debates4. There are no national statistics, but family-law experts agree that with remarriage and a booming economy creating an increasingly mobile work force, relocation is becoming a much more. contentious issue in divorce cases.a. precariousb. urgentc. elusived. controversial5. Although astronomers increasingly suspect that bio-friendly planets may be abundant in the universe, the chemical steps leading to life remain largely mysterious.a. doubtb. assumec. emerged. amplify6. Small wonder, then, that the heavy surrounding wall is obsolete, and we build, instead, membranes of thin sheet metal or glass.a. extantb. manifest e. archaic d. dilapidated7. That prospect has infuriated ordinary Mexicans, who have seen the purchasing power of their paychecks erode more than 40% since 1982, and who voted for the new president because he promised to replace austerity with prosperity.a. severe and restricted economyb. affluence and large-scale economyc. inefficient and small-scale economyd. scarce and uncontrolled economy8. The benefits and pleasure from embezzlement will only be ephemeral for those corrupt officials, at the expense of the whole country for centuries to come.a. transitoryb. durablec. immortald. resilient9. We might feel ambivalence about taking PhD candidate tests that require us to work extremely hard and under too much stress.a. an antagonistic feelingb. a contradictory feelingc. a Monday-morning feelingd. an altruistic feeling10. Much of the emotionalism of modern pop music, which seems to offer catharsis to both performer and audience, is taken directly from the sacred-music traditions of African Americans.a. abreactionb. laxnessc. euphemismd. euthanasiaSection B (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the sentence.11. It is hoped that the severe prison sentences will serve as a(n) to other would-be offenders.a. hoaxb. deterrentc. hindranced. anguish12. and grit are much more important than intelligence and talent. So those who were responsible for cheating were kicked off the team, even in the face of overwhelming criticism.a. integrityb. culpabilityc. persistenced. indolence13. And so to the of the Games --- faster, higher, stronger ---Tonya Harding adds words she knows all too well: harder. Harder. Longer. Badder. She has worked so hard, tried for so long, wanted so bad.a. creedb. convictionc. dogmad. qualm14. Traditionally, biologists believed that life is a freak --- the result of a zillion-to-one accidental concatenation. It follows that the likelihood of its happening again elsewhere in the cosmos is .a. infinitesimalb. immeasurablec. multitudinousd. miscellaneous15. By starting treatment early, and interrupting it for brief periods once they had the virus under control, all of the study's eight participants were able to _ their immune responses.a. consoleb. fosterc. bolsterd. decrease16. His former wife had ____ the court for permission to move them to Colorado, but a judge said that would damage their relationship with Caldwell and ruled she could either stay in Illinois or relinquish custody.a. defiedb. ratifiedc. petitionedd. eluded17. Some managers in the slate-owned enterprises have been charged with for depositing public funds into private bank accounts at a time when economic reform is being carried out.a. embezzlementb. pillagec. pilferaged. arson18. Both sections are designed to be taken by high school seniors. Over 20 percent of the children with these top scores were found to be left-handed or , twice the rate observed among the general population.a. ambidextrousb. ambivalentc. ambientd. dexterous19. Poorer parents, meanwhile, may be tempted to borrow more than they ever expect to repay; the rate on government-backed loans is roughly 22% and bound to rise.a. interestb. mortalityc. defaultd. velocity20. It is not only that they are supposed to fall in love and to enter into a monogamous marriage in which she gives up her name and he his _______. but this love must be manufactured at all cost or the marriage will seem insincere to all concerned.a. concessionb. solvencyc. paroled. meditationPART Ⅱ: GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.21. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment.a. thereforeb. therebyc. whereasd. thus22. The critics tended to speculate who had the greatest influence on the development of that writer's novels.a. as tob. so as toc. thatd. of23. the stock market has posted its worst loss since the '87 crash and has provoked fears ofa bearish season to come.a. Panicked by a faltering buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,b. To be panicked by a hesitating buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,c. Being panicked by a hesitant buyout deal and a trace of inflation,d. Panicking by a faltering buyout deal and a hair-raising inflation,24. The assumption that the initiative in the establishment of this wondrous arrangement should be in the hands of the male, with the female graciously succumbing ____ the impetuous onslaught of his wooing , goes back right to prehistoric times when savage warriors first descended _________ some peaceful matriarchal hamlet and dragged away its screaming daughters to their marital beds.a. to ... onb. to ...withc. with ...tod. on...at25. Hacker could even take control of the entire system by implanting his own instructions in the software that runs it. Moreover, he could program the computer to ease any sigh ofa. his being thereb. him having ever been therec. his ever having been thered. having ever been there26．Jefferson was a renowned doubter，urging his nephew to “question with boldness even the existence of a God” John Adams was at least a skeptic，．a．as were of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allemb．as the revolutionary firebrand was of course Tom Paine and Ethan Allemc. as of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allem wered．as of course the revolutionary firebrand was Tom Paine and Ethan Allem27．Should Earth be struck by an asteroid，destroying all higher life-forms，intelligent beings，still less humanoids，a．would almost certainly not arise next time aroundb．will almost undoubtedly not arise next time aroundc．would not have to arise next time around indeedd．Would have arisen next time around for a certainty28．Another reason argues for the separation of church and state．If the Founding Fathers had one overarching aim、it was to limit the power the churches the state．They had seen the abuses of kings who claimed to rule with divine approval，from arbitrary Henry VIII to the high-handed George Ⅲ.a．not of ...but of b．not only ...but alsoc．of ...as well as d．of ...or of29．Many such chemical changes have been performed by man since very early times，probably the first the heating of clay to make pottery，which has been known for 1O，000 years．a was b is C．had been d．being30．But if life on Earth is not unique，the case for a miraculous origin would be undermined．The discovery of even a humble bacterium on Mars,____, would support the view that life emerges naturally．a．if they could be shown to have arisen separately from Earthb．if it could show to have arisen in parallel from Earthc if it could be shown to have arisen independently from Earthd. if they can be shown to have arisen autonomously from EarthSection B (10 points)Directions：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence31．Bill Gates rules because early on he acted on the assumption which computing power---theA Bcapacity of microprocessors and memory chips---would become nearly free；his company keptCchuming out more and more lines of complex software to make use of the cheap bounty．D32. What struck the imagination of the world was, in first place, the dramatic character ofA Bthe discovery - the long and patient search, a real act of faith, culminating in the discoveryCof something the like of which had never been found before - the undisturbed body of theDancient Egyptian kings.33. Even George Washington must shudder in his sleep to hear the constant emphasis onA"Judeo-Christian values.” It is he who writes, “We have abundant reason to rejoice that in thisB CLand ... every person may here worship God according to the dictates of his own heart.”D34. It was a textbook case of crisis mismanagement. Hitting by hundreds of lawsuits and a federalA Bprobe into the safety of its silicone breast implant, Dow Coming spent much of the past year hunkered down in a defensive crouch -- stalling investigators, sitting on evidence andC Dminimizing the complaints of women who said the devices caused them pain, disfigurement and serious autoimmune disorders.35. As the colleges and universities have less and less resources to devote to the humanities andAliberal arts, by which a sensitivity toward social advancement has traditionally been nurturedB Cthey are forced to look to private industry for money.D36. In the space of 12 hours last Thursday, Mexican Finance Minister Guillermo Ortiz Martinez undertook the unenviable task of charming, consoling and begging the forgiveness of three AAmerican credit-rating agencies, the head of a dozen U.S. commercial banks and 400 investorsBand analysts who lost nearly $10 billion last month when Mexico's newly minted President,CErnesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon, abruptly allowed the peso to float against the dollar.D37. He believed that Nazca only made sense if the people who had designed and made theseAvast drawings on the ground could actually see them. and that led him to the theory that theBancient Peruvians had somehow learned to fly, as only from above they could really see theC Dextent of their handiwork.38. The rescue package he finally unveiled Tuesday called for cutting budgets, keeping prices inA check and holding wage increases to 7% for 1995, backed by an $18 billion emergency fundBsubstantially financed by the U.S. Those sacrifices, however, make them clear that Mexico nowCfaces an anguished period of economic stagnation, even if the government can make the planD stick.39. But our guess, and certainly our hope, is that you are among the far greater number whoA knows that walls are only temporary at best, and that over the long run, we can serve society'sB Cinterests better by working together in mutual accommodation.D40. No wonder John Adams once described the Judeo-Christian tradition as “the most bloodyAreligion that ever existed,” and that the Founding Fathers took such pains to keepBthe hand that held the musket separate from the one that carries the cross.C DPART II1: Reading comprehension: (30 points)Directions: Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1I have shown how democracy destroys or modifies the different inequalities that originate in society; but is this all, or does it not ultimately affect that great inequality of man and woman which has seemed, up to the present day, to be eternally based in human nature? I believe that the social changes that bring nearer to the same level the father and son, the master and servant, and, in general, superiors and inferiors will raise woman and make her more and more the equal of man. But here, more than ever, I feel the necessity of making myself clearly understood; for there is no subject on which the coarse and lawless fancies of our age have taken a freer range.There are people in Europe who，confounding together the different characteristics of the sexes would make man and woman into beings not only equal but alike．They would give to boththe same functions，impose on both the same duties，and grant to both the same rights：they would mix them in all things—their occupations，their pleasures．their business．It may readily be conceived that by thus attempting to make one sex equal to the other, both are degraded，and from so preposterous a medley of the works of nature nothing could ever result but weak men and disorderly women．It is not thus that the Americans understand that species of democratic equality Which may be established between the sexes．They admit that as nature has appointed such wide differences between the physical and moral constitution of man and woman，her manifest design was to give a distinct employment to their various faculties；and they hold that improvement does not consist in making beings so dissimilar do pretty nearly the same things，but in causing each of them to fulfill their respective tasks in the best possible manner The Americans have applied to the sexes the great principle of political economy which governs the manufacturers of our age，by carefully dividing the duties of man from those of woman in order that the great work of society may be the better carried on．In no country has such constant care been taken as in America to trace two clearly distinct lines of action for the two sexes and to make them keep pace one with the other，but in two pathways that are always different．American women never manage the outward concerns of the family or conduct a business or take a part in political life：nor are they，on the other hand，ever compelled to perform the rough labor of the fields or to make any of those laborious efforts which demand the exertion of physical strength．No families are so poor as to form an exception to this rule．If, on the one hand，an American woman cannot escape from the quiet circle of domestic employments．she is never forced，on the other，to go beyond it．Hence it is that the women of America，who often exhibit a masculine strength of understanding and a manly energy，generally preserve great delicacy of personal appearance and always retain the manners of women although they sometimes show that they have the hearts and minds of menNor have the Americans ever supposed that one consequence of democratic principles is the subversion of marital power or the confusion of the natural authorities in families They hold that every association must have a head in order to accomplish its object．and that the natural head of the conjugal association is man．They do not therefore deny him the right of directing his partner，and they maintain that in tile smaller association of husband and wife as well as in the great social community the object of democracy is to regulate and legalize the powers that are necessary, and not to subvert all power．Comprehension Questions：41．What does the writer think will improve equality between the sexes?a．the opinions of those who comment on society's foiblesb．the fact that democracy has leveled other inequalitiesc. the social changes that have occurredd．the wider gender demographic assumptions of our age42. Why does the writer oppose the views of some Europeans?a. Because he does not think men and women should do the same jobs, enjoy the same pastimes, or indulge in the same business transactions.b. Because he thinks they confuse the different characteristics of men and women.c. Because he thinks it absurd that the sexes should have the same duties and rights.d. Because he does not think the sexes have the same function in society.43. In what particular way do Americans have a different interpretation of democratic equality between the sexes?a. They want men and women to take different roles in society.b, They believe the sexes are very different from each other.c. They encourage men and women to fulfill different tasks as well as they can.d. They impose a division of labor in order to benefit society as a whole.44. What does the writer suggest to be the main strengths of American women?a. They concentrate on work in the home.b. They heed their comportments and show brainpowers analogous to those of men.e. They refrain from shirking domestic employment.d. They do not participate in business or politics.45. What effect has democracy had on the relations between the sexes in America?a. It has resulted in women being subordinate to men.b. It has subverted natural authority in families.c. It has formulated and endorsed necessary powers, with the man as head of the family.d. It has reinforced existing inequalities.Passage 2When we speak of progress in connection with our individual endeavors or any organized human effort, we mean an advance toward a known goal. It is not in this sense that social evolution can be called progress, for it is not achieved by human reason striving by known means toward a fixed aim. It would be more correct to think of progress as a process of formation and modification of the human intellect, a process of adaptation and learning in which not only the possibilities known to us but also our values and desires continually change. As progress consists in the discovery of the not yet known, its consequences must be unpredictable. It always leads into the unknown, and the most we can expect is to gain an understanding of the kind of forces that bring it about. Yet, though such a general understanding of the character of this process of cumulative growth is indispensable if we are to try to create conditions favorable to it, it can never be knowledge which will enable us to make specific predictions. The claim that we can derive from such insight necessary laws of evolution that we must follow is an absurdity. Human reason can neither predict nor deliberately shape its own future. Its advances consist in finding out where it has been wrong.Even in the field where search for new knowledge is most deliberate, i,e., in science, no man can predict what will be the consequences of his work, In fact, there is increasing recognition that even the attempt to make science deliberately aim at useful knowledge--that is, at knowledge whose future uses can be foreseen--- is likely to impede progress. Progress by its very nature cannot be planned. We may perhaps legitimately speak of planning progress in a particular field where we aim at the solution of a specific problem and are already on the track of the answer. But we should soon be at the end of our endeavors if we were to confine ourselves to striving for goals now visible and if new problems did not spring up all the time. It is knowing what we have not known before that makes us wiser man.But often it also makes us sadder men. Though progress consists in part in achieving things we have been striving for, this does not mean that we shah like all its results or that all will begainers. And since our wishes and aims are also subject to change in the course of process, it is questionable whether the statement has a clear meaning that the new state of affairs that progress creates is a better one, Progress in the sense of the cumulative growth of knowledge and power over nature is a term that says little about whether the new state will give us more satisfaction than the old. The pleasure may be solely in achieving what we have been striving for, and the assured possession may give us little satisfaction. The question whether, if we had to stop at our present stage of development, we would in any significant sense be better off or happier than if we had stopped a hundred or a thousand years ago is probably unanswerable.The answer, however, does not matter. What matters is the successful striving for what at each, moment seems attainable. It is not the fruits of past success but the living in and for the future in which human intelligence proves itself. Progress is movement for movement's sake, for it is in the process of learning, and in the effects of having learned something new, that man enjoys the gift of his intelligence.Comprehension Questions:46. Which of the following statements does the passage most strongly support?a. Scientific progress will benefit mankind immeasurably.b. Scientific research frequently achieves its intended goals.c. Progress may or may not lead to a better world.d. Progress defined by a infinite trajectory leads to wisdom.47. Progress, in the view of the writer.a. involves the development of the human intellectb. is closely related to social development and evolutionc. is at the expense of tradition and moral valuesd. always remunerates everyone relatively equally48. When considering the search for knowledge,a. we should aim at solving specific problemsb. we should produce useful resultsc. we become wiser because we accumulate a broad range of knowledged. science finds solutions for existing problems and uncovers new problems49. Progress, according to this argument,a. unquestionably leads to a more pleasurable existenceb. facilitates prosperity and personal satisfactionc. involves the achievement of measurable goalsd. is an inevitable movement forward50. The author suggests thata. past achievements are less important than future aspirationsb. history's successes demonstrate change in knowledgec. striving without achieving goals is wasted effortd. movement for movement's sake is pointlessPassage 3The immediate postwar economic regime throughout much of the world could be characterized as a unique compromise between national economic objectives (e.g., industrialization / development, full employment, and social welfare) on the one hand, and aninternational system of co-operative and liberal multilateralism, on the other-a combination often described as “national capitalism” or “embedded liberalism”.In practice the implementation of Keynesianism in each national context was quite specific and had to do with the mediating effect of local institutions or “governance regimes”. In industrialized nations, states regulated economics mainly through fiscal policy. Meanwhile, developing countries experimented with more extreme forms of state intervention, from various versions of “mixed”economies to outright socialism. In Latin America, the guiding postwar paradigm was import-substituting industrialization (ISI), through which governments fostered economic development by protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.This variety of postwar social contracts was made possible by a strong system of international monetary regulations, which were bound together by the political hegemony of the United States. In order to prevent global capital movements (whether outflows from the United States or inflows to Europe) from upsetting the system of pegged exchange rates, a consensus emerged for the establishment of capital controls. In limiting the pressures that could be brought to bear on the exchange rate, these restraints to capital mobility allowed governments to pursue domestic objectives other than currency stability (like full employment and a welfare state in Europe and industrialization in the developing world), and thereby satisfy the social demands formulated by their democratic electorates.Over the course of the postwar period, however, this system was put under considerable stress that culminated during the 1970s, On the domestic front, expansionary policies were beginning to exhaust their potential and were becoming increasingly inflationary. On the international front, the rapid progress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms had engendered a movement in favor of the liberalization of capital movements, supported by Britain (initially) and the United States (later). Both emerging and European economies were flooded with foreign capital, which made it even harder to sustain noninflationary courses of action and increased the vulnerability of currencies to speculation. In 1971, the U.S. commitment to such a liberal financial order was ratified by the country's decision to let the dollar float, which in effect brought the Bretton Woods system to an end.The new post-Bretton Woods economic environment not only appeared difficult to control with established economic strategies, but it also changed the political opportunity structure that governments faced. Previously, national policies bad been determined chiefly by the interplay of domestic parties, local interest groups, and national institutions. In contrast, now international finance constituted an increasingly powerful constituency, which could be presumed to have its own set of policy preferences-such as low inflation, balanced budgets, and strict monetary policy managed by an independent central bank.Comprehension Questions:51. What is the best title of this passage?a. The Widely Contrasting Models of the Economy and the Myth of the Mixed Economy.b. The Shifting of the Means of Government Intervention and the Downfall of the Bretton Woods system,c. The Varying Social Contracts and the Disadvantages of the System of Pegged Exchange Ratesd, The Changing International Economic Order and the Rise of the Market Paradigm52. What is the difference in the ways of government intervention between developed and developing countries according to the author?a. The background of developing countries is more general and the contexts of developednations are more specific.b. Industrialized nations focused mainly on government expenditure, while developingcountries tested different experimental forms of state intervention.c. Developed nations regulated the economies through fiscal policies, whereas developingcountries tried to control economies by protectionism.d. Develo ped countries experimented various version of “mixed” economies; meanwhile,developing countries tried to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.53. Which of the following statements is NOT true?a. The restrictive measures gave the governments the first priority on currency stability.b. Not only the U.S political supremacy but a strong system of international monetaryregulations made various social agreements possible.c. To protect the pegged exchange rates from being destabilized by global capital flow, themajority of the countries reached agreement on the establishment of capital control.d. Developed countries concentrated their domestic objective on full employment, whiledeveloping countries focused on industrialization.54. How was the system of pegged exchange rates put under substantial stress for the period before 1970's?a. Domestically, expansionary policies lost their potential and became inflationary;internationally, liberalization of capital movements ensued.b. Domestically, policies exhausted the endangered movements; internationally, the rapidprogress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms supported Britain and the United States.c. Domestically, policies exhausted potential and failed to become deflationary, internationally,financial modernization and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.d. Domestically, policies produced exhaust and reversed inflation, internationally, financialinnovation and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.55. In the passage the author's attitude towards “the new post-Bretton Woods economic environment” isa, optimistic b. critical c. indifferent d. approvingPassage 4The first social effect of this state of affairs was to produce a large and ever larger floating population of 'stateless' exiles. During the growth period of Hellenic history such a plight had been uncommon and was regarded as a dreadful abnormality. The evil was not overcome by Alexander's great hearted effort to induce the reigning Faction of the moment to each city-state to allow its ejected opponents to return to their homes in peace; and the fire made fresh fuel for itself; for the one thing that the exiles found for their hands to do was to enlist as mercenary soldiers: and this glut of military man-power put fresh drive into the wars by which new exiles - and thereby more mercenaries - were being created.The effect of these direct moral ravages of the war spirit in Hellas in uprooting her children was powerfully reinforced by the operation of disruptive economic forces which the wars let loose.。
社科院博士生初试考试英语试题及答案
社科院博士生初试考试英语试题及答案细节决定成败，学习重在积累，面对日益严峻的竞争环境，越来越多的在职人员纷纷加入到考博的进修行列中，社会科学院的博士生考试英语试题历来以超难著称，下面我领略一下吧!自2015年起社科院博士生英语考试开始启用如下考题类型，下面我们一起来看看社科院的博士生初试考试英语个性考题吧~试卷第三部分(包括阅读7 选5、概要)，请考生直接写在英语试题答题纸上的指定位置，不再提供额外的答题纸。
PART III: Reading and Writing 10 Section A (10 points) Directions: Some sentences have been removed in the following text. Choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks.(1) __________________ Player 1 may not know these particular words of wisdom, but chances are she’s thinking much the same as she tries to decide whether to send Player 2 some of her $10 stake. If she does, the money will be tripled, and her anonymous partner can choose to return none, some, or all of the cash. But why should Player 2 send anything back? And why should Player 1 give anything in the first place? Despite the iron logic of this argument, she types in her command to send some money. A few moments later she smiles, seeing from her screen that Player 2 has returned a tidy sum that leaves them both showing a net profit.(2) ___________________ Based on exactly the same cold logic that Player 1 dismissed, the so-called Nash equilibrium predicts that in economic transactions between strangers, where one has to make decisions based on a forecast of another’s response, the optimal level of trust is zero. Yet despite the economicorthodoxy, the behavior of Players 1 and 2 is not exceptional. In fact, over the course of hundreds of such trials, it turns out that about half of Player 1s send some money, and three- quarters of Player 2s who receive it send some back.Zak is a leading protagonist in the relatively new field of neuroeconomics, which aims to understand human social interactions through every level from synapse to society. It is a hugely ambitious undertaking. By laying bare the mysteries of such nebulous human attributes as trust, neuroeconomists hope to transform our self- understanding. (3) _________________ “ As we learn more about the remarkable internal order of the mind, we will also understand far more deeply the social mind and therefore the external order of personal exchange, and the extend ed order of exchange through markets.”(4) __________________ As Zak’s collaborator Steve Knack of the World Bank points out: “Trust is one of the most powerful factors affecting a country’s economic health. Where trust is low, individuals and organizations are more wary about engaging in financial transactions, which tends to depress the national economy.”And trust levels differ greatly between nations. The World Values Survey, based at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, has asked people in countries around the world, “Do you think strangers can generally be trusted?” the positive response rate varies from about 65% in Norway to about 5% in Brazil. (5) __________________ “Policy-makers in these latter countries might be urgently interested in mechanisms that enable them to raise national trust levels,” observes Knack.A. Even more intriguingly, it seems that this urge to respond positively when someone shows trust in us is largely outside ourcontrol.B. Crucially for international economic development, what is true for individuals turns out also to be true for nations.C. Disturbingly, countries where trust is lower than a critical level of about 30%—as is the case in much of South America and Africa – risk falling into a permanent suspicion- locked poverty trap.D. “It’s good to trust; it’s better not to,” goes an Italian proverb.E. They believe their findings even have the potential to help make societies more productive 11 and successful.F. He points out that our brains have been tailored by evolution to cope with group living.G. This outcome doesn’t just flout proverbial wisdom, it thumbs its nose at economic theory.Section B (10 points) Directions: Write a 100—120-word summary of the article in this part.。
1998年考研英语试题及参考答案（3）
Passage 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans , he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment- although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Prinoeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a na- tional policy on human cloning. That group--the National Bioethics Advisory Commission ( NBAC)-has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on anear-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton ' s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended in- definitely , and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recom- mendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNAor cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial ques- tion, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro sug- gested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to at- tempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. " Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions , although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of fed-eral funds to create embryos ( the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or toknowingly endanger an embryo' s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation , but in a phone interview, he said this is- sue was still "up in the air. "63. We can learn from the first paragraph that__[A]federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C]NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D]the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that__[A]the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B]the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C]it is crimtnal to use private funding for human cloning[D]it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65 . NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because__[A]embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B]the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C]an embryo' s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D]the issue is expLicitly stated and settled in the law66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__[A]some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B]a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC' s appeal[D]the issue of human cloning will soon be settledPassage 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn' t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those lalger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering.His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictabllity is part of the essential nature of research. If you don' t have unpredictable things, you don' t have research. Scienltists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scienlists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific melhod"a substitute for imaginative thought . I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing acertain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that, " the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has beenshocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writ- ings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them him- self, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indi- cate , then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know ex- actly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect , is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls a-mong researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team. "67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that __[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research68 . The author asserts that sclentists __[A] shouldn't replace "scientific method" with imaginative thought[ B] shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[ C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D]should be confident about their research findings69. It seems that some young scientists__[A]have a keen interest in prediction[B]often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D]stick to "scientific method"70. The author implies that the results of scientific research__[A]may not be as profitable as they are expected[B]can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D]are mostly underestimated by managementPart IV: English-Chinese Translation71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation ofhistorians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In thls search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the histo- rian' s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an un- ending process .72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questtons and providing rewarding ap- proaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a dis- cipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contempo- rary world. 73) During this transfer , traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74 ) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. His-torians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tun- nel method , " frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy. " Also common in the natural sci- ences , the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75 ) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and intemal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their ac- tivity with specific techniques.。
1998年博士入学考试英语真题含答案
1998年博士入学考试英语真题PART ⅠLISTENING COMPREHENSION (15 points, 1 point for each)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a third voice will ask a question about what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across it on your Answer Sheet.1. A. He’s going to buy some flowers.B. He’s going to bake the cake.C. He’s going to clean up the floor.D. He’s going to dust and mop the kitchen.2. A. Go to the cinema.B. Visit a friend of hers.C. Go to bed early.D. Go home for dinner.3. A. He wants her to pick up the bone on the ground.B. He wants her to take the bone out of the fish.C. He wants his broken bone to be treated.D. He has something to complain about.4. A. The man had lost his keys.B. The man wasn’t able to open the door.C. The door needed repairing.D. He wanted the woman to help him.5. A. She’d like to come along.B. She knows her way around the harbor.C. The warm weather is quite pleasant.D. The ride will take all day.6. A. He is anxious to go to the museum.B. He refuses to go to the museum.C. He doesn’t like to go to the museum.D. He will go with her.7. A. Two boat tickets.B. Two train tickets.C. Two planes tickets.D. Two tickets for the play.8. A. He likes the house.B. The look of the house surprises him.C. He thinks the house is too small.D. He is happy to see the house they have bought.9. A. Sleep late.B. Visit some friends.C. Buy things.D. Go for a ride.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two short passages. At the end of each passage, there will be three questions. Both the passage and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices give by making the corresponding letter with a single bar across it on your Answer Sheet.10. A. A deep, resonant voice.B. Good grammar.C. Understanding of the audience’s point of view.D. Information on the subject.11. A. Confusing wrong is not good writing.B. Writing is not easy for everyoneC. Correct grammar is part of good writingD. Anyone can learn to write12. A. His advice is still useful today.B. He knew nothing about writing.C. He was a popular teacher.D. He was born under a lucky star.13. A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D.714. A. It’s a long country with 1,285,000 kilometer.B. It’s a country full of natural resources.C. It’s a country surrounded by Pacific Ocean.D. It’s a country with a lot of Pacific Ocean.15. A. It has a dry climate.B. It is extremely wet.C. It’s rather cool.D. It depends on each region.PART Ⅱ VOCABULARY (20 points, 1/2 point for each)Section ADirections: There are twenty questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closet in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across it on your Answer Sheet.16. Economic development is likely to assume a bigger and more significant role in the world.A. supposeB. presumeC. undertakeD. transmit17. The government has a policy of fostering the police awareness of the dangersin smoking.A. encouragingB. discoveringC. hinderingD. emphasizing18. The scientists at the University of Bern in Switzerland have used a weakened virus that is not infectious and has proved safe and effective.A. dangerousB. harmfulC. contagiousD. invading19. The police cautioned us about the icy roads after the heavy snow fall last night.A. alertedB. describedC. refrainedD. informed20. The carpenter did a clumsy piece of work repairing the staircase.A. wonderfulB. carefulC. unfinishedD. unskilled21. The attempt to bring the quarreling couple together again came off to people’s astonishment.A. failedB. succeededC. endedD. continued22. It was the coldest winter for forty-five years. Villages in the English countryside were cut off by the snow and the Thames froze over.A. isolatedB. surroundedC. covered D, removed23. China and India launched dramatic market because they need it to avoid collapse.A. radicalB. sensationalC. vividD. effective24. The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration and they denounced British arrogance.A. declared the end ofB. let the public knowC. had a quarrel withD. aired views against25. What has changed is that capital has become incredibly mobile and much harder for economies to control.A. increasinglyB. impracticallyC. doubtfullyD. exceptionally26. Clinton has argued that the best way to keep Haitians at home is to see that democracy and prosperity take root there.A. detectB. learnC. ensureD. understand27. The biggest computer company in Silicon Valley has laid off hundreds of people during the last few months.A. dismissedB. detachedC. declinedD. dispersed28. Cultural patterns of getting food are generated primarily by the natural or physical.A. primitivelyB. principallyC. preferablyD. potentially29. The question really put him on the spot because he knew almost nothing about it.A. on the way homeB. in a difficult positionC. on the watchD. out of condition30. Establishment or a(n) sound social insurance system is essential for deepening economic reforms.A. durableB. undisturbedC. healthyD. accurate31. In a front page editorial they declared: “A required course is a(n) illiberal act.”A. authoritarianB. steadfastC. miserableD. unwilling32. The Budlands National Park was established in South Dakota to preserve thisweirdly beautiful region.A. surprisinglyB. impressivelyC. exceedinglyD. fantastically33. This monument imagine was designed to stir up emotions of awe and respect, but could scarcely evoke feelings of warmth and affection.A. tangleB. AgitateC. teemD. stipulate34. Some mechanism regulates the onset and the rate of deterioration of a living body.A. startB. deathC. speedD. aggression35. Precision instruments allow scientists to measure minute quantities with a high degree of accuracy.A. momentaryB. variousC. anyD. briefSection BDirections: There are twenty questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across it on your Answer Sheet.36. All transactions are strictly ______and we never sell, rent or trade any customer’s name.A. confidentB. consensualC. confidentialD. consequential37. Advertising is a distinguished from other forms of communication______ the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.A. in whichB. in this wayC. in thatD. in order that38. Many citizens of the world’s richest nations find it increasingly painful to______ the incessant demand for change that characterizes our time.A. keep up withB. come up withC. go along withD. face up with39. Perhaps, if we could examine the manners of different nations with______ , we should find no people so rude to be without rules of politeness.A. exactitudeB. certaintyC. appreciationD. impartiality40. The captain______ every member of the crew to rigorous physical hardships.A. enduredB. subjectedC. experiencedD. submitted41. That country will continue to make new nerves gas weapons after the conclusion of a global treaty banning them______, according to a secret administration policy review.A. makes effectB. takes effectC. puts into effectD. puts on effect42. Just as space was______ into regions, time was split up into eras, seasons, and epochs.A. decomposedB. originatedC. evolvedD. restrained43. A doctor’s obligation when he can no longer______ the approach of death is to make the patient comfortable, including easing his pain.A. hang aroundB. hang onC. hold backD. hold on44. Many important nature conservation sites are______ as Sites of Special Scientific Interest or National Nature Reserves.A. BoundedB. designatedC. cultivatedD. confined45. With the fall in the number of students studying science, we will have lost many with the potential for intellectual______.A. credibilityB. credentialC. recreationD. creativity46. Our worst fear have proved______ after he told us everything about it.A. hostedB. blessedC. unfoundedD. uprooted47. The village moved further and further away from the city and links with outside community have______.A. witheredB. shortenedC. shearedD. curtailed48. We hoped to be able to get married early this month, but things didn’t ______as we had expected.A. worked outB. come byC. fill upD. lay down49. The teacher made strenuous efforts to read the faint and______ handwriting in his students’ exercise books.A. illegalB. illiterateC. illegibleD. illustrative50. South Africa’s black majority got its first real______ in governing early lat December.A. remarkB. taleC. speechD. say51. ______ the difficulty of the task, I shall be lucky to complete it by May.A. RegardingB. GivenC. PresumingD. Accepted52. So ______are businessmen by the constantly changing numbers that they often cannot determine whether they are making profit or not.A. outsoldB. outgrownC. overexcitedD. overwhelmed53. The border incident led to the two countries’ ______ diplomatic relations.A. pulling offB. breaking offC. passing offD. falling off54. Without a wholehearted______ to a keen forward-looking vision and a deep insight, you can not be a leader.A. commitmentB. determinationC. resolutionD. obligation55. The worker’s promised were increase is being ______while it is examined by the government to see if it is greater than the law allows.A. put backB. held downC. put downD. held backPART Ⅲ CLOSE TEST (15 points)Directions: Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the correct choices for each blank in your Answer Sheet.One supermarket in Tokyo has managed to solve the problems of shoplifting(商店行动). 56 by cashiers and long lines of customers waiting at the cash registers. It is Japan’s advanced computer technology that has come 57 with the answers. Shoppers at an OK supermarket on the outskirts of the city now push a cart 58 a plastic card chained to it and buy from glass cases where the goods are on display. The plastic magnetic number carries his or her own card. Which is 59 at the entrance. While shopping the customer pushes the card into a slot beside 60 items are wanted and pushes a button or two. The glass-covered vending machines are connected toa computer that 61 the price of every item in the store. Prices of every purchase are added to automatically. 62 she has finished shopping, the customer hands her card to a cashier who 63 it to the register. A second later the 64 pops out. Shoplifting is physically impossible. Once you touch a commodity the computer remembers it 65 you hide it or 66 you eat it on the spot. A cashier at the OK supermarket is now able to work 15 times faster than her 67 at a conventional supermarket. 68 , are required at the store, which 69 2500 separate items. One man is enough to keep the vending machine filled, because 70 the stock for a certain commodity is at least to run out a red lamp in the computer room sees him.56. A. mistake B. made C. done D. problems57. A. together B. up C. along D. on58. A. with B. without C. carrying D. under59. A. collected B. filled C. sent D. shown60. A. those B. what C. the number D. whichever61. A. shouts B. knows C. calculates D. puts62. A. Before B. Immediately C. After all D. When63. A. opens B. feeds C. reads D. connects64. A. cash B. money C. changes D. total65. A. except B. in spite of C. no matter how D. the way66. A. before B. when C. even if D. watches67. A. friend B. colleague C. company D. neighbor68. A. for instance B. still C. later D. however69. A. loses B. needs C. sells D. deals70. A. there B. whenever C. most D. ofPART Ⅳ READING COMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by several questions about it. Read the passages carefully and to each question choose the best answer A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by blackening the corresponding letter with a pencil.Passage OneIn the late 1960’s, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel and glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120,000 kilowatts —enough to support the entire city of Albany New York for a day.Glasswalled skyscrapers can be specially wasteful. The heat loss (or gain) through a wall insulation board. To lessen the strain on heating andair-conditioning equipment builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city’s sanitation facilities, too. If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford Connecticut which has a population of more than 109,000.Skyscrapers also interfere with television reception block bird flyways and obstruct air traffic. In Boston in the late 1960’s some people even feared that shadows from skyscrapers would kill the grass on Boston Common.Still, people continue to build skyscrapers for all the reasons that they have always built them –personal ambition, civic pride, and the desire of owners to have the largest possible amount of rentable spare.71. The man purpose of the passage is to______.A. compare skyscrapers with other structuresB. describe skyscrapers and their effect on the environmentC. advocate the use of masonry in the construction of skyscrapersD. illustrate some architectural designs of skyscrapers72. According to the passage, what is one disadvantage of skyscrapers that have mirrored walls?A. The exterior surrounding air is heated.B. The windows must be cleaned daily.C. Construction time is increased.D. Extra air-conditioning equipment is needed.73. According to the passage, in the late 1960’s some residents of Boston were concerned with which aspect of skyscrapers?A. The noise from their constructionB. The removal of trees from building sitesC. the harmful effects on the city’s grassD. The high cost of rentable office space74. The author raise issues that would most concern which of the following groups?A. ElectriciansB. EnvironmentalistsC. AviatorsD. Teachers75. Where in the passage does the author compare the energy consumption of skyscrapers with that of a city?A. Lines 5-8B. Lines 13-14C. Lines 19-21D. Lines 22-24Passage TwoI was 22 years old when I was finally received into the church, but I still suffered from an adolescent’s suffocating sons that brought me in love of poetry and rhetoric, sense of history, cosmic distress and indignation. Somehow I felt that some of Mother Church’s ancient glamour might rub off on me and that I mightsomehow be transformed by it and become part of its mystery.Of course, that’s not the way it works at all. I believe now that grace grows from within slow but very sure. Shortly after becoming a barrister, when I was 27, in a moment of high hope and idealism and making common cause with the man I had recently married, fought to abolish the death penalty. All but a small circle of friends, whom I shall Honor for ever fell away. Professional doors banged shut.We went to live on the Greek islands of Mikonos. It is a strange place, treeless. From the roof or our house at Virst we could see seven islands in summer lying like dolphins, encircling the whitewashed pigeon house where we make our home.At the tiny church we mad ea group of five, Joseph the tailor, my husband and I and another English couple. We went to enjoy each other’s company as much as to have the pleaure of hearing the service. If the priest didn’t come-as he often couldn’t when the wind blew at force Nine-it didn’t particularly matter. We stayed on to have a drink under the trees and watch the sun set.Years later. I went back to that island with my two sons. Milonos itself had changed not for the better, it had changed from my village into a city where I knew only one person in a hundred.]The church at Alefantare had changed too. It was packed with a multi-racial group. A priest arrived to say Mass, but there was no one available to serve at alter(祭坛).“Go on.” I said to my son, “you do it.” Unselfconsciously, without hesitation, he took the bell and went up to the alter followed by his brother. It was a moment of timeless, happiness-of total reconciliation.Outside, under the blazing sun, the wind was roaring through the trees of Alefantare. Inside, I felt a total synthesis of all reasons, all motives, and motives, and I knew that for this moment I had come into the world.76. The writer felt that by becoming a member of the church______.A. she had finally been accepted by societyB. she would be charged in some wayC. she would finally understand the mystery of religionD. she had fulfilled the purpose of her education.77. The writer had only just become a barrister when______.A. she decided to give up her career to get marriedB. she had married someone who disagreed with the abolition of the death penaltyC. she lost a small circle of friends of whom she was very fondD. she made herself extremely unpopular with her contemporaries78. The writer and her husband went to live on Mikonos where______.A. they had an elegant house built for themB. they spent all summer lying in the sun on the rooftopC. they found an usual house to live inD. they spent all summer visiting the surrounding islands79. She and her husband were regular visitors to the small church on the island because______.A. they treated the service as both a religious and a social occasionB. they enjoyed attending talking to the priest when the service had finishedC. they enjoyed attending a service out-of-doorsD. they had a drink with the priest after the service80. While attending a service at the same little church the experienced a feeling of______.A. unselfconsciousnessB. total nothingnessC. momentary doubtD. self-fulfillmentPassage ThreeA Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist system—that racial prejudice is generated by capitalists as a means of controlling workers. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against prejudice as “racially-based negative prejudgment against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition.” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe. However, since prejudice against these latter peoples was inspired by capitalists, he has to reason that such antagonisms were not really based race. He disposes thus(although unconvincingly) of both the intolerance faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism and the early twenty-century discrimination against Orient people in California, which inconveniently was instigated by workers.81. The passage supplies information that would answer which of the following questions?A. What accounts for the prejudice against the Jews in medieval Europe?B. What conditions caused the discrimination against Oriental people in California in the early twentieth century?C. Which groups are not in ethnic competition with each other in the United States?D. What explanation did the Marxist sociologist give for the existence of racial prejudice?82. The author considers the Marxist sociologist’s theses about the origins of racial prejudice to be______.A. unoriginalB. unpersuasiveC. offensiveD. obscure83. It can be inferred from the passage that the Marxist sociologists would argue that in a noncapitalist society racial prejudice would be______.A. toleratedB. ignoredC. forbiddenD. obscure84. According to the passage, the Marxist sociologist’s chain of resigning required him to assert that prejudice toward Oriental people in California was______.A. directed primarily against the ChineseB. similar in origin to prejudice against the JewsC. understood by Oriental people as ethnic competitionD. nonracial in characterPassage Four“High tech” and “state of the art” are two expressions that describe very modern technology. High tech is just a shorted way of saving high technology. And high technology describes any discoveries of science and engineering.What is high tech? A computer is tech. So is a communications satellite. A modern manufacturing system is surely high tech.High tech became a popular expression in the United States during the early 1980s. Because of improvements in technology, people could buy many kinds of products in American stores. Such as home computers, microwave ovens etc.“State of the art” is something that is as modern as possible. It is a product that is based on the very latest methods and technology. Something that is “state of the art” is the newest possible design or product of a business or industry.A state of the art television set, for example, uses the most modern electronic design and parts. It is the best that one can buy.“A state of the art” is not a new expression. Engineers have used it for years, to describe the best and most modern way of doing something.Millions of American began to use the expression in the late 1970’s. The reason was the computer revolution. Every computer company claimed that its computers were “state of the art.”Computer technology changed so fast that a state of the art computer today might be old tomorrow, the expression “state of the art” became as common and popular as computers themselves. Now all kinds of products are said to be “state of the art.”85. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To tell how “high tech” and “state of the art” have developed.B. To give examples of high tech.C. To tell what “high tech” and “state of the art” are.D. To describe very modern technology.86. What can we infer from the passage?A. American stores could provide new kinds of products to the people.B. High tech describes a technology that is not traditional.C. “State of the art” is not as popular as “high tech”D. A wooden plough pulled by oxen “state of the art”87. All the following examples are high tech EXCEPT______a. a microwave oven B. a home computerC. a hand pumpD. a satellite88. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Since the computer revolution, the expression “state of the art” has become popular.B. “State of the art” means something that is the best one can buy.C. With the rapid development of computer technology, a state of the art computermay easily become out of date.D. All kinds of products are “state of the art” nowadays.89. The best title for the passage is______.A. Computer TechnologyB. High Tech and State of the ArtC. Most Advanced TechnologyD. Two New Expressions90. The expression of “the state of the art” in the passage can best be paragraphed as______.A. art in latest formB. the level of the development of industry or any fieldC. all the advanced sciences and technologies in generalD. fine arts of the up-to-date formsPART Ⅴ Identifying Mistakes (10 points, I for each)Directions: Each of the following sentence has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled A, B, C, AND d. Identifying the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark out your choice in the Answer Sheet.91. The audience seemed to believe that she sang so sweet that she would shame theA B Cbird.D92. When we travel by jet and fly east or west through the six time zones, our bodiesA Bhad been thrown out of whack.C D93. The soybean is undoubtedly the king of beans, an is rapidly becoming the widelyA B C Dmost utilized bean in the world.94. Western Nebraska generally receives little snow than does eastern Nebraska.A B C D95. Words, written or speaking, can communicate meaning in either form.A B C D96. Forgetting something usually mean an inability to find the material that is stillA B Cstored somewhere in the memory.D97. It soon became obviously that instead of being trained to sing she would beA B Ctrained as a dancer.D98. By this time of next year he will not only have learned the art, but also willA B Ccomplete his duty.D99. Given good weather, our ship will reach London before Friday morning.A B C D100. If one reads a great many articles in English, you will become familiar with theA B C Dreading course.PART Ⅵ WRITING (10 points)Directions: Write a passage of roughly 120 words on the topic “Part-time Education”according to the outline given below. Your writing must be clearly written on the Answer Sheet.Outline:1.Advantages of part-time education2.Disadvantages of part-time education3.My suggestions on the improvement of part-time education。
中国社会科学院研究生院 2001 博士研究生入学考试英语试题
中国社会科学院研究生院 2001 博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠVocabulary (15 points)Section ADirections：Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word．1．Totally perplexed by the first question on the exam，he passed on to the second．A．relieved by B．satisfied with C．confused by D．sated with2．To the growing perturbation of the unions，the Ministry of Labour has been pressing for a stringent income policy．A．satisfaction B．disappointment C．relief D．anxiety3．Adages are frequently mutually antagonistic：witness，“ignorance breeds prejudice” and “familiarity breeds contempt．”A．is at the heart of B．multiplies C．worsens D．generates4．His mother's scolding pierced him to the quick．A．froze him completely B．shamed him enormouslyC．hurt him to the core D．stuck in his craw5．This year's sterling depreciation，only a few aver，has no impact On the economy at large．A．increase in value B．fall in value C．lack of use D．drastic change6．How valiant that general who prosecutes a war with vigor!A．brings to trial B．wages C．praises D．condemns7．Management was not acting in good faith when it alleged that worker's wages would have to be cut for the company to remain solvent．A．prosperous B．out of debt C．productive D．out of trouble8．The new military junta suppressed dissent．A．initiated B．quashed B．supported D．reinstated9．To cream a circuit，a conducting wire is attached to an electric cell at one end，and to an electric outlet at the other．A．battery B．faucet C．socket D．appliance10．The former Soviet state of Georgia today exhibits a diversified economy．A．a multifaceted B．a sagging C．a dissolving D．an improved11．The Mayor asked the city council to recommend potential programs for the benefit of the indigent．A．transient B．unemployed C．homeless D．needy12．He wears strange clothes，talks to himself，and appears unkempt．Is it any wonder his neighbors view him as an eccentric?A．a crank B．cuckoo C．an anchorite D．unconventional13．So engrossed was the detective in considering the evidence that he completely forgot where he was．A．wrapped up B．impressed C．disinvolved D．impatient14．Disastrous forest fires are quite often caused by simple carelessness：a dropped butt ignites dead leaves．A．enflames B．burns C．lights D．blackens15．The reciprocal hatred between various members of different races underlies the difficulty of integration in the United States．A．hidden B．profound C．mutual D．racialSection BDirections：Choose the answer that best completes the sentence．16 ．Having discovered the shadiness in which her employers were involved ，sheimmediately________ her connection with them．A．converted B．severed C．improved D．realized17．An important customer may resent being________ by an assistant rather than by the boss．A．condescended to B．devoted to C．attended to D．conformed to18．The antique silver________ the beautifully set table．A．complemented B．implemented C．augmented D．complimented19．He spends his time in________ complaints rather than acting．A．fragile B．fertile C．frangible D．futile20．She________ because she found the journal interesting．A．subscribed B．prescribed C．described D．inscribed21．It is in the chairman of the board's interest，before a meeting，to________ with the directorsabout sensitive matters．A．confer B．contend C．conspire D．consort22．Complacency towards ecological balance (“It can't happen here!”) has resulted in a numberof________．A．damages B．wastes C．catastrophes D．dangers23．The village lies over the mountain and is________ only by boat．A．acceeded to B．available C．accessible D．obtainable24．A nation-wide service was announced to________ the sacrifice made by the heroes of thewar．A．memorize B．commemorate C．award D．reward25．The doctor pondered for a while，trying to recall which of several medications would be bestto________ the patient's suffering．A．alleviate B．restrict C．decrease D．diminish26．The volume knob，if turned toward the left，will________ the sound．A．magnify B．enlarge C．amplify D．reinforce27．Having reached the top of the hill，we were appalled to find the path________ precipitously．A．departed B．decreased C．descended D．derailed28．Often considered in common thought as________，language，culture，and personality are in fact inseparable．A．indistinct paradigms B．separate reasonsC．irreplaceable concepts D．independent entities29．Based on economic studies，it seems possible to forecast that a recession may________ adepression．A．imply B．indicate C．symbolize D．precede30．The speech consisted of________ phrases，well-chosen imagery，and amusing rhetorical flourishes．A．suitable B．selected C．apt D．fitPart ⅡGrammar (15 points)Section ADirections：Choose the answer that best fills in the blank．31．Before Columbus set sail on his first voyage of discovery，many pooh-poohed his chances，and were unwilling to________ on his chances of success．A．make bets B．make the bet C．make a bets D．make bet32．Although her research topic had been approved by her thesis advisor，the library persistedin________ the documents．A．its denial for access B．deny her access toC．denying her access to D．denying her access for33．Their differences were urnreconcilable：they had no alternative________ the law to settle the dispute between them．A．but going to B．but to go C．but go to D．but invoking34．________，water is composed of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen．A．As is known B．As be knownC．As known D．Which is known35．It is imperative that he________ full charge of the joint project．A．take B．taking C．took D．takes36．He________ leave her than a child would abandon a favorite plaything．A．would no more B．would rather C．will no longer D．may no more37．The radio was of________ quality that I took it back and asked for a better one．A．such the infeaior B．such a inferior C．so an inferior D．such inferior38．He goes shopping so frequently not because he is rich，but because he enjoys________ politely．A．speaking B．being spoken to C．being spoken D．speaking to39．Eighteenth-century statesmen were totally convinced that war could be used as________ settling disputes．A．a mean to B．a means for C．some means for D．means for40．She does not believe that he is________ the honor accorded him．A．worth of B．worth C．worthy of D．worthy41．Few of the young realize what feats lie________ them．A．in the store for B．in store for C．waiting D．awaiting for42．Reading________ the mind________ food is to the body．A．is for．．．is as B．as．．．is asC．is to．．．_______what D．what is．．．is as43．Obviously，he decided not to say anything about it because he hoped to________．A．keep it as a secret B．keep it to be a secretC．keep it a secret D．keep it being a secret44．She was slated to present an abstract of her thesis at the national convention，and so spent the holiday________．A．touching on it B．touching it upC．touching it D．touching it down45．Greeley's injunction “Go West，young man!” resulted in a massive migration of population，with people occupying land________ no one held title of ownership and that had yet to be sold．A．to which B．that C．which D．of whichSection BDirections：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence．46．Now，as our urban areas sink ever deeper into drug-produced crime，death from the illic it useof unregulated and dangerous drugs following death，that becomes vital for the parents，teachers，C Dand advisors of our youth to have as wide an understanding of these problems as possible．47．It was musingly noted that the major reason why the English colonized so much of the worldAwas that，no matter what weather conditions they met abroad，they had already experiencedB Csomething like it at home．D48．I like sculptors，modern painters were influced by primitive，and ancient art，whichA B Cdemonstrated in the works of the Gaugin and Rousseau．D49．The moon may be considered a world that is complete in itself yet utterly dead，a sterile，mountainous waste on which during the day the sun blazes down with great heat，but on whichA Bduring the night the cold is so intense that it far surpasses anything ever experiencing on the earth．C D50．It is often the result with new ideas，a great deal of frantic activity and optimistic forecastingA B Cproduce no discernible results．D51．By definition，a discount store offers standard merchandises at prices lower than those of moreA Bconventional merchants．It is able to do so by accepting a lower profit margin，by purchasingat higher volume，and by paying workers less．C D52．In the digestive process，food is initially processed in the stomach，with its nutrient valueApassing into the bloodstream．Alcohol，however，is highly unusual so that some 20 percent entersB C Dthe bloodstream directly from the stomach，having bypassed the digestive process．53．The clothes you wear do not serve only a pure practical function．They speak volumes about theA Bway you view your personality，your state of mind，your social status，and even your aspirations and dreams．C D54．The greatest utility，of an education lies not so much in teaching one information rather than inA B Cteaching one how to deal with the information acquired．D55．The obstacles Nancy Kerrigan faced as she strove to win the Olympic ice skating medal atALikehamma in 1944 form the kind of story about whom a fascinating novel might be written．56．It is on occasion the manner in which a person expresses the thought rather than the actualA Bwords which tells us whether the speaker is serious or not．C D57．The Quebecois，partly because of language，and partly because of religion，have long been consideringA Bto separate themselves from the rest of the Canadian provinces．C D58．Despite the President wrote a conciliatory letter deploring the incident，the press was adamantA B Cin continuing its condemnation．D59．Acids constitute a family of chemical compounds that，in solution，have the ability to turnA Bcertain blue vegetable dyes red，a corrosive action on metals，and taste sharp．C D60．Well over three-fourths of that book on noted British writers are about authors who wroteA B Cduring the nineteenth century．DPart ⅢCloze Test (10 points)Directions：Choose the word that best completes the meaning．It was a foolish question to ask．It 61 more sense for me to have learned if she had 62 or a point of view，but it was 63 for that now and I supposed that the 64 Relations Office had 65 her before granting the interview．I didn't have time this week to read 66 pieces about corporate rainmakers and their golden parachutes or women at midtown law firms 67 six times my salary but whining about breaking the 68 ceiling．“Won't waste your time，”she 69 ．“If the details on your 70 are accurate and the articles Laura 71 me have correct background，we won't have to 72 that．”I 73 in approval．She was obviously a 74 ，and an intelligent one 75 ．It was always 76 to sit for a 77 when the questioner spent the first hour asking what schools I had 78 ，how long 79 ，and whether I liked my job．“Is it all right 80 you if we start with some information about the Sex Crimes Prosecution Unit?”“I'd like that，”I replied．61．A．made B．would make C．would have made D．would be62．A．a fish to fry B．a nut to crack C．a song to sing D．an axe to grind63．A．still late B．too late C．so late D．past64．A Common B．Financial C．Local D．Public65．A．vetted B．called C．connected with D．contacted with66．A．rushed B．windy C．puff D．blowing67．A．taking B．making C．slaving for D．losing68．A．plastered B．glass C．fragile D．limited69．A．rambled B．carried on C．lectured D．went on70．A．application B．curriculum vitae C．report D．folder71．A．phoned B．faxed C．had phoned D．had faxed72．A．re-paint B．remix C．re-write D．rehash73．A．trembled B．grimaced C．smiled D．winked74．A．girl B．pro C．tyro D．mogul75．A．at that B．at this C．to reboot D．added76．A．agreeable B．instructive C．impatient D．aggravating77．A．photo B．portrait C．profile D．sketch78．A．attended B．matriculated C．enrolled D．preferred79．A．I had worked B．did I work C．was I working D．would I work80．A．for B．to C．according to D．withPart ⅣReading Comprehension (30 points)Directions：Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below．Passage 1Early that June Pius XII secretly addressed the Sacred College of Cardinals on theextermination of the Jews．“Ev ery word We address to the competent authority on this subject，andall Our public utterances，”he said in explanation of his reluctance to express more open condemnation，“have to be carefully weighed and measured 15 by us in the interest of the victims themselves，lest，contrary to Our intentions，We make their situation worse and harder to bear．”He did not add that another' reason for proceeding cautiously was that he regarded Bolshevism as afar greater danger than Nazism．The position of the Holy See was deplorable but it was an offense of omission rather than commission．The Church，under the Pope's guidance，had already saved the lives of more Jewsthan all other churches，religious institutions，and rescue organizations combined，and was presently hiding thousands of Jews in monasteries，convents，and Vatican City itself．The recordof the Allies was far more shameful．The British and Americans，despite lofty pronouncements，had not only avoided taking any meaningful action but gave sanctuary to few persecutedJews ．The Moscow Declaration of that year—signed by Roosevelt ，Churchill ，and Stalin—methodically listed Hitler's victims as Polish，Italian，French，Dutch，Belgian，Norwegian，Soviet，and Cretan．The curious omission of Jews (a policy emulated by the U. S. Office of War Information) was protested vehemently but uselessly by the World Jewish Congress．By thesimple expedient of converting the Jews of Poland into Poles，and so on，the Final Solution waslost in the Big Three's general classification of Nazi terrorism．Contrasting with their reluctance to face the issue of systematic Jewish extermination was the forthrightness and courage of the Danes，who defied German occupation by transporting toSweden almost every one of their 6，500 Jews；of the Finns，allies of Hitler，who saved all but four of their 4，000 Jews；and of the Japanese，another ally，who provided refuge in Manchuria for some 5，000 wandering European Jews in recognition of financial aid given by the Jewish firm of Kuhn，Loeb & Company during the Russian—Japanese War of 1904—1905．1．“We，Our” and “Us” in the first paragraph refer to________．A．Pius XII himselfB．Plus XII and the College of CardinalsC．an unknown groupD．something that cannot be determined by the text2．“The Allies” refers to________．A．Britain，the Soviet Union，and the U. S. A．B．the Polish，Italians，etcC．the JewsD．something that cannot be determined by the text3．The actions of the British and the Americans，as contrasted to the actions of the Church，may be illustrated by which of the following?A．There's many a slip twixt the cup and the lip．B．A stitch in time saves nine．C．All say and no do．D．What goes around comes around．4．The U. S. Office of War Information________．A．eschewed the policy mentioned B．emasculated the policy mentionedC．aped the policy mentioned D．did none of the above5．“The Final Solution” refers to________．A．the extermination of the JewsB．the answer to the problem of war in generalC．a mathematical problemD．none of the above6．“Their” in paragraph 3，line 1，refers to the________．A．Jews B．Poles，and so on C．Big Three D．DanesPassage 2Between the invention of agriculture and the commercial revolution that marked the end ofthe middle ages，wealth and technology developed slowly indeed．Medieval historians tell of the centuries it took for key inventions like the watermill or the heavy plow to diffuse across the landscape．During this period，increases in technology led to increases in the population，with little if any appearing as an improvement in the median standard of living．Even t he first century of the industrial revolution produced more “improvements” than “revolutions” in standards of living．With the railroad and the spinning and weaving of textiles as important exceptions，most innovations of that period were innovations in how goods were produced and transported and in new kinds of capital，but not in consumer goods．Standards of living improved，but styles of life remained much the same．The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries saw a faster and different kind of change．For thefirst time，technological capability outran population growth and natural resource scarcity．By the last quarter of the nineteenth century，the typical inhabitant of the leading economies—a Briton，a Belgian，an American，or an Australian had perhaps three times the standard of living of someone in a pre-industrial economy．Still，so slow was the pace of change that people，or at least aristocratic intellectuals，couldthink of their predecessors of some two thousand years before as effectively their contemporaries．Marcus Tullius Cicero，a Roman aristocrat and politician，might have felt moreor less at home in the company of Thomas Jefferson．The plows were better in Jefferson's time．Sailing ships were much improved．However，these might have been insufficient to createa sense of a qualitative change in the order of life for the elite．Moreover，being a slave of Jefferson was probably a lot like being a slave of Cicero．So slow was the pace of change that intellectuals in the early nineteenth century debatedwhether the industrial revolution was worthwhile ，whether it was an improvement or a degeneration in the standard of living．Opinions were genuinely divided，with as optimistic a liberal as John Stuart Mill coming down on the “pessimist” side as late as the end of the 1840s．In the twentieth century，however，standards of living exploded．In the twentieth century，the magnitude of the growth in material wealth has been so great as to make it nearly impossibleto measure．Consider a sample of consumer goods available through Montgomery Ward in 1895—when a one-speed bicycle cost $65．Since then，the price of a bicycle measured in “nominal” dollars has more than doubled (as a result of inflation)．Today，the bicycle is much less expensive in terms of the measure that truly counts，its “real” price：the work and sweat needed to earn its cost．In 1895，it took perhaps 260 hours' worth of the average American worker's production to amass enough money to buy a one-speed bicycle．Today an average American worker can buy one—and of higher quality—for less than 8 hours worth of production．On the bicycle standard (measuring wealth by counting up how many bicycles the labor canbuy) the average American worker today is 36 times richer than his or her counterpart was in 1895．Other commodities would tell a different story．An office chair has become 12．5 times cheaper in terms of the time it takes the average worker to produce enough to pay for it．A Steinway piano or an accordion is only twice as cheap．A silver teaspoon is 25 percent more expensive．Thus t he answer to the question “How much wealthier are we today than our counterparts ofa century ago?” depends on which commodities you view as important．For many personal services—having a butler to answer the door and polish your silver spoons—you would find little difference in average wealth between 1895 and 1990：an hour of a butler's time costs about the same then as now．For mass-produced manufactured goods—like bicycles—we are wealthier by as much as 36 times．7．In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries upper-class intellectuals________．A．believed that they were very much the same as their equals some two thousand years before B．probably thought that great changes had occurred since CiceroC．felt that qualitative changes had occurred in the last two thousand yearsD．believed in the efficacy of slavery8．In the nineteenth century________．A．worthwhile，visible change occurred as a result of the Industrial RevolutionB．scholars such as John Stuart Mills felt the Industrial Revolution was a negative forceC．led to widespread degenerative behavior in urban conglomeratesD．none of the above9．A bicycle today，generally speaking，________．A．requires more work and sweat because fewer people work to produce itB．is comparatively less in real price than a bicycle in the nineteenth centuryC．needs to be considered in terms of “nominal” costsD．is cheaper in America than any other western country10．Commodities in the twentieth century________．A．are impossible to compare across centuriesB．are more expensive than the nineteenth centuryC．are cheaper than they were in the nineteenth centuryD．need to be measured by comparing upper-class essentials such as having a butler11．The sentence “Moreover，being a slave of Jefferson was probably a lot like being a slave of Cicero”________．A．shows that the author believes that slaves were commoditiesB．reveals that lower class people in the nineteenth century were really slavesC．reinforces the idea that the quality of life really had not changed much over the centuries D．comments on the long-lasting effects of slavery from Roman times12．A suitable title for this passage might be________．A．The Tempo and Temper of ChangeB．The Steadily Increasing Rate of ChangeC．An Explosion of Material WealthD．Improving the Standards of Living for AllPassage3Scholars often seem to operate on the assumption that any analysis with a rosy outlooksimply does not adequately understand the matter at hand．Ecotourism researchers have not been derelict in this regard，as the literature review earlier showed．All the researchers who have looked at Capirona's project，however，have been impressed by its grassroots nature and are optimistic about its potential as eco-development (Colvin 1994；Wesche 1993；Silver 1992)．All of these researchers，however，visited the community in its early years of operation．As mentioned previously，recent，non-scholarly reports are less positive．Thus there remains some doubt as to the long-term viability of even such a model of indigenous ecotourism development as Capirona．This study originally proposed to study Capirona's project，but that community was wear of such research visits and refused a request to carry out the study there．Palo Blaneo，though completing only its first year of ecotourism development was chosen as an alternate site．Perhaps it should not be surprising that the prospects for ecotourism in，Palo Blanco appear，as they did in Capirona quite bright．Ecotourism development efforts differ from mainstream development efforts in that，asidefrom start-up loans，much or all of the continuing financial support comes from tourists rather than from governments or development agencies．As a result，the two main players in any ecotourism endeavor—the hosts and the guests—are driven by differing motivations．The local population hopes to improve its own lot by taking advantage of the curiosity，disposable income，and in some cases，perhaps，good intentions of ecotourists．The tourists want to “explore the natural wonders of the world，”whether that be a wildebeest migration across the Serenget i or the march ofleaf-cutter ants across the jungle floor (Ryan and Grasse 1991：166)．In contrast to mass tourism，ecotourism permits tourists to seek educational self-fulfillment inthe form of travel，and tries to transform that activity into something that benefits the greater good—specifically，to fund environmental preservation，rural development，and even cultural survival．However，in order to satisfy everyone—tourists，environmentalists，tour operators and the local hosts ，ecotourism must bring into aliganment a variety of contradictory purposes．Ecotourism promotes feelings among tourists that they are part of the solution when，in fact，the very act of flying a thousand miles or more to their destination consumes resources and pollutes the environment (cf．Somerville 1994)．The beauty of ecotourism is that it can exploit this egotistic motivation；the flaw is that it is forever limited by it．Even a brief foray into development literature ，however ，shows that flawed conceptualizations are the rule，not the exception．As development，ecotourism may be no more inchoate than any other approach，and in some ways it is as progressive as any theory．For example，ecotourism twin development goals—conserving the environment and benefiting local peoples—are increasingly seen ，both within and outside of tourism circles ，asinterdependent．Without economic development，many argue that environmental conservation is neither ethical nor sustainable (Boo 1990：1；West and Brechin 1992：14，Brandon and Wells 1992)．Such conservation can b e achieved only by “providing local people with alternative income sources which do not threaten to deplete the plants and animals within the protected zone”(Brandon and Wells 1992：557)．Most research on this issue，however，assumes that the protective regulations have been established by the government or another external agency．In Palo Blanco，however，the people themselves are already acting to protect their land．13．According to the author，scholars________．A．see life through rose-colored glassesB．should never give favorable reportsC．are expected to give only favorable response following their research and analysisD．seem to believe a favorable result to research missed the point14．Ecotourism relies on________．A．government aid exclusivelyB．local people and their donations of time and moneyC．initial loans at the beginning，followed by support from touristsD．government assistance through agencies and local disposable income15．The main contradiction raised in this text is that________．A．local people do not need outside touristsB．tourists who believe in ecotourism actually bring some measure of damage to the placesthey visitC．tourists are egotistical but do not want to beD．tourists do not want to spend money but the local people expect them to16．A study of the studies available on this topic shows that________．A．ecotourism is not like other projects that earn moneyB．the twin goals actually coincide with each otherC．the rule in the thinking about ecotourism is that the thinking is well putD．later studies and reports may differ from earlier studies17．The key to conserving the environment is________．A．economic self-relianceB．income for the local people that is independent of ecotourismC．ameliorating accessibilityD．all of the above18 ．The expres sion “explore the natural wonders of the world” is in quotation marksbecause________．A．there are no specific natural wonders of the worldB．it is meant to bring attention to the use of the word “wonder”C．it is meant to be amusing in its comparison of a wildebeest to an antD．it is probably a quotation from Ryan and GrassePassage 4It is not forbidden to dream of building a better world，which is by and large what the social sciences try to help us to do．How to make cities more harmonious，reduce crime rates，improve welfare，overcome racism，increase our wealth—this is the stuff of social sciences．The trouble is that the findings of social sciences are often dismissed as being too theoretical，too ambitious or。
1998年全国考研英语真题及答案
1998年全国考研英语真题及答案1998年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案Part I Structure and VocabularySections ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A),B),C)andD).Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times _____ 1979.A)fromB)afterC)forD)sinceThe sentence should read,"I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979."Therefore, you should choose D).I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time _____ the last bus .A)to have caughtB)to catchC)catchingD)having caughtAs it turned out to be a small house party, we _____ so formally.A)needn#39;t dress upB)did not need have dressed upC)did not need dress upD)needn#39;t have dressed upI apologize if I _____ you, but I assure you it was unintentional .A)offendB)had offendedC)should have offendedD)might have offendedAlthough a teenager, Fred could resist _____ what to do and what not to do .A)to be toldB)having been toldC)being toldD)to have been toldGreater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage _____ avoided .A)is to beB)can beC)will beD)has beenDoing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _____ it comes to classroom tests .A)beforeB)asC)sinceD)whenThere are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be re-educated no matter _____ he does .A)howB)whereC)whatD)whenI#39;ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school _____ twenty years ago .A)aboutB)sinceC)tillD)withHe wasn#39;t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, _____ insufficiently popular with all members .A)being considerdB)consideringC)to be consideredD)having considered_____ for the timely investment from the general public,our company would not be so thriving as it is .A)Had it not beenB)Were it notC)Be it notD)Should it not beSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A),B),C)and D). Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:A number of A) foreign visitors were taken B) to the industrial exhibition which C) they saw D) many new products.Part C) is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.” So you should choose C).According to Darwin,randon changes that enhance a species#39; A) ability for surviving B) are C) naturally selected and passed on to succeeding D) generations.Neither rain nor snow keeps A) the postman from delivering our letters which B)we so much C) look forward to receive D) .If they will not accept A) a check, we shall have B)to pay the cash C) , though it would be D) much trouble for both sides .Having been A) robbed off B)economic importance,those states are not C) likely to count for very much D) in international political terms.The message will be A) that B)neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of their C) uncontrollable practices D) .The logic of scientific development is such A) that separates B)groups of men working on C) the same problem in far-scattered D) laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior to A) the European races, and B)some may even have a C) freshness and vitality that can renew the energies D) of more advanced races.The A) more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than B)ample destroying C) every city in the world several times over D) .The universe works in a way so far remove A) from what common sense would B)allow that C) words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it D) .The integration of independent states could best be A) brought about by first B)creaing a central organization with authorities C) over technical D) economic tasks.Sections CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D). Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET Iby blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found _____ in the woods off the highway.A)vanishedB)scattered C)abandonedD)rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose C).The machine needs a complete _____ since it has been in use for over ten years .A)amendingB)fittingC)mendingD)renovatingThere were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught a _____ of him .A)glanceB)glimpseC)lookD)sightI don#39;t think it#39;s wise of you to _____ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him .A)show upB)show outC)show inD)show offThe returns in the short _____ may be small,but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid .A)intervalB)rangeC)spanD)termA thorough study of biology requires _____ with the properties of trees and plants,and the habit of birds and beasts .A)acquisitionB)discriminationC)curiosityD)familiarityShe worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would _____ her long effort .A)justifyB)testifyC)rectifyD)verifyI#39;m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to _____ my debt in return for certain services .A)take awayB)cut outC)write offD)clear upSome journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great _____ .A)explosionB)sensationC)exaggerationD)stimulationAccording to what you have just said,am I to understand that his new post _____ no responsibility with it at all? .A)shouldersB)possessesC)carriesD)sharesSometimes the student may be asked to write about his _____ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied .A)commentB)reactionC)impressionD)comprehensionPlease _____ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places,since the law fotbids them .A)restrainB)hinderC)restrictD)prohibitWithout telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of _____ every business operation in the whole country .A)practicallyB)preferablyC)preciselyD)presumablyPreliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, _____ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress .A)in proportion toB)in reply toC)in relation toD)in contrast toHe is planning another tour abroad,yet his passport will _____at the end of this month .A)expireB)exceedC)terminateD)ceaseAll the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read _____ letters from their families .A)sentimentalB)affectionateC)intimateD)sensitiveSeveral international events in the early 1990s seem likely to _____ ,or at least weaken,the trends that emerged in the 1980s .A)revoltB)revolveC)reverseD)reviveI was unaware of the critical points involved,so my choice was quite _____ .A)arbitraryB)rationalC)mechanicalD)unpredictableThe local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer _____ according to the weather .A)alteredB)convertedC)fluctuatedD)modifiedThe pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees willcertainly not _____ their prospect of promotion .A)spurB)furtherC)induceD)reinforceIn what _____ to a last minute stay of execution,a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites .A)appliesB)accountsC)attachesD)amountsPart II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A),B),C),D). Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) Until recently most histroians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 47 ,is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things:that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41.A)admitted B)believed C)claimed D)predicted42.A)plain B)average C)mean D)normal43.A)momentary B)prompt C)instant D)immediate44.A)bulk B)host C)gross D)magnitude45.A)On B)With C)For D)By46.A)broadly B)thoroughly C)generally D)completely47.A)however B)meanwhile C)therefore D)moreover48.A)at B)in C)about D)for49.A)manifested B)approved C)shown D)speculated50.A)noted B)impressed C)labeled D)markedPart III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A),B),C) and D). Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Passage 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind#39;s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascination. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn#39;t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt#39;s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey#39;s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go ahead to the even more wrong headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don#39;t need a dam to be saved.The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that _____ .A)people would be happy if they shut their eyes to realityB)the blind could be happier than the sightedC) over?excited people tend to neglect vital things.D)fascination makes people lose their eyesightIn paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to _____ .A)areas short of electricityB)dams without power stationsC)poor counrtries around IndiaD)common people in the Narmada Dam areaWhat is the myth concerning giant dams?A)They bring in more fertile soil.B)They help defend the country.C)They strengthen international ties.D)They have univeral control of the waters.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as _____ .A)“It#39;s no use crying over spilt milk”B)“More haste, less speed”C) “Look before you leap”D)“He who laughs last laughs best”Passage 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978 87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, thetreasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between th e mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explanied. New ways of organizing the workplace all that re engineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overalll productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity:switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficent thought to long term profitability. BBDO#39;s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re engineering consultants as mere rubbish - “the worst sort of ambulance cashing.”According to the author, the American economic situation is _____ .A)not as good as it seemsB)at its turning pointC)much better than it seemsD)near to complete recoveryThe official statistics on productivity growth _____ .A)exclude the usual rebound in a business cycleB)fall short of businessmen#39;s anticipationC)meet the expectation of business peopleD)fail to reflect the true state of economyThe author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because _____ .A)he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”B)he does not think the productivity revolution worksC)he wonders if the official statistics are misleadingD)he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businessesWhich of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?A)Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.B)New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.C)The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long term profitability.D)The consultants are a bunch of good for nothigns.Passage 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo#39;s 17th century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake#39;s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between sceience and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the seientific community was so powerful thatit could affort to ignore its critics - but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have at tacked “antiscience” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R.Gross, a biologist at the University of Verginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon?Haunted World, by Car Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis)information,”which assembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science#39;s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, those manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question theevidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term #39;antiscience#39; can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened. ”The word “schism”(Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means _____ .A)confrontationB)dissatisfactionC)separationD)contemptParagraphs 2 and 3 are written to _____ .A)discuss the cause of the decline of science#39;s powerB)show the author#39;s symphathy with scientistsC)explain the way in which science developsD)exemplify the division of science and the humanitiesWhich of the following is true according to the passage?A)Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.B)Politicans are not subject to the labeling of antiscience.C)The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as antiscienceD)Tagging environmentalists as “antiscience” is justifiableThe auth or#39;s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. antiscience” is _____ .A)impartialB)subjectiveC)biasedD)puzzlingPassage 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development - and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead - has enthroned the South as America#39;s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation#39;s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people - numerically the third largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger number since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun belt states - Florida, Texas and California - together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th - with Cleveland and Washington.DC,dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say, Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too - and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday#39;s “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places withmore jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances-● Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate - 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.●Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except fro Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people - about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to morebearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose - and still are choosing - somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California#39;s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent - little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s _____ .A)enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in historyB)witnessed a southwestern shift of populationC)underwent an unparalleled period of population growthD)brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World dWar IIThe census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that _____ .A)it stresses the climatic influence on population distributionB)it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrantsC)it reveals the Americans#39; new persuit of spacious livingD)it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday#39;s “baby boom”We can see from the available statistics that _____ .A)California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole USB)the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the WestC)cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migrationD)Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of populationThe word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means _____ .A)people infavor of the trend of democracyB)advocates of migration between statesC)scientists engaged in the studey of populationD)conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifePassage 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world#39;s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth#39;s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly,and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from eath other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth#39;s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite direcitons or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots,anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the quesiton. From an analysis of the hot spot popultion it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures(cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explanied the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability(inconstance).The author believes that _____ .A)the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth#39;s interiorB)the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be trueC)the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directionsD)the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apartThat Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that _____ .A)the two continents are still moving in opposite direcitonsB)they have been found to share certain geological featuresC)the African plates has been stable for 30 million yearsD)over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globeThe hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining _____ .A)the structure of the African platesB)the revival of dead volcanoesC)the mobility of the continentsD)the formation of new oceansThe passage is mainly about _____ .A)the features of volcanic activitiesB)the importance of the theory about drifting platesC)the significance of hot spots in geophysical studiesD)the process of the formation of volcanoesPart IV English Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II. (15 points).They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that。
1998年考研英语真题答案及精析
1998年考研英语真题答案及精析考研英语真题答案及精析1998年考研英语真题答案快速扫描1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.A(11~20略:新大纲不再考查的部分)21.C 22.B 23.D 24.D 25.D 26.A 27.C 28.B 29.C 30.B31.A 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.C 37.A 38.C 39.B 40.D41.A 42.B 43.D 44.A 45.D 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.C 50.D51.C 52.D 53.D 54.C 55.A 56.B 57.B 58.A 59.C 60.D61.A 62.A 63.B 64.C 65.D 66.C 67.B 68.B 69.D 70.C1998年考研英语真题答案系统精析Part Ⅰ Structu re and Vocabulary Section A1.the last bus.A. to have caughtB. to catchC. catchingD. having caught昨晚我在办公室工作得太晚，差一点儿没赶上最后一趟公交车。
B【考核知识点】非谓语动词动词不定式和分词都可作后置定语，动词不定式表示将来的动作；分词表示一般动作；根据句意可知，所填之词修饰“time”，表示去乘车的时间，是将来的时间，所以C、D不对；“to have caught”是不定式的完成形式，表示动作发生在“had time”之前，用在此处显然不对，所以A选项也不对。
“hardly had time to do sth.”意为“几乎没有时间，来不及去做某事”，而“have a hard time doing sth.” 则意为“做某事不容易”。
故应该选B。
I had a hard time going back.She had a hard/difficult time finding her dog.I had no time to go shopping.2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.A. needn’t dress upB. did not need have dressed upC. did not need dress upD. needn’t have dressed up考研英语真题答案及精析原来那只不过是一个小小的家庭聚会，我们真没有必要穿戴得那么正式。
1998年考研英语试题及答案
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three t imes since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time________ the last bus.[A] to have caught[B] to catch[C] catching[D] having caught2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we ________ so formally.[A] needn’t dress up[B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up[D] needn’t have dressed up3. I apologize if I ________ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.[A] offend[B] had offended[C] should have offended[D] might have offended4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ________ what to do and whatnot to do.[A] to be told[B] having been told[C] being told[D] to have been told5. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be madeif food shortage ________ avoided.[A] is to be[B] can be[C] will be[D] has been6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, andthis is especially true ________ it comes to classroom tests.[A] before[B] as[C] since[D] when7. There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possiblefor a professional to be reeducated no matter ________ he does.[A] how[B] where[C] what[D] when8. I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ________twenty years ago.[A] about[B] since[C] till[D] with9. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,________ insufficiently popular with all members.[A] being considered[B] considering[C] to be considered[D] having considered10. ________ for the timely investment from the general public, ourcompany would not be so thriving as it is.[A] Had it not been[B] Were it not[C] Be it not[D] Should it not bePart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11. According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’Aability for survivingB areCnaturally selected and passed onto succeedingDgenerations.12. Neither rain nor snow keepsAthe postman from delivering our letterswhich B we so muchClook forward to receiveD.13. If they will not acceptA a check, we shall haveBto pay the cashC,though it would beDmuch trouble for both sides.14. Having beenA robbed offBeconomic importance, those states are notClikely to count for very muchDin international political terms.15. The message will beA thatBneither the market nor the government iscapable of dealing with all of theirC uncontrollable practicesD.16. The logic of scientific development is suchA that separatesBgroupsof men working onC the same problem in far-scatteredDlaboratoriesare likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.17. Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior toAtheEuropean races, andB some may even have aCfreshness and vitalitythat can renew the energiesDof more advanced races.18. TheAmore than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of variousnations today are more thanB ample destroyingCevery city in theworld several times overD.19. The universe works in a way so far removeAfrom what common sensewould B allow thatCwords of any kind must necessarily be inadequateto explain itD.20. The integration of independent states could best beAbrought aboutby firstB creating a central organization with authoritiesCovertechnicalDeconomic tasks.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21. The machine needs a complete ________ since it has been in use forover ten years.[A] amending[B] fitting[C] mending[D] renovating22. There were many people present and he appeared only for a fewseconds, so I only caught a ________ of him.[A] glance[B] glimpse[C] look[D] sight23. I don’t think it’s wise of you to ________ your greater knowledgein front of the director, for it may offend him.[A] show up[B] show out[C] show in[D] show off24. The returns in the short ________ may be small, but over a numberof years the investment will be well repaid.[A] interval[B] range[C] span[D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires ________ with the propertiesof trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition[B] discrimination[C] curiosity[D] familiarity26. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the resultswould ________ her long effort.[A] justify[B] testify[C] rectify[D] verify27. I’m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to________ my debt in return for certain services.[A] take away[B] cut out[C] write off[D] clear up28. Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their newsmay create a great ________.[A] explosion[B] sensation[C] exaggeration[D] stimulation29. According to what you have just said, am I to understand that hisnew post ________ no responsibility with it at all?[A] shoulders[B] possesses[C] carries[D] shares30. Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ________ toa certain book or article that has some bearing on the subjectbeing studied.[A] comment[B] reaction[C] impression[D] comprehension31.Please ________ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places,since the law forbids them.[A] restrain[B] hinder[C] restrict[D] prohibit32. Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functionsof ________ every business operation in the whole country.[A] practically[B] preferably[C] precisely[D] presumably33. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion,________ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to[B] in reply to[C] in relation to[D] in contrast to34. He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will ________at the end of this month.[A] expire[B] exceed[C] terminate[D] cease35. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read________ letters from their families.[A] sentimental[B] affectionate[C] intimate[D] sensitive36. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to________, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.[A] revolt[B] revolve[C] reverse[D] revive37. I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice wasquite ________.[A] arbitrary[B] rational[C] mechanical[D] unpredictable38. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price ofvegetables no longer ________ according to the weather.[A] altered[B] converted[C] fluctuated[D] modified39. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainlynot ________ their prospect of promotion.[A] spur[B] further[C] induce[D] reinforce40. In what ________ to a last minute stay of execution, a councilannounced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies[B] accounts[C] attaches[D] amountsSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of theIndustrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long runindustrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during theperiod from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the44 of the English population. 45 contrast, they saw in thepreceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance andprosperity.This view, 47, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists48 history and economics, have 49 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and thatindustrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41. [A] admitted[B] believed[C] claimed[D] predicted42. [A] plain[B] average[C] mean[D] normal43. [A] momentary[B] prompt[C] instant[D] immediate44. [A] bulk[B] host[C] gross[D] magnitude45. [A] On[B] With[C] For[D] By46. [A] broadly[B] thoroughly[C] generally[D] completely47. [A] however[B] meanwhile[C] therefore[D] moreover48. [A] at[B] in[C] about[D] for49. [A] manifested[B] approved[C] shown[D] speculated50. [A] noted[B] impressed[C] labeled[D] markedSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that bu ilding a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possiblewithout building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.51. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52. In P aragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usualrebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance c h asing.”55. According to the author, the American economic situation is________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery56. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?”because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increaseproductivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-termprofitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers an d other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite differ ent things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”59. The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probablymeans ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s symp athy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.62. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the Americansearch for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980census provided, America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since WorldWar II64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on populationmovement in that ________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves ofimmigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”65. We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the wholeUS[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all locatedin the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously frommigration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate ofpopulation66. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they a re not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67. The author believes that ________.。
1998年社科院博士生入学考试英语真题及答案
1998年社科院博⼠⽣⼊学考试英语真题及答案1998年攻读博⼠学位研究⽣⼊学考试试卷GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Each student has an answer sheet on which is to be written the student’s examination ID number. All answers to the multiple choice questions of parts Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲand Ⅳare to be written on this answer sheet. Circle the letter that is your answer.PART Ⅰ:VOCABULARY ［15%］DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION A: On your answer sheet, circle the answer that best completes the sentence.1. The day was crisp and sharp, but suddenly a misty rain began to fall and the landscape.a. hidb. blurredc. relievedd. belittled2. this coming Thursday, it will be too late to enrol for the course.a. As ofb. As forc. As tod. As on3. Those who let uncertainty rarely achieve much.a . turn them down b. send them downc. weigh them downd. huddle down4. The speaker went on and on, to his listeners obvious boredom.a. obligatedb. obsessivec. obviousd. oblivious5. Such as self-respect and industriousness merit the full backing of an employer.a. advantagesb. traitsc. interestsd. shortcomings6. The police inspector, having received new information from a confidential source, decided to enlarge the or his enquiry.a. scope7. An intelligent TV viewer may occasionally become enraged by the argumentation in commercials.a. imperativeb. fallaciousc. persuasived. fabulous8. flees if one is constantly subjected to demeaning orders.a. Primeb. Harassmentc. Conceitd. Pride9. popularity of subject matter and frequency of use, the books on the two middle shelves will be the most helpful to you.a. As ofb. As regardsc. As fromd. As against10. I was in my reading, and didn’t at first hear the doorbell ring.a. immuredb. immersedc. busyd. infatuated11. Their chances of winning are slight, given that their opponents are so .a. well-knownb. vitalc. formidabled. distinguished12. When I reach home after an impossible day’s work, I feel a general to watch TV.d. interest13. Fallen electric lines, rubble, ruins and the occasional house--such is the destruction wrought by the war.a. neglectedb. desolatec. tragicd. chopped14. Geographic illiteracy is widespread, and hardly a month passes without from some survey revealing new depths of ignorance.a. wordsb. a wordc. wordd. the word15. of course it is possible that the new policy may have some adverse effects, but it is our that these will be negligible.a. constitutionb. conditionc. convictiond. consideringDIRECTIONS FOR SECTION B: On your answer sheet, circle the letter that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.16. Serial murderers rarely deviate from a certain type of prey.a. attackerb. nourishmentc. victimd. enemy17. The new guppies I bought have just a tinge of yellow.a. dotb. markc. touchd. tingle18. He covered the fish lavishly with sauce.a. sparinglyb. completelyc. generouslyd. simply19. Machiavelli cautions the prince not to relinquish power under passing duress.a. gainb. holdc. controld. abandon20. The play was hilarious!a. a merry oneb. a prudish onec. sedated. prodigious21. The Salk polio vaccine provides immunity from that disease.a. securityb. publicityc. liabilityd. help22. The Smithsonian houses a miscellaneous collection of aircraft, artifacts, butterflies, stones［both precious and common］, and so on.a. a heterogeneousb. an overwhelmingc. a unifiedd. a vast23. The jungles of the sub-Sahara, afflicted with tse-tse and mosquitos, is an unhealthy area.a. requiring inoculation againstb. heated byc. flooded byd. plagued by24. He is constantly late, and ill-prepared when he does finally arrive. He is jeopardizing his future.a. developingb. endangeringc. assuringd. destroying25.Chaos theory stresses the magnitude of the results produced by so small an event as the fluttering of a butterfly’s wings.c. resultd. fame26.The ancillary data, however, did not substantiate his argument.a. necessaryb. involuntaryc. subsidiaryd. extraordinary27. Subsequent events vindicated her point of view.a. proved wrongb. indicatedc. proved rightd. invalidated28. Rhenium is added as an alloy inasmuch as it withstands heat.a. dischargesb. resistsc. reducesd. opposes29. At 70, she hardly seems cut-out for mountain climbing.a. chosen forb. fond ofc. likely to enjoyd. fit for1. The elevated roadway collapsed. This calamity could have been avoided had the municipality allocated funds for infrastructure.a. consequenceb. eventc. disasterd. thingPART Ⅱ：GRAMMAR [15%]DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION A: On your answer sheet, circle the letter that best completes the sentence.1. Now that in scientific communities the use of computers is widespread, and supposing that there is sufficient time, there exist no complicated problem can be addressed with some hope of resolution.a. andb. but2. Out of the elementary plane geometry developed by the Greeks we use today.a. the theoretical geometry evolutionb. evolved the theoretical geometryc. the evolution of theoretical geometry camed. the theoretical geometry came3. We had to go miles to find a restaurant, it a holiday.a. beingb. wasc. to bed. is4. A good indication of he followed the teacher’s advice was that he failed.a. what littleb. however littlec. how littled. whatever little5. None of the day’s transactions,sales or delivery, came off well.a. fromb. it beingc. be itd. was it6. The traffic was very heavy, , and so we arrived after the start of the program.a. this was completely unexpectedb. which was completely unexpectedc. that was completely unexpectedd. it was completely unexpected7. , he finds the work interestinga. Though he is computer expertb. A computer expert he isc. As computer expertd. Computer expert as he is8. , he never alters a decision.a. What may comeb. May what comec. Come what mayd. May come whatever9. ‘The car ran out of gas!’‘That the cause, I filled the tank this morning. ’a. mustn’t beb. must have beenc. can bed. can’t have been10. Their proposal is better than ours, .a. all things consideringb. all things consideredc. all things are consideredd. all considered things11. Unless to bend somehow, perhaps with the helps of a mirror, light only travelsstraight ahead.a. you makeb. to be madec. is maded. made12. The sloth is so named for its inactivity, its greatest energy in the search for food. a. it expends b. for expendingc. to expendd. and it expends13. Although most foodstuffs enter the bloodstream only after being subjected to the digestiveprocess beginning in the stomach, alcohol is highly unusual at least one-fifth of the quantity ingested is directly absorbed.a. so thatb. in thatc. thatd. in which14. , we will leave without her.a. If she were to fail to come on timeb. She should fail to come on timec. Should she fail to come on timed. Would she fail to come on time15. My phone call to the electrician as I subsequently discovered my wife hadphoned. My wife had phoned.a. needn’t be madeb. shouldn’t be madec. needn’t have been maded. didn’t have to beDIRECTIONS FOR SECTION B: In the sentences below, either A, B, C or D is the INCORRECT grammatical form for the sentence. Pick the INCORRECT form as your answer, and on your answer sheet, circle the corresponding letter.16.The Mercandiser widget isA so named bec ause itB believed isC discovered be to by Albert Mercandiser, a Dutchman Dby birth. 17. Although the city acquired modernizations ofA recent more a kind during the twentieth century,B its present appearance Cshapes took during D .nineteenth the 18.As she A qrew older her vision B began sporadically to fade, so that intermittent times theC seldom knew what sheD looking was at. 19. A For the grounds that fiction is not B y objectivel true, there C are those who Dobject to it.20.As Christmas approached, with peopleAcrowded department stores, restaurants, theaters and movie houses, the downtown area B was, C , always as theD busiest. 21. A you, Mind under no circumstances B are you to allow your C child to change D broken bulbs by himself.22.Today, I firmly A believe, they B deliver the new television, and if they C do, I D shall help you set up the cable stations.23. TheAyear -f ive project would B expose C l educationa disadvantaged students to Ds experience both creative and enriching. 24. At the museum, I saw various exhibits of Af amily ape members, B was and particularly C struck by one groupD f aces had they resembling humans. 25.So far A is story the from being true that I B surprised was anyoneC believed have could itD was so. 26. To the most famous A alumnae B were extendedC a special invitation to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary ofD their graduation. 27. Whether she is A pretty as , or prettier than B the other girls C in her officeD is moot. 28. A f or But the services provided by B eaters,-insect insects C will make D it impossible to live.29.Unless those currently working –both men and women -- Agiven be would theB necessary training for somewhat higher positions, unemployment in general will becomeC ly increasing more serious as automationD continues . 30. Improved agro-technology rendered Af easible it for far more people To B f ed be per square unit than C can be fed on Dthe produce formerly available in the same area.PART Ⅲ: CLOZE [10%]DIRECTIONS: Choose as your answer the word that best fits the blank. On your answer sheet, circle the corresponding letter.There is no question but that Newton was a highly competent Minister of the Mint. It was mainly through his efforts [1] the English currency was put on [2] satisfactory basis at a difficult time. [3] discovered a relationship between prices and [4] amount of money in circulation, which [5] later formalized in the so-called “quality [6] ”of money: if the amount of [7]In circulation is doubled –other things [8] the same –then prices also will[9] double. This is a simple application [10] the principle that it is impossible [11] get something for nothing, but apparently [12] took someone like Newton to discover it. There [13] an obvious comparison with Copernicus, who [14] the Polish government on currency questions [15]in doing so discovered another important [16] (usually known as Gresham’s Law): when [17] money is accepted as legal tender, [18] money will be driven out of [19] . Copernicus anticipated Gresham in the formulation [20] this law.1. a. which b. why c. that d. for2. a. a b. very c. the d. most3. a. It b. He c. Was d. We4. a. an b. their c. the d. big5. a. too b. was c. they d. has6. a. theory b. them c. thesis d. proposal7. a. coins b. currency c. bills d. gold8. a. stay b. much c. remaining d. be9. a. come b. seem c. multiply d. approximately10. a. for b. of c. calling d. by11. a. our b. to c. for d. we12. a. they b. had c. it d. he13. a. is b. comes c. be d. with14. a. talked b. advised c. formed d. created15. a. from b. but c. and d. by16. a. true b. legend c. theme d. law17. a. much b. foreign c. bad d. lawful18. a. good b. much c. bad d. some19. a. work b. function c. marketing d. circulation20. a. for b. by c. of d. toPART Ⅳ: READING COMPREHENSION [30%]DIRECTIONS: Read each passage and answer all the questions that follow the passage. On your answer sheet, circle the letter that best answers the question.1.There is little question that substantial labor-market differences exist between men and women. Among the most researched difference is the male-female wage gap. Many different theories are used to explain why men earn more than women. One possible reason is based on the limitedgeographical mobility of married women [Robert Frank, 1978]. Family mobility is a joint decision in which the needs of the husband and wife are balanced to maximize family welfare. Job-motivated relocations are generally made to benefit the primary earner in the family. This leads to a constrained job search for the secondary earner, as he or she must search for a job in a limited geographic area. Since the husband is still the primary wage earner in many families, the job search of the wife may suffer. Individuals who are tied to a certain area are labeled ‘tied-stayers,’while secondary earners who move for the benefit of the family are labeled ‘tied-movers’[Jacob Mincer, 1978].The wages of a tied-stayer or tied-mover may not be substantially lower if the family lives in or moves to a large city. If a large labor market has more vacancies, the wife may locate a wage offer near the maximum she would find with a nation-wide search. However, being atied-stayer or tied-mover can lower the wife’s wage if the family lives in or moves to a small community. A small labor market will reduce the likelihood of her finding a job that utilizes her skills. As a result she may accept a job for which she is overqualified and thus earn a lower wage. This hypothesized relationship between the likelihood of being overqualified and SMSA size is termed ‘differential overqualification. ’Frank [1978] and Haim Ofek and Yesook Merrill [1994] provide support for the theory of differential overqualification by finding that the male-female wage gap is grater in smaller SMSA’s.While the results are consistent with the existence of differential overqualificatio n, they may also result from other situations as well. Firms in small labor markets may use their monopsony power to keep wages down. Local demand shocks are found to be a major source of wage variation both across and within local labor markets [Robert Topel, 1986]. Since large labor markets are generally more diversified, a demand shock can have a substantial impact on immobile workers in small labor markets. Another reason for examining differential overqualification involves the assumption that there are more vacancies in large labor markets. While there is little doubt that more vacancies exist in large labor markets, there are also likely to be more people searching for jobs in large labor markets. If the greater number of vacancies is offset by the larger number of searchers, it is unclear whether women will be more likely to be overqualified in small labor markets. Instead of relying on wages to determine if differential overqualification exists, we consider an explicit form of over qualification based on education.1. In the author’s opinion, the male-female wage gapa. is the most important difference.b. is justified.c. has important repercussions on family life.d. represents a sexist attitude toward women.e. is simply one of a considerable number of labor-market differences.2.‘Geographic mobility,’as used in the text, refers toa. the way in which Americans tend to move from job to job.b. the penchant wage-earners have to maximize family welfare.c. the necessity to relocate in order to increase wages.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.3. In the author’s opinion, which of the following statements is true?a. The term ‘secondary earner’ does not depend on gender.b. If A will earn more money than B, family welfare is maximized if B agrees to relocate.c. If B will earn more money than A, family welfare is maximized if A agrees to relocate.d. All of the above are true.e. None of the above are true.4.The difference between a ‘tied-stayer’and ‘tied- mover’is that.a. the former is the husband and the latter is the wife.b. the primary earner is forced to search for work in a specific area while the secondary earner is freer to roam about.c. the former is obliged to remain in an area while the latter not.d. the former is the wife and the latter is the husband.e. the latter’s salary is of secondary importance to the former’s salary.5. With which of the following statements would the author agree?a. The size of the labor market determines recompense.b. The size of the labor market determines acquired skills utilization.c. The size of the labor market determines the probability of matching skills withappropriate wage level.d. The author would agree with all of the level.e. The author would agree with none of the above.6. The names and dates between parenthesesa. refer to bibliographical entries.b. explain who discussed what and when they discussed it.c. are references to what the author has read.d. may be described by all of the above.e. may be described by none of the above.2.] The repression in the Netherlands, instead of solving a crucial problem, elicited bitter criticism from every major European state. Alba was unrepentant about his tough policy convinced than the population must remain in a state of fear, ‘so that every individual has the feeling that one fine night or morning the house will fall in on him.’Of the leading dissidents who escaped from Alba’s hands, only William of Orange remained. Tall, dark-haired, with a small moustache and a short peaked beard, the prince of Orange-Nassau was aged thirty-five at the moment that fortune left him in the unenviable role of defender of his country. A comrade-in-arms of Philip during the latter’s years abro ad inmid-century, he never made a secret of his concern for the privileges of his class or of his dislike for religious dogmatism. Widowed in 1558, in 1561 he married Anne, the Lutheran daughter of the late Maurice of Saxony. The marriage, celebrated in Leipzig, gave him a useful link with the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. When news came of Alba’s departure from Spain, Orange opportunely took refuge in Germany. It became clear that the only way to regain the Netherlands was by the use of them. In the course of 1568 Orange sponsored invasions by several small forces, which entered from France and from Germany. All were defeated. Captured prisoners gave details of Orange’s links with protestants in several countries. The invasions could not fail to affect the fate of the distinguished prisoners in Alba’s hands. On 5 June 1568, in the public square of Brussels, the counts of Egmont and Hornes were beheaded for high treason.The executions shocked opinion throughout Europe. The two nobles, as knights of the Golden Fleece, could be tried only by their peers. But Philip, grand master of the order, had cleared the way for the trial by a special patent which he had drawn up in April 1567 and sent to Alba in December. There is no doubt that Philip considered Egmont responsible for much of the trouble in Flanders, but the pressure for an exemplary punishment came rather from themembers of his council, particularly [it seems] from cardinal Espinosa. Alba had always regretted the need to arrest the two counts, whom ‘‘I have always loved and esteemed as my own brother. ” According to some, he was reluctant to proceed to execution. Philip wrote formally to Alba: “I very deeply regret that the offenses of the counts were so serious that they called for the punishment tha t has been carried out.” The remorse, which came too late, was probably sincere. The counts were victims of a political crisis. Their names, interestingly enough, continued to be held in honour at the Spanish court. A book on the events of Flanders published in Castile a few years later, when all books had to be licensed by the royal council, referred to them as “outstanding princes, well loved and of the highest and finest character.”1. ‘Bitter criticism’is criticism that isa. sour.b. major.c. angry.d. vinegary.e. none of the above.2. The repression in the Netherlands was wrought bya. minor European states.b. Alba.c. William of Oranged. all of the above.e. none of the above.3. We may assume thata. the prince of Orange-Nassau was married twice.b. the marriage was premised upon political consideration.c. some of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire were protestants.d. the counts of Egmont and Hornes were decapitated in retaliation for the invasions.e. all of the above are true.4. Philipa. travelled to various countries in the mid-16th century.b. was the chief officer of the knights the Golden Fleece.c. was Alba’s superior.d. may have reluctantly acceded to the beheading.e. may be described by all of the above.5. Which of the following is true?a. In the text, Flanders and the Netherlands are two completely separate entities.b. Cardinal Espinosa was instrumental in swaying Philip’s councilc. Philip was personally opposed to the punishment.d. All of the above are true.e. None of the above are true.6. The deaths of the two countsa. were caused more by the political situation than by their actions.b. did not destroy their reputations in Spain.c. were brought about by their brother, Alba.d. may be described by none of the above statements.e. may be described by [a] and [b].3.] Despite efforts to provide them with alternatives such as the shelter, women frequently andrepeatedly returned to violent and abusive partner. By the late 1970s, feminists at Women Together, like those doing similar work throughout the United States, began to understand that battered women experience a range of post-traumatic psychological responses to abuse, similar to those of victims of other types of violence or trauma. Subsequently, the psychological response of battered women became reified as “battered woman syndrome,”a sub-category of post-traumatic stress disorder. Interestingly, in the course of trying to create social change, the focus of feminists perceptibly shifted to trying to explain why battered women fail to leave the partners who beat them. In trying to address this question, a debate ensued among feminists and mental health workers as to potential merits and problems of categorizing as mental disorder what many feminists labeled a normal response to fear and an appropriately angry response to abuse. Although many women left abusive relationships or successfully ended violence by other means, some responded to ongoing or accelerated abuse by killing or trying to kill their male partners. In many states, when they went to trial, such women found they were restricted from introducing testimony about the abuse they had endured or their resulting states of mind. In trying to address these women’s ne eds, some activists and scholars advocated the use of expert testimony to explain battered woman syndrome to juries. This strategy would introduce evidence of past abuse and challenge the gender biases of self-defense law by explaining the woman’s stage of mind at the time of the offense. Feminist legal scholars raised potential problems in the use of battered woman syndrome. They argued that it could be used against women who did not neatly fit pre-established criteria and had the potential to become another example of the tendency to label women’s normal angry responses as mental illness. While the desirability of working to admit expert testimony was debated, individual state courts and legislatures varied in their willingness to recognize battered woman syndrome, permit evidence of past abuse, or allow expert testimony. As the legal debate about battered women’s responses to violence was beginning to unfold, the Ohio movement became directly involved in it when a former shelter resident shot and killed her abusive common law husband. In 1978 women Together, in conjunction with the woman’s lawyer, decided to challenge existing law by trying to introduce battered woman syndrome expert testimony at trial.Because at the time the syndrome had little scientific merit or legal recognition, the trial court declared inadmissibility, a decision upheld by the State supreme Court (State v. Thomas 1981 66 Ohio St. 2d 51).Women Together founders left the shelter to establish professional careers, viewing this as a means of advancing the feminist agenda. The frustrations, limitations and defeats they had experienced as outside challengers impelled them to adopt a strategy of infiltration and appropriation of the institutions they sought to change. For example, on founder, who had worked through lobbying for ERA America in addition to her other feminist activism, explained her decision to run for elected office by saying:“[When ERA was defeated] I decided to run for the legislature. I said I can do better than these turkeys.”1. Battered woman syndrome isa. a psychological response.b. a sub-category of a specific stress disorder.c. similar to that experienced by a range of victims.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.2. Generally speaking, women who are beatena. address questions to feminists.b. return to their male partners.c. require an explanation for the beating.d. leave their partners.e. do none of the above.3. A debate arose as to whethera. feminists of mental health workers were correct.b. battered wives should return to their husbands.c. anger and fear were appropriate or inappropriate.d. focus should be shifted.e. all of they above.4. Responses to abuse by male partners includea. leaving them.b. killing them.c. other means.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.5. The use of expert testimonya. depends on the situation.b. is a way around legal restrictions.c. is required by state laws in women’s trials.d. is a way of ending abuse by other means.e. may not be defined by any of the above.6. We may assume that prior to the period discussed self-defensea. applied to men only.b. posed a problem for the battered woman syndrome.c. refers to expert testimony.d. includes all of the above.e. includes none of the above.7. The word “turkeys”a. refers to the bird that Americans eat at Thanksgiving.b. is an unflattering reference to other law-makers.c. is an unflattering reference to the speaker herself.d. will be explained in the following paragraph.e. refers to none of the above.4.] The position of Burleigh School in the English educational system would be very difficult to explain to a foreigner (who has, God knows, enough to contend with in comprehending the other parts of the system). Nor would it be possible to refer him to any works of literature (before the present one) from which he could gain enlightenment. The prep schools have had their Orwell, the public schools their Connolly and Benedictus, the convent schools their Antonia White, the private boarding schools their Waugh and Nicolas Blake. No one has thought it worth their while to eulogize or anathematize schools like Burleigh. Indeed, schools like Burleigh do not seem the sort of places from which writers emerge.And yet, any medium-sized town in the southern half of England has its Burleigh School: a private day school to which, for a not too exorbitant fee, parents can send their children and boast that they are privately educated. Not well educated, but privately. Burleigh itself had beenfounded – no, started – between the wars, had survived the Depression (as the South of England middle classes in general had so signally managed to coast blithely through the Depression) and had offered over the years an alternative to the Grammar, Secondary Modern and Technical Schools of the town of Cullbridge. Which meant, in effect, that though some parents chose to send their children there rather than to the Grammar School, many more sent them there because they failed their eleven-plus, that Beecher’s Brook of English childhood. With the coming of comprehensive education three years before, even the faint whiff of privilege attached to the Grammar School had evaporated, a fact on which Burleigh had been able to capitalize, in a mild way.Foreigners are always apt to find charming the examples they come across of quaint anachronisms, of dated anomalies, in English life. One such charming and dated anomaly is that a school like Burleigh can be bought. A man – any man – can buy such a place, set himself up as headmaster, and run it as he likes. Indeed, that is precisely what Edward Crumwallis had done. He had bought it from its previous aging owner/ headmaster in 1969 and had been there ever since. This must not be taken to imply that Edward Crumwallis was unfit for his position. He was in fact a BA (3rd class, Geography), from the University of Hull (graduated 1948). Still, scholarship was not exactly his thing. He might take the odd class in Geography in a pinch, but he had never given the subject any particular prominence in the school, and most boys gave it up after two years. Nor was Crumwallis anxious to take over periods in other subjects when there was need--as in cases of sickness or (frequently) death. Since his graduation he had not cultivated Learning. He had cultivated Manner. He had bought Burieigh (which he invariably called The Burleigh School, in capitals) preciselty so that his manner might be given free reign and ample pasturage. A very good manner it was too, with parents – decidedly impressive. It certainly impressed those of limited intelligence, among whom may be numbered Crumwallis himself. He really believed in it: he not only thought that others should remain silent during his threadbare pontifications, but he actually believed they would benefit from them. Such a conspicuous lack of self-knowledge had its dangers.Not that the Manner – which he intended should be so admired later in the week on Parents’ Evening -- was particularly in evidence on the Monday, as he sat at his study desk and went over the plans for that event with his wife. The side of Edward Crumwallis that was most evident during such t·te-·-t·tes was the pretty-minded, niggling side that side of his psychological profile that was seldom turned in the parents’ direction.“The question is, shall we splurge on the coffee and scrimp on the tea, or vice versa,”he said.1. Orwell, Connolly, Benedictus, Antonia White, Waugh and Nicolas Blakea. are the names of different schools.b. taught at schoolsc. eulogized or anathematized their schools.d. are reflected in all of the above.e. are explained by none of the above.2. Burleigh Schoola. is relatively expensive.。
社科院博士英语(历年翻译真题)
Translation（社科院历年翻译真题）1.If our country is to achieve modernization the biggest obstacle is not the shortage of natural resources，nor the lack of funds，still less the problem of technology，but rather the quality of the more than one billion people，for funds can be accumulated，technology can be created or imported，but the overall quality of the huge population，which can not be imported，must only be improved by ourselves．我们的国家要走向现代化，最大的障碍并不是资源问题，也不是资金问题，更不是技术问题，而是十几亿人口的素质问题。
资金可以积累，技术可以创造，也可以引进，但是十几亿人口的素质是无法引进的，这必须靠我们自己去提高。
2.Today women increasingly leave the home for the workplace．In addition to the normal financial incentives，we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances，and a desire for more social contact in order to relieve their domestic isolation．However，for all，working is tied to the desire for independence．今天，越来越多的妇女走出家门参加工作。
1998年考研英语试题及答案
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times si nce 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time________ the last bus.[A] to have caught[B] to catch[C] catching[D] having caught2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we ________ soformally.[A] needn’t dress up[B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up[D] needn’t have dressed up3. I apologize if I ________ you, but I assure you it wasunintentional.[A] offend[B] had offended[C] should have offended[D] might have offended4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ________ what to do andwhat not to do.[A] to be told[B] having been told[C] being told[D] to have been told5. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be madeif food shortage ________ avoided.[A] is to be[B] can be[C] will be[D] has been6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores,and this is especially true ________ it comes to classroom tests.[A] before[B] as[C] since[D] when7. There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possiblefor a professional to be reeducated no matter ________ he does.[A] how[B] where[C] what[D] when8. I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school________ twenty years ago.[A] about[B] since[C] till[D] with9. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,________ insufficiently popular with all members.[A] being considered[B] considering[C] to be considered[D] having considered10. ________ for the timely investment from the general public, ourcompany would not be so thriving as it is.[A] Had it not been[B] Were it not[C] Be it not[D] Should it not bePart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A],[B],[C] and[D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11. According to Darwin,random changes that enhance a species’Aability for survivingB areCnaturally selected and passed onto succeedingDgenerations.12. Neither rain nor snow keepsAthe postman from delivering ourletters whichB we so muchClook forward to receiveD.13. If they will not acceptA a check, we shall haveBto pay the cashC,though it would beDmuch trouble for both sides.14. Having beenA robbed offBeconomic importance,those states are notClikely to count for very muchDin international political terms.15. The message will beA thatBneither the market nor the government iscapable of dealing with all of theirC uncontrollable practicesD.16. The logic of scientific development is suchA that separatesBgroups of men working onC the same problem in far-scatteredDlaboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.17. Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior toAtheEuropean races, andB some may even have aCfreshness and vitalitythat can renew the energiesDof more advanced races.18. TheAmore than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of variousnations today are more thanB ample destroyingCevery city in theworld several times overD.19. The universe works in a way so far removeAfrom what common sensewould B allow thatCwords of any kind must necessarily beinadequate to explain itD.20. The integration of independent states could best beAbroughtabout by firstB creating a central organization with authoritiesCover technicalDeconomic tasks.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and[D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21. The machine needs a complete ________ since it has been in usefor over ten years.[A] amending[B] fitting[C] mending[D] renovating22. There were many people present and he appeared only for a fewseconds, so I only caught a ________ of him.[A] glance[B] glimpse[C] look[D] sight23. I don’t think it’s wise of you to ________ your greaterknowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.[A] show up[B] show out[C] show in[D] show off24. The returns in the short ________ may be small, but over anumber of years the investment will be well repaid.[A] interval[B] range[C] span[D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires ________ with theproperties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition[B] discrimination[C] curiosity[D] familiarity26. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that theresults would ________ her long effort.[A] justify[B] testify[C] rectify[D] verify27. I’m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to________ my debt in return for certain services.[A] take away[B] cut out[C] write off[D] clear up28. Some journalists often overstate the situation so that theirnews may create a great ________.[A] explosion[B] sensation[C] exaggeration[D] stimulation29. According to what you have just said, am I to understand thathis new post ________ no responsibility with it at all?[A] shoulders[B] possesses[C] carries[D] shares30. Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ________to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.[A] comment[B] reaction[C] impression[D] comprehension31. Please ________ yourself from smoking and spitting in publicplaces, since the law forbids them.[A] restrain[B] hinder[C] restrict[D] prohibit32. Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on thefunctions of ________ every business operation in the whole country.[A] practically[B] preferably[C] precisely[D] presumably33. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion,________ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to[B] in reply to[C] in relation to[D] in contrast to34. He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will________ at the end of this month.[A] expire[B] exceed[C] terminate[D] cease35. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as theyread ________ letters from their families.[A] sentimental[B] affectionate[C] intimate[D] sensitive36. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to________, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.[A] revolt[B] revolve[C] reverse[D] revive37. I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice wasquite ________.[A] arbitrary[B] rational[C] mechanical[D] unpredictable38. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price ofvegetables no longer ________ according to the weather.[A] altered[B] converted[C] fluctuated[D] modified39. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees willcertainly not ________ their prospect of promotion.[A] spur[B] further[C] induce[D] reinforce40. In what ________ to a last minute stay of execution, a councilannounced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies[B] accounts[C] attaches[D] amountsSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 47, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things:that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and that industrializationcertainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41. [A] admitted[B] believed[C] claimed[D] predicted42. [A] plain[B] average[C] mean[D] normal43. [A] momentary[B] prompt[C] instant[D] immediate44. [A] bulk[B] host[C] gross[D] magnitude45. [A] On[B] With[C] For[D] By46. [A] broadly[B] thoroughly[C] generally[D] completely47. [A] however[B] meanwhile[C] therefore[D] moreover48. [A] at[B] in[C] about[D] for49. [A] manifested[B] approved[C] shown[D] speculated50. [A] noted[B] impressed[C] labeled[D] markedSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A],[B],[C] and[D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a damon the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.51. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52. In P aragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity:switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-eng ineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance ch asing.”55. According to the author, the American economic situation is________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery56. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?”because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in thepassage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase ofproductivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increaseproductivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-termprofitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” inseveral books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”59. The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the contextprobably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag o thers as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” isjustifiable.62. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D.C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to morebearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration sinceWorld War II64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies onpopulation movement in that ________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on populationdistribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves ofimmigrants[C] it reveals the A mericans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “babyboom”65. We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in thewhole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were alllocated in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously frommigration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate ofpopulation66. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probablymeans ________.[A] people infavor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying thesecontinents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67. The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of theearth’s interio r[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been provedto be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in oppositedirections[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are movingapart68. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deducedfrom the fact that ________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes。
1998年考研英语试题及参考答案（3）
Passage 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans , he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment- although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Prinoeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a na- tional policy on human cloning. That group--the National Bioethics Advisory Commission ( NBAC)-has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on anear-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton ' s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended in- definitely , and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recom- mendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNAor cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial ques- tion, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro sug- gested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to at- tempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. " Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions , although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of fed-eral funds to create embryos ( the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or toknowingly endanger an embryo' s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation , but in a phone interview, he said this is- sue was still "up in the air. "63. We can learn from the first paragraph that__[A]federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C]NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D]the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that__[A]the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B]the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C]it is crimtnal to use private funding for human cloning[D]it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65 . NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because__[A]embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B]the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C]an embryo' s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D]the issue is expLicitly stated and settled in the law66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__[A]some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B]a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC' s appeal[D]the issue of human cloning will soon be settledPassage 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn' t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those lalger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering.His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictabllity is part of the essential nature of research. If you don' t have unpredictable things, you don' t have research. Scienltists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scienlists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific melhod"a substitute for imaginative thought . I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing acertain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that, " the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has beenshocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writ- ings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them him- self, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indi- cate , then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know ex- actly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect , is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls a-mong researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team. "67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that __[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research68 . The author asserts that sclentists __[A] shouldn't replace "scientific method" with imaginative thought[ B] shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[ C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D]should be confident about their research findings69. It seems that some young scientists__[A]have a keen interest in prediction[B]often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D]stick to "scientific method"70. The author implies that the results of scientific research__[A]may not be as profitable as they are expected[B]can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D]are mostly underestimated by managementPart IV: English-Chinese Translation71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation ofhistorians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In thls search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the histo- rian' s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an un- ending process .72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questtons and providing rewarding ap- proaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a dis- cipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contempo- rary world. 73) During this transfer , traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74 ) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. His-torians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tun- nel method , " frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy. " Also common in the natural sci- ences , the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75 ) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and intemal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their ac- tivity with specific techniques.。
1998研英语答案
1998年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points) Part A (5 points)1. [B]2. [D]3. [B]4. [C]5. [A]6. [D]7. [C]8. [D]9. [A]10. [A]Part B (5 points)11. [B]12. [D]13. [C]14. [B]15. [C]16. [B]17. [A]18. [C]19. [A]20. [C]Part C (10 points)21. [C]22. [B]23. [D]24. [D]25. [D]26. [A]27. [C]28. [B]29. [C]30. [B]31. [A]32. [A]33. [D]34. [A]35. [B]36. [C]37. [A]38. [C]39. [B]40. [D]Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)41. [A]42. [B]43. [D]44. [A]45. [D]46. [D]47. [A]48. [B]49. [C]50. [D]Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points) 51. [C]52. [D]53. [D]54. [C]55. [A]56. [B]57. [B]58. [A]59. [C]60. [D]61. [A]62. [A]63. [B]64. [C]65. [D]66. [C]67. [B]68. [B]69. [D]70. [C]Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71.更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
72.巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
phd98rx-1998年博士入学试卷
PhD.’98 Entrance English ExaminationPaper OnePart I Listening Comprehension(15 points,15 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear several short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Each conversation and question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked (A),(B),(C) and (D), and decide which is the best answer. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. A. The room is on fire.B. T he speakers are bothered by the smoke.C. T he man is asking for permission to smoke.D. T he woman is not permitted to stay in the room.2. A. In the mountains. B. In the desert.C. A t a fire station.D. At the beach.3. A. A European tourist. B. A German soldierC. A new student.D. A police officer.4. A. The train is crowded. B. The train is empty.C. T he train is late.D. The train is leaving.5. A. He was surprised. B. He was enthusiastic.C. H e was angry.D. He was quiet.6. A. He thinks it ridiculous. B. He thinks it is a crime.C. H e is not concerned.D. He thinks it is necessary.7. A. Use the library of her own school.B. B uy a copy of the dictionary she wants.C. U se the dictionary in the library.D. B orrow one from her English teacher.8. A. It’s hard for John and Jim to write two compositions at a time.C. E ither John or Jim is cheating on the composition.D. E ither John or Jim is not telling the truth in his composition.9. A. Taking a job interview. B. Inspecting workC. B uying an air ticket.D. Selling art works.Section B ( 1point each)Directions : In this section, you will hear two short passages. At the end of each passage, there will be some questions. Both the passages and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on your answer sheet.Passage 1Questions 10 through 12 are based on the following passage:10.A. He became a Harvard student at nine.B. He learned how to read and write by himself.C. H e never studied at high school.D. H e knew the English alphabet at the age of six.11. A. Philosophy B. EducationC. P sychologyD. Mathematics12.A. A teacher B. A shop assistantC. A hotel boyD. A mechanicPassage 2Question 13 through 15 are based on the following passage.13. A come to school to pick up their lunch.B. R ead the handout the teacher prepared.C. W rite a report in their laboratory notebooks,D. B ring some warm clothes with them.14. A. To learn about the members of the pine tree family.B. T o participate a discussion of their family members.D. T o pass a test of a required course.15. A. Chemistry. B. Botany C. Fine Arts D. GeologyPart II Reading Comprehension (25 points, 45 minutes)Directions: In this part there are several passages. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked (A), (B), (C) and (D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.PASSAGE 1There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in a great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgements. We can call these people "generalists". And these "generalists" are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people's work, to begin it and judge it.The specialist understands one field; his concern is with technique and tools. He is a "trained" man; and his educational background is properly technical or professional. The generalist--and especially the administrator--deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an " educated" man; and the humanities are his strongest foundation. Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator. And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in a particular field. Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions. It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you--but this is pure accident. Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.( ) 16 There is an increasing demand for ______.(A)generalists whose educational background is either technical or professional(B)specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others(C)all-round people in their own fields(D)people whose job is to organize other people's work( ) 17 The specialists is ______.(A)a man who can see the forest rather than the trees(B)a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters(C)a man whose job is to train other people(D)a man who has been trained in more than one field( ) 18 The administrator is ______.(A)a man who is very strong in the humanities(B)a man who is an "educated" specialist(C)a "trained" man who is more a specialist than a generalist(D)a man who sees the trees as well as the forest( ) 19 During your training period, it is important ______.(A)to find an organization which fits you(B)to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist(C)to try to be a generalist(D)to choose a profitable job( ) 20 A man's first job ______.(A)should not be regarded as his final job(B)should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to holdany job(C)is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final job(D)is never the right job for himPassage 2It is a favourable thing to look back at some of the reforms which have long been an accepted part of our life, and to examine the opposition, usually bitter and very strange, sometimes dishonest but all too often honest, which had to be countered by the restless advocates of "grandmotherly" legislation.The reforms treated in this book are not the well-known measures -- like the abolition of slavery, the reform of Parliament, the vote of women --- which are recorded in the standard history books. Here are some of the less familiar struggles which, with one or two exceptions, social historians have tended to dismiss briefly. Yet these old controversies give no less revealing an insight into the minds of our grandfathers than do the major issues of the last century. The pulse of a generation can be taken just as effectively by considering its attitudes to the marrying of deceased wives' sisters, to the fetching of father's beer or even to the sweeping of chimneys. Some of the reforms dealt with were carried out within living memory;none is older than the nineteenth century. They have been selected for the variety of their background and for the fertility (state of being fertile) and stimulus of the opposition levelled against them.Misguided and complete unreasonable though some of this opposition now appears, it is doubtful whether it will seem any more peculiar, one hundred years hence, than some of the reasons we produce today for continual hardship and injustice. Our ancestors thought it absurd that wives should wish to keep their own earnings; our descendants may be astonished at our system which forces a man to maintain a woman, sometimes for life, after a hopeless marriage has been disrupted. It is likely that our descendants will derive as much heartless fun from ponderation (consideration) of our divorce laws, and the reasons we use to defend them, as from the arguments we put forward to excuse the disfigurement of the countryside ("the poster is the poor man's art gallery"). They may also think that the indifference of the nineteenth century to death and suffering in the mills was fully matched by that of the twentieth century to death and suffering on the highways.( ) 21 The author says of the reforms that we take for granted that ______.(A)it is good to look at the arguments against them(B)it is good that they have been accepted(C)they were healthier than we now appreciate(D)we should study the alternatives( ) 22 The trouble with the people who were against reforms in the past was that ______.(A)they were well-meaning in too many cases(B)all of them were too frequently sincere(C)they could only be successfully opposed by lawyers(D)they were nervous( ) 23 The arguments over the reforms ______.(A)were about reforms with more important results than other reforms(B)concerned reforms equally as important as any other reforms(B)are more instructive than other arguments(D)are instructive as regards the nineteenth century( ) 24 As regards different generations' attitudes, perhaps ______.(A)our descendants' opposition to reform will be as absurd as ours(B)our ancestors' objections to reform will seem justified to our descendants(C)our case against reforms is even more blind than our ancestors'(D)our arguments against reform are as unreasonable as our ancestors'( ) 25 The author believes that in the future people will be surprised that in our present society ______.(A)men are expected to keep their wives with them even after a marriage hasbroken down(B)men have to pay money to their wives even after separation(C)women do not share their husbands' earnings(D)women expect to be supported by their menPassage 3Eskimo villages today are larger and more complex than the traditional nomadic groups of Eskimo kinsmen. Village decision-making is organized through community councils and co-operative boards of directors, institutions which the Eskimos were encouraged by the government to adopt. They have been more readily accepted in villages like Fort Chimo where there is an individualistic wage ethos and where ties of kinship are less important than in the rural village such as Port Burwell, where communal sharing between kinsmen is more emphasized. Greater contact with southern Canadians and better educational facilities have shown Fort Chimo Eskimos that it is possible to argue and negotiate with the government rather than to acquiesce passively in its policies.The old-age paternalism of southern Canadians over the Eskimos has died more slowly in the rural villages where Eskimos have been more reluctant to voice their opinions aggressively. This has been a frustration to government officials trying to develop local leadership amongst the Eskimos, but a blessing to other departments whose plans have been accepted without local obstruction. In rural areas the obligations of kinship often ran counter to the best interests of the village and potential leaders were restrained from making positive contributions to the village council. More recently, however, the educated Eskimos have been voicing the interests of those in the rural areas. They are trying to persuade the government to recognize the rights of full-time hunters, by protecting their hunting territories from mining and oil prospectors, for example. The efforts of this active minority are filtering through to the remoter villages whose inhabitants are becoming increasingly vocal.Continuing change is inevitable but future development policy in Ungava must recognize that most Eskimos retain much of their traditional outlook on life. New schemes should focus on resources that the Eskimos are used to handling, as the Port Burwell projects have done, rather than on enterprises such as mining where effort is all too easily delivered to an unskilled labour force. The muskox project at Fort Chimo and the tourist lodge at George River are new directions for future development but there are pitfalls.( ) 26 People are more favourably disposed to the village councils in places where ______.(A)they are more accustomed to working independently for a living(B)they are already accustomed to co-operating(C)they are in general better educated(D)there is already communal ownership of goods( ) 27 An acquaintance with outsiders has taught the Eskimos that ___ ___.(A)they can achieve greater independence(B)they can stand up for their rights(C)they can gain by opposing the government(D)they should not accept anything the government decrees( ) 28 What was the attitude of Canadians towards Eskimos in the past ?(A)They were a useful source of unskilled labour.(B)The Canadians had the responsibility of looking after them for the Eskimos'own good.(C)They should be encouraged to carry out useful government projects.(D)They should be kept under firm government control.( ) 29 The Eskimos' uncritical acceptance of outside control has ____.(A)caused considerable annoyance to the government(B)been generally welcome to the officials in charge(C)caused difficulties to those trying to encourage responsibility(D)caused problems to officials administering these territories( ) 30 According to the passage more government assistance is needed for the Eskimos in ______.(A)providing schools(B)safeguarding their traditional means of livelihood(C)encouraging agricultural production(D)promoting industrial job possibilitiesPassage 4Racket, din, clamor, noise. Whatever you want to call it, unwanted sound is America's most widespread nuisance. But noise is more than just a nuisance. It constitutes a real and present danger to people's health. Day and night, at home, at work, and at play, noise can produce serious physical and psychological stress. No one is immune to this stress. Though we seem to adjust to noise by ignoring it, the ear,in fact, never closes and the body still responds--sometimes with extreme tension, as to a strange sound in the night.The annoyance we feel when faced with noise is the most common outward symptom of the stress building up inside us. Indeed, because irritability is so apparent, legislators have made public annoyance the basis of many noise abatement programs. The more subtle and more serious health hazards associated with stresscaused by noise traditionally have been given much less attention. Nonetheless, when we are annoyed or made irritable by noise, we should consider these symptoms fair warning that other things may be happening to us, some of which may be damaging to our health.Of the many health hazards related to noise, hearing loss is the most clearly observable and measurable by health professionals. The other hazards are harder to pin down. For many of us, there may be a risk that exposure to the stress of noise increases susceptibility to disease and infection. The more susceptible among us may experience noise as a complicating factor in heart problems and other diseases. Noise that causes annoyance and irritability in healthy persons may have serious consequences for these already ill in mind or body.Noise affects us throughout our lives. For example, there are indications of effects on the unborn child when mothers are exposed to industrial and environmental noise. During infancy and childhood, youngsters exposed to high noise levels may have trouble falling asleep and obtaining necessary amounts of rest.Why, then, is there not greater alarm about these dangers? Perhaps it is because the link between noise and many disabilities or diseases has not yet been conclusively demonstrated. Perhaps it is because we tend to dismiss annoyance as a price to pay for living in the modern world. It may also be because we still think of hearing loss as only an occupational hazard.( ) 31 In paragraph 1, the words "immune to" are used to mean ______.(A)unaffected by (C)unlikely to be seen by(B)hurt by (D)unknown by( ) 32 The author's attitude toward noise would best be described as______.(A)unrealistic (C)concerned(B)traditional (D)uncaring( ) 33 Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?(A)Noise is a major problem; its importance is recognized by most people.(B)Although noise can be annoying, it is not a major problem.(C)Noise is a major problem and has not yet been recognized as such.(D)Noise is a major problem about which nothing can be done.( ) 34 The author condemns noise primarily because it ______.(A)is against the law(B)can make some people irritable(C)is a nuisance(D)is a danger to people's health( ) 35 The author would probably consider research about the effects noise has on people to be ______.(A)unimportant (C)a waste of money(B)impossible (D)essentialPassage 5Next day around lunch time, Toni and Brenda picked Gary up at the shoe shop and took him out for a hamburger. Sitting on each side of him at the counter, talking into his left ear and his right ear, they got right to the topic. What it came down to was that he had been borrowing too much money.Yes, said Toni gently, he'd been hitting Vern for a five-dollar bill here, ten there, once in a while twenty. He hadn't been going to work a full number of hours either. "Vern and Ida said this to you?" Gary asked."Gary," said Toni, "I don't think you realize Daddy's financial situation. He's got too much pride to tell you.""He'd be furious if he knew we were talking to you about this, " Brenda said, "but Dad isn't making a whole lot right now. He created a job so the parlod board would help you get out.""If you need ten dollars," said Toni, "Daddy will be there. But not just to buy a six-pack and then come home and sit around and drink beer."( ) 36 Which of the following statements about Gary is supported by the passage?(A)Gary is Vern's son.(B)Gary hates Vern.(C)Gary is irresponsible.(D)Gary does not like Toni and Brenda.( ) 37 Based on the information in the passage, you can infer that Vern has helped Gary to ______.(A)get rich (C)meet a girl(B)pay his bills (D)get out of jail( ) 38 From the information in the passage, you can infer that Toni and Brenda feel that Gary is ______.(A)taking advantage of Vern (C)drinking too much(B)working too hard (D)stealing from Vern( ) 39 As it is used in the passage, the word "furious" [Para 4]means ______.(A)feeling anxiety(B)having or showing interest(C)strong feeling of fear and hopelessness(D)very angry in an uncontrolled way( ) 40 Which of the following statements about Gary can be inferred from the passage?(A)Gary is working at the hamburger stand.(B)Gary is working for Vern.(C)Gary is working in a liquor store.(D)Gary is not working anywhere.Part III Vocabulary and Structure ( 15 points, 20 minutes)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked (A),(B),(C) and (D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark your corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.( ) 41 A short but heavy shower brought the ______ to a halt, and everybody went home.(A)procedure (C)proceedings(B)process (D)progress( ) 42 If the boss sees you doing that, you'll get into a ______.(A)trouble (C)mess(B)nuisance (D)problem( ) 43 I doubt whether he can ______ his efforts much longer as he looks very tired.(A)keep up (C)keep on with(B)keep on (D)keep at( ) 44 There'll be some baby birds in the nest soon; those eggs are ready to ______.(A)hatch (C)stitch(B)clutch (D)match( ) 45 Our letters are ______ every morning at 10 o'clock.(A)delivered (C)maintained(B)arrived (D)delayed( ) 46 Aluminum is widely used in aviation industry ______ its lightness in weight.(A)for (C)through(B)by (D)of( ) 47 Students learning about how life began on Earth may be presented with the ______ question, "Which came first, the chicken or the egg?"(A)pressing (C)patronizing(B)perplexing (D)penetrating( ) 48 The amount of knowledge in all the sciences has grown at such a rapid rate that no one can keep fully abreast of one major field, ______ more than one.(A)leave alone (C)not mention(B)let alone (D)not to say( ) 49 American parents teach their children that it is ______ to talk with their mouths full of food.(A)dangerous (C)strange(B)unhealthy (D)rude( ) 50 You will have to ______ this skyscraper as you have not complied with the town planning regulations.(A)hold up (C)put up(B)pull down (D)set aside( ) 51 As the managing director can't go to the reception, I'm representing the company ______.(A)on his behalf (C)for his part(B)on his account (D)from his point of view( ) 52 The greatest ______ between humans and apes is the hollow space humans have under their chins.(A)attraction (C)distinction(B)danger (D)comfort( ) 53 If treated with strong sulfuric acid and a small quantity of ferric chloride, codeine compounds will emit a ______ blue color.(A)light (C)vivid(B)clear (D)watery( ) 54 I'm ______ I didn't pass the examination but I'll do better next time.(A)deceived (C)disillusioned(B)despaired (D)disappointed( ) 55 We finally abandoned our efforts to save the old building when it became clear that the owner really wanted to ______.(A)tear it down (C)knock it over(B)pull it off (D)put it down( ) 56 ______ left before the deadline it doesn't seem likely that John will accomplish the job.(A)Although such a short time (C)With so short time(B)It is a so short time (D)With such a short time( ) 57 I'll return you the novel as soon as I ______ it.(A)finish (C)have finished(B)finished (D)had finished( ) 58 ______ bricks, workers press clay into blocks and bake them to the requisite hardness in a kiln.(A)Being made (C)To make(B)The making of (D)Made( ) 59 They had been working round the clock for a couple of days, ______ to get the design out before their competitors did.(A)being hoped (C)having hoped(B)to hope (D)hoping( ) 60 "Did you submit your application for master's degree?""Not yet. If I ______ to see my father, I would have."(A)didn't go (C)wouldn't have(B)haven't gone (D)hadn't gone( ) 61 The town ______ my father grew up in is not far from here.(A)what (C)wherever(B)where (D)which( ) 62 The second paragraph of the paper needs ______.(A)being rewritten (C)to write(B)to be written (D)to have been written( ) 63 "Did you write to Grace last summer?" "No, but I'll______ her over Christmas vacation."(A)be seen (C)have seen(B)be seeing (D)have been seeing( ) 64 I'm sorry I couldn't get in with him before he left. I him earlier.(A)had a telephone (C)should have phoned(B)have phoned (D)should be phoned( ) 65 "Did you see Peggy at the dance?" "No, but she is so pretty that if she had been there I ______ sure to see her."(A)had been (C)could have been(B)would have been (D)ought have been( ) 66 I have no objection ______ the evening with them.(A)to spend (C)to spending(B)to be spending (D)to have spent( ) 67 Having been served lunch, ______.(A)the problem was discussed the members of the committee(B)the committee members discussed the problem(C)it was discussed by the committee members(D)a discussion of the problem was made by the members( ) 68 Since industry and commerce are the largest consumers of electrical energy, using less electricity would mean a reduce industrial capacity and fewer jobs in the ______ industries.(A)effecting (C)affected(B)affecting (D)effected( ) 69 "I told you to look up that number." "All right, I'll ______."(A)look up it (C)look it up(B)look up (D)it look( ) 70 Some say yes and others say no; I don't know ______ to follow.(A)whether (C)whom(B)what (D)howPart IV Close (10 points, 15 minutes)Directions: Each blank in the following passage is provided with four choices. Read the whole passage and choose the best answer for each blank. Then, mark your answer by blankening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.The history of modern water pollution goes ( 71 ) to February 28, 1931, when Mrs. Murphy ( 72 ) over her back-yard fence and said to Mrs. Holbrook, "You ( 73 ) those shirts white?" Mrs. Holbrook was ( 74 ) to admit they were as white as she could get them ( 75 ) that ordinary soap."What you should use is this Formula Cake Soap Which ( 76 ) against the dull grey look that the family wash ( 77 ) had."Doubtful ( 78 ) adventurous, Mrs.Holbrook tried the Formula soap, ( 79 ) did take the grey out of her husband's shirts. But what she didn't know was that the water eventually ( 80 ) into the Blue Sky River, killing two fish.Three years later, Mrs. Murphy was ( 81 ) her shirts and Mrs. Holbrook said, "How did you ever get our collars so ( 82 ), surely not with Formula?""Not ordinary Formula. But I did with Super Fortified Formula. You see, it attacks dirt and destroys it. Here, try some ( 83 ) your shirts."Mrs. Holbrook ( 84 ) and discovered her husband's shirt collars turned pure white. What she could not possibly know was that it turned the river water pure white as ( 85 ).Six months later, the Blue Sky River was ( 86 ) a health hazard. One day as Mr. Holbrook was walking home from work, he accidently ( 87 ) the Blue Sky River, swallowed a ( 88 ) of water and died immediately. At the funeral service the minister said, "You can say anything you want ( 89 ) Holbrook, but no one can deny he had the ( 90 ) shirts in town."( ) 71 (A)straight (C)off(B)down (D)back( ) 72 (A)leaned (C)stretched(B)leapt (D)sloped( ) 73 (A)name (C)get(B)make (D)call( ) 74 (A)shamed (C)shameful(B)ashamed (D)shameless( ) 75 (A)without (C)from(B)with (D)by( ) 76 (A)protects (C)guarantees(B)promises (D)ensures( ) 77 (A)seldom (C)possibly(B)never (D)always( ) 78 (A)but (C)or(B)and (D)though( ) 79 (A)it (C)which(B)she (D)that( ) 80 (A)left (C)reached(B)emptied (D)rushed( ) 81 (A)hanging up (C)putting up(B)hanging on (D)putting on( ) 82 (A)dirty (C)grey(B)soapy (D)white( ) 83 (A)for (C)on(B)to (D)at( ) 84 (A)refused (C)hesitated(B)did (D)understood( ) 85 (A)snow (C)usual(B)expected (D)well( ) 86 (A)stated (C)recognized(B)published (D)declared( ) 87 (A)fell into (C)crossed over(B)swam it (D)drowned it( ) 88 (A)mouthful (C)glass(B)drop (D)drink( ) 89 (A)to (C)as to(B)about (D)as for( ) 90 (A)best (C)cleanest(B)oldest (D)dirtiestPaper TwoPart V Error Correction (5 points, 15 minutes)Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether。
中国社会科学院研究生院1998博士研究生入学考试英语试题
A．discharges B．resists C．reduces D．opposes
29．At 70，she hardly seems cut-out for mountain climbing． A．chosen for B．fond of C．likely to enjoy D．fit for
30．The elevated roadway collapsed．This calamity could have been avoided had the municipality
27．Subsequent events vindicated her point of view． A．proved wrong B．indicated C．proved right D．invalidated
28．Rhenium is added as an alloy inasmuch as it withstands heat．
博实教育，引领未来
1．Now that in scientific communities the use of computers is widespread，and supposing that
there is sufficient time，there exist no complicated problem________ can be addressed with
A．well-known B．vital C．formidable D．distinguished
12．When I reach home after an impossible day's work，I feel a general________ to watch TV．
1998年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案
1998年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案Part One:l . Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery __ just around the corner was untrue.[A]wouLd be [B]to be [C]was [D]being2. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills __ people each year than automo- bile accidents.[A]seven more times [B]seven times more [C]over seven times [D]seven times3. It' s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes __ place in our ever-changing world.[A] taking [B]to take [C]take [D]taken4. This is an exciting area of study, and one __ which new applications are being discov- ered almost daily.[A] from [B]by [C] in [D] through5 . __ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.[A]As [B]What [C]That [D] It6. Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony , I was unable to attend __ such short notice.[A]to [B]in [C]with [D]on7. California has more light than it knows __ to do with but everything else is expensive.[A] how [ B] what [ C] which [D] where8. The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don' t have small children and get along __ to spend most of their time together.[A]so well [B]too well [C]well as [D]well enough9. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about __ compliments to his political leaders .[A]paying [B]having paid [C]to pay [D] to have paid10. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital informa- tion than __ in traditional media.[A]exist [B]exists [ C]existing [D]to exist11. Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a makeup examination[A]had you gone and explained that your parents had been ill at the time.[B] [C] [D]12. As the children become financially independent of the family, the emphasis on family fi-[A] [B] [C]nancial security will shift from protection to save for the retirement years.[D]13. Were the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt thatit[A]could dramatically transform a family-ran enterprise that still gets 90% of its revenues [B] [C] [D]from newspapers .14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range of subjects from overfishing to physical and[A] [B]environment factors that affect the populations of different species.[C] [D]15 . Convenation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with one of listener , and[A] [B] [C]it calls for occasional ' digestive pauses' by both.[D]16. If two theories are equal to their ability to account for a body of data, the theory that[A] [B]does so with the smaller nomber of assumptions is to be preferred.[c] [D]17. The Committee adopted a resolution requiring the seven automakers selling the most cars in[A] [B]the state making 2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free by 1998.[C] [D]18. As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people, who in[A] [B]general are lighter skin, there' s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.[C] [D]19 . All those left undone may sound greatly in theory, but even the trust believer has great dif-[A] [B] [C]ficulty when it comes to specifics.[D]20 . Even if automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on alternative fuels, the cars[A] [B] [C]won' t catch on in a big way when drivers can fill them up at the gas station.[D]21 . An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ___ further research and fur- ther thinking about a particular topic.[ A] stimulate [ B] renovate [ C] arouse [ D] advocate22 . Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of importantpracti-cal __.[ A] obligations [B] regulations [ C ] observations [ D] considerations23 . Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss __ the bread-winner' sdeath .[A]at the cost of [B]on the verge of [C]as a result of [D]for the sake of24. In education there should be a good __ among the branches of knowledge that con- tribute to effective thinking and wise judgment .[ A] distribution [ B] balance [ C] combination [ D] assignment25 . The American dream is most __ during the periods of productivity and wealth generat- ed by American capitalism.[A] plausible [B] patriotic [ C] primitive [D] partial26 . Poverty is not __ in most cities although, perhaps because of the crowded conditions incertain areas, it is more visible there.[ A] rare [ B] temporary [ C] prevalent [ D] segmental27. People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in __ popu- lated areas.[A] densely [ B] intensely [ C] abundantly [D] highly28. As a way of __ the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.[A]picking up [B]coping with [C]passing out [D]getting across29 . Tom' s mother tried hard to persuade him to __ from his intention to invest his savings in stock market .[A]pull out [B]give up [C]draw in [D]back down30. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical __ , will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.[ A] interference [ B] interruption [ C] intervention [ D] interaction31 . These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the __ of high- er education from the mid-1860's to the mid-1880's.[ A] branch [ B]category t C] domain [D] scope32 . Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the __ in the financial system will drag down the economy.[ A] shallowness [ B] shakiness [ C] scantiness [ D] stiffness33 . Crisis would be the right term to describe the __ in many animal species. .[ A] minimization [ B] restriction [ C] descent [ D] decline34 . The city is an important railroad __ and industrial and convention center.[A] conjunction [ B] network [ C]junction [D] link35. Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to __ myself of every chance to improve my English.[ A] assure [ B] inform [ C] avail [D] notify36. Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that __ disease resistance in neighboring plants.[ A.] contracts [ B] activates [ C] maintains [ D] prescribe37 . Corporations and labor unions have __ great benefits upon their employees and mem- bers as well as upon the general pubtic.[A] conferred [ B]granted [ C] flung [D] submitted38. The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which was __ from one new moon to the next.[ A] measured [ B] reckoned [ C]judged [ D] assessed39. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was __ to the issue at hand.[ A] irrational [ B] unreasonable [ C] invalid [ D] irrelevant40. Fuel scarcities and price increases __ automobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.[ A] persuaded [ B] prompted [ C] imposed [ D] enlightenedPart two: Cloze TestIndustrial safety does not just panies _41__ low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them,and continue working to keep them 42 and active. When the work is well done, a 43 of accident-free operations is established _44__ time lost due to injuriesis kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 45 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by _46__ rules or regulations._47_ others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every progr8m if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financialstand-point alone, safety _48__. The fewer the injury 49,the better the workman's insurance rate. This may mean the diff-erence between operating at _50__or at a loss.41. [A]at [B]in [C]on [D]with42. [A]alive [B]vivid [ C]mobile [D] diverse43. [A]regulation [B]climate [C]circumstance [D]requirement44. [A]where [B]how [ C]what [D]unless45. [A]alter [B]differ [ C] shift [D] distinguish46. [A] constituting [ B] aggravating [ C]observing [D]justifying47. [A]Some [B]Many [C]Even [D]Still48. [A]comes off [B]turns up [C]pays off [D]holds up49. [A]claims [B]reports [ C] declarations [ D] proclamations50. [A]an advantage [B]a benefit [C]an interest [D]a profitPart three:Passage lIt's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your door- mat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Orso the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.Feeling threatened , companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possibLe accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn , among other things, that you might-surprise! --fall off. The label on a child ' s Batman capecautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly. "While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent ofthe companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May , Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois,successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wear- ing a Schutt helmet. "We' re really sorry he has become paralyzed , but helmets aren' t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries , " says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Insti- tute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight-issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of ob-vious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. " Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, " says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on prod- ucts might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal lia- bility. .51 . What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.[C]Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D]Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to__[A]satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products[B]become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products[C]make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D]feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that__[A]some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B]helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C]product labels would eventually be discarded[D]some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54. The author' s attitude towards the issue seems to be__[A] biased [ B] indifferent [ C] puzzling [D]objectivePassage 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-businesssales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they're looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its relia- bility. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier, " says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by con-ducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company ' s private internet .Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" cus- tomers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers , transmitting marketing messages di- rectly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continualiy updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Sub- scribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company ' s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push tech- nology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinkshighly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and se-curity will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55 . We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business__[A] has been striving to expand its market[B]intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C]tried but in vain to control the market[D]has been booming for one year or so56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that__[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B]businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C]there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57. In the view of Net purists,__[A]there should be no marketing messages in online culture[ B]money making should be given priority to on the Web[C]the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests58. We learn from the last paragraph that __[A]pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce[ B] interactivity , hospitality and security are important to online customers[ C]leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago[D]setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerPassage 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of stu- dents' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction-in-deed, contradiction--which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put comput- ers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, jus- tified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone' s job prospects that all children are legally required toattend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is in- complete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, It was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized coun- tries , we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on theconfusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, com- puter-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achieve- ment .There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, pre- sumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many business- men, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well- developed skills, all other factors being equal , can be the difference between having a job and not.Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer , that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take--at the very longest-a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is__[ A] far-reaching [ B] dubiously oriented [ C] self-contradictory [ D] radically reformatory60. The belief that educalion is indispensable to all children__[A]is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B]came into being along with the arrival of computers[C]is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocates[ D]originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries61 . It could be inferred from the passage that in the author' s country the European model of pro-fessional training is__[A]dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B]worth trying in various social sections[C]of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional62 . According to the author, basic computer skills should be__[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[ B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[ C]mastered through a life-long course[ D] equally emphasized by any school , vocational or otherwisePassage 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans , he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment- although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Prinoeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a na- tional policy on human cloning. That group--the National Bioethics Advisory Commission ( NBAC)-has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on anear-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton ' s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended in- definitely , and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recom- mendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNAor cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial ques- tion, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapirosug- gested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to at- tempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. " Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions , although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of fed-eral funds to create embryos ( the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or toknowingly endanger an embryo' s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation , but in aphone interview, he said this is- sue was still "up in the air. "63. We can learn from the first paragraph that__[A]federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C]NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D]the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that__[A]the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B]the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C]it is crimtnal to use private funding for human cloning[D]it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65 . NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because__[A]embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B]the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C]an embryo' s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D]the issue is expLicitly stated and settled in the law66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__[A]some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B]a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC' s appeal[D]the issue of human cloning will soon be settledPassage 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn' t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those lalger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering.His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictabllity is part of the essential nature of research. If you don' t have unpredictable things, you don' t have research. Scienltists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scienlists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific melhod" a substitute for imaginative thought . I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing acertain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that, " the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has beenshocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writ- ings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them him- self, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indi- cate , then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know ex- actly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect , is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls a-mong researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team. "67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that __[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research68 . The author asserts that sclentists __[A] shouldn't replace "scientific method" with imaginative thought[ B] shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[ C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D]should be confident about their research findings69. It seems that some young scientists__[A]have a keen interest in prediction[B]often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D]stick to "scientific method"70. The author implies that the results of scientific research__[A]may not be as profitable as they are expected[B]can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D]are mostly underestimated by managementPart IV: English-Chinese Translation71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and。
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1998年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Each student has an answer sheet on which is to be written the student’s examination ID number. All answers to the multiple choice questions of parts Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲand Ⅳare to be written on this answer sheet. Circle the letter that is your answer.PART Ⅰ:VOCABULARY ［15%］DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION A: On your answer sheet, circle the answer that best completes the sentence.1. The day was crisp and sharp, but suddenly a misty rain began to fall and the landscape.a. hidb. blurredc. relievedd. belittled2. this coming Thursday, it will be too late to enrol for the course.a. As ofb. As forc. As tod. As on3. Those who let uncertainty rarely achieve much.a . turn them down b. send them downc. weigh them downd. huddle down4. The speaker went on and on, to his listeners obvious boredom.a. obligatedb. obsessivec. obviousd. oblivious5. Such as self-respect and industriousness merit the full backing of an employer.a. advantagesb. traitsc. interestsd. shortcomings6. The police inspector, having received new information from a confidential source, decided to enlarge the or his enquiry.a. scopeb. magnitudec. dimensiond. volume7. An intelligent TV viewer may occasionally become enraged by the argumentation in commercials.a. imperativeb. fallaciousc. persuasived. fabulous8. flees if one is constantly subjected to demeaning orders.a. Primeb. Harassmentc. Conceitd. Pride9. popularity of subject matter and frequency of use, the books on the two middle shelves will be the most helpful to you.a. As ofb. As regardsc. As fromd. As against10. I was in my reading, and didn’t at first hear the doorbell ring.a. immuredb. immersedc. busyd. infatuated11. Their chances of winning are slight, given that their opponents are so .a. well-knownb. vitalc. formidabled. distinguished12. When I reach home after an impossible day’s work, I feel a general to watch TV.a. inducementb. intentionc. inclinationd. interest13. Fallen electric lines, rubble, ruins and the occasional house--such is the destruction wrought by the war.a. neglectedb. desolatec. tragicd. chopped14. Geographic illiteracy is widespread, and hardly a month passes without from some survey revealing new depths of ignorance.a. wordsb. a wordc. wordd. the word15. of course it is possible that the new policy may have some adverse effects, but it is our that these will be negligible.a. constitutionb. conditionc. convictiond. consideringDIRECTIONS FOR SECTION B: On your answer sheet, circle the letter that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.16. Serial murderers rarely deviate from a certain type of prey.a. attackerb. nourishmentc. victimd. enemy17. The new guppies I bought have just a tinge of yellow.a. dotb. markc. touchd. tingle18. He covered the fish lavishly with sauce.a. sparinglyb. completelyc. generouslyd. simply19. Machiavelli cautions the prince not to relinquish power under passing duress.a. gainb. holdc. controld. abandon20. The play was hilarious!a. a merry oneb. a prudish onec. sedated. prodigious21. The Salk polio vaccine provides immunity from that disease.a. securityb. publicityc. liabilityd. help22. The Smithsonian houses a miscellaneous collection of aircraft, artifacts, butterflies, stones［both precious and common］, and so on.a. a heterogeneousb. an overwhelmingc. a unifiedd. a vast23. The jungles of the sub-Sahara, afflicted with tse-tse and mosquitos, is an unhealthy area.a. requiring inoculation againstb. heated byc. flooded byd. plagued by24. He is constantly late, and ill-prepared when he does finally arrive. He is jeopardizing his future.a. developingb. endangeringc. assuringd. destroying25.Chaos theory stresses the magnitude of the results produced by so small an event as the fluttering of a butterfly’s wings.a. sizeb. volumec. resultd. fame26.The ancillary data, however, did not substantiate his argument.a. necessaryb. involuntaryc. subsidiaryd. extraordinary27. Subsequent events vindicated her point of view.a. proved wrongb. indicatedc. proved rightd. invalidated28. Rhenium is added as an alloy inasmuch as it withstands heat.a. dischargesb. resistsc. reducesd. opposes29. At 70, she hardly seems cut-out for mountain climbing.a. chosen forb. fond ofc. likely to enjoyd. fit for1. The elevated roadway collapsed. This calamity could have been avoided had the municipality allocated funds for infrastructure.a. consequenceb. eventc. disasterd. thingPART Ⅱ：GRAMMAR [15%]DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION A: On your answer sheet, circle the letter that best completes the sentence.1. Now that in scientific communities the use of computers is widespread, and supposing that there is sufficient time, there exist no complicated problem can be addressed with some hope of resolution.a. andb. butc. asd. which2. Out of the elementary plane geometry developed by the Greeks we use today.a. the theoretical geometry evolutionb. evolved the theoretical geometryc. the evolution of theoretical geometry camed. the theoretical geometry came3. We had to go miles to find a restaurant, it a holiday.a. beingb. wasc. to bed. is4. A good indication of he followed the teacher’s advice was that he failed.a. what littleb. however littlec. how littled. whatever little5. None of the day’s transactions,sales or delivery, came off well.a. fromb. it beingc. be itd. was it6. The traffic was very heavy, , and so we arrived after the start of the program.a. this was completely unexpectedb. which was completely unexpectedc. that was completely unexpectedd. it was completely unexpected7. , he finds the work interestinga. Though he is computer expertb. A computer expert he isc. As computer expertd. Computer expert as he is8. , he never alters a decision.a. What may comeb. May what comec. Come what mayd. May come whatever9. ‘The car ran out of gas!’‘That the cause, I filled the tank this morning. ’a. mustn’t beb. must have beenc. can bed. can’t have been10. Their proposal is better than ours, .a. all things consideringb. all things consideredc. all things are consideredd. all considered things11. Unless to bend somehow, perhaps with the helps of a mirror, light only travelsstraight ahead.a. you makeb. to be madec. is maded. made12. The sloth is so named for its inactivity, its greatest energy in the search for food. a. it expends b. for expendingc. to expendd. and it expends13. Although most foodstuffs enter the bloodstream only after being subjected to the digestiveprocess beginning in the stomach, alcohol is highly unusual at least one-fifth of the quantity ingested is directly absorbed.a. so thatb. in thatc. thatd. in which14. , we will leave without her.a. If she were to fail to come on timeb. She should fail to come on timec. Should she fail to come on timed. Would she fail to come on time15. My phone call to the electrician as I subsequently discovered my wife hadphoned. My wife had phoned.a. needn’t be madeb. shouldn’t be madec. needn’t have been maded. didn’t have to beDIRECTIONS FOR SECTION B: In the sentences below, either A, B, C or D is the INCORRECT grammatical form for the sentence. Pick the INCORRECT form as your answer, and on your answer sheet, circle the corresponding letter.16.The Mercandiser widget isA so named bec ause itB believed isC discovered be to by Albert Mercandiser, a Dutchman Dby birth. 17. Although the city acquired modernizations ofA recent more a kind during the twentieth century,B its present appearance Cshapes took during D .nineteenth the 18.As she A qrew older her vision B began sporadically to fade, so that intermittent times theC seldom knew what sheD looking was at. 19. A For the grounds that fiction is not B y objectivel true, there C are those who Dobject to it.20.As Christmas approached, with peopleAcrowded department stores, restaurants, theaters and movie houses, the downtown area B was, C , always as theD busiest. 21. A you, Mind under no circumstances B are you to allow your C child to change D broken bulbs by himself.22.Today, I firmly A believe, they B deliver the new television, and if they C do, I D shall help you set up the cable stations.23. TheAyear -f ive project would B expose C l educationa disadvantaged students to Ds experience both creative and enriching. 24. At the museum, I saw various exhibits of Af amily ape members, B was and particularly C struck by one groupD f aces had they resembling humans. 25.So far A is story the from being true that I B surprised was anyoneC believed have could itD was so. 26. To the most famous A alumnae B were extendedC a special invitation to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary ofD their graduation. 27. Whether she is A pretty as , or prettier than B the other girls C in her officeD is moot. 28. A f or But the services provided by B eaters,-insect insects C will make D it impossible to live.29.Unless those currently working –both men and women -- Agiven be would theB necessary training for somewhat higher positions, unemployment in general will becomeC ly increasing more serious as automationD continues . 30. Improved agro-technology rendered Af easible it for far more people To B f ed be per square unit than C can be fed on Dthe produce formerly available in the same area.PART Ⅲ: CLOZE [10%]DIRECTIONS: Choose as your answer the word that best fits the blank. On your answer sheet, circle the corresponding letter.There is no question but that Newton was a highly competent Minister of the Mint. It was mainly through his efforts [1] the English currency was put on [2] satisfactory basis at a difficult time. [3] discovered a relationship between prices and [4] amount of money in circulation, which [5] later formalized in the so-called “quality [6] ”of money: if the amount of [7]In circulation is doubled –other things [8] the same –then prices also will[9] double. This is a simple application [10] the principle that it is impossible [11] get something for nothing, but apparently [12] took someone like Newton to discover it. There [13] an obvious comparison with Copernicus, who [14] the Polish government on currency questions [15]in doing so discovered another important [16] (usually known as Gresham’s Law): when [17] money is accepted as legal tender, [18] money will be driven out of [19] . Copernicus anticipated Gresham in the formulation [20] this law.1. a. which b. why c. that d. for2. a. a b. very c. the d. most3. a. It b. He c. Was d. We4. a. an b. their c. the d. big5. a. too b. was c. they d. has6. a. theory b. them c. thesis d. proposal7. a. coins b. currency c. bills d. gold8. a. stay b. much c. remaining d. be9. a. come b. seem c. multiply d. approximately10. a. for b. of c. calling d. by11. a. our b. to c. for d. we12. a. they b. had c. it d. he13. a. is b. comes c. be d. with14. a. talked b. advised c. formed d. created15. a. from b. but c. and d. by16. a. true b. legend c. theme d. law17. a. much b. foreign c. bad d. lawful18. a. good b. much c. bad d. some19. a. work b. function c. marketing d. circulation20. a. for b. by c. of d. toPART Ⅳ: READING COMPREHENSION [30%]DIRECTIONS: Read each passage and answer all the questions that follow the passage. On your answer sheet, circle the letter that best answers the question.1.There is little question that substantial labor-market differences exist between men and women. Among the most researched difference is the male-female wage gap. Many different theories are used to explain why men earn more than women. One possible reason is based on the limitedgeographical mobility of married women [Robert Frank, 1978]. Family mobility is a joint decision in which the needs of the husband and wife are balanced to maximize family welfare. Job-motivated relocations are generally made to benefit the primary earner in the family. This leads to a constrained job search for the secondary earner, as he or she must search for a job in a limited geographic area. Since the husband is still the primary wage earner in many families, the job search of the wife may suffer. Individuals who are tied to a certain area are labeled ‘tied-stayers,’while secondary earners who move for the benefit of the family are labeled ‘tied-movers’[Jacob Mincer, 1978].The wages of a tied-stayer or tied-mover may not be substantially lower if the family lives in or moves to a large city. If a large labor market has more vacancies, the wife may locate a wage offer near the maximum she would find with a nation-wide search. However, being atied-stayer or tied-mover can lower the wife’s wage if the family lives in or moves to a small community. A small labor market will reduce the likelihood of her finding a job that utilizes her skills. As a result she may accept a job for which she is overqualified and thus earn a lower wage. This hypothesized relationship between the likelihood of being overqualified and SMSA size is termed ‘differential overqualification. ’Frank [1978] and Haim Ofek and Yesook Merrill [1994] provide support for the theory of differential overqualification by finding that the male-female wage gap is grater in smaller SMSA’s.While the results are consistent with the existence of differential overqualificatio n, they may also result from other situations as well. Firms in small labor markets may use their monopsony power to keep wages down. Local demand shocks are found to be a major source of wage variation both across and within local labor markets [Robert Topel, 1986]. Since large labor markets are generally more diversified, a demand shock can have a substantial impact on immobile workers in small labor markets. Another reason for examining differential overqualification involves the assumption that there are more vacancies in large labor markets. While there is little doubt that more vacancies exist in large labor markets, there are also likely to be more people searching for jobs in large labor markets. If the greater number of vacancies is offset by the larger number of searchers, it is unclear whether women will be more likely to be overqualified in small labor markets. Instead of relying on wages to determine if differential overqualification exists, we consider an explicit form of over qualification based on education.1. In the author’s opinion, the male-female wage gapa. is the most important difference.b. is justified.c. has important repercussions on family life.d. represents a sexist attitude toward women.e. is simply one of a considerable number of labor-market differences.2.‘Geographic mobility,’as used in the text, refers toa. the way in which Americans tend to move from job to job.b. the penchant wage-earners have to maximize family welfare.c. the necessity to relocate in order to increase wages.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.3. In the author’s opinion, which of the following statements is true?a. The term ‘secondary earner’ does not depend on gender.b. If A will earn more money than B, family welfare is maximized if B agrees to relocate.c. If B will earn more money than A, family welfare is maximized if A agrees to relocate.d. All of the above are true.e. None of the above are true.4.The difference between a ‘tied-stayer’and ‘tied- mover’is that.a. the former is the husband and the latter is the wife.b. the primary earner is forced to search for work in a specific area while the secondary earner is freer to roam about.c. the former is obliged to remain in an area while the latter not.d. the former is the wife and the latter is the husband.e. the latter’s salary is of secondary importance to the former’s salary.5. With which of the following statements would the author agree?a. The size of the labor market determines recompense.b. The size of the labor market determines acquired skills utilization.c. The size of the labor market determines the probability of matching skills withappropriate wage level.d. The author would agree with all of the level.e. The author would agree with none of the above.6. The names and dates between parenthesesa. refer to bibliographical entries.b. explain who discussed what and when they discussed it.c. are references to what the author has read.d. may be described by all of the above.e. may be described by none of the above.2.] The repression in the Netherlands, instead of solving a crucial problem, elicited bitter criticism from every major European state. Alba was unrepentant about his tough policy convinced than the population must remain in a state of fear, ‘so that every individual has the feeling that one fine night or morning the house will fall in on him.’Of the leading dissidents who escaped from Alba’s hands, only William of Orange remained. Tall, dark-haired, with a small moustache and a short peaked beard, the prince of Orange-Nassau was aged thirty-five at the moment that fortune left him in the unenviable role of defender of his country. A comrade-in-arms of Philip during the latter’s years abro ad inmid-century, he never made a secret of his concern for the privileges of his class or of his dislike for religious dogmatism. Widowed in 1558, in 1561 he married Anne, the Lutheran daughter of the late Maurice of Saxony. The marriage, celebrated in Leipzig, gave him a useful link with the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. When news came of Alba’s departure from Spain, Orange opportunely took refuge in Germany. It became clear that the only way to regain the Netherlands was by the use of them. In the course of 1568 Orange sponsored invasions by several small forces, which entered from France and from Germany. All were defeated. Captured prisoners gave details of Orange’s links with protestants in several countries. The invasions could not fail to affect the fate of the distinguished prisoners in Alba’s hands. On 5 June 1568, in the public square of Brussels, the counts of Egmont and Hornes were beheaded for high treason.The executions shocked opinion throughout Europe. The two nobles, as knights of the Golden Fleece, could be tried only by their peers. But Philip, grand master of the order, had cleared the way for the trial by a special patent which he had drawn up in April 1567 and sent to Alba in December. There is no doubt that Philip considered Egmont responsible for much of the trouble in Flanders, but the pressure for an exemplary punishment came rather from themembers of his council, particularly [it seems] from cardinal Espinosa. Alba had always regretted the need to arrest the two counts, whom ‘‘I have always loved and esteemed as my own brother. ” According to some, he was reluctant to proceed to execution. Philip wrote formally to Alba: “I very deeply regret that the offenses of the counts were so serious that they called for the punishment tha t has been carried out.” The remorse, which came too late, was probably sincere. The counts were victims of a political crisis. Their names, interestingly enough, continued to be held in honour at the Spanish court. A book on the events of Flanders published in Castile a few years later, when all books had to be licensed by the royal council, referred to them as “outstanding princes, well loved and of the highest and finest character.”1. ‘Bitter criticism’is criticism that isa. sour.b. major.c. angry.d. vinegary.e. none of the above.2. The repression in the Netherlands was wrought bya. minor European states.b. Alba.c. William of Oranged. all of the above.e. none of the above.3. We may assume thata. the prince of Orange-Nassau was married twice.b. the marriage was premised upon political consideration.c. some of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire were protestants.d. the counts of Egmont and Hornes were decapitated in retaliation for the invasions.e. all of the above are true.4. Philipa. travelled to various countries in the mid-16th century.b. was the chief officer of the knights the Golden Fleece.c. was Alba’s superior.d. may have reluctantly acceded to the beheading.e. may be described by all of the above.5. Which of the following is true?a. In the text, Flanders and the Netherlands are two completely separate entities.b. Cardinal Espinosa was instrumental in swaying Philip’s councilc. Philip was personally opposed to the punishment.d. All of the above are true.e. None of the above are true.6. The deaths of the two countsa. were caused more by the political situation than by their actions.b. did not destroy their reputations in Spain.c. were brought about by their brother, Alba.d. may be described by none of the above statements.e. may be described by [a] and [b].3.] Despite efforts to provide them with alternatives such as the shelter, women frequently andrepeatedly returned to violent and abusive partner. By the late 1970s, feminists at Women Together, like those doing similar work throughout the United States, began to understand that battered women experience a range of post-traumatic psychological responses to abuse, similar to those of victims of other types of violence or trauma. Subsequently, the psychological response of battered women became reified as “battered woman syndrome,”a sub-category of post-traumatic stress disorder. Interestingly, in the course of trying to create social change, the focus of feminists perceptibly shifted to trying to explain why battered women fail to leave the partners who beat them. In trying to address this question, a debate ensued among feminists and mental health workers as to potential merits and problems of categorizing as mental disorder what many feminists labeled a normal response to fear and an appropriately angry response to abuse. Although many women left abusive relationships or successfully ended violence by other means, some responded to ongoing or accelerated abuse by killing or trying to kill their male partners. In many states, when they went to trial, such women found they were restricted from introducing testimony about the abuse they had endured or their resulting states of mind. In trying to address these women’s ne eds, some activists and scholars advocated the use of expert testimony to explain battered woman syndrome to juries. This strategy would introduce evidence of past abuse and challenge the gender biases of self-defense law by explaining the woman’s stage of mind at the time of the offense. Feminist legal scholars raised potential problems in the use of battered woman syndrome. They argued that it could be used against women who did not neatly fit pre-established criteria and had the potential to become another example of the tendency to label women’s normal angry responses as mental illness. While the desirability of working to admit expert testimony was debated, individual state courts and legislatures varied in their willingness to recognize battered woman syndrome, permit evidence of past abuse, or allow expert testimony. As the legal debate about battered women’s responses to violence was beginning to unfold, the Ohio movement became directly involved in it when a former shelter resident shot and killed her abusive common law husband. In 1978 women Together, in conjunction with the woman’s lawyer, decided to challenge existing law by trying to introduce battered woman syndrome expert testimony at trial.Because at the time the syndrome had little scientific merit or legal recognition, the trial court declared inadmissibility, a decision upheld by the State supreme Court (State v. Thomas 1981 66 Ohio St. 2d 51).Women Together founders left the shelter to establish professional careers, viewing this as a means of advancing the feminist agenda. The frustrations, limitations and defeats they had experienced as outside challengers impelled them to adopt a strategy of infiltration and appropriation of the institutions they sought to change. For example, on founder, who had worked through lobbying for ERA America in addition to her other feminist activism, explained her decision to run for elected office by saying:“[When ERA was defeated] I decided to run for the legislature. I said I can do better than these turkeys.”1. Battered woman syndrome isa. a psychological response.b. a sub-category of a specific stress disorder.c. similar to that experienced by a range of victims.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.2. Generally speaking, women who are beatena. address questions to feminists.b. return to their male partners.c. require an explanation for the beating.d. leave their partners.e. do none of the above.3. A debate arose as to whethera. feminists of mental health workers were correct.b. battered wives should return to their husbands.c. anger and fear were appropriate or inappropriate.d. focus should be shifted.e. all of they above.4. Responses to abuse by male partners includea. leaving them.b. killing them.c. other means.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.5. The use of expert testimonya. depends on the situation.b. is a way around legal restrictions.c. is required by state laws in women’s trials.d. is a way of ending abuse by other means.e. may not be defined by any of the above.6. We may assume that prior to the period discussed self-defensea. applied to men only.b. posed a problem for the battered woman syndrome.c. refers to expert testimony.d. includes all of the above.e. includes none of the above.7. The word “turkeys”a. refers to the bird that Americans eat at Thanksgiving.b. is an unflattering reference to other law-makers.c. is an unflattering reference to the speaker herself.d. will be explained in the following paragraph.e. refers to none of the above.4.] The position of Burleigh School in the English educational system would be very difficult to explain to a foreigner (who has, God knows, enough to contend with in comprehending the other parts of the system). Nor would it be possible to refer him to any works of literature (before the present one) from which he could gain enlightenment. The prep schools have had their Orwell, the public schools their Connolly and Benedictus, the convent schools their Antonia White, the private boarding schools their Waugh and Nicolas Blake. No one has thought it worth their while to eulogize or anathematize schools like Burleigh. Indeed, schools like Burleigh do not seem the sort of places from which writers emerge.And yet, any medium-sized town in the southern half of England has its Burleigh School: a private day school to which, for a not too exorbitant fee, parents can send their children and boast that they are privately educated. Not well educated, but privately. Burleigh itself had been。