最新-2018年托福考试：语法模拟试题及答案详解精品
2018年3月10日托福真题解读
2018年3月10日托福真题解读本次和大家分享的是2018年3月10日托福真题解读的内容。
参加本场托福考试的同学考得如何呢?本次托福考试考到了哪些托福真题呢?有没有遇到加试呢? 下面小编给大家分享一下。
2018年3月10日托福听力真题回忆及解析(超准)Conversation 1话题分类：课外活动场景(学生和工作人员)内容回忆：讨论室里书被挪走，被一个project占了，管理员去问工作人员，说是他们要参加比赛才去那里练习。
工作人员说管不了，project在那里是被允许的，反而是你们没有预约就用场地。
然后学生表示虽然比赛不是什么大事，但是还是希望可以have fun。
参考听力：TPO42C2 find a rehearsal spaceTPO30C1 Arrange A Work Space For His Photography ClubConversation 2话题分类：校园日常生活场景(学生和工作人员)内容回忆：一个女生去图书馆，路过一个wellness fair(健康展会)，顺便帮她舍友提交一份工作申请。
然后，去了之后，跟工作人员聊天，顺便了解了锻炼的两种形式，她觉得柔韧性的低强度训练比较适合她。
参考听力：TPO8C2 Health ClubConversation 3话题分类：论文作业场景(学生与教授)内容回忆：教授咨询小组作业project的进度，只来了一个人，问那俩咋没来，学生说因为他们训练调时间正好冲突，不过她会回去转述的。
然后学生开始阐述了project：运费如何影响网购行为调查，关于人们会总因为一些因素买没用的或本来不想要的东西。
还说了都怎么做采访、把问题举例给老师：举了T-shirt 例子，买体恤俩价格组合选哪个。
最后说因为学校不让发网页，只能在dinning room调研。
参考听力：TPO44C1 Problem of a research projectLecture 1话题分类：生物类内容回忆：动物怎么防止被天敌追捕，有三个方法，一个是放信号，同伴就很快反应就可以逃跑了，举了船队的例子。
2018年5月6日托福考试真题解析!
2018年5月6日托福考试真题解析！5月第一场托福听力还是不负众望的难出新高度快来看看都考了什么逆天的题目吧......阅读部分Reading1.动物灭绝有几个不同的理论来说猛犸象还是什么的大型动物为啥灭绝。
一是说人类捕猎导致，二是说气候变化导致水食物变少，最后又跳出一个人说在座的都是垃圾，都忽略了重要的一点，生态圈是环环相扣的，每一个小变化都会导致蝴蝶效应，所以是上述理论结合起来的结果，他的理论也弥补了上述理论的不足，比如理论一没有大量捕杀遗迹来支撑。
2.Economic Decline in Europe during the Fourteenth Century14世纪欧洲经济的衰退。
首先因为气温变低，虽然就低了那么几度，但是稍微一点温度的变化都会对农业产生很大的影响，由于气温低了影响了农业，农作物产量就会下降，农民的生活就变得很惨，于是就拿不出钱，农业不好，资本又少了。
然后因为东亚一个M帝国的崛起，M重视信仰轻视商业，因此欧洲向亚洲的贸易之路就逐渐衰退了，他们开始向大西洋和非洲发展。
3.Olmec culture在Mesopotamia area 发现了重要的ceremonial sites.东部high lands 有一些sacred precinct。
里面重要的art and architecture. Kunze axe的发现帮助确立了这是Olmec culture.一开始发现的时候，研究者就十分确定这属于Mesopotamia地区，但是因为既不属于埃及文明也不属于希腊文明，使得研究者困惑了很长时间其起源。
后来结合一系列其它文物的发现证明属于Olmec 文化。
而且我们今天所认为的Maya calendar 其实是Olmec人发明的。
Olmec culture存在一套表示文化的consistent code，例如Kunze axe 里面也运用的howling baby’s face 就一直沿用至今天，而期间没有发生太大的变化。
2018年托福考试考场模拟训练题及答案10托福考试考场
2018年托福考试考场模拟训练题及答案10托福考试考场<i></i>托福网权威发布2016年托福考试考场模拟训练题及答案10，更多2016年托福考试考场模拟训练题及答案10相关信息请访问托福考试(TOEFL)网。
【新东方】轻松直达90分！2016年托福（TOEFL）金牌课程火热开售中Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town and farm to city, within the United States. The country had been overwhelmingly rural at the beginning of the century, with less than 5 percent of Americans living in large towns or cities. The proportion of urban population began to grow remarkably after 1840, increasing from 11 percent that year to 28 percent by 1880 and to 46 percent by 1900. A country with only 6 cities boasting a population of more than 8,000 in 1800 had become one with 545 such cities in 1900. Of these, 26 had a population of more than 100,000 including 3 that held more than a million people. Much of the migration producing an urban society came from smaller towns within the United States, but the combination of new immigrants and old American “settlers“ on America"s "urban frontier" in the late nineteenth century proved extraordinary.The growth of cities and the process of industrialization fed on each other. The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to seek a new life in the city and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed the large concentrations of people needed to providea workforce for growing numbers of factories. Cities also provided ready and convenient markets for the products of industry, and huge contracts in transportation and construction —as well as the expanded market in consumer goods — allowed continued growth of the urban sector of the overall economy of the Untied States.Technological developments further stimulated the process of urbanization. One example is the Bessemer converter (an industrial process for manufacturing steel), which provided steel girders for the construction of skyscrapers. The refining of crude oil into kerosene, and later the development of electric lighting as well as of the telephone, brought additional comforts to urban areas that were unavailable to rural Americans and helped attract many of them from the farms into the cities. In every era the lure of the city included a major psychological element for country people: the bustle and social interaction of urban life seemed particularly intriguing to those raised in rural isolation.1. What aspects of the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Technological developments(B) The impact of foreign immigrants on cities(C) Standards of living(D) The relationship between industrialization and urbanization2. The word "influx注入，涌入" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) working(B) processing 调整，加工，处理，冲洗，理赔，工艺设计…(C) arrival(D) attraction3. The paragraph preceding the passage most probably discuss(A) foreign immigration(B) rural life(C) the agricultural revolution(D) famous cities of the twentieth century4. What proportion of population of the United States was urban in 1900?(A) Five percent(B) Eleven percent(C) Twenty-eight percent(D) Forty-six percent5. The word "extraordinary不平常的，特别的" in line 12 is closet in meaning to(A) expensive(B) exceptional(C) supreme(D) necessary6. The phrase "each other" in line 13 refers to(A) foreign immigrants and domestic migrants(B) farms and small towns(C) growth of cities and industrialization(D) industry and transportation7. The word "stimulated" in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) forced(B) prepared(C) limited(D) motivated8. Why does the author mention "electric lighting" and "the telephone" in line 23?(A) They contributed to the agricultural revolution(B) They are examples of the conveniences of city life(C) They were developed by the same individual.(D) They were products of the Bessemer converter.9. The word "them" in line 25 refers to(A) urban areas(B) rural Americans(C) farms(D) cities10. The word "era" in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) period of time(B) location(C) action(D) unique situation11. The word "intriguing有吸引的" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) profitable(B) attractive(C) comfortable(D) challenging答案：DCADB CDBBA B。
托福模拟考试及答案解析(11)
托福模拟考试及答案解析（11）(1~12/共51题)阅读理解THE TRICKSTER FIGURE IN MYTHOLOGY 1 In the study of mythology, the character known as the trickster is a god, spirit, human, or animal who breaks the rules of the gods or nature, sometimes maliciously but usually with results that are positive. The rule breaking often takes the form of mischief or thievery. The trickster is usually male but occasionally disguises himself in female form. He can be cunning or foolish, or both, and often very humorous. His curiosity leads him into trouble, but he rescues himself with his sly wit. When he plays tricks, he performs important cultural tasks that benefit humans, and for this reason the trickster is a significant figure in world mythology.2 In different cultures, the trickster and the hero are combined in various ways. In Greek mythology, Prometheus steals fire from the gods and gives it to humans, a feat making him more of a hero than a trickster, and he is usually portrayed as an intellectual. In many Native American stories, Coyote also steals fire from the gods, but Coyote is usually more of a jokester or a prankster than an intellectual.3 The trickster is both creator and destroyer, giver and taker, one who tricks others and is tricked in return. The pranks of the trickster are compulsive and uncontrollable. He does not act consciously; he acts out of passion and impulse. He knows neither good nor evil, yet he is responsible for both. He possesses no morals, yet through his behavior morality comes into being. According to psychologist Carl Jung, the trickster is "a primitive cosmic being of divine-animal nature, on the one hand superior to man because of his superhuman qualities, and on the other hand inferior to him because of his unreason and unconsciousness."4 In Native American mythology, the majority of trickster myths concern the creation or transformation of the earth. Such stories have a trickster who is always wandering, who is always hungry, who is not guided by normal ideas of good and evil, and who possesses some magical powers. In some stories he is a deity, and in others he is an animal or human that is subject to death. Several of these myths feature Raven or Coyote as the trickster-hero.5 In many creation myths of the Pacific Northwest, Raven illustrates the transformational nature of tricksters. Raven is the greatest shapeshifter of all and can change into anything to get what he wants. In one story, there is darkness at the beginning of the world, so Raven decides he will find light. He flies far from the earth, searching in the darkness, until he spots a glimmer of light coming from a window in the house of the gods. Raven knows the gods are protective of their possessions, so he devises a trick. He perches on a pine branch next to the house and watches each day as the chief god's daughter draws water from a nearby lake. He magically transforms himself into a pinyon seed and falls into the girl's drinking cup. The girl swallows the seed, which grows within her body, and she eventually gives birth to a boy. The child delights his grandparents, and his laughter tricks the elder gods into revealing where they hide a shining ball of light. The gods give the child the ball to play with, and then Raven transforms back to a bird and flies off carrying the ball of light in his beak. He hangs the ball—the sun—in the sky, thereby bringing light to the world.6 Coyote's character is similar to that of Raven, and both appear in stories carrying out similar roles. In several stories from the American Southwest, Coyote steals fire from a group of "fire beings" and gives it to humans. In some tales Coyote wants to make human life more interesting, so he introduces sickness, sorrow, and death. He often teaches through negativeexample by employing the human vices of lying, cheating, and stealing. His tricks often bring about destructive natural phenomena, such as a great flood that destroys the earth. However, by causing the flood, Coyote leads the human race to a new and better world. Coyote shows us that at the heart of the trickster is a savior whose great gift to humans is showing them new ways of knowing and doing.Glossary:mischief: tendency to play tricks or cause minor troublethievery: the act of theft; stealingpinyon seed: the seed of a pine tree; pine nut第1题The word maliciously in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.destructivelyB.falselyC.bravelyD.mistakenly第2题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.In world mythology, every important aspect of human culture is the result of the trickster's behavior.B.The trickster develops human culture by tricking people into performing dangerous cultural tasks.C.When the trickster wants to be helpful, he devises a trick that will teach people what is important.D.The trickster is an important mythological character because his tricks contribute positively to human culture.第3题The author discusses Prometheus and Coyote in paragraph 2 in order toA.illustrate two different views of the trickster-heroB.explain how humans received the gift of fireC.argue that the trickster is an intellectual heroD.encourage readers to study world mythology第4题The word pranks in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA.funny storiesplex plansC.mischievous actsD.divine traits第5题All of the following are traits of the trickster EXCEPTA.a desire to break the rulesB.the ability to disguise himselfC.superhuman powersD.awareness of good and evil第6题Native American stories with a trickster-hero are usually aboutA.the victory of good over evilB.the creation or transformation of the worldC.the struggle to control one's natureD.the punishment of humans by the gods第7题The word spots in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.imaginesB.transformsC.locatesD.destroys第8题The author tells a story about Raven in which the tricksterA.gives humans the gift of fireB.changes into a young girlC.steals the sun from the godsD.causes a destructive flood第9题The word savior in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.one who wants total powerB.one who rescues others from harmC.one who causes terrible sufferingD.one who cares about only himself第10题It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which statement about the trickster?A.The trickster is responsible for many serious problems in the world today.B.The trickster shows us that there is no difference between good and evil.C.The trickster serves as an explanation for creation, change and renewal.D.The trickster teaches children that lying and stealing are acceptable behavior.第11题Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Like Raven, Coyote is a master transformer whose mischievous power is responsible for events that benefit humanity.Coyote's character is similar to that of Raven, and both appear in stories carrying out similar roles.A In several stories from the American Southwest, Coyote steals fire from a group of "fire beings" and gives it to humans. In some tales Coyote wants to make human life more interesting, so he introduces sickness, sorrow, and death.B He often teaches through negative example by employing the human vices of lying, cheating, and stealing.C His tricks often bring about destructive natural phenomena, such as a great flood that destroys the earth. However, by causing the flood, Coyote leads the human race to a new and better world.D Coyote shows usthat at the heart of the trickster is a savior whose great gift to humans is showing them new ways of knowing and doing.第12题Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the trickster that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points. Answer ChoicesA. Introduces sickness, sorrow, and death to make life more interestingB. Transforms into various shapes to achieve his purposesC. Appears as an intellectual hero in stories of good and evilD. Creates a ball of silver light that becomes the moonE. Changes into a seed to gain entrance to the house of the godsF. Causes a great flood and then leads humans to a better worldG. Brings light to the world by playing a trick on the godsRaven●●●Coyote●●下一题(13~25/共51题)阅读理解DADA AND POP ART 1 Dada was a subversive movement in the arts that flourished mainly in France, Switzerland, and Germany from 1916 to 1923. Dada was based on the principles of deliberate irrationality, disorder, and anarchy. Dada protested all forms of authority and convention. It rejected laws of beauty and social organization and attempted to discover authentic reality through the destruction of traditional culture and aesthetic forms. In Dada there was only one rule: Never follow any established rules. There was no predominant medium; however, assemblage, collage, and photomontage were techniques frequently employed. Dadaist art was nonsensical, impulsive, and often playful. The movement's founders included the French artist Jean Arp and the writers Tristan Tzara and Hugo Ball. At a meeting of young artists in 1916 in Zurich, one of them inserted a paper knife into a French-German dictionary. The knife pointed to the word dada, a French baby-talk word for a hobby-horse, which the group saw as an appropriate term for their anti-art.2 Dada emerged from despair over the First World War and disgust for the conservative values of society. Dada was the first expression of protest against the war. Dadaists used absurdity to create artworks that mocked society yet defied intellectual analysis, such as the use of "found" objects in sculptures and installations. The forerunner of the Dadaists, and ultimately their leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 1913 created his first "ready-made," the Bicycle Wheel, consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. In his effort to discourage aesthetics, Duchamp shocked the art establishment with these ready—mades—manufactured objects that he selected and exhibited—including a bottle rack and a comb. The Dada movement extended to literature and music and became international after the war. In the United States themovement was centered in New York City. Dadaists on both sides of the Atlantic had one goal in common: to demolish current aesthetic standards.3 Fifty years after the Dadaists, another generation of artists reacted to the standards and values of society. However, instead &rejecting ordinary things, the young artists of the Pop movement of the 1960s embraced them. Pop artists were curious about the commercial media of ads, billboards, newsprint, television, and all aspects of popular culture. Thus, the barrier between "high" and "low" art collapsed, which the Dadaists had aimed for and the Pop artists attained with an energy not seen before.4 Pop art received its name from critic Lawrence Alloway, who considered Pop to be the culture of the mass media, photographs, and posters—a style that must be popular, transitory, and witty. The subject matter of Pop art was derivative, depicting something that had already been published or produced, such as comic strips, soft-drink bottles, and photographs of movie stars. Pop art caught on quickly; it was art about mass consumption that was eagerly consumed by the masses.5 The most popular of the Pop artists was the painter Roy Lichtenstein. Lichtenstein painted enlarged copies of the least "arty" things he could find: romance and adventure comic strips. He was the first American artist to react to comic strips, finding beauty in these crude designs, along with a distinct sense of style. Lichtenstein also painted other pictorial styles, including blowups of other artists' brushstrokes and parodies of Cubism and Art Deco.6 Andy Warhol, more than any other Pop artist, took on the mind-numbing overload of American mass culture. Warhol began his career as a commercial illustrator, and in 1962 he had his first exhibition in an art gallery, where he showed his 32 Campbell's Soup Cans. The thirty-two soup cans are about sameness: same brand, same size, same paint surface, and same fame. They mimic the condition of mass advertising. All of Warhol's work flowed from one central insight: mass culture is filled with images that become meaningless by being repeated again and again, and in this glut of information is a role for art. Warhol felt this and embodied it. He conveyed a collective state of mind in which celebrity—a famous brand name or the image of a famous person—had completely replaced sacredness in art.Glossary:aesthetic: relating to beauty; artistic第13题According to the passage, the main goal of the Dada movement was toA.stimulate public interest in artB.change the goals of art educationC.destroy traditional standards of artD.make mass media the subject of art第14题The author mentions a hobby-horse in paragraph 1 in order toA.explain the origin of the name "Dada"B.illustrate how Dadaists created artpare art to a children's gameD.give an example of a "ready-made"第15题According to the passage, one way in which the Dadaists mocked society was byA.refusing to fight in the First World WarB.writing plays about social classing "found" objects in works of artD.criticizing the commercial media第16题The word forerunner in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning toA.leading writerB.earliest artistC.main criticD.fastest runner第17题The passage gives all of the following as examples of "ready-mades" EXCEPTA.a bicycle wheelB.a bottle rackC.a soup canD.a comb第18题The word embraced in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA.mockedB.ignoredC.welcomedD.defended第19题It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that the Pop artistsA.reacted against the Dada movementB.were more popular than the DadaistsC.criticized art for being too commercialD.succeeded in changing ideas about art第20题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Pop art could be produced and consumed more quickly than any other mass media.B.The public enthusiastically accepted Pop art, which portrayed commercial culture.C.The mass media quickly reached large audiences, thus influencing attitudes about art.rge numbers of people bought Pop art, even though they could not understand it.第21题Which artist created works based on other styles and the work of other artists?A.Marcel Duchampwrence AllowayC.Roy LichtensteinD.Andy Warhol第22题The phrase took on in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.hatedB.was afraid ofC.inventedD.responded to第23题The word glut in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.excessB.definitionC.fearD.absence第24题. Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Whereas the visual arts had previously ignored current events, Dadaists reacted to the crisis and accused society of allowing it to happen.Dada emerged from despair over the First World War and disgust for the conservative values of society. Dada was the first expression of protest against the war. A Dadaists used absurdity to create artworks that mocked society yet defied intellectual analysis, such as the use of "found" objects in sculptures and installations. B The forerunner of the Dadaists, and ultimately their leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 1 9 1 3 created his first "readymade," the Bicycle Wheel, consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. In his effort to discourage aesthetics, Duchamp shocked the art establishment with these ready—made—manufactured objects that he selected and exhibited—including a bottle rack and a comb. C The Dada movement extended to literature and music and became international after the war. D In the United States the movement was centered in New York City. Dadaists on both sides of the Atlantic had one goal in common: to demolish current aesthetic standards.A.AB.BC.CD.D第25题Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the art movement that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points. Answer ChoicesA. Reflected the mass media of advertising, newsprint, and televisionB. Was an anti-art movement in the visual arts, literature and musicC. Focused on transitory impressions and the changing effects of lightD. Depicted things that had already been produced in other mediaE. Originated as a protest against the First World WarF. Found beauty in comic strips and other images from popular cultureG. Emphasized the act of creating art over the finished work of artH. Used "found" objects and "ready-mades" in works of artI. Created art out of famous brand names and images of famous peopleDada●●●Pop Art●●●●上一题下一题(26~38/共51题)阅读理解DEFORESTATION IN NORTH AMERICA 1 The land area of the United States and Canada is just over 4.8 billion acres. When large numbers of Europeans began to arrive in the eighteenth century, almost one-third of that area was covered with old-growth forests. In the eastern half of the continent, nearly 90 percent of the land was thick with forests of elm, ash, beech, maple, oak, and hickory. By the end of the nineteenth century, after several decades of intensive deforestation, only half of the original forests remained.2 During the first two centuries of European colonization, settlement was concentrated along the East Coast, having almost no effect on the vast forests covering the continent. Then, in the first half of the nineteenth century, agriculture expanded and settlers began to move westward in search of land for new farms. Land for agriculture came almost exclusively from clearing forests. The demand for farmland and timber continued to soar, and by 1850, more than 100 million acres of old-growth forest had been cut or burned off in the Northeast, the Southeast, the Great Lakes region, and along the St. Lawrence River.3 Along with agriculture, industrialization was a major cause of deforestation. The Industrial Revolution was fueled by North America's abundance of wood, as iron makers relied on charcoal, or charred wood, to fire their furnaces. Hardwoods such as oak produced the best charcoal, which charcoal burners made by slowly burning logs in kilns until they were reduced to concentrated carbon. It took eight tons of wood to make two tons of charcoal to smelt one ton of iron. Thus, the toll on the forests was high, as countless acres were cut to feed the furnaces of the iron industry.4 The transportation technology of the Industrial Revolution contributed greatly to deforestation. The river steamboats that came into operation after 1830 had a voracious appetite for wood. To keep their wheels turning, steamboats typically took on fuel twice a day. The wood was supplied by thousands of "wood hawks" along the banks of the Ohio and Mississippi with stacks of cut firewood. Annual consumption of wood on riverboats continued to increase until 1865. Consequently, river valleys that had the heaviest traffic were stripped of their forests.5 After 1860, immigration and westward expansion surged, and railroads swept over the continent. Clean-burning hardwood was the preferred fuel of the "iron horses," which required the cutting of 215,000 acres of woodland to stay in operation for one year. Not only did wood fuel the steam engines, but enormous amounts of oak and locust also went into the manufacture of railcars, ties, fencing, bridges, and telegraph poles. Railroads in the United States and Canada stretched from coast to coast by 1885, and each additional mile of railroad meant at least two more miles of fencing and 2,500 ties.6 Other major consumers of forest products included ordinary homeowners. More than four out of five of the houses constructed in the early nineteenth century—from log cabins to clapboard cottages—were built mainly of wood and roofed with wooden shingles. All were filled with wooden furniture. Two-thirds of all households in North America were heated by open, wood-burning fireplaces, and it took between 10 and 20 acres of forest to keep a single fireplace burning for one year.7 Throughout the century, the timber industry continued to supply the single most valuable raw material for a rapidly expanding population. Between 1840 and 1860, the annual production of lumber rose from 1.6 million to 8 billion board feet. This increase was made possible by the widespread application of steam power. Wood-fueled steam engines powered the sawmills, moved and barked the logs, and finished the boards. Railroad lines were now built right into the forests so that felled logs could be shipped directly to market. These innovations had their greatest impact on the Great Lakes region. By 1890 the technology of the timber industry had triumphed over the natural abundance of the forests, and woodlands that had once seemed endless were now depleted.第26题The word thick in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.flatB.denseC.humidD.open第27题What point does the author make about deforestation in North America?A.It occurred mostly within a single century.B.It changed how people thought about trees.C.It provided jobs in several related industries.D.It caused an economic crisis in two countries.第28题According to the passage, all of the following contributed to deforestation EXCEPTA.the expansion of agricultureB.an increase in forest firesC.the use of charcoal as a fuelD.steamboat transportation第29题Why does the author use the word toll in discussing the iron industry in paragraph 3?A.To show that the process of smelting iron was expensiveB.To illustrate the impact of forest fires on the iron industryC.To point out that the iron industry had to pay high taxesD.To emphasize that large areas of woodland were eliminated第30题The word voracious in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning toA.varyingB.greedyC.strangeD.moderate第31题The phrase "wood hawks" in paragraph 4 describesA.a type of riverboatB.a species of treeC.people who sold woodrge woodland birds第32题The word surged in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.stoppedpetedC.fluctuatedD.increased第33题It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that "iron horses" wereA.machines that made ties and fencingB.railroad company executivesC.steam engines that moved trainsD.animals that helped build railroads第34题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Most of the houses in the nineteenth century were log cabins or clapboard cottages with simple roofs.B.There were four or five main house styles in the early nineteenth century, and all were built of wood.C.In the nineteenth century, wood construction was popular because wood could be used in a number of ways.D.Wood was the primary construction material of the vast majority of houses built in the early nineteenth century.第35题It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that in the early nineteenth centuryA.wooden houses were more popular than they are todayB.the construction industry dominated the economyC.more people owned homes than they do todayD.home heating was a major reason for cutting trees第36题According to paragraph 7, the tremendous increase in the production of lumber was primarily due toA.the availability of landB.an increase in the labor supplyC.innovations in technologyD.timber industry leadership第37题Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?No other industry or consumer of wood could match the timber industry itself for the exploitation of North America's forests.A Throughout the century, the timber industry continued to supply the single most valuable raw material for a rapidly expanding population. Between 1840 and 1860, the annual production of lumber rose from 1.6 million to 8 billion board feet.B This increase was made possible by the widespread application of steam power. Wood-fueled steam engines powered the sawmills, moved and barked the logs, and finished the boards. Railroad lines were now built right into the forests so that felled logs could be shipped directly to market.C These innovations had their greatest impact in the Great Lakes region.D By 1890 the technology of the timber industry had triumphed over the natural abundance of the forests, and woodlands that had once seemed endless were now depleted.第38题An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Many factors contributed to the deforestation of North America in the nineteenth century.●●●Answer ChoicesA. Dense forests of elm, ash, beech, maple, oak, and hickory covered most of the eastern half of the continent.B. Several million acres of forest were cut to meet the growing population's demand for farmland and wood.C. The iron, steamboat, railroad, and construction industries required huge amounts of wood.D. Each mile of railroad required two miles of fencing and 2,500 ties, which were made of oak and locust.E. After 1890, the timber industry moved into the West and South, cutting another 125 million acres of forest.F. Innovations in the timber industry greatly increased wood production but led to the depletion of forests.上一题下一题(39~51/共51题)阅读理解THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION 1 Sleep restores the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune system. However, many adults do not get the recommended eight hours of sleep each night. The average adult today gets only 6.4 hours of sleep, nearly an hour and a half less than what the average person received a century ago. Only in recent years have health professionals begun to realize the prevalence and severity of sleep deprivation in the working population. A significant number of people work at night, work long shifts, or suffer from insomnia or jet lag. Others are deprived of sleep because they work toohard, stay out too late, or try to do too many things in a day. Adults who regularly sleep six hours or less might think they accomplish more by staying up late, but they pay for it the next day when they feel sleepy or irritable or are unable to concentrate, remember things, or be very effective at their work.2 Studies show that the brain is adversely affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally. In one study, thirteen healthy adult subjects who usually had normal sleep patterns were kept awake and carefully monitored in a hospital sleep laboratory during a period of 35 hours. During the experiment, the subjects were asked to perform several cognitive tasks, such as arithmetic and word problems, while undergoing magnetic resonance scans of their brain activity. The scans recorded each subject's brain activity from a rested state through various stages of sleep deprivation over the 35-hour period. The scans produced images showing increased activity in some regions of the brain and decreased activity in others. The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in sleep-deprived subjects. When subjects were fully rested, their magnetic resonance scans showed that the temporal lobe was very active. However, after several hours without sleep, there was no activity within this region. The effects of the inactivity included slurred speech in the subjects who had gone for prolonged periods with no sleep.3 Several studies show that getting fewer than six hours of sleep a night can impair short-term memory, coordination, reaction time, and judgment—thus posing a serious risk of accident or injury. In one study of drivers, researchers reported that sleep deprivation had some of the same hazardous effects as being drunk. They found that people who drove after being awake for 17 to 19 hours performed worse than those with a blood alcohol level of 0.05 percent, the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries. The study also found that 16 to 60 percent of road accidents involved sleep deprivation. The researchers concluded that countries with drunk driving laws should consider similar restrictions against sleep-deprived driving.4 There are other problems associated with sleep deprivation beyond impaired motor skills and judgment. Drivers who get too little sleep may have higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression, may take unnecessary risks, or may express rage toward other drivers. These dangers affect not only drivers but also people who work long shifts or night shifts, such as medical personnel and other emergency workers. The dangers of sleep deprivation go far beyond the obvious risks and can, in fact, undermine all areas of an individual's physical and mental health.5 Sleep deprivation weakens the immune system, making an individual more prone to diseases such as the common cold and diabetes. Without sleep, the number of disease-fighting white blood cells within the body decreases, as does the activity of the remaining white blood cells. Sleep deprivation has been linked to a decrease in the body's production of hormones such as insulin. Results of a recent study suggested that healthy young adults who regularly got under 6.5 hours of sleep a night had greater insulin resistance than people who got 7.5 to 8.5 hours of sleep. Insulin resistance is a silent condition in which the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin that is present. Thus, the muscle and liver cells cannot metabolize the sugar called glucose. As a result, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, setting the stage for diabetes and heart disease.。
2018年4月15日托福阅读考试真题解析
2018年4月15日托福阅读考试真题解析2018年4月15日的托福考试也快到了，大家对于考试的真题是不是很好奇呢，下面和先来看看2018年4月15日托福阅读考试真题解析吧。
1. 第一篇讲的是一种在太平洋小岛的lizard 这种lizard 只有一种性别，不需要求偶和竞争。
讲了这种lizard可能是如何来到这些小岛的。
2. 讲的是宋朝的商业社会。
纸币的发明促进了商业的发展，还有就是促进了农业的发展还有那个皇帝限制那个将军的权力，给那些做生意的人就收很多税抑商什么的。
3. 物种灭绝。
以前很多的物种已经灭绝了，我们不知道有什么物种存在过，由于没有任何记录。
以前的人类主要依靠狩猎以及采集生活，也许可以捕猎到一些现在已经不存在的大型动物。
行星的撞击以及人类活动导致了物种的灭绝。
（图片转自百度）4. 威尼斯的船。
以前是round ship，capacity比较小。
后来发明了galley，一个三角的东西，比较好控制方向。
后面出现了cog。
5. 罗马人对欧洲经济生活的影响。
罗马的科技对于当时的欧洲来说比较的先进。
文章具体提到了British在哪些方面落后。
后来罗马把tribe变成了一个unity，但是还是比较自治。
Tribe之前会有战争，但是也会有货币的交易，鼓励人们使用coin，因此出现了bank，和loan。
这些发展促进了罗马的税收，通过让欧洲居民穿罗马的衣服让人们意识到城市的重要性。
6. 科技预测地震。
主要由两种方法预测地震，long-term和short-term，但预测不是很精确。
通过地下水和裂缝，gas上升预测地震。
还有其他方法但比较复杂。
7. 18世纪左右农业的发展和人类人口的爆炸式增长。
8. 鸟类的无法飞行的原因。
9. 金星的温室效应，和地球的对比。
托福考试语法模拟试题及答案精选整合
托福考试语法模拟试题及答案精选整合托福考试语法模拟试题及答案1. The American clipper ship era was of duration short，extending from about 1845 to 1859.答案：B分析及考点：词序的颠倒，应该改成short duration.只有特殊情况修饰成分后置。
参考译文：美国的剪帆船的时期经历时间很短，只有从1845到1859.2. Crystals of pure quartz，usually called rock crystal，are coarseness，colorless，and transparent.答案：D分析及考点：平行对称结构，词性不对称，所以coarseness 名词应改成coarse参考译文：纯净石英的结晶，通常称为岩石水晶，是粗糙的，无色的，透明的。
3. Of 120 minerals known to have been used as gemstones，only about 25 are in common use in today jewelry.答案：D分析及考点：词序的问题。
应该改成jewelry today.参考译文：在作为宝石使用的所知道的120种矿石中，只有25种是现在珠宝业通常使用的。
4. One of the thirteen original state of the United States，North Carolina lies on the Atlantic coast midway between New York and Florida.答案：A分析及考点：名词单复数使用错误。
应该用复数states.看到one of the.参考译文：北卡罗来那州是最初组成美国的13个州中的一个座落在大西洋岸边，在纽约州和佛罗里达州的中间。
5. The various peoples who developed North America have made it a world leader economic .答案：D分析及考点：词序的颠倒。
2018年3月托福真题回忆及解析
2018年3月托福真题回忆及解析水滴石穿，绳锯木断。
备考需要一点点积累才能到达好的效果。
无忧考网搜集整理了2018年3月托福真题回忆及解析，通过做题，能够巩固所学知识并灵活运用，考试时会更得心应手。
2018年3月举行了5场考试，考试时间分别为3月3日、3月10日、3月11日、3月24日、3月31日，以下内容仅供参考。
3月3日托福口语真题回忆：Task 1内容回忆：你是学校学生，学校报纸要增加栏目，给学生带来方便，选增加哪个推荐：local restaurant review，film，travel参考答案：If a section is going to be added in campus newspaper, I will recommend local restaurant review. Apparently, students will not only eat on campus. They also have interests to explore local restaurants. This new section canprovide a reference for them, and students can choose where to eat based on those descriptions and comments, which will bring a lot of convenience. What’s more, Ithink this can also strengthen the connection between local communities and students. Those restaurants can take advantage of this section to advertise and attract more students to visit them. They can modify their food or provide special meals for students, which will benefit both themselves and students.Task 2内容回忆：学校是否应该进行道德教育(moral values)参考答案：Of course school should give students education on moral values.The word “education” not only refers to academic content teaching but also includes helping students become kind and straight people. You may have heard stories about high intelligent criminals, and we don’t want our children become people like that. So it is necessary that school should teach children what’s right and what’s wrong. Besides, although parents may play an important role on teaching their kids moral values, schools also have obligations. Those parents have various identities or backgrounds and they may pay attention on different aspects of children’s growth, which will cause some bias. Only school can provide children a systematic education on moral values.Task 3阅读通知：学校要取消人少的 club原因 1：为了省钱原因 2：对社交没用听力态度：女生不同意原因 1. 不能省钱：学校本身给 club 花的钱就很少;原因 2. 人少的 club 更好：成员间的关系会更好Task 4 生物阅读 holiday paradox：人们对周围环境熟悉，感觉时间就过得慢;不熟悉就过得快。
2018年12月16日托福真题回顾
2018年12月16日托福真题回顾在备考托福的时候，多参考一些真题对我们很有帮助，下面小编给大家带来2018年12月16日托福真题回顾，希望大家喜欢。
2018年12月16日托福听力真题回忆及解析Conversation 1话题分类：学生和学校工作人员内容回忆：女生说自己的室友要搬去和她的姐姐一起住，工作人员就问她是不是想下学期一个人住;女生说不是，想让自己的朋友搬进来一起住。
工作人员说第一年的新生需要填表分配室友，女生说这个表格帮她找到了合适的室友，前室友和自己相处得很愉快。
女生又问怎么样下学期才能和朋友一起住，工作人员说需要在学校的网站上填一份申请;女生说学校的网站不好用，找不到申请的地方，工作人员说学校的网站正在找人重新设计，女生表示自己正好是学这个的，问工作人员自己能不能提供帮助。
工作人员说不可以参与设计，但是可以参与测试。
Conversation 2话题分类：学生和教授内容回忆：从学生上报纸的一张照片讲起，拍的是她 roommate。
教授说照片拍的不错，表示赞赏。
学生想起自己以前拍的向日葵照片，问老师向日葵为什么总是朝着太阳。
教授说，只有没有成熟的向日葵才会朝向太阳，成熟的向日葵只有早上朝向太阳，利用太阳的能量吸引一种早上比较活跃的昆虫。
没有成熟的向日葵是因为早上太阳的照射，茎的一边长得比另一边快，所以会偏向一个方向，太阳变换位置之后另一边长得更快，会偏向另一个方向，我们看起来就是朝向太阳。
Lecture 1学科分类：考古学标题：地中海海运内容：一种古代的地中海海上运输方式货物有铜和锡，当地不产锡，恰好是这些锡证明了地中海地区和中亚之间是有贸易交流的。
除了这些还有一些武器的运输。
2018年12月16日托福口语真题回忆及解析Task 1Nowadays people are encourage to use their own usable bays when go shopping to reduce waste, and people who do not bring their own bags will be charged for some fees, talk about the advantages and disadvantages of this policyTask 2When visiting a museum that allow to take photographs, do you prefer to take photographs or just simply look around?Task 3主题： campus happening provide a permanent link with the club websites原因 1：make it easy joining原因 2：make the small clubs known to people态度：Agree原因1：提供很多便利性，因为如果要是忘记某个俱乐部活动的话，就不知道怎么加入，和谁联系等等，然后举了自己的例子，有时候太忙忘记参加了原因 2：很多很好的俱乐部没有人知道，这样可以宣传一下Task 4标题：mental contrasting定义：an effective way to reach a goal例子：实验者召集了一些想了解健康饮食的一些人，比如吃水果和蔬菜会比较健康。
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2018年托福考试：语法模拟试题及答案详解1. Most doctors of the Colonial period believed _______ was caused by an imbalance of humors in the body.A. in diseaseB. that diseaseC. of diseaseD. about disease答案：B分析：动词believe 的用法：直接加that引导的宾语从句。
这里that为连接adv.，在句中不作任何成分，其后接完整句。
参考译文：大多数殖民时期的医生认为疾病来源人体内不平衡的体液。
2. In 1976 Sarah Caldwell became _________ at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.A. she was the first woman to conductB. the first woman conductorC. the woman was first conductingD. the woman conducts first答案：B分析：缺宾语，答案中只有B，D可以作宾语，但D的语序不对。
参考译文：1976，Sarah Caldwell成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House演出的演奏家补充：常考the first/second/… one to do sth3. On January 7，1955，Marian Anderson became _________ to sing a major role at New York City's Metropolitan Opera House.A. the first African AmericanB. the first African American wasC. she was the first African AmericanD. when the first African American答案：A分析：缺宾语，C，D都不能作宾语。
一句话中只能有一个谓语，而B中有was，句中出现两个谓语，一定错。
参考译文：1955年1月7号，Marian Anderson成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House担任主唱的美籍黑人。
4. Perhaps the most significant postwar trend was the decentralization of cities throughout the United States，_________ when massive highway-building programs permitted greater suburban growth.A. and accelerated a phenomenonB. a phenomenon that acceleratedC. accelerating a phenomenon which，D. the acceleration of which phenomenon答案：B分析：考的是同位语结构， a phenomenon是the decentralization of cities throughout the United States的同位语。
A中and为conj.，后面应该连接一个完整的句子，但缺主语，错;C中语序混乱，错; D中of which作为介词宾语，后面应该接一个完整句，但只有一个phenomenon主语，句子不完整，错。
参考译文：可能战后最重大的趋势就是美国城市的分散化，当大规模高速公路建设项目容许了更大程度的发展郊区，这个现象更被促进了。
补充：accelerate/ accomplish/ achieve/ evolve都可以是vi.不接宾语5. Ronald Reagan had served two terms as governor of California before _________ President.A. he becameB. when becomingC. becameD. did he become答案：A分析：before为状语从句引导词conj，后面一般引导一个完整的句子。
B同时出现两个状语从句引导词，错;C缺主语;D应该为正常语序，选项中使用了倒装句式，错。
参考译文：里根在成为美国总统之前连续两届担任加州的州长。
6. _________，domesticated grapes grow in clusters，range in color from pale green to black，and containsugar in varying quantities.A. Their botanical classification as berriesB. Although their botanical classification as berriesC. Because berries being their botanical classificationD. Classified botanically as berries答案：D分析：句子的主语是grapes ，后面是平行结构grow…，range…，and contain…。
空格后的句子已完整，那么空格处就应该是同位语，状语从句，分词等修饰成分。
A中Their指代不明，而且classification和berries 也不相符，错;B中Although为conj.，后面应该是完整句，错;C中Because为conj.，后面应该是完整句，错。
参考译文：培植的葡萄的植物分类跟浆果是一样的，它们成串的长在树上，颜色从灰白色到黑色，并且包含由不同数量的糖份。
7. The cymbal is ________ in the military band and is also frequently used in modern orchestral music.A. a basic instrumentB. basic instrumentC. how basic an instrument it isD. as an instrument is basic答案：A分析：instrument可数，前面应该有限定词 a.and前为一简单句。
参考译文：铙钹在军乐队里是一个基本的乐器，而且还经常在现代管弦乐里使用。
8. In instrumentalist philosophy，ideas and knowledge are exclusively functional processes：they are of significance only _________ instrumental in the development of experience.A. as they areB. are theyC. there areD. are答案：A分析：两个谓语需要有一个conj.来连接。
一个句子中出现2个谓语且没有连接词就一定错。
参考译文：在乐器演奏家的哲学里面，思想和知识是专有排外性的功能性的过程。
他们的重要意义仅限于在经验发展的过程中，用于乐器演奏。
9. _________ either by cooling or by depriving the fire of oxygen，and most do both.A. Working fire extinguishersB. Fire extinguishers that workC. Fire extinguishers workD. The work of fire extinguishers答案：C分析：空格中缺主谓。
A中没有谓语;B中that多余，因为句中只有一个谓语;D也没有谓语。
参考译文：灭火器的通过冷却或者减少火中的氧气的方法工作的，大多数时候两个方法都会用到。
10. The introduction of mass-production methods enabled many people _________ and gave them an unprecedented amount of mobility.A. to purchase their own automobilesB. their own to purchase automobilesC. to their own purchase automobilesD. own their automobiles to purchase答案：A分析：为固定结构enable sb to do sth.参考译文：规模生产方法的产生，使得人们能够买自己的车，并获得了空前的灵活性。
1. Frances Perkins，_________ of the United States cabinet，served in the cabinet as secretary of labor from 1933 to 1945.A. the first female memberB. was the first female memberC. the first female member whoD. of whom the first female member答案：A分析：主语同位语结构。
B中多了一个谓语was，因为后面已经有一个谓语动词served，一个句子中出现2个谓语且没有连接词就一定错; C中who多余，用法也不正确;D中of whom多余，不是定语从句，考的是同位语结构。
参考译文：Frances Perkins，是美国内阁的第一为女性成员，她从1933到1945年在内阁担任劳工部秘书。
2. When _________ to dough and heated，carbon dioxide is released，causing the dough to rise.A. is added baking powderB. added baking powder isC. is baking powder addedD. baking powder is added答案：D分析：When为状语从句引导词;语序应该为正常语序，A，C错;B语序混乱，明显应该用被动形式，而且有固定结构add to.参考译文：当把烘烤用粉加到面团里加热的时候，会释放出二氧化碳，使得面团涨开。