复旦研究生英语Unit Eight

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复旦研究生英语Unit Eight

Is Love an Art?Is Love an art? Then it requires knowledge and effort. Or is love a pleasant sensation, which to experiences is a matter of chance, something one "falls intro" if one is lucky? Undoubtedly, the majority of people today believe in the latter.爱是一门艺术吗？那就需要知识并付出努力。

或者爱是一种令人愉悦的情感，只有幸运儿才能“坠入”爱河呢？这本小书是以第一种假设为前提的，而大多数人无疑都相信第二种假设。

Not that people think that love is not important. They are starved for it; they watch endless numbers of films about happy and unhappy love stories, they listen to hundreds of trashy songs abut love - yet hardly anyone thinks that there is anything that needs to be learned about love.人们并非认为爱无关紧要。

人们对于爱总是如饥似渴，悲欢离合的爱情电影他们百看不厌，百般无聊的爱情歌曲他们百听不烦。

但很少有人认为爱需要学习。

This peculiar attitude is based on several premises which either singly or combinedly tend to uphold it. Most people see the problem of love primarily as that of “being loved”, rather than that of “loving”, of one's capacity to love. Hence the problem to th em is how to be loved, how to be lovable. In pursuit of this aim they follow several paths. One, which is especially used by men, is to be successful, to be as powerful and rich as the social margin of one's position permits. Another, used especially by women, is to make oneself attractive, by cultivating one's body, dress, etc. Other ways of making oneself attractive, used both by men and women, are to develop pleasant manners, interesting conversation, to be helpful, modest, inoffensive. Many of the ways to make oneself lovable are the same as those used to make oneself successful, "to win friends and influence people." As a matter of fact, what most people in our culture mean by being lovable is essentially a mixture between being popular and having sex appeal.对爱的这种奇怪观点基于几个错误前提，这些前提或单独或一起支撑着这一观点。

复旦大学出版社研究生英语课件Unit

10. For twenty-five years I’ve said that Tom would end in the gutter. (lin in that state of life in which it has pleased Providence to place me. (line 138-140) 12. If he occasionally borrows a trifle from me, that is merely force of habit. (line 158159)
A flashback of George’s brother Tom: how he changed from a respectable person to an unscrupulous fellow. And how he blackmailed his brother George again and again.
Organization of the text
• • • • Part I( Line 1— line 23) Part II (line 24—line 38) Part III (line 39—line 119) Part IV (line 120—line 150)
Part I( Line 1— line 23)
8. He was a most amusing companion and though you knew he was perfectly worthless you could not but enjoy his society. (line 99-101)
9. I never grudged the contributions he regularly levied on me for the necessities of his existence. (line 102-103)

研究生英语下第八单元

1) Tim Berners-Lee (England) → g. the World Wide Web 2) Alexander Graham Bell (US, born in Scotland) → d. telephone 3) Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright (US) → i. airplane 4) Thomas Alva Edison (US) → h. electric light bulb 5) Cai Lun (China) → c. paper 6) Alexander Fleming (England) → a. penicillin 7) Leo Baekeland (US, born in Belgium) → e. plastics 8) Chester Floyd Carlson (US) → j. Xerography 9) Wilhelm Conrad von Rö ntgen (Germany) → b. X-ray 10) Willis Carrier (US) → f. air-conditioner
Click on the picture
Starting out
Task 2
Step One Directions: Work in pairs to match inventors in Column A with inventions in Column B. (P96)
Starting out
Down 1. keyboard characters used in combination to produce whimsical symbols representing a range of emotions, also known as smiley 3. online romance 6. teenagers who spend too much time in front of the screen (television or computer screens) 7. a knowledgeable and experienced Internet user 8. move information or programs from a computer network to a small computer 11. an activity performed on Internet forums or chat rooms that involves wandering the website, reading posts and never actually posting anything 12. the user (or employee) of the forum which is granted access to the posts for the purpose of moderating discussion on the Internet 14. someone who has just started doing something, especially using the Internet or computers 18. China and India will soon have far larger numbers of ________(s) than any Western nation.

研究生英语(复旦大学出版社)听力原文

UNIT 1Part 1B见听力书C Consumers who want to shop online are suggested to bear the following things in mind:Evaluate the site. Always buy goods from well-known and trustworthy companies. Deal with companies which offer customer service, a complaints procedure and have a refund policy.Talk to merchant. E-mail and wait for reponses. Take down the addresses and phone numbers of those companies and make sure they are real by calling them up before buying any products and services.Ensure secure connection. Since buyers must submit personal information like number and expiry date of the card there are fears over security. Deal with sites that apply strict safety measures that require shoppers to give specific data known only to card holders before making the transaction.Be extra careful at a cybercafe or other public connection.Part 5"Everybody loves a bargain, "this is a common American saying. A bargain is something you buy for less than its true vale. It is something you might not buy if it costs more.One person's useless ugly object can be another person's bargain. So many Americans put it outside with a "for sale" sign on it and they have a yard sale.Just about anything can be sold at a yard sale: clothing, cooking equipment, old toys, tools, books and chairs, even objects you think are extremely ugly or useless. You may have an electric light shaped like a fish. You may greatly dislike its looks, but it may be beautiful to someone else. Usually the seller puts a price on each object. But the price can almost always be negotiated. The price of a table, for example, might be marked $10. But the seller may accept 8. If the table has not been sold by the end of the day, the seller probably will take much less.Some people go to yard sales because it is part of their job. They earn their livings by buying old things at low prices then selling them at higher prices. Many others, however, go to yard sales just to have fun. They say it is like going on a treasure hunt. Sometimes they really do find the treasure.Ned Jaudere did. The Boston Globe newspaper says Mr. Jaudere has been collecting native American Indian objects since he was a young man. Last year, he stopped at a yard sale in the northeastern city of Worcester, Massachusertts. He paid $125 for what everyone thought was an old wooden club. Mr. Jaudere thought it was something else. Two days later, he confirmed that the club had been used by the Wampanoag Indian leader known as King Philip. King Philip used it during his war with the white settlers at eastern Massachusetts in 1675. The historic weapon had been stolen from a museum in 1970 and had been missing ever since. Mr. Jardere learnt the war club was valued at about $150 000 but he did not sell it or keep it. Mr. Jaudere returned the club to the museum near Boston Massachusetts from which it was stolen.Questions:1. Which of the following is a common American saying?2. What can be sold at a yard sale?3. Why do people go to a yard sale?4. When was the old wooden club stolen?5. What was the real value of the club?6. Why was the club at a great value?UNIT 2Part 1B A: Good morning. I'd like some information about tourist figures, please. First, about accommodation. What proportion of tourists stay in hotels?B: Well, in an average year 60% of tourists stay in hotels, but this year 35% are staying in hotels.A: What proportion of tourists stay in holiday camps?B: Well, in an average year 20% of tourists stay in holiday camps, but this year 45% are staying in holiday camps.A: Now, about places visited. What proportion of tourists visit Europe?B: Well, in an average year 80% of tourists visit Europe, but this year 60% are visiting Europe.A: And what proportion of tourists visit the U.S.A.?B: Well, in an average year 15% of tourists visit the U.S.A., but this year 30% are visiting the U.S.A..A: Now, about methods of transport. What proportion of tourists go by plane?B: Well, in an average year about 70% of tourists go by plane, but this year about 50% are going by plane.A: What proportion of tourists take their own car?B: Well, in an average year about 20% of tourists take their own car, but this year about 30% are taking their own car.A: Thank you very much for your help.C C — Clerk T — TouristC: …so here's a brochure with the hotels in Midford. It gives you all the rates …T: I'm sorry, my English isn't so good. Can you explain this to me?C: Yes, of course. First of all we have the Castle Inn …here …it's the cheapest. It will cost you only ￡12 for a single room and ￡15 for a double. The price includes continental breakfast. If you want a full English breakfast you'll have to pay extra …T: What is this "English breakfast"?C: Oh, you know, hot food: fried egg, fried bacon, porridge …whereas the continental breakfast is coffee, tea, rolls, jam and honey —nothing cooked, you see.T: I think I would prefer the continental breakfast.C: Well, yes, that's included. And then we have the Dalton Hotel, more expensive, but very nice, a bathroom attached to every room. The Dalton charges ￡30 for a single room and ￡60 for a double. But there is no charge for children under 12 who stay in the same room as their parents.T: I won't have my children with me. But maybe my husband will come a little later …C: Well, the Park Hotel is very reasonably priced. ￡16 per person. Every room has a bath. There's a special rate of ￡25 which includes dinner, bed and breakfast — what we call half board. Or you can have full board, that's the room plus all meals for ￡29 per person per night. T: We would only want breakfast.C: I see. Mm …you could try the fourth hotel here, the Phoenix. It will cost you ￡28 for a double room with bath. Breakfast is ￡5 per person.T: Yes. But what about the extra money, what do you call it in English, the service...C: All these rates include a service charge of 10%. They also include V AT - that's Value Added Tax.T: If we come later in the year will it be cheaper?C: Yes. These are the rates for June to September. You would pay less at other times of the year.T: I'll talk about it with my husband. Thank you for explaining everything to me. C: You're very welcome.Part 5Five U.S. hotels were voted among the world's top ten, with the Halekulani in Honolulu ranking first, a survey of Gourmet magazine readers released last Friday said.Coming in second was the Oriental, in Bangkok, Thailand, followed by Villa d'Este, Cernobbio, Italy; The Regent Hong Kong, and Hotel Ritz, Paris.The Greenbriar, in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia ranked No. 8. The 10th-ranked hotel was the Four Seasons Resort Nevis, in Charlestown, Nevis, West Indies.More than 150 hotels, resorts and inns in 27 countries and regions were ranked in general and specific categories that rated such things as dining, bars, pools, workout centers and romantic atmosphere. This is the third year that Gourmet, which has more than 5 million readers, has conducted the survey.Another U.S. hotel, the Mansion on Turtle Creek in Dallas, topped the list for restaurant dining, beating out the Connaught in London, Italy's Villa d'Este and Bangkok's the Oriental. The Four Seasons in Philadelphia was No. 5.In the specific category of best business hotels, the Regent Hong Kong ranked first as it has for the past three years. In other categories, Paris' Hotel Ritz with its Roman thermal baths was voted to have the best pools and The Green- briar in West Virginia was found to have the best workout center, golf and tennis.UNIT 3Part 1B Narrator: What would you reply to these people?Man: Well, as I see it, millions of people in the world are worse off than us, but there's nothing we can do about it.Woman: I'd say that if you do have plenty of money, there's no point in spending it on private education for your children.Man: It seems to me that the only way to help the poor in the world is to find ways of helping them to help themselves. …er …not …by …er …giving them free food.Women: If you ask me, taxes for rich people should be really high — 95% or something - so that everyone is at the same economic level.Man: Er…in my view it…it's worth making a lot of money …er …so that you can leave it to your children when you die. Man: Don't you agree that if people are starving or have nowhere to live, it's the duty of better-off people to give them food and shelter? Woman: Look, let's face it, there's only one reason why people work and that's to make as much money as possible.Man: Surely, as long as you've got enough to live on, there's no point in making more and more money.Woman: If you're earning a good salary, surely you should save as much as you can for a rainy day.Man: I must say that one thing is certain: money doesn't buy happiness.C Narrator: You'll hear some people reacting to various opinions — decide if they are agreeing or disagreeing with the opinions expressed. Pay attention to the tone of voice they use.1. Woman: Aren't you glad you're not a millionaire? Man: Sure!2. Man: Don't you wish you could afford to spend our holidays in the Caribbean? Woman: Mm, ye-es.3. Woman: It's not worth saving your money, it's better to spend it. M an: Oh, sure!4. Man: It's better to be happy than rich. Woman: Hmm.5. Woman: Well, basically, in a job the most important thing is how much you earn. Man: Oh, yes!6. Man: It's really important to save a little money every month — you never know when you might need it.Woman: I don't know about that!7. Man: The only way to survive on a tight budget is to keep a record of all your expenses. Man: I don't know about that!8. Woman: Children these days get far too much pocket money. Woman: Mmm!9. Woman: In a family it should be the mother that controls the budget. Woman: Yes!10. Man: If I inherited a lot of money it wouldn't change my life at all. Man: Oh, yes!Part 5Europe ranks as the most expensive region in the world according to the latest survey by a prestigious London research group, the Economist Intelligence Unit.Seven of the world’s 10 most expensive cities are in Europe, according to the report released Monday.The Economist Intelligence Unit ranks Oslo as the third most expensive city in the world. Other European cities in the top 10 include Zurich, Copenhagen, Geneva, Paris, Reykjavik and London.Tokyo and Osaka remain on top of the list, as they have for a decade. Hong Kong ranked fifth.The editor of the report, Bill Ridgers, says strong European currencies, led by the euro, account for the continent’s cost of living.“We’ve seen an increase in the relative cost of living in the euro-zone countries as the euro has appreciated against the US dollar, the prices have become relatively more expensive. And the flip side to that is that we’ve seen US cities actually slipping down in the list because they are becoming relatively cheaper as the dollar becomes slightly weaker.”New Your City has dropped out of the top 10, and now ranks as the 13th costliest city. Latin American cities also have slipped down the ranks amid persistent economic turmoil in the region. Mexico City is in 56th place and Sao Paulo is 120th, just fourth from the bottom of the list.Tehran remains the world’s cheapest city, with a cost of living less than one-quarter that of Tokyo.The Economist team checks prices of a wide range of items—from bread and milk to cars and utilities—to compile the semiannual cost of living report.Business clients use the service to calculate the amount of allowances granted to overseas executives and their families.UNIT 4Part 1B Dialogue oneA: You asked me where all the money goes. It's difficult to say exactly, but obviously we spend a lot of money on groceries. I enjoy cooking, and as we have a large family — four children — our food bill is quite big. We also like eating out — my wife and I probably go out to a restaurant about once a week. Unfortunately, there are no theatres round here, so we don't go to the theatre as much as we'd like. But we do spend money on our hobbies. I like doing jobs around the house — I'm one of the local DIY center's best customers —and I'm very keen on sailing — that's a very expensive hobby. I'm also very interested in antiques, especially clocks. You must let me show you my collection one day ...B: I'd like that. I wanted to ask you about holidays. Do you usually go abroad or stay in this coutry?A: We usually stay here. In fact, we spend very little on holidays. We have a small house near the sea and we usually go there. That's where I do my sailing. We did go away for a week last year, but that was exceptional.B Dialogue twoA: So how much did we spend on entertainment this year? B: 2566.A: That's down a little on last year. And what's the figure for depreciation? B: 300, the same as last year.A: Hm, expenditure on secretarial expenses is up. B:Yes, there's a big increase there.A: What's the figure of 2612 for? B: Where's that? A:Six figures down. B: That's motor expenses.A: And what does this figure represent? B: Audit and accountancy costs.A: They're both up a lot. B: Yes, but expenditure on telephone and postage is down.It's half as much as last year.Part 5April 15th is a special date for Americans, but it is no holidays, it is tax day. It is the last day to pay any federal taxes owed on earnings from the year before.The Constitution gives Congress the power to establish federal taxes. State and local governments can also tax. But the idea of national taxes book time to develop. Not everyone liked the idea.In 1791, Congress approved a tax on whiskey and other alcoholic drink. Farmers in western Pennsylvania who produced alcohol refused to pay. They attacked officials and burned the home of a tax collector.America’s first president, George Washington, gathered almost 13000 troops. The soldiers defeated the so-called Whiskey Rebellion of 1794. It was one of the first times that the government used its powers to enforce a federal law within a state.At first the United States government collected most of its money through tariffs. These are taxes on trade. In the late 1800s, Congress began to tax people’s pay. The Supreme Court rejected the personal income tax. But, in 1913, the states passed the 16th Amendment to the Constitution. This gave Congress the right to tax income.Today, personal income tax provides the government with more than 40% of its money. Taxes collected to pay for retirement programs and other services provide 35%. Income taxes on businesses provided 7% of the federal money in 2002, and the government collects other taxes, including customs.The Internal Revenue Service collects federal taxes. The IRS is part of the Treasury Department. Most taxpayers do not owe the agency any money on April 15th. Their employers have taken income taxes from their pay all year and already given it to IRS. In fact, most people get some money back, but tax laws are often criticized as too complex.The United States has what is called a progressive tax system. Tax rates increase as earnings increase. This year people who earn more than $312000 are taxed at 35%. That is the highest rate. Individuals who earn less than $7000 pay no income tax, but they do pay other taxes.UNIT 5Part 1B a.We expected about eight thousand, but it was half of that.b We estimated about two thousand, but it's twice as much as that.c. Her salary is about two thousand, and his is about double that.d. We thought about eight thousand, but it's not more than a quarter of that.e. We thouht about four thousand, and it's similiar to that.C Dialogue oneA: About 24% of my income goes in tax, which is quite low — I don't know how they manage in places where tax rates are higher. I have a good job — I suppose I earn about thirty grand with bonuses, but I wouldn't say that we were well-off. We can't afford to run two cars. The cost of living is very high here.B：Does your wife work?A：She does at the moment. We're trying to clear our overdraft, and there isn't a lot left over. We do spend a lot on food, but then we are a big family — it's difficult to economize. We spend very little on holidays, we usually go camping, which the children prefer anyway. We did go abroad for a week last year but that was exceptional. I don't know where the money goes. We don't often go out. B：What about hobbies?A：I'm keen on sailing, but it's an expensive pastime. We do spend a bit on the children, Angela loves riding, but we're careful, we have to be.C Dialogue twoA：We were broken into yesterday. They took the video. It was brand new. B：oh no,what was it worth?A: About £300. B: I hope you're insured.A：Yes, luckily I paid the premium last week. But I'll have to make a claim. It's a real nuisance.B：Are you covered for electrical goods?A：I assume so. I'll check — I have to call them to get a claim form.C Dialogue threeA: His commitments are very similiar to mine. We both have a family to support and a mortgage to pay. My guess is that his income is about the same as mine. I don't understand how he can afford a cottage in the country.B: He probaly borrowed the money. Your basic situation may be similiar to his but he's very different from you. He never saves a penny.I bet you invest far more than he does in pension schemes, and so on. For example, how much do you spend on insurance per year? A: That's my business. B: OK, let's say it's three thousand, including life insurance. A: It isn't nearly as much as that!B: Maybe not, but the point is that he probably spends twice as much as that just on entertaining.Part 5A: How do prices in Iceland compare with those in the UK? I've heard that it's an expensive country.B: Yes, it always has been, but at the moment the pound is quite strong against the krona, so things like eating out in restaurant and staying in hotels are cheaper than they used to be. But eating out is still quite expensive, and drinks cost about twice as much as they do in the UK — a bottle of wine in a restaurant is extremely expensive. But I don't mind paying the prices — the fish is fantastic as you would expect and the lamb is wonderful. Food in the shops is still expensive, probably on average about one and half times more expensive than in the UK.A: Do you manage to get out much, or do you spend all of your time working when you're there?B: I try to get out and see as much of the country as possible, yes. I like to go fishing when I have the chance — Iceland is a great place for fishing. Last time I was there I did actually manage to find time to drive up to the fishing port at Akrances, I'm not sure how you pronounce it, from Reykjavik. I went out on a boat and caught quite a lot of fish, for once — mainly cod and haddock. To get to Akrances you have to drive past some fantastic mountain scenery. You really should go to Iceland if you have the chance. I don't know anywhere else like it.UNIT 6Part 1Businesses are structured in different ways to meet different needs.The simplest form of business is called an individual proprietorship. The proprietor owns all the property of the business and is responsible for it. Most small businesses in the United States are individual proprietorships.The law recognizes no difference between the owner and the business.Another kind of business is the partnership. Two or more people go into business together. An agreement is usually needed to state how much of the partnership each person controls. They can end the partnership at any time. But partnerships and individual proprietorships exist only as long as the owners are alive.Some states permit what are called limited liability partnerships. These have full partners and limited partners. Limited partners may not share as much in the profits. But their responsibilities are also limited.The most complex kind of business organization is the corporation. Corporations are designed to have an unlimited lifetime. Investors in a corporation own stock. This is a share of ownership in a corporation. Investors can trade their shares or keep them as long as the company is in business. Investors may get paid dividends, a small amount of money for each share they own.A board of directors controls corporate policies. The directors appoint top company officers. The directors might or might not hold shares in the corporation.Not all corporations are traditional businesses that sell stock. The American Red Cross, for example, is of a non-profit corporation.Part 5An organization in the United States has been teaching young people about the American business system for almost 80 years. Now we operate in more than 100 other countries.Junior Achievement is the world’s oldest, largest, and fastest growing economic educational organization. It began in 1919 in Springfield, Massachusetts. The group’s first program was for high school students after school hours. Its goal was to show young people how businesses are organized and operated. The students learned by forming their own companies. Local business people advised them.First, the students developed a product. Then they sold shares in their company. They used this money to buy the materials needed to make the product. They produced the product and sold it. Finally, they returned the profits to the people who owned shares in the company. The Junior Achievement “Company Program”was very successful. It continues to teach young people about American business by helping them operate their own companies.In 1974, Junior Achievement began teaching students in their classrooms about business. Today, there are programs for students of all ages from 5 to 18. more than 2700000 American students are involved in Junior Achievement. They are taught by more than 85000 business advisors who are not paid.Junior Achievement has programs for young school children ages 5 through 11. volunteer business advisors teach the main rules of successful businesses. They teach how businesses are organized. They teach how products are made and sold. They also teach about the American economy, the system of money, industry and trade. And they teach students how the economy affects theirfamilies and their communities.Junior Achievement has programs for middle school students ages 12 to 14. A volunteer business expert teaches the students once a week. Once program is called “Project Business”. It is about economic theories. Students learn about supply and demand. They learn about corporations. And they learn about world trade.Another Junior Achievement program for 12 to 14-year-old students is called “the Economics of Staying in School”. It is for students who may be thinking about leaving before completing high school. These students learn the importance of continuing their education. First they play a game. The game shows what kinds of jobs people have. It shows how much education is needed for each job. And it shows how much money each job pays. The students learn that workers with more education get better jobs and earn more money. Then the students learn how much money the need to buy the things they want. They realize that they probably will not earn enough money if they do not finish high school.UNIT 7Part 1In the past few years, hundreds of magazine and newspaper stories have been written about Bill Gates and his company, the reason the Microsoft Company is extremely successful. It has made Bill Gate one of the richest men in the world. William Gates the 3rd was born in 1955, in a western city of Seattle, Washington. He became interested in computers when he was 13 years old. When most young boys his age were playing baseball or football, young Bill Gates was learning to write computer programs. These programs tell computers how to perform useful tasks. Bill Gate attended Harvard University after high school. At Harvard, he began developing the computer language called Basic. He began to think that the computer would someday become a valuable tool that could be used in every office and home. Bill Gate returned to Seattle where he established the Microsoft Company in 1975. It employed only three workers. Microsoft developed computer software for established American companies, like General Electric and Citibank. Soon Microsoft was working with the International Business Machines Company known as IBM. In 1981,IBM began selling a personal computer that used Microsoft products as part of its operating system. By then, Microsoft had 129 workers. Today IBM still uses Microsoft's computer operating system. So do many other computer companies. One of the most famous Microsoft products is a program called Windows. Windows makes it much easier to use a computer. Company officials say Microsoft has sold about 40 000 000 copies of the Windows program around the world. Microsoft does thousands of millions of dollars in business each year. It now has more than 16 000 workers in more than 48 countries. Microsoft today produces computer programs in 30 languages and sells them in more than 100 countries.Part 51.The best real estate deal in historyEven in the days when America was known as the New World, it was a country with a reputation for its spirit of enterprise and the ability of its people to make a good deal.When the settlers started negotiating, the natives hardly knew what had hit them — and in the summer of 1626, probably the most spectacular real estate coup in history took place.Governor Peter Minuit of the Dutch West India Company had the job of buying Manhattan Island from the Indians.After some haggling with Chief Manhasset, the price was agreed at 24 dollars' worth of kettles, axes and cloth.Today, $24 would not buy one square foot of office space in New York City, and an office block in central Manhattan changes hands for around $80 million. Even allowing for inflation, Minuit got himself a real bargain.2.Not again, Josephine!You would think that the Manhattan deal would remain a one-off for ever. But less than two centuries later the loser was Napoleon, Emperor of France and (in his early years, at least) a brilliant military tactician.In 1803, Napoleon had his mind on European affairs (in particular, an invasion of Britain), so he decided to dispense with France's American possessions.He sold the entire Mississippi valley, an area of 828 000 square miles extending from Canada down to the Gulf of Mexico and westwards to the Rockies, for just over 27 million dollars.Through this deal, known as the Louisiana purchase, President Thomas Jefferson doubled the size of the United States for only around 5 cents per acre.3.Nice ice at a reasonable priceNapoleon did just manage to reach Moscow in his ill-fated invasion of 1812 — but it would seem that news of his poor American deal did not.For, astonishingly, the Russians went on to become the third victims of major land deals with America.On March 30th 1867, the U.S. Secretary of State, William Seward, bought Alaska from Tsar Alexander II for a mere $7.2 million— thereby acquiring another 586 000 square miles of territory for less than 2 cents per acre.The Tsar presumably thought that this remote, frozen and virtually uninhabited piece of land had nothing at all to commend it —and at first, the American people agreed with him, for Alaska was known as "Seward's folly" and "Seward's ice box" for years.In 1896, however, gold was struck at Klondike in the Yukon, and since then, over 750 million dollars' worth has been mined.In 1968, black gold was discovered — and an estimated 100 billion tons of coal are also lying underground, just waiting to be dug up.UNIT 8Part 1Hubert: Good morning. Usugi: Good morning. Hubert: Can I help you?Usugi: Er, thank you but I'm just looking at the moment. Hubert: Yes, please do. Have you come across our product before? Usugi: I think I have heard of them, yes. Hubert: We are relatively new but Golf Pro is acquiring a reputation very quickly. We have become world leaders in metal woods.Usugi: Really? Well, actually I am quite interested in metal woods. Could you tell me what the prices are in this range?Hubert: Of course. The prices start at 90 pounds and they go up to 149 pounds. Usugi: Did you say 149 pounds?Hubert: Yes, that's right. I wonder if you would be interested in our new range of ladies' clubs as well?Usugi: Well, possibly. Do you think you could give me the prices?Hubert: Yes. The range is called Golf Pro Lady and the full set of nine irons comes to 465 pounds. Woods, the set of three is 240 pounds and putters are 46 pounds each. Usugi: So, that was 46 pounds each, wasn't it? Hubert: Yes, 46 pounds each.Usugi: Right, thank you, do you have some information about your top of the range full set of clubs as well?Hubert: Of course. That is our Golf Pro X. This is real state-of-the-art when it comes to professional clubs. The set of nine irons comes to 835 pounds. Very reasonable I think you'll agree. Usugi: Mmm, not bad.Hubert: Would you like to try one out in the practice area?Usugi: Er, no thank you. I'm afraid I don't have time at the moment. But I would like to read some more about your products. Hubert: Of course. Here are some of our latest brochures with up-to-date information on the full ranges. And also my card. Usugi: Thank you. Hubert: Please contact me if you need any more information.Part 5Business Week reports that small business is now one of the most dynamic parts of the United States' economy. Currently, one in every ten American workers is employed by businesses owned by women. While service businesses dominate the women owned and operated enterprises. American women are exercising their business talents in many fields. That includes construction, agriculture, communication, retail, manufacturing, engineering and real estate. The National Association of Women Business Owners says its membership has increased 38% since 1991, according to Business Week. In addition to their search for a better synthesis between family and work, women have also been motivated to start their own businesses by layoffs and job barriers that have prevented women from advancing in their careers. But while women have shown success in beginning their own endeavors, their companies tend to be smaller than men's and slower growing. Business Week writer Wendy Zellner says our research leads her to believe that unlike men, women have other priorities than just profit when they start their own businesses."It's not so much that…that they don't find, you know, profits and fields growth important. But they tend to rank it, perhaps, you know third or fourth, as opposed to No. 1."Rochelle Tzbarkas has been the owner for 3 years of a specialty food and spice store in New York City. She says her customers' good will and the friendships she has made at her store are highest on her list of triumphs. It was these friends, she recalls, who offered financial help when she was struggling after her first year to find over $9 000 to pay her monthly rent."They come in. They sense the power here and…the grit and the hard work and they see something really beautiful and something worth saving."While women's small businesses may struggle more financially than men's during the company's early years, Business week says, women owned businesses are probably more stable and safer companies for which to work. The National Foundations for Women Business Owners found that 15% of women owned businesses showed job losses as opposed to 23% of all businesses. Female proprietors, Business week reports, tend to place more emphasis on nurturing the individual employee's needs. If those needs are satisfied, they reason, the company should benefit in the long run. Women owned businesses are considered more likely to offer their employees education reimbursement, flexible schedules, profit sharing at an earlier stage of the company's life and help with child care costs.。

复旦大学出版社。研究生综合英语①修订版(课后习题解答+课文翻译)

Unit One An Image or a MirageIII. VocabularyA.1. unassuming2. stemmed from3. infallible4. had taken to5. prospect6. flabby7. More often than not8.devious9. tipped the scales in her favor 10. rapportB.1. instinctual2.immediate3. deposit4. frail5. seedy6. magnetic7. extroverted8. book9. unwarranted 10. refinedC.1. D2.C3. B4. A5. A6. C7. C8.B9. D 10.BIV. Cloze1. which2. run3. concerned4. familiar5. evident6. even7.what8.Consequently 9 knowing 10.By11. one 12. how 13. Once 14. obtainable 15. yourself 16. mind 17. from 18. never 19. pays 20. considered V. TranslationA.从更大的范围上讲，选民们往往仅因为某个政客的外表整洁清秀而对他做出有利的反应。

他的对手则因为没有生就一副令人信任的外表而常常遭到否定的评价。

这种判断是错误的，其后果可能是灾难性的。

就算许多选民投一位候选人的票完全是出于政治原因，但本不该当选的人，如果他有整洁清秀的形象，就会使他在势均力敌的选举中占有优势。

我们常常根据一个人的表达能力而做出轻率的判断。

再回到政治这一话题上来，许多选民仅仅根据候选人公开演讲的方式就对他的能力做出判断。

然而，一个候选人可能非常善于演说，但并不一定能胜任他所竞选的职位。

研究生英语阅读Unit8课后答案

Unit 8Transportation and City LifeLearning ObjectivesPart I Warm-up ActivitiesA Directions:The following are four pictures of the traffic regulations and theirmeaning. Match each picture with its corresponding meaning.(1) -- C (2) -- D(3) -- B (4) -- AA. The driver of lorry A needs to be responsible for the accident because he violatesthe traffic regulation by opening the door without noticing the rear vehicle.B. The driver of car A needs to be responsible for the collision because he violates thetraffic regulation by overtaking the car from the right on a one-way traffic road. C. The driver of lorry A needs to be responsible for the accident because he violatesthe traffic regulation by carrying goods with overlength.D. The driver of car A needs to be responsible for the crash because he violates the traffic regulation by not avoiding the front turning vehicle.B Directions:The following are different means of transportation. Join a partnerand discuss the following questions:bike taxi train bus subway plane light rail car1. Which means of transportation do you usually take when you go downtown?2. Which do you take when you go traveling? And why?3. Talk about the advantages and disadvantages of a certain means of transportationyou take.Useful Words and Expressionstraffic regulation 交通规则pedestrian 行人guide post 路标subway 地铁traffic light 红绿灯give way 让路police box 岗亭commute 通勤single line 单行线ambulance 救护车double yellow lines 双黄线drunk driving 醉酒驾车zebra stripes 斑马线exceed the speed limit超速cross road十字路safety island安全岛no entry 不准进入sidewalk 人行道no turns 不准掉头carriage way 车行道drive on to the pavement 冲上人行道ill informed 消息闭塞head-on collision 迎面相撞lack of cultural activities 缺乏文化生活a chain collision 连环撞convenient traffic 便捷的交通driving without license 无证驾驶public transportation system公共交通系统Part II Listening1.HK airportRead the new words below before listening.Directions:Listen to a dialogue about HK airport. Fill in the information that isTapescriptRob: Hello, I‘m Rob and with me today is Rosie.Rosie: Hi there.Rob: Hi, Rosie. Now i n our programme today we‘re talking about airports. They are sort of a departure point for great adventures and they are amazing crossroads for people travelling across the world.Rosie: But why are we talking about them today?Rob: Well, airport expansion has been in the news and particularly plans to expand Hong Kong International airport which could turn into the World‘s biggest. Rosie: The airport was only opened in 1998 and was built on an island made by land reclamation. The airport is seen as a major contributor to the Hong Kong economy.Rob: That‘s right. Let‘s hear from BBC correspondent Juliana Liu about the airport‘s importance. (Juliana Liu, BBC correspondent)Hong Kong’s airport is one of the busiest in the world, transporting fifty f our million passengers a year and more cargo than anywhere else. And because it’s so close to the booming provinces of southern China, those traffic figures are only expected to go up.Rosie: That‘s why the government wants to make an enormous expansion of the airport.Rob: Other countries around the world are also talking about expanding their airports.Rosie: Yes, this is something that is being considered in London. The government is now considering building a new runway at Heathrow or even building a completely new airport altogether, possibly in the middle of the Thames estuary.Rob: But building projects like these are very expensive and they involve making decisions based on predictions for the future.Rosie: Well let‘s hear more from Juliana Liu about what‘s involved with the expanding of the project?(Juliana Liu, BBC correspondent)The project is likely to cost more than 17 billions dollars, much more than the existing airport. It will be an enormous undertaking. Much of the space needed for the runway does not yet exist, so it must be reclaimed from the sea. Rob: M ore than 17 billion dollars! That‘s more than the existing airport cost to build so maybe that gives you the idea of how big it really is going to be.Rosie: A very big commitment. One of the tasks –or jobs – that needs doing is to build more land.Rob: Now a t the moment there isn‘t the space to build a runway so new land must be reclaimed from the sea. They will convert the seabed into land to build on. Rosie: That will be a really big undertaking! But why do they have to do that?Couldn‘t they build it somewhere else, maybe nearer the city centre?Rob: Well, as you know, land is expensive and anyway, airports create noise and pollution which nobody wants near their house. A good compromise – or a fair agreement – is to build them by the sea.Rosie: But even doing that in Hong Kong has raised some concerns for environmentalists –people who care about the environment. There is also concern about pollution which apparently is already what most people complain about in Hong Kong. And the air and noise pollution can certainly affect our health.Rob: Well I think building new airports is always controversial but until we can develop a cleaner form of transport and a quieter one, there will be always be the need for air travel and for airports.2. Cycling in CitiesA Directions:In this section you will hear a report about the cycling life on theslow lane in some European countries. While listening for the first time, write down some key words in the notes column.B Directions：Listen to the report again and answer the following questions.1) Where and when did the low-tech scheme start?It started in the French town of La Rochelle in 1974.2) Apart from Mexico, what cities have adopted rent-a-bike projects?They are Copenhagen, Paris, Berlin, and London.3) What is the biggest problem for the cycling schemes?theft4) What seems to be more secure than portable lock?the mandatory use of docking stations5) What are the two best solutions mentioned for urban cycling?One is cycle lanes; the other is the right to ride gently through parks and on pavements without being fined.TapescriptCycling in citiesShifting up a gearRent-a-bike projects are cropping up in unlikely placesTHIN air, thick smog and bad drivers make Mexico City hard going for cyclists. But a new fleet of 1,200 smart red ―Ecobici‖ pay-as-you-go rental bikes, at 85 docking stations, marks the most ambitious recent addition to a global trend of municipally endorsed cycling. Since February 7,000 people have signed up, and between them they have taken more than 200,000 trips.A low-tech scheme started in the French town of La Rochelle in 1974.Copenhagen launched the first big automated project in 1995. German cities, including Berlin, have tried versions paid for by mobile phone. But the most successful is the ―Vélib‖ in Paris, with 20,000 bikes available for users with swipe-cards. In London the transport authority and Barclays Bank will launch a 6,000-bike programme on July 30th. Users can pay at one of the 400 docking stations, or use a key with a chip.The vulnerability for most schemes is theft. Thousands of the Parisian bikes disappeared in the scheme‘s early stages, turning up as far a f ield as Romania and Morocco. Portable locks have proved a weak point: the mandatory use of docking stations is more secure. ―We were expecting people to steal them, but that hasn‘t happened,‖ says Marcelo Ebrard, Mexico City‘s mayor. Only one of the 1,200 bikes in the scheme has gone missing to date.The paradox of urban cycling is that bad traffic is both deterrent and incentive. When demonstrations or traffic-signal failures bring Mexico‘s streets to gridlock, businessmen can be seen strapping their briefcases onto Ecobicis.Cyclists in places like London and Mexico City yearn for proper cycle lanes, of the kind commonplace in countries such as Germany. A second-best solution is the right to ride gently through parks and on pavements without being fined. On that score at least Mexico‘s traffic police, the scourge of motorists, are charm itself.For now, the hope is that new bike-hire schemes help raise cyclists‘ numbers enough to change motorists‘ behaviour—and thus erode the perception of danger that keeps people off their bikes3Social scientists are rethinking the role of the city in global societyof city’s role in global society. Listen and answer the following questions.1) Who have cities attracted since ancient times?They have attracted smart people and enable them to work collaboratively to advance society.2) Why does Glaeser say there is less carbon usage in cities than in countryside?Two reasons for that. One is less driving because of public transportation. The second is that people in the cities occupy smaller homes than people living in rural areas.3) What are the vital considerations in urban planning in 21st century?energy, the environment, and the economyB Directions: Listen to the passage again. Complete the summary.Big cities are vibrant hubs for culture and industry, or dirty, 1) congested, crime-ridden places. As the world population passes seven billion, economists, environmentalists and social scientists are rethinking 2) the role of the city in global societyIn a new book, ―Triumph of the City,‖ Glaeser takes readers a world tour of 3) urban success stories. He explains how cities are places of pleasure and production. Restaurants, supermarkets, theaters and museums create 4) job opportunities and vibrant economies. He also believes concentrating population in a city is better for the environment.Economist Edward Glaeser believes cities are 5) attractive/fascinating because they make people rich by delivering a path out of poverty to prosperity, offering them a chance to 6) partner with others who have different skills, and offering them 7) access to world markets, access to capital.But not everyone agrees. Architect and urban designer Michael Mehaffy says encouraging high-density living doesn‘t always improve a society‘s 8) quality of life. It could also bring a lot of 9) negative effects from density.Mehaffy—a proponent of compact, walkable, transit-served communities—notes that big city life is not for everyone.TapescriptSocial scientists are rethinking the role of the city in global societyBig cities are vibrant hubs for culture and industry, or dirty, congested, crime-ridden warrens. As the world population passes seven billion, economists, environmentalists and social scientists are rethinking the role of the city in global society.Economist Edward Glaeser believes cities are the best places to live. Since ancient times, he says, cities have attracted smart people and enabled them to work collaboratively to advance society.In a new book, ―Triumph of the City,‖Glaeser takes readers a world tour of urban success stories from Boston and London, to Tokyo, Bangalore and Kinshasa. He explains how cities are places of pleasure and production. Restaurants, supermarkets, theaters and museums create job opportunities and vibrant economies.Even the pockets of poverty that are part of the modern urban landscape, Glaeser says, are signs of the power of cities.―Cities don‘t make people poor, they attract poor people, and they attract poor people by delivering a path out of poverty and to prosperity, a chance to partner with people who have different skills, access to world markets, access to capital that enables poor people, some of them -not all of them - to actually find a way forward.‖Concentrating population in a city, Glaeser says, is better for the environment.―There is significantly less carbon usage in cities. There are two reasons for that, one of which is less driving. They are more likely to use public transportation. And whenthey do drive, they drive shorter distances. And the second is that people in the cities occupy smaller homes than people living in rural areas.‖To multiply that effect, the economist would like to see even more people move to cities, where towering skyscrapers would provide energy-efficient, affordable housing.But architect and urban designer Michael Mehaffy says encouraging high-density living doesn‘t always improve a society‘s quality of life.―There‘s a point where more density doesn‘t really get you very much. I mean they can be very helpful in some circumstances, they can be very destructive in some circumstances. I think we should really focus on what urban living gives to us in the network of relationships, not so much as abstract numbers of density. You know that just makes it absolutely high as possible as much of the tall buildings, because once you do that, you start to kick in lots of negative effects from density.‖Mehaffy—a proponent of compact, walkable, transit-served communities—notes that big city life is not for everyone.21st century cities are being reshaped as energy, the environment and the economy become more vital considerations in urban planning.4. Foggy California City is Tops With TouristsB Directions:Listen to the passage again and decide whether the followingstatements are true or false.1) Each year Los Angeles ranks first or second in the nation in touristvisits. ( F ) 2) Considering so many attractions, it‘s no wonder San Francisco is a desirable andexpensive place to visit. ( T ) 3) San Francisco gets a lot of rain, but its winters are cold and its summers warm.( F ) 4) San Francisco has a fleet of 37 cable cars which are the only ones of their kindremaining in the world. ( T ) 5) T he ―hippie‖ experience of San Francisco‘s 1967 ―Summer of Love‖has quitefar-reaching influence on some American people. ( T ) TapescriptFoggy California City is Tops With TouristsHilly San Francisco is America‘s 13th-largest city. Three other California cities— Los Angeles, San Diego and San Jose — are larger. Yet each year, San Francisco ranks first or second in the nation in tourist visits.What‘s the attraction? Why did singer Tony Bennett, in his signature song, leave his heart in San Francisco, rather than, say, Boston or Cincinnati?Perhaps it‘s the setting: shrouded in fog along 40 steep hills, overlooking glistening San Francisco Bay. Many of the densely-packed neighborhoods clinging to these hills are filled with ornate Victorian houses called ―painted ladies.‖ Considering its ocean beaches, bustling commercial waterfront, two of the world‘s most striking bridges, and the largest urban park west of Philadelphia, it’s no wonder San Francisco is a desirable and expensive place to live and a treat to visit.Add in its lively theater scene, the oldest ballet company in the United States, dozens of art galleries, and thousands of fine restaurants, and San Francisco exudes sophistication.The city does get a lot of rain, but its winters are mild and its summers cool. Really cool. In fact, there‘s a de lightful saying —incorrectly credited to humorist Mark Twain —that the natives enjoy: ―The coldest winter I ever spent was a summer in San Francisco.‖Among the city‘s top visitor attractions is Chinatown —the largest Asian community outside Asia. And one of the enduring symbols of San Francisco is its fleet of 37 cable cars —the only ones of their kind remaining in the world.San Francisco‘s hills themselves are tourist attractions —especially a serpentine stretch of Lombard Street that everyone ca lls the ―Crookedest Street in America.‖In the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood, you can still run into people who are trying to recapture the “hippie” experience of San Francisco’s 1967 “Summer of Love.” And in San Francisco Bay, Alcatraz Prison, which once housed the worst of the worst federal prisoners, is open for tours.These unique allurements explain why the American short-story writer O. Henry wrote, ―East is East, and West is San Francisco.‖Part III WatchingDirection: Here is a news report about an urban farmer. Watch the video and answer the questions.1)What kind of produce does the farmer raise?radishes, cucumbers, lettuce2) Does Koiner grow vegetables purely for money? If not, then for what?It keeps him busy just raising all this stuff. He enjoys it.2)How does the daughter enjoy the planting?She could not live any other way.‖AudioscriptIt‘s a typical day in downtown Silver Spring, just outside of Washington, D.C, a few blocks from here– and a world away since Charlie Koiner‘s farm, a collection ofsmall plots.Koiner has raised a wide variety of produce in the lot next to his home since he bought the land 30 years ago. He calls it the best investment he ever made, but not in terms of money.―I have an acre (4,000 square meters) of ground here and that gives me plenty of room and plenty of ground to work,‖ he says. ―So it keeps me busy just raising all this stuff. I enjoy it.‖Born and raised on a family farm that is now a shopping mall in a fast-growing Washington suburb, Koiner has gardened all his life.―That was my grandfather‘s place, and we had some 30 acres (12 hectares) right there, that was all country and everything. And we had horses and cows and chickens and always raised a big garden.‖He takes pride in what he grows in his plots and customers drop by frequently to pick up produce. Many of them are regulars, like Martha Grundmann, who came across Koiner‘s farm by chance seven years ago.―I was driving home and took a shortcut through here,‖ she says, ―and I saw this sign on the corner saying ‗radishes, cucumbers, lettuce,‘ and I said, ‗This is a garden in the middle of Silver Spring?‘―Barbara Stein comes to Koiner‘s every week. ―In the early 80s, my mother and aunt started to go to him. I enjoy talking to him, he is a very sweet man. I love his produce. He has great prices and wonderful stuff. I feel kind of loyal to him.‖ Saturdays are Koiner‘s busiest day, he sells his produce at a nearby farmers‘ market. Koiner says he could not do all the work without his daughter.―I gre w up on a farm with my father. I am the only child. And around the farm I followed my father everywhere,‖ says Lynn Koiner. ―I worked on the farm and it was not because I had to, but I just loved doing it. I am the same as my father, I could not live any o ther way.‖Lynn, now 65, recalls the reactions from developers when her father purchased this piece of land.―As soon as my father bought it they started calling me, asking me what I wanted to do with the land, and I said ‗We are going to farm it.‘Well, you could hear, like, you know, air being sucked out of a room, this gasp of, farm? They could not believe.‖The Koiners say they still don‘t plan on selling.―Over the years I have had a good life, you know what I mean, just working, and I am thankful for that, at my age, to be able to get out here and do what I am doing now. As long as I am able or fit to do it, I like to keep on doing it.‖Part IV Oral PracticeGroup work: A debateDirections: The life in a city and on a farm has its own pros and cons. Some people think rural life is boring and they are attracted by the higher wages, various forms of entertainment and richer cultural activities in downtown. Others, however, think city life is too noisy and they prefer the fresh air, clean water, smooth road and relaxingway of life in the countryside. What’s your opinion about this topic? Share your understanding with your group members, or divide your group into two parties and make a debate. The following are words and expressions that you may use in the debate.Enrichment Reading (略)。

研究生英语综合教程UNIT8课文及翻译(含汉译英英译汉)

UNIT81. In the last year, MOOCs have gotten a tremendous amount of publicity. Last November, the New York Times decided that 2012 was “the Year of the MOOC,” and columnists like David Brooks and Thomas Friedman have proclaimed ad nausea that the MOOC “revolution” is a “tsunami” that will soon transform higher education. As a Time cover article on MOOCs put it — in a rhetorical flourish that has become a truly dead cliché — “College is Dead. Long Live College!”2. Where is the hype coming from? On the one hand, higher education is ripe for “disruption” — to use Clayton Christensen’s theory of “disruptive innovation” — because there is a real, systemic crisis in higher education, one that offers no apparent or immanent solution. It’s hard to imagine how the status quo can survive if you extend current trends forward into the future: how does higher education as we know it continue if tuition fees and student debt continue to skyrocket while state funding continues to plunge? At what point does the system simply break down? Something has to give.3.At the same time, the speed at which an obscure form of non-credit-based online pedagogy has gone so massively mainstream demonstrates the level of investment that a variety of powerful people and institutions have made in it. The MOOC revolution, if it comes, will not be the result of a groundswell of dissatisfaction felicitously finding a technology that naturally solves problems, nor some version of the market’s invisible hand. It’s a tsunami powered by the interested speculation of interested parties in a particular industry. MOOCs are, and will be, big business, and the way that their makers see profitability at the end of the tunnel is what gives them their particular shape.4. After all, when the term itself was coined in 2008 — MOOC, for Massively Open Online Course — it described a rather different kind of project. Dave Cormier suggested the name for an experiment in open courseware that George Siemens and Stephen Downes were putting together at the University of Manitoba, a class of 25 students that was opened up to over 1,500 online participants. The tsunami that made land in 2012 bears almost no resemblance to that relatively small — and very differently organized — effort at a blended classroom.For Cormier, Siemens, and Downes, the first MOOC was part of a long-running engagement with connectivist principles of education, the idea that we learn best when we learn collaboratively, in networks, because the process of learning is less about acquiring new knowledge “content” than about building the social and neural connections that will 1. 去年，“大规模在线开放课程”得到了广泛的宣传。

研究生英语课程unit8

Unit 8Text AIII. Key to the exercises1. Reading comprehension(1) People’s frequent use of automobiles lead to the use of non-renewable fuels, a dramaticincrease in the rate of accidental death, social isolation and the disconnection of community, rise in obesity, the generation of air and noise pollution, the facilitation of urban sprawl and urban decay.(2) First, increased road-building exerts negative effects on the habitat for wildlife, primarilythrough habitat fragmentation and surface runoff alteration. Second, new roads built through sensitive habitats can cause the loss or degradation of ecosystems, and the materials required for roads come from large-scale rock quarrying and gravel extraction, which sometimes occurs in sensitive ecological areas. What’s more, road construction also alters the water table, increases surface runoff, and increases the risk of flooding. All these threaten the existence of wildlife.(3) Automobiles are a major source of air pollution and noise pollution. They contributegreatly to the global climate warming by emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.What’s more, the increased road-building exerts negative effects on wildlife habitat. (4) Automobiles brought about changes to urban society. First, streetcars, cable cars, and otherforms of light rail in the urban areas are replaced by coaches or buses. Second, it’s more dangerous for pedestrians to walk. Third, people have less contact with their neighbors and become more disconnected.(5) Until the advent of the automobile, factory workers lived either close to the factory or inhigh density communities farther away, connected to the factory by streetcar or rail. The automobile and the federal subsidies for roads and suburban development that supported car culture allowed people to live in low density communities far from the city center and integrated city neighborhoods. The outward growth of cities accelerated. The suburban society came.2. VocabularySection A(1) favorable (2) sprawl (3) proliferation (4) fragmentation (5) manure72(6) sanitation (7) diesel (8) integrate (9) ideology (10) solidifySection B(1) A (2) D (3) B (4) C (5) D (6) B (7) A (8) C (9) B (10) D3. Cloze(1) emphasizing (2) particularly (3) brought (4) alternative (5) moves(6) reliance (7) least (8) sure (9) intact (10) as(11) shadow (12) prospect (13) cigarettes (14) doubt (15) vast(16) suburban (17) mean (18) abandoned (19) right (20) purchasing4. TranslationA. Chinese to English1) Translate the following sentences into English.(1) The two countries should initiate bilateral dialogues and cooperation on the basis of mutualrespect and equality, which will be beneficial to the economic development of both sides.(2) Unless we take all factors into account, we shall be faced for a long time with the socialproblem of insufficient employment, which is one element that causes social instability. (3) In this century, our country will continue to accelerate the strategic adjustment of theeconomic structure in an attempt to seize every opportunity to develop.(4) With the advent of biological economic era, many countries put a high value on developingbiotechnology industry.(5) The rampant deforestation has broken the panda habitat into isolated areas, which isespecially da ngerous for pandas’ existence.(6) Action, gesture, eye, and voice contribute to the greater effectiveness of drama ascompared with the novel.(7) Aside from wealth, potential moon travelers will need time to train for the mission andmust meet health requirements.(8) In response to an epidemic reported in the area, the government authorities immediatelydecided to fly in doctors and medical supplies to ease difficulties of the affected areas.2) Translate the following paragraph into English.At a time when most carmakers are struggling to cope with the worst crisis the industry has experienced in living memory, the ambitions of Geely, China’s biggest privately owned car firm, are breathtaking. The company is simultaneously developing six modern platforms—an astonishing number even for a global giant such as Toyota—and is committed to launching nine new cars in the next 18 months and up to 42 new models by 2015. Its technical director, Frank Zhao, claims that Geely will have the capacity to make 2m cars a year by then.B. English to ChineseUnit 8 731) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.汽车对于中产阶级的文化有着重要的影响，汽车融入到了从音乐到书籍到电影的各个生活层面。

研究生英语系列教材综合教程上 unit1-8 reading focus 文字版精校版

TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERSDavid G. Jensen1 What exactly is a key player? A "Key Player" is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted. I asked a client - a hiring manager involved in a recent search - to define it for me. "Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. On my team of seven process engineer and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without," he said. "Key players are essential to my organization. And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just that: the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. We recruit only key players."2 This is part of a pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. They want to hire a "key player" from another company. Every company also hires from the ranks of newbies, and what they're looking for is exactly the same. "We hold them up to the standards we see in our top people. If it looks like they have these same traits, we'll place a bet on them." It's just a bit riskier.3 "It's an educated guess," says my hiring manager client. Your job as a future employee is to help the hiring manager mitigate that risk. You need to help them identify you as a prospective "key player".4 Trait 1: The selfless collaboratorJohn Fetzer, career consultant and chemist, first suggested this trait, which has already been written about a great deal. It deserves repeating because it is the single most public difference between academia and industry. "It's teamwork," says Fetzer" The business environment is less lone-wolf and competitive, so signs of being collaborative and selfless stand out. You just can't succeed in an industry environment without this mindset"5 Many peptides and grad students have a tough time showing that they can make this transition because so much of their life has involved playing the independent- researcher role and outshining other young stars. You can make yourself more attractive to companies by working together with scientists from other laboratories and disciplines in pursuit of a common goal—and documenting the results on your resume. This approach, combined with a liberal use of the pronoun "we" and not just "I" when describing your accomplishments, can change the company's perception of you from a lone wolf to a selfless collaborator. Better still, develop a reputation inside your lab and with people your lab collaborates with as a person who fosters and initiates collaborations—and make sure this quality gets mentioned by those who will take those reference phone calls.6 Trait 2: A sense of urgencyDon Haut is a frequent contributor to the aas.sciencecareers. org discussion forum. He is a former scientist who transitioned to industry many years ago and then on to a senior management position. Haut heads strategy and business development for a division of 3M with more than $2.4 billion in annual revenues. He is among those who value a sense of urgency.7 "Business happens 24/7/365 which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well," says Haut. "One way that companies win is by getting 'there' faster, which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move quickly, but you have to know how to decide where 'there' is! This creates a requirement not only forpeople who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast and have the courage to act on their convictions. This requirement needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management."8 Trait 3: Risk toleranceBeing OK with risk is something that industry demands. "A candidate needs to have demonstrated the ability to make decisions with imperfect or incomplete information. He or she must be able to embrace ambiguity and stick his or her neck out to drive to a conclusion," wrote one of my clients in a job description.9 Haut agrees. "Business success is often defined by comfort with ambiguity and risk- personal, organizational, and financial. This creates a disconnect for many scientists because success in academia is really more about careful, studied research. Further, great science is often defined by how one gets to the answer as much as by the answer itself, so scientists often fall in love with the process. In a business, you need to understand the process, but you end up falling in love with the answer and then take a risk based on what you think that answer means to your business. Putting your neck on the line like this is a skill set that all employers look for in their best people."10 Another important piece of risk tolerance is a candidate's degree of comfort with failure. Failure is important because it shows that you were not afraid to take chances. So companies consistently look for candidates who can be wrong and admit it. Everyone knows how to talk about successes—or they should if they're in a job search—but far fewer people are comfortable talking about failures, and fewer still know how to bring lessons and advantages back from the brink. "For my organization, a candidate needs to have comfort discussing his or her failures, and he or she needs to have real failures, not something made up for interview day. If not, that person has not taken enough risk." says Haut.11 Trait 4: Strength in interpersonal relationshipsRick Leach is in business development for deCODE Genetics. Leach made the transition to industry recently, on the business side of things'". I asked him about this key trait because in his new business role, interpersonal abilities make the difference between success and failure. "Scientists spend their lives accumulating knowledge and developing technical acumen," he says, "but working for a business requires something else entirely—people skills. The scientist who is transitioning into the business world must prioritize his or her relationship assets above their technical assets. To suddenly be valued and measured by your mastery of human relationships can be a very scary proposition fora person who has been valued and measured only by his mastery of things," says Rick.12 It would be a mistake, however, to assume that strong people skills are required only for business people like Leach. Indeed, the key players I've met who work at the bench in industry have succeeded in great measure because they've been able to work with a broad variety of personalities, up and down the organization.CULINARY DELIGHTS IN CHINA1 Chinese cuisine is a brilliant facet of Chinese culture, which is proven by the fact that Chinese restaurants are found scattered everywhere throughout the world. Today, the culinary industry is developing even more rapidly than before. A decade ago, Beijing had a few thousand restaurants, while today there are over 100,000 restaurants o f different sizes in the city.2 Regional Chinese CuisinesIt is widely acknowledged that from the Ming (1368-1644) dynasties onwards, there are eight major schools of Chinese based op regional cooking. They came from Shandong, Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, and Anhui provinces. In addition to these traditional cuisines, the culinary industry in China has undergone great changes, as almost every place has its own local specialties, and as the different cuisines gather together in big cities, such as Beijing.3 Sichuan, known as Nature's Storehouse, is also a storehouse of cuisine. Here, each and every restaurant provides delicious yet economical culinary fare. The ingredients for Sichuan cuisine are simple but the spices used are quite different. Sichuan cuisine is famous for its spicy and hot food, yet just being hot and spicy does not necessarily , distinguish it from other hot and spicy cuisines such as Hunan or Guizhou cuisines. What is really special about Sichuan cuisine is the use of Chinese prickly ash seeds, the taste of which leaves a feeling of numbness on one's tongue and mouth. Besides this unique spice, Sichuan dishes are usually prepared with other spices such as chili pepper. Using fermented bean sauce and a set of unique cooking methods. Sichuan cuisine is now famous and popular across the world. In recent years, there have appeared many more renowned restaurants specializing in Sichuan cuisine, such as the Tan Family Fish Head restaurant.4 Guangdong Province is located in southern China, with a moderate climate and abundant produce all year round. As one of the earliest ports open to foreign trade, the province has developed a culinary culture with its own characteristics that has exerted a far-reaching influence on other parts of China as well as throughout the world where it is the most commonly available Chinese cuisine. Guangdong cuisine is famous for its seafood as well as for its originality and refined cooking processes. Various soups in this cuisine are loved by people all over the country.5 Zhejiang cuisine is light and exquisite, and is typical of food from along the lower Yangtze River. One famous dish is West Lake Vinegar Fish, which looks pretty and has the delicate refreshing flavors of nature. Many Chinese restaurants in China, as well as in other parts of the world, serve this dish, but often the flavor is less authentic compared to that found in Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang Province, which has unique access to the fish and water of West Lake.6 Every Dish Has a StoryThe names of Chinese dishes are diverse, but behind each of the famous dishes is an interesting story explaining why it is popular. A good name can make the dish more interesting; however, some names are so eccentric that they may confuse people, both Chinese and foreigners. If you only translate the names literally with no explanation, you could make a fool of yourself.7 Take Goubuli steamed buns in the city of Tianjin for example. These popular buns are all of the same size and handmade. When served in neat rows on a tray, they look like budding chrysanthemum flowers. The wrapping is thin, the fillings are juicy, the meat, tender and the taste delicious and not at all greasy. Then, why the name?8 There is an interesting story behind it. Goubuli steamed buns were first sold in Tianjin out 150 years ago. A local man by the name of Gouzi (Dog) worked as an apprentice in a shop selling baozi (steamed buns). After three years, he set up his own baozi shop. Because his buns were so delicious, he soon had a thriving business with more and more people coming to buy his buns. As hardworking as Gouzi was, he could not keep up with demand so his customers often had to wait a long time to be served. Impatient, some people would call out to urge him on, but as he was so busy preparing the buns, he didn't answer. People therefore came to call his buns Goubuli, meaning "Gouzi pays no attention." This eccentric name, however, has had very good promotional effects, and has been used ever since. Goubuli is now a time-cherished brand name in Tianjin.9 In Zhejiang cuisine, there is a well-known dish called Dongpo Meat. This dish of streaky pork is prepared over a slow fire where the big chunks of pork are braised with green onion, ginger cooking wine, soy sauce, and sugar. The finished dish is bright red in color and the meat is tender and juicy and, like the Goubuli buns, not at all greasy. This dish was named after Su Dongpo (1037-1101), a great poet of the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127), who created it when he was an official in Hangzhou. It is said that, when he was in charge of the drainage work for the West Lake, Su Dongpo rewarded workers with stewed pork in soy sauce, and people later named it Dongpo Meat, to commemorate this gifted and generous poet.10 Fujian cuisine boasts a famous dish called Buddha Jumping over the Wall, the number one dish of the province. This dish is prepared with more than 20 main ingredients including chicken, duck, sea cucumber, dried scallop, tendon, shark lip, fish maw and ham. All these ingredients are placed into a ceramic pot, with cooking wine and chicken broth, and then cooked over a slow fire until the meat is tender and juicy and the soup becomes smooth and thick. Then it is served with more than a dozen garnishes such as mushrooms, winter bamboo shoots and pigeon eggs. It is famous for leaving a lingering aftertaste in the mouth. The story behind the name of the specialty goes as follows:11 Buddha Jumping over the Wall was created in a restaurant called Gathering Spring Garden in Fuzhou, Fujian, during the reign of the Qing Emperor, Guangxu (1875-1908). It was named Eight Treasures Stewed in a Pot and the name was later changed to blessing and Longevity. One day, several scholars carne to Gathering Spring Garden for a meal. When the dish was served, one of the scholars improvised a poem: "Fragrance spreads tothe neighborhood once the lid lifts, / One whiff and the Buddha Jumps the wall, abandoning the Zen precepts” Hence the name of the dish!12 Warmth and Hospitality Expressed by FoodIn the eyes of Chinese, what is important about eating, especially at festivals, is to eat in a warm atmosphere. Often the young and old still sit in order of seniority, and the elders select food for the young while the young make toasts to the elders. Chinese people like to create a lively, warm, and harmonious atmosphere during meals.13 A hostess or host in China will apportion the best parts of the dishes to guests. Using a pair of serving chopsticks, she or he places the best part of a steamed fish or the most tender piece of meat on the plate of the most important guest. Such a custom is still popular, especially among the elder generation, as a way of expressing respect, concern and hospitality.14 Such culinary customs have had a certain influence on the character of the Chinese people. In a. sense, it has strengthened the collective spirit of the nation. At a party or a banquet, everyone first takes into consideration the needs of the group; with the eating process also being a time to show humility and concern for others.15 In China, food eaten during festivals is particularly important. At different festivals, people partake of different fare. For example, on the eve of the Spring Festival, people in the north always eat. jiaozi, meat and vegetable dumplings, at family reunions. This is a way of bidding farewell to the old year and welcoming the New Year. The Lantern Festival is a day of celebration, and on this day people like to eat yuanxiao, sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour, to symbolize family reunion and perfection. At the Duanwu Festival, people eat zongzi, glutinous rice wrapped in triangular shape in reed leaves, to commemorate the beloved poet Qu Yuan (c.1339-c. 278 BC), who drowned himself in the Miluo River after being politically wronged. Legend has it that people at the time threw zongzi into the river in the hope that the dragon would not take him away. This later gradually developed into a custom of making and eating zongzi during the Duanwu Festival.Leisure without literature is death and burial alive.—Seneca, Roman philosopherWHY HARRY'S HOT?1 J. K. Rowling swears she never saw it coming. In her wildest dreams, she didn't think her Harry Potter books would appeal to more than a handful of readers. "I never expected a lot of people to like them," she insisted in a recent interview. "Well, it turned out I was very wrong, obviously. It strikes a chord with an enormous number of people." That's putting it mildly. With 35 million copies in print, in 35 languages, the first three Harry Potter books have earned a conservatively estimated $480 million in three years. And that was just the warm-up. With a first printing of 5.3 million copies and advance orders topping 1.8 million, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the fourth installment of the series, promises to break every bookselling record. Jack Morrissey, 12, plainly speaks for a generation of readers when he says, "The Harry Potter books are like life, but better."2 Amazingly, Rowling keeps her several plotlines clear of each other until the end, when he deftly brings everything together in a cataclysmic conclusion. For pure narrative power, this is the best Potter book yet.3 When the book finally went on sale at 12:01 am. Saturday, thousands of children in Britain and North America rushed to claim their copies. Bookstores hosted pajama parties, hired magicians and served cookies and punch, but nobody needed to lift the spirits o f these crowds. In one case, customers made such a big, happy noise that neighbors called the cops. At a Borders in Charlotte, N.C., Erin Rankin, 12, quickly thumbed to the back as soon as she got her copy. “I heard that a_ major character dies, and I really want to find out who," she said. But minutes later she gave up. “I just can't do it. I can't read the end first."4 The only sour note in all the songs of joy over this phenomenon has come from some parents and conservative religious leaders who say Rowling advocates witchcraft. reading of the books has been challenged in 25 school districts in at least 17 states, and the books have been banned in schools in Kansas and Colorado. But that's nothing new, says Michael Patrick Hearn, a children's book scholar and editor of The Annotated Wizard, of Oz. "Any kind of magic is considered evil by some people," he says. "The Wizard of Oz was attacked by fundamentalists in the mid-1980s."5 But perhaps the most curious thing about the Potter phenomenon, especially given that it is all about books, is that almost no one has taken the time to say how good— or bad—these books are. The other day my 11-year-old daughter asked me if I thought Harry Potter was a classic. I gave her, I'm afraid, one of those adult-sounding answers when I said, "Time will tell." This was not an outright lie. There's no telling which books will survive from one generation to the next. But the fact is, I was hedging. What my daughter really wanted to know was how well J. K. Rowling stacks up against the likes of Robert Louis Stevenson or Madeleine L'Engle.6 I could have told her that I thought they were beautifully crafted works of entertainment, the literary equivalent of Steven Spielberg. I could also have told her I thought the Potter books were derivative. They share so many elements with so many children's classics that sometimes it seems as though Rowling had assembled her novels from a kit. However, these novels amount to, much more than just the sum of their parts. The crucial aspect of their appeal is that they can be read by children and adults with equal pleasure. Only the best authors—and they can be as different as Dr. Seuss and Philip Pullman" and, yes, J.|K. Rowling—can pull that off.7 P. L. Travers, the author of the Mary Poppins books, put it best when she wrote, "You do not chop off a section of your imaginative substance and make a book specifically for children, for—if you are honest— you have, in fact, no idea where childhood ends and maturity begins. It is all endless and all one. There is plenty for children and adults to enjoy in Rowling's books, starting with their language. Her prose may be unadorned, but her way with naming people and things reveals a quirky and original talent.8 The best writers remember what it is like to be a child with astonishing intensity. Time and again, Rowling articulates just how defenseless even the bravest children often feel.Near the end of the second book Dumbledore, the wise and protective headmaster, is banished from Hogwarts. This terrifies Harry and his schoolmates—"With Dumbledore gone, fear had spread as never before"—and it terrified me. And in all of Rowling's books there runs an undercurrent of sadness and loss. In the first book the orphaned Harry stares into the Mirror of Erised, which shows the viewer his or her utmost desires. Harry sees his dead parents. "Not until I'd reread what I'd written did I realize that that had been taken entirely- entirely- from how I felt about my mother's death," Rowling said. "In fact, death and bereavement and what death means, I would say, is one of the central themes in all seven books." Do young readers pick up on all this deep intellectualism? Consciously, perhaps not. But I don't think the books would have their broad appeal if they were only exciting tales of magical adventure, and I know adults would not find them so enticing.9 The Harry Potter books aren't perfect. What I miss most in these novels is the presence of a great villain. And by great villain I mean an interesting villain. Long. John Silver is doubly frightening because he is both evil and charming. If he were all Bad, he wouldn't frighten us half as much. Voldemort is resistible precisely because he is just bad to the bone. That said, I should add that in the new book Rowling outdoes herself with a bad guy so seductive you'll never see him coming. And he is scary.10 That quibble aside, Rowling’s novels are probably the best books children have ever encountered that haven't been thrust upon them by an adult. I envy kids reading these books, because there was nothing this good when I was a boy-nothing this good, I mean, that we found on our own, the way kids are finding Harry. We affectionately remember The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew, but try rereading them and their charm fades away pretty quickly. Rowling may not be as magisterial as Tolkien or as quirky as Dahl, but her books introduce fledgling readers to a very high standard of entertainment. With three books left to go in the series, it's too early to pass final judgment. But considering what we've seen so far, especially in the latest volume, Harry Potter has all the earmarks of a classic.The following text is extracted from Marriages and Families by Nijole V. Benokraitis. The book has been used as a textbook for sociology courses and women's studies in a number of universities in the United States. It highlights important contemporary changes in society and the family and explores the choices that are available to family members, as well as the constraints that many of us do not recognize. It examines the diversity of American families today, using cross-cultural and multicultural comparisons to encourage creative thinking about the many critical issues that confront the family of the twenty-first century.LOVE AND LOVING RELATIONSHIPSNijole V. Benokraitis1 Love- as both an emotion and a behavior- is essential for human survival- The family is usually our earliest and most important source of love and emotional support. Babies and children deprived of love have been known to develop a wide variety of problems- for example, depression, headaches, physiological impairments, and neurotic andpsychosomatic difficulties- that sometimes last a lifetime. In contrast, infants who are loved and cuddled typically gain more weight, cry less, and smile more. By five years of age, they have been found to have significantly higher IQs and to score higher on language tests.2 Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. It is for these reasons that people's early intimate relationships within their family of origin1 are so critical. Children who are raised in impersonal environments (orphanage, some foster homes, or unloving families) show emotional and social underdevelopment, language and motor skills retardation, and mental health problems.3 Love for oneself, or self-love, is also essential for our social and emotional development. Actress Mae West once said, "I never loved another person the way I loved myself." Although such a statement may seem self-centered, it's actually quite insightful Social scientists describe self-love as an important oasis for self- esteem. Among other things, people who like themselves are more open to criticism and less demanding of others. Fromm (1956) saw self-love as a necessary prerequisite for loving others. People who don't like themselves may not be able to return love but may constancy seek love relationships to bolster their own poor self-images. But just what is love? What brings people together?4 Love is an elusive concept. We have all experienced love and feel we know what it is; however, when asked what love is, people give a variety of answers. According to a nine- year-old boy, for example, "Love is like an avalanche where you have to run for your life." What we mean by love depends on whether we are talking about love for family members, friends, or lovers. Love has been a source of inspiration, wry witticisms, and even political action for many centuries.5 Love has many dimensions. It can be romantic, exciting, obsessive, and irrational- It can also be platonic, calming, altruistic, and sensible? Many researchers feel that love defies a single definition because it varies in degree and intensity and across social contexts. At the very least, three elements are necessary for a lovingrelationship: (1) a willingness to please and accommodate the other person, even if this involves compromise and sacrifice; (2) an acceptance of the other person's faults and shortcomings; and (3) as much concern about the loved one's welfare as one's own. And, people who say they are "in love" emphasize caring, intimacy, and commitment.6 In any type of love, caring about the other person is essential. Although love may, involve passionate yearning, respect is a more important quality. Respect is inherent inall love: "I want the loved person to grow and unfold for his own sake, and in his own ways, and not for the purpose of serving me." If respect and caring are missing, the relationship is not based on love. Instead, it is an unhealthy or possessive dependency that limits the lovers' social, emotional, and intellectual growth.7 Love, especially long-term love, has nothing in common with the images of loveor .frenzied sex that we get from Hollywood, television, and romance novels. Because ofthese images, many people believe a variety of myths about love. These misconceptions often lead to unrealistic expectations, stereotypes, and disillusionment. In fact, "real" love is closer to what one author called "stirring-the-oatmeal love" (Johnson 1985). This type of love is neither exciting nor thrilling but is relatively mundane and unromantic. It means paying bills, putting out the garbage, scrubbing toilet bowls, being up all night with a sick baby, and performing myriad other ' oatmeal" tasks that are not very sexy.8 Some partners take turns stirring the oatmeal. Other people seek relationships that offer candlelit gourmet meals in a romantic setting. Whether we decide to enter a serious relationship or not, what type of love brings people together?9 What attracts individuals to each other in the first place? Many people believe that "there's one person out there that one is meant for" and that destiny will bring them together. Such beliefs are romantic but unrealistic. Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together We will never meet millions of potential lovers because they are "filtered out" by formal or informal rules on partnereligibility due ton factors such as age, race, distance, Social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearance.10 Beginning in childhood, parents encourage or limit future romantic liaisons by selecting certain neighborhoods and schools. In early adolescence, pear norms influence the adolescent's decisions about acceptable romantic involvements ("You want to date who?!"). Even during the preteen years, romantic experiences are cultured in the sense that societal and group practices and expectations shape romantic experience. Although romance may cross cultural or ethnic borders, criticism and approval teach us what is acceptable romantic behavior and with whom. One might "lust" for someone, but these yearnings will not lead most of us to "fall in love" if there are strong cultural or group bans.11 Regan and Berscheid (1999) differentiate between lust, desire, and romantic love. They describe lust as primarily physical rather than emotional, a condition that maybe conscious or unconscious. Desire, in contrast, is a psychological in which onewants a relationship that one doesn't now have, or to engage in an activity in whichone is not presently engaged. Desire may or may not lead to romantic love (whichthe authors equate with passionate or erotic low). Regan and Berscheid suggest that desire is an essential ingredient for initiating and maintaining romantic love. If desire disappears, a person is no longer said to be in a state of romantic love. Once desire diminishes, disappointed lovers may wonder where the "spark" in their relationship has gone and may reminisce regretfully (and longingly) about "the good old days".12 One should not conclude, however, that desire always culminates in physical intimacy or that desire is the same as romantic love. Married partners may love each other even though they rarely, or never, engage in physical intimacy. In addition, there are some notable differences between love- especially long-term love- and romantic love. Healthy loving relationships, whether physical or not (such as love for family members), reflect a balance of caring, intimacy, and commitment.。

专八复旦版人文知识

英国文学P4 上古及中世纪英国文学is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.A. Anglo-Saxon ChronicleB. BeowulfC. Paradise LostD. The Canterbury Tales2. The heroic couplet was used for the first time by ______.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Edmund SpenserC. John DrydenD. William Shakespeare3. The period of Middle English Literature refers to ______.A. about the year of 450 — the second half of the 11th centuryB. about the year of 1066 — the second half of the 15th centuryC. 14th— mid-17thD. 14th— 15th4. _____ is a popular literary form in the medieval period, which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.A. RomanceB. BalladC. EpicD. Drama5. The author of The Canterbury Tales is ______.A. MiltonB. SpencerC. ChaucerD. Beowulf6. Which of the following is Not true about The Canterbury Tales?A. In this book, a comprehensive realistic picture of the Middle English society is presented for the first time in English literature.B. It is influenced by Boccaccio’s Decameron, but is more carefully structured.C. It is a long epic.D. “The Wife of Bath” is one of its best parts, in which a bold, impertinent and independent woman is impressively presented.7. Chaucer used _____.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Early Modern EnglishD. Latin8. Which of the following is Not true about Chaucer?A. He bore marks of humanism and thus initiated the movement of Renaissance.B. He was born a commoner, but did not live as a commoner.C. He grave the world what is virtually the first modern novel.D. He is the author of The Book of the Duchess.9. For the English Renaissance, was ______ was the English Homer.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. William ShakespeareC. John WycliffeD. William Langland10. _____was called “Father of English Poetry”.A. William ShakespeareB. John DonneC. Geoffrey ChaucerD. John MiltonP8 文艺复兴时期1. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events. Which one of the following is Not such an event?A. The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.B. England’s domestic rest.C. New discovery in geography and astrology.D. The religious reformation and economic expansion.2. The following characters are regarded as the Renaissance heroes EXCEPT_____.A. TamdurlaineB. AntonyC. Dr. FaustusD. Shylock3. _____ is the essence of the Renaissance movement.A. ScienceB. PhilosophyC. ArtsD. Humanism4. Who is the m ost gifted of the “University Wits”?A. William Shakespeare.B. Christopher Marlowe.C. John Lyly.D. Thomas Kyd5. “Through windows and through curtains call on us? Must to thy motions lovers seasons run?”The above lines are found in _______.A. “The Sun Rising”B. The Sun Also RisesC. “The Flea”D. “Death, Be Not Proud”6. Samson Agonistes is an influential _____ after the Greek style in English.C. verse dramaD. novel7. The cradle of the Renaissance is _______.A. GermanyB. EnglandC. AmericanD. Italy8. Of the following description, which does NOT belong to the characteristics of Spenser’s poetry?A. A perfect melody.B. A rare sense of beauty.C. A splendid imagination.D. Realism.9. Choose the one character that does NOT belong to The Faerie Queene.A. Arthur.B. GlorianaC. AntonioD. Redcrosse Knightgave new vigor to _______ with his “mighty lines”.A. the Petrarchan sonnetB. sestinaC. terzarimaD. blank verse11. Marlowe wrote ________.A. poen and novelB. prose and dramaC. epic and dramaD. drama and poem12. Which o fhte following works is NOT based on The Bible?A. Paradise LostB. The Jew of Malta HamletC. Paradise RegainedD. Samson Agonistes13. “ Here in the heart of hell to work in fire,Or do his errands in the gloomy deep.”The above lines are found in ________.A. The Pilgrim’s ProgressB. The Faerie QueeneC. Paradise LostD. Dr. Faustus14. All of the following four EXCEPT ________ are the most eminent dramatists in the Renaissance England.A. SpencerB. MarloweC. ShakespearD. Jonson15. “ To be, or not to be—that is the question; whether’tis nobler in the mind to suffer…” W ho said these words?A. King LearB. RomeoC. AntonioD. Hamlet16. The literary form of Marlowe’s “ The Passionate Shepherd to His love” is ________.A. allegorical poemB. ironic poemC. lyric poemD. narrative poem17. Which of the following comments on Shakespear’s works is WRONG?A. Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello and King Lear are Shakespear’s four greatest tragedies.B. Henry V is a history play, in which Shakespear presents a model kingdom under Henry V.C. The Tempest shows Shakespear’s pessimistic view towards hum an life and society in his late years.D. The Merchant of Venice is his most important and popular comedy.18. Conceits are frequently applied in ________ ’s poems.A. SpencerB. DonneC. MarloweD. Milton19. “ So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long live this, and this gives life to thee.” (Shakespear, Sonnet18)The author praises the power of ________.A. artistic creationB. humanityC. NatureD. morality20. ________ is called “ the poets’ poet”.A. ShakespearB. MiltonC. ChaucerD. Spencer21. Which of the following is NOT Shakespear’s history play?A.. Henry Ⅵ.B. The History of the Reign of Henry ⅦC. Henry ⅧD. Richard Ⅲ22. The term “ metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers wrote theinfluence of ________.A. John MiltonB. John DonneC. John Keats Bunyan23. ________ is NOT the theme of Donne’s writing.A. LoveB. BeliefC. DeathD. War24. ________ lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and freshobservation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge.A. Francis BaconB. Thomas HardyC. Charles DickensD. William Blake25. Shakespear’s comedies include the following EXCEPT ________.A. The Taming of the ShrewB. A Midsummer Night’s DreamC. Twelfth NightD. Titus Andronicus26. Francis Bacon is best known for his ________ which greatly influenced the development of this literary form.A. essaysB. poemsC. worksD. plays27. Read not to contradict and confuse, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but toweigh and consider”. The avove lines are found in Bacon’s ________.A. “ Of studies”B. The advancement of LearningC. Novum OrganumD. Maxims of Law28. Among the works by John Milton, which is indeed the only generally ackowledged epic in English literaturesince Beowulf?A. Paradise RegainedB. Paradise LostC. Samson AgonistesD. Areopagitica29. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is ________.A. the Elizabethan dramaB. the Elizabethen proseC. ancient poemD. romantic novel30. Who is the founder of the comedy of manners?A. Ben JonsonB. William ShakespearC. Richard Brinsley SheridanD. Bernard ShawP14新古典主义时期1._______ is also known as the Age of Enlightenment, or the Age of Reason.A. The eighteenth-century EnglandB. The Neoclassical PeriodC. The Renaissance PeriodD. The Romantic Period2. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to the modeled after the classical works of the following writers EXCEPT __________.A. the ancient Greek writersB. the ancient roman writersC. the contemporary French writersD. the contemporary English writers3. Of the following novels by Fielding, which brings him the name of “Prose Homer”?A. Joseph Andrews.B. Tom Jones.C. Jonathan Wild.D. Amelia.4. The following comments on Pope are true EXCEPT ________.A. He was the greatest poet of his time.B. The Dunciad is considered to be his best fabulous work.C. His work An Essay on Criticism is a didactic poem.D. As representative of the Enlightenment, he was the first to introduce rationalism to England.5. Which of the following comments on Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe is WRONG?A. It laid a foundation for British romantic tradition of novels.B. It is an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time.C. In the novel, Robinson is a typical English middle-class man, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer colonist.D. In the novel, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a naïve and artless youth into a shrew and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.6. “True wit is Nature to advantage dressed,What oft was thought, but ne’er so well expressed;”The above lines are taken from________.A. An Essay on ManB. An Essay on CriticismC. The Rape of the LockD. The Dunciad7. Besides Sheridan, who is also a dramatist in the Neoclassical Period?A. Daniel Defoe.B. Thomas Gray.C. Henry Fielding.D. George Bernard Shaw.8. Sheridan’s plays are regarded as true classic in English ______.A. comedyB. tragedyC. tragic-comedyD. poetic drama9. ______ adopted “the third-person narration”, in which the author becomes the “all-knowing God”.A. Henry FieldingB. Samuel RichardsonC. Daniel DefoeD. John Bunyan10. The following works are comedy of manners EXCEPT _____.A. The RivalsB. The School for ScandalC. The Importance of Being EarnestD. Caesar and Cleopatra11. “The Vanity Fair”, a well known part in The Pilgrim’s Progress, was employed by ______ as his book’s title.A. George EliotB. William Makepeace ThackerayC. John GalsworthyD. Virginia Woolf12. The following comments on The Pilgrim’s Progress are true EXCEPT _____.A. It shows the prevalent political and religious persecution of the author’s time.B. It is a romantic novel.C. It is concerned with the search for spiritual salvation.D. It is the most successful religious allegory in English language.13. _____ is the author of the first English English dictionary by an Englishman.A. Samuel JohnsonB. Jonathan SwiftC. John BunyanD. Virginia Woolf14. “And all that beauty, all that wealth e’er gave,Awaits alike the inevitable hour.The paths of glory lead but to the grave.”The above lines are taken from ____.A. “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”B. The Pilgrim’s progressC. An Essay on CriticismD. Gilliver’s Travels15. The novel _____ by Samuel Richardson is considered the first English psychoanalytical novel.A. PamelaB. Robinson CrusoeC. Jonathan WildD. Amelia16. ______ was the last great Neo- Classicist enlightener in the 18th century.A. Samuel JohnsonB. Alexander PopeC. AddisonD. Steele17. “Hold! See whether it is or not before you go to the door－I have a particular message for you if it should be my brother.”The two sentences are found I _.A. The School for ScandalB. The RivalsC. The CriticD. The Scheming Lieutenant18. Henry Fielding has been regarded by some as “____”.A. Best Writer of the English NovelB. Father of the English NovelC. the most gifted writer of the English novelD. conventional writer of the English novel19. Of all the eighteenth-century novelists, who was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write speciallya “comic epic in prose”, the first to give the modern novel its structure and style?A. Thomas GrayB. Richard SheridanC. Jonathan SwiftD. Henry Fielding20. Which of the following can NOT correctly describe the Enlightenment Movement?A. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement.B. The Enlightenment Movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance.C. The purpose of the movement was to enlighten the whole world.D. It advocated individual education.21. The modern English novel came into being in _______?A. the middle of the 18th centuryB. the middle of the 17th centuryC. the 17th centuryD. the late 18th century22. ________ is the leader of the sentimental poetry in the 18th century.A. Thomas GrayB. Richard SheridanC. William BlakeD. William Butler Yeats23. Contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, the modern English novel gives a realistic presentation of lifeof _______.A. the common English peopleB. the upper classC. the rising bourgeoisieD. the enterprising landlords24. “To be distinguished is an honor, which, being very little accustomed to favors from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge”.The tone of the above sentence is ______.A. humorousB. jealousC. delightfulD. ironic25. _____ is a typical feature of Swift’s writing.A. Elegant styleB. Casual styleC. bitter satireD. Complicated sentence structure26. Among the pioneers of the 18th century novelists were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding and ______.A. Laurance SterneB. Alexander PopeC. Charles DickensD. John Dryden27. In which of the following works can you find the proper names “Lilliput”, “Brobding”, “Houyhnhnm”, and “Yahoo”?A. James Joyce’s Ulysses.B. Charles Dickens’Bleak House.C. Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travel.D. D. H. Lawrence’s Women in Love28. “He has a servant called Friday.”“He” in the quoted sentence is a character in _______.A. Fielding’s Tom JonesB. Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s ProgressC. Sheridan’s The School for ScandalD. Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe29. In the theatrical world of the neoclassical period, _______ was the leading figure among the host of playwrights.A. William BlakeB. Richard SheridanC. Ben JonsonD. Bernard Shaw30. “To err is human, to forgive, divine”. “A little learning is a dangerous thing.”These lines are written by _______.A. John MiltonB. Fransis BaconC. William ShakespeareD. Alexander Pope31. John Dryden was an English ______.A. poet and dramatistB. novelist and criticC. playwright and novelistD. essayist and novelist32. Neo-Classicism put emphasis on _____ for almost every genre of literature.A. fixed laws and rulesB. powerful feelingsC. strict reasonsD. psycho-analyses33. Which of the following works is NOT written by Jonathan Swift?A. Gulliver’s Travels.B. A Tale of a Tub.C. A Modest Proposal.D. Paradise Lost.34. The following comments on Daniel Defoe are true EXCEPT ______.A. Robinson Crusoe is his first novel.B. Robinson Crusoe is universally considered his masterpiece.C. He was a member of the upper class.D. In his novels, his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor is shown.35. “Surface”, “Sneerwell”, “Backbite”, and “Candour” are most likely the names of the characters in _______.A. Shaw’s Mrs. Warren’s ProfessionB. Sheridan’s The School for ScandalC. Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour’s LostD. Christopher Marlowe’s Dr. FaustusP21 浪漫主义时期1. Who of the following is NOT one of the “Lake Poets”?A. William Wordsworth.B. John Keats.C. S. T. Coleridge.D. Robert Southey.2. Walter Scott is the first major _____, exerting a powerful literary influence both in Britain and on the Continentthroughout the 19th century.A. historical novelistB. critical realistic novelistC. stream-of-consciousness writerD. national poet3. In Shelley’s “To a Skylark”, the bird, suspended between reality and poetic image, pours forth an exultant song which suggests to the poet _______.A. both celestial rapture and human limitationB. both image creation and profound meaningC. both music and wordsD. both inspiration and skill of writing4. In the following descriptions about Gothic novel, which is NOT true?A. Gothic novel was one phase of Romantic movement.B. Gothic novel predominated in the early 18th century.C. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural.D. It describes the dark, irrational side of human nature and has greatly influenced the writers of Romantic period.5. It is generally regarded that “Keats’ most important and mature poems are in the form of _____.A. elegyB. odeC. epicD. sonnet6. We can perhaps describe the west wind in Shelley’s poem “Ode to the West Wind” with all the following terms EXPECT _______.A. swiftB. proudC. tamedD. wild7. The description that “I know that This World is a World of IMAGINATION & Vision,” and that “The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative” belongs to which of the following writers?A. William BlakeB. William WordsworthC. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. George Gordon Byron8. The tone of literature in Songs of Experience by William Blake is _______.A. melancholyB. livelyC. plainD. utter9. In the following writings by William Blake, which marks his entry into maturity?A. Songs of InnocenceB. Songs of experienceC. Marriage of heaven and hellD. Milton10. Generally, English Romanticism refers to the period of _______.A. a historic phase of literature without constant limitB. 1798—1832C. 1660—1798D. 1836--1901of the following poems is a landmark in English Poetry?A. Lyrical BalladsB. “I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud”C. RemorseD. Leaves of Grass12. The writer of “The Sparrow’s Nest”, “To a Skylark”, “To the Cuckoo”and “To a Butterfly”is regarded as a “______”A. poet of geniusB. royal poetC. worshipper of natureD. conservative poet13. Which of the following can NOT describe “Byronic hero”?A. Proud.B. Mysterious.C. Noble origin.D. Progressive.14. In William Blake’s later period, he wrote quite a few prophetic books including the following writings EXPECT________.A. The Book of UrizenB. The Book of LosC. MiltonD. Marriage of Heaven and Hell15. The literary from which is fully-developed and the most flourishing during the Romantic Period is ________.A. proseB. dramaC. novelD. poetry16. I n Coleridge’s “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”, the mariner suffers the horror of death, because ________.A. he experiences a shipwreckB. he is tortured with starvationC. he undergoes much sufferingD. he kills an albatross17. John Keats’ four great odes include the following EXPECT ______.A. “Ode on Melancholy”B. “Ode on a Grecian Urn”C. “Ode to a Nightingale”D. “Ode to Liberty”18. “Beauty is truth, truth beauty” is an epigrammatic line by _______.A. John KeatsB. William BlakeC. William WordsworthD. Percy Bysshe Shelley19. Which of the following writings is a typical Gothic one?A. Frankenstein.B. Northanger Abbey.C. Mans field Park.D. “Kubla Khan”20. Which of the following writings is Shelley’s political lyric?A. “Men of England”.B. The Vision of Judgment.C. “Song for the Luddites”.D. Prometheus Undound.21. Which of the following comments on Byron’s Don Juan is WRONG?A. It is a great mock epic of the early 19th century.B. It is based on a traditional German legend.C. By making use of Juan’s adventures, Byron presents a panoramic view of different types of society.D. The basic ironic theme is the relationship between appearance and reality.22. The following works are verse dramas EXCEPT _______.A. ManfredB. CainC. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageD. Prometheus Unbound23. The following line “If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” is taken from _______.A. “Frost at MidnightB. “Ode to the West Wind”C. “Song for the Luddites”D. “The Chimney Sweeper”24. “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.”The sentence can be found in _______.A. Pride and PrejudiceB. Sense and SensibilityC. MiddlemarchD. Tense of the D’Urbervilles25. Which of the following comments on Jane Austen is WRONG?A. She is an important romantic novelist in English literature.B. Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships.C. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief career and salient social eventsD. Pride and Prejudice is her first novel.26. The poem ______ is one of the “Lucy poems” by Wordsworth.A. “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”B. “The Solitary Reaper”C. “I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud”D. “Composed upon Westminster Bridge”27. “And Weave your wingding-sheet—till fairEngland be your Sepulchre.”The tone of these lines is ______.A. humorousB. jealousC. delightfulD. ironic28. The writer of The Prelude is ______.A. William WordsworthB. Jane AustenC. S. T. ColeridgeD. John Keats29. “When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the tress,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.”These lines can be found in _______.A. “Tintern Abbey”B. “The Solitary Reaper”C. “I Wandered Lonely as a cloud”D. “Ode to the West Wind”30. Keats’“Ode to a Nightingale” expresses ________.A. the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agonyB. the relationship between what things seem to be and what they actually areC. the desire to go home, to “an improved infancy”D. the relationship between image creation and profound meaning31 ________ was regarded as a lyrical poet, literary critic and philosopher of 19th century England.A. William WordsworthB. . ColeridgeC. Percy Bysshe ShelleyD. Thomas Hardy32. In the history of literature, Romanticism designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see _______ as the very center of all life and all experience.A. the universeB. the individualC. natureD. imagination33. Romantic poets started a rebellion against _______, which was later regarded as _______.A. the neoclassical literature/the poetic revolutionB. the contemporary literature/the poetic reformationC. the neoclassical literature/the poetic reformationD. the contemporary literature/ the poetic revolution34. At the turn of 18th and 19th centuries ________appeared in England as a new trend in literature.A. RenaissanceB. NeoclassicismC. RomanticismD. Sentimentalism35. The preface to the second edition of _______ is in fact a manifesto for English Romanticism.A. “Kubla Khan”B. Don JuanC. “Ode to the West Wind”D. Lyrical Ballads36. In William Blake’s poetry, the father (and any other in whom he saw the image of the father such as God & his Priest & King) was usually a figure of ________.A. tyrannyB. loveC. admirationD. benevolence37. William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all of the following EXPECT _______.A. normal contemporary speech patternsB. humble and rustic life as subject matterC. elegant wording and inflated figures of speechD. intensely subjective feeling toward individual experience38. Of the following poets, which is NOT the representative of Romantic period?A. John KeatsB. William BlakeC. Thomas GrayD. William Wordsworth39. ________ was a pre-Romantic writer and is best known for his Scottish songs.A. Sir Walter ScottB. Bobert BurnsC. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. William BlakeP29 维多利亚时期1. Dramatic monologue is characteristic of the following works EXPECT _________.A. The Ring and the BookB. “My Last Duchess”C. “Ulysses”D. “Parting at Morning”2. The theory of utilitarianism prevailed in _________.A. the Victorian PeriodB. the Romantic PeriodC. the Renaissance PeriodD. the Neoclassical Period3. The dominant ideological tendency of the Victorian literature is _______.A. romanticismB. critical realismC. sentimentalismD. naturalism4. Which of the following comments on Dickens is WRONG?A. Dickens is the greatest critical realist writer of the Victorian age.B. There is a combination of optimism about people and realism about society in his writings.C. His later works show his development towards a highly conscious artist of the modern type.D. His later works include Oliver Twist and A Tale of Two Cities.5. ________ is the most distinguishing feature of Dickens’ works.A. Psycho-analysisB. Character-portrayalC. Witty dialogueD. Stream-of-conciousness6. Which of the following works is NOT written by Dickens?A. The Return of Native.B. The Old Curiosity Shop.C. Bleak House.D. Great Expectations.7. _______ is Dickens’ first child hero.A. The early PipB. Oliver TwistC. David CopperfieldD. Huckleberry Finn8. Alex and Angel are the characters in ______.A. Tess of the D’UrbervillesB. Wuthering HeightsC. The Mill on the flossD. A Tale of Two Cities9. Man is often portrayed as having no control over his own fate in _______’s novels.A. D. H. LawrenceB. Charles DickensC. Emily BronteD. Thomas Hardy10. Which of the following comments on Browning’s art of poetry is WRONG?A. Dramatic monologue is his invention.B. His poetic style belongs to the twentieth century rather than to the Victorian age.C. His poems are not easy to read. They are supposed to keep the readers alert, thoughtful and enlightened.D. His poems reveal his powerful imagination and creativity as well as good knowledge about man’s psychology and nature.11. In “My Last Duchess”, the Duke reveals his _________.A. happiness and contentmentB. ambition and persistenceC. innocence and nostalgiaD. cruelty and possessiveness12. Which of the following poets was NOT appointed the Poet Laureate?A. William ShakespeareB. William WordsworthC. Alfred TennysonD. John Dryden13. Tennyson’s greatest work In Memoriam is ________.A. a narrative poemB. a poetic diaryC. an epic dramaD. a short story14. “Break, Break, Break,Oh thy cold grey stones, O Sea!And I would that my tongue could utterThe thoughts that arise in me.”These lines are written by _______.A. WordsworthB. ColeridgeC. TennysonD. Browning15. Musical language is a most striking feature in _______’s poetry.A. John DonneB. Alfred TennysonC. Robert BrowningD. T. S. Eliot16. “ I Hope to see my Pilot face to faceWhen I have crosses the bar.”Here “Pilot” refers to ________.A. self-imageB. the author’s fatherC. the author’s teacherD. God17. Of the following novels by George Eliot, which does NOT belongs to the same group?A. Adam Bede.B. The Mill on the Floss.C. Silas Marner.D. Felix Holt, the Radical.18. “You may try – but you can never imagine what it is to have a man’s force of genius in you, and yet to suffer the slavery of being a girl.”The sentence can most probably be found in _______’s writing.A. George EliotB. Thomas HardyC.D. H. Lawrence D. Virginia Woolf19. __________ initiates a new type of realism and develops the writing style in the direction of both the naturalistic and psychological novel.A. George EliotB. Charles DickensC. Thomas HardyD. William Makepeace Thackeray20. __________ provides a panoramic view of life in a small English town in the mid-nineteenth century.A. Tom JonesB. Hard TimesC. Wuthering HeightsD. Middlemarch21. The Dynasts by Thomas Hardy is ________.A. a novelB. a short storyC. a poemD. an epic-drama22. _________’s works are known as “novels of character and environment”.A. Charlotte BronteB. George EliotC. Thomas HardyD. D. H. Lawrence23. Which of the following comments on the Bronte Sisters is WRONG?A. Charlotte Bronte is a writer of realism combined with romanticism.B. Jane Eyre is Charlotte Bronte’s single and unique novel.C. Emily Bronte used a very complicated narrative technique in writing Wuthering Heights.D. Emily Bronte is also a poet.24. The name of Bobert Browning is often associated with the term ______.A. “dramatic monologue”B. “black humour”C. “Wessex Novels”D. “Lake Poets”25. Dicken s’ works are characterized by a mingling of ______ and pathos.A. humorB. satireC. passionD. metaphor26. Vanity Fair is a(n) _________.A. allegoryB. novel of critical realismC. novel of modernismD. drama27. The success of Jane Eyre is nor only because of its sharp criticism of the existing society, but also due to its introduction to the English novel the first ________ heroine.A. explorerB. peasantC. workerD. gonerness28. “Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless?...And if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you.”The above quoted passage is most probably taken from _______.A. Great ExpectationB. Wuthering HeightsC. Jane EyreD. Pride and Prejudice29. The sentences “And now he stared at her so earnestly that I thought the very intensity of his gaze would bring tears into his eyes; but they burned with anguish, they did not melt” are found in _______.A. Wuthering HeightsB. Jane EyreC. Jude the ObscureD. Paradise Lost30. Chronologically the Victorian period refers to ________.A. 1798—1832B. 1836—1901C. the Romantic PeriodD. the Neoclassical Period31. Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, writers in the Victorian Period shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about ______.A. the love story between the rich and the poor。

研究生英语读写教程第八单元

研究生英语读写教程第八单元In the eighth unit of the postgraduate English reading and writing coursebook, the theme of perseverance in academic endeavors stands out as a pivotal aspect of achieving success. This essay explores the significance of perseverance, its role in overcoming challenges, and the impact it has on personal and professional growth.Perseverance, defined as the steady and unyielding effort to achieve a goal despite difficulties, is acritical component of success in any endeavor, especially in the academic world. The journey of an academic researcher is often fraught with challenges, setbacks, and even failures. However, it is the determination to persevere in the face of adversity that separates those who succeed from those who do not.In the academic setting, perseverance is manifested in various ways. It could be the relentless pursuit of knowledge through rigorous reading and research, the dedication to refining one's work despite repeated revisions, or the resilience shown when facing rejection or criticism. Such perseverance not only helps researchers toovercome obstacles but also sharpens their criticalthinking and analytical skills.Moreover, perseverance fosters a growth mindset, encouraging individuals to view failures as opportunities for learning and growth. This mindset is crucial in the academic world, where research often involves numerous iterations and refinements. By persevering, researchers are able to turn their failures into stepping stones towards success.In addition to personal growth, perseverance also contributes to the advancement of knowledge and understanding. By persevering in their research, academics are able to make significant contributions to their field, pushing the boundaries of knowledge and understanding. Their hard work and dedication not only bring aboutpositive changes in society but also inspire others to follow in their footsteps.However, perseverance does not come easily. It requires hard work, dedication, and the willingness to face and overcome challenges. It is essential to maintain a positive attitude, stay focused on one's goals, and seek supportwhen needed. Furthermore, it is crucial to remember that perseverance does not guarantee success, but without it, success is highly unlikely.In conclusion, perseverance is an indispensable quality for success in academic pursuits. It fosters personal growth, contributes to the advancement of knowledge, and inspires others to follow in one's footsteps. While the journey may be fraught with challenges, it is the perseverance that leads to the destination of success. Let us, therefore, emulate the spirit of perseverance in our academic endeavors and strive towards achieving our goals.**坚持的力量在学术追求中**在研究生英语读写教程的第八单元中，坚持在学术追求中的力量被突出展现为成功的关键要素。

复旦大学,研究生综合英语1、2册单词

Unit 1 --------mirage [mi'rɑ:ʒ] n. 海市蜃楼；幻想，妄想illusion [i'lu:ʒən] n. 幻觉，错觉；错误的观念或信仰con [kɒn] n. 反对票；反对论prep. 以…vt. 精读；默记adj. 欺诈的adv. 反面地infallible [in'fæləbl] adj. 绝无错误的, 绝对可靠的squarely ['skwɛəli] adv. 成方形地, 成直角地, 直接地, 坚定地prospect ['prɔspekt] n.希望,前景,景色v.勘探,寻找rip [rip] vt.撕裂,扯开n.裂口,裂缝,撕裂flabby ['flæbi] adj. 软弱的, 没气力的, 不稳的conversely adv. 相反地seedy ['si:di] adj. 多种子的；结籽的；破烂的；没精打采的；下流的greasy ['gri:zi] adj. 油腻的；含脂肪多的；谄媚的streetwalker n.娼妓；拉客妓女call girl n. 电话应召女郎aforementioned [ə'fɔ:'menʃənd] adj. 上述的；前面提及的devious ['di:viəs] adj. 偏僻的；弯曲的；不光明正大的hitchhiker ['hitʃhaikə] n. 搭便车的旅行者, 短篇广告, 顺便插入的广告snap [snæp] adj.突然的, 匆忙的erroneous [i'rəuniəs] adj. 错误的, 不正确的devastating ['devəsteitiŋ] adj.毁灭性的, 破坏性的, 惊人的, 压倒性的, 有魅力的v. 破坏granted adv. 假定，假设eloquent ['eləkwənt] adj. 雄辩的, 有口才的, 动人的magnetic [mæg'netik] adj.有磁性的, 有吸引力的romp [rɔmp] vi. 嬉闹玩笑, 欢快地迅速奔跑vi. 轻易地取得胜利unassuming ['ʌnə'sju:miŋ] adj. 谦逊的, 不装腔作势的glib [glib] adj. 能说善道的, (说话)不假思索的, 轻易随口的extroverted adj. 性格外向的；外向性的；喜社交的flamboyant [flæm'bɔiənt] adj.艳丽的,炫耀的turnover n. 翻覆；[贸易] 营业额；流通量；半圆卷饼；失误adj. 翻过来的；可翻转的unwarranted ['ʌn'wɔrəntid] adj. 无根据的, 未经授权的, 无保证的attorney n. 律师；代理人root canal n. 牙根管, 牙根管填充手术sedan [si'dæn] n. (美)厢式小轿车, 单舱汽艇, 轿子window-dressing n. 装门面措施；弄虚作假vt. 布置橱窗；装饰门面rapport [ræ'pɔ:t] n.关系, 亲善, 一致in quest for 追求what about 怎么样；（对于）…怎么样stem from源于, 来自于take to 喜欢；走向；开始从事count on ['kauntɔn] 依靠, 指望Unit 5 ---------mount [maunt] v.登上,爬上, 装上, 上升en route 在途中ultimatum [ˌʌlti'meitəm] n. 最后通牒chronic adj. 慢性的；长期的；习惯性的tardiness ['tɑ:dinis] n. 缓慢, 迟延clamp [klæmp] vt.夹住, 强加, 压制riot ['raiət] n.暴乱, 骚乱, 喧闹Escalate vi. 逐步增强；逐步升高squabble ['skwɔbl] n. 争论, 口角airborne ['ɛəbɔ:n] adj.空运的, 空中传播的, 起飞后在飞行中intone [in'təun] v.吟咏,吟诵enlist [in'list] vt.征募, 使入伍,获得...支持charity ['tʃæriti] n.慈善, 宽厚, 慈善机关(团体), 仁慈drive n. 运动;宣传活动de rigueure adj. 礼节需要的；社交礼仪上必要的draft [dræft] n.草稿, 草图, 汇票, 征兵vt.起草, 征兵, 选秀tightrope ['taitrəup] n. 拉紧的绳索, 极其危险的处境enunciate [i'nʌnsieit] v. 发音, (清楚地)表达one-liner n. 小笑话，俏皮话truculent ['trʌkjulənt] adj. 野蛮的, 粗野的, 残酷的buttress ['bʌtris] n. 扶墙, 拱壁vt. 支持caricature ['kærikətʃuə] n.讽刺画, 讽刺, 歪曲, 笨拙的模仿guise [gaiz] n. 装束, 外观, 伪装, 借口gag n. 塞口物；讨论终结；箝制言论vt. 塞住…的口；钳制…的言论；使窒息vi. 插科打诨；窒息；作呕n. (Gag)人名；(英)加格suffice vt. 使满足；足够…用；合格vi. 足够；有能力blitz [blits] n. 闪击战bolster ['bəulstə] vt.支持, 鼓励foster ['fɔstə] vt.领养, 培养, 促进, 鼓励, 抱有（希望等）citadel ['sitədl] n. 城堡, 要塞aloofness [ə'lu:fnis] n.冷漠;远离anecdote ['ænikdəut] n.轶事, 奇闻contagion [kən'teidʒən] n. 传染病, 接触传染, 蔓延defiant [di'faiənt] adj. 挑衅的, 目中无人protocol n. 协议；草案；礼仪implore v. 恳求，哀求ladle ['leidl] vt. 不分对象予以赠送；以杓舀取Unit 6 --------theologian n 神学bioethicist n 生物医学permeate vt 渗透op-ed adj 社论对页版mammary adj 乳腺的nascent adj 开始存在的atheist n 无神论者inundate vt 应接不暇pharmaceutical adj 制药的insulin n 胰岛素essentialism n 本质先于存在论reiterate vt 重申；反复的做uterine adj 子宫的transfix vt 使惊呆determinism n 决定论ply vt 使用；从事某行业juggernaut n 重型卡车mandate n 任期onslaught n 猛攻；突击docile adj 温顺的；驯服的；容易教的a host of 大量的grapple with v 扭打；努力克服be entitle to 有权；有……的资格walk of life 社会阶层Unit 8 --------populate ['pɔpjuleit] v. 构成人口, 居住于deceptive [di'septiv] adj.骗人的, 虚伪的,诈欺的masculine ['mæskjulin] adj.男性的, 有男子气概的, 阳性的bracket ['brækit] n.支架, 托架, 括弧falsify ['fɔ:lsifai] vt.伪造, 歪曲enslave [in'sleiv] vt. 使做奴隶, 使处于奴役的状态cog [kɔg] n. 齿oversight ['əuvəsait] n. 疏忽, 失察, 监管, 看管spur [spə:] vt.刺激, 鞭策,促进flirt [flə:t] vi.调情, 玩弄, 掠过,轻率对待demotion [di'məuʃən] n.降级,降职,降等banter ['bæntə]n/ v. 戏弄, 开玩笑scarlet ['skɑ:lit] n/adj.猩红, 绯红色, 红衣dissect [di'sekt] v. 解剖, 切细, 仔细研究, 详细分析bluff [blʌf] v/n. 虚张声势abysmally [ə'bizməli] adv. 深不可测地, 极坏地bait [beit] n.饵, 引诱vt.以饵引诱, 放饵, 逗弄magnate ['mægneit] n. 巨头orchestra ['ɔ:kistrə] n.管弦乐队zenith ['zi:niθ] n. 顶点, 天顶, 全盛becomingly adj. 合适的, 适宜的; 有吸引力的; 好看的prima ballerina ['pri:məˌbælə'rinə]首席女舞者；芭蕾舞团的首席女演员mastermind n.才华横溢的人; 策划者; 智囊v.指导, 策划, 主持obliterate [ə'blitəreit] v. 涂去, 擦去, 删除to all intents 所有意图at every turn adv. 事事；到处as opposed to 而不是mark time 停顿不前at stake 危如累卵；处于危险中；在紧要关头come by vt. 得到；从旁走过exert oneself 努力；尽力in the nick of time 及时；恰好二、Unit 2--------cognac n. 法国白兰地perspicacious adj. 有洞察力的；聪颖的；敏锐的betoken vt. 预示；表示nicety n. 精密；美好；细节；拘泥细节ritualistic adj. 仪式的；固守仪式的；惯例的explicitly adv. 明确地；明白地one-up vt. 领先于……，胜过canoe n. 独木舟；轻舟reciprocity n. 相互作用（复数reciprocities）；相互性；互惠主义rhetoric n. 修辞，修辞学；华丽的词藻benefactor n. 恩人；捐助者；施主hooker n. 妓女；渔船frill n. 装饰；褶边vt. 折成皱边vi. 起边皱frivolous adj. 无聊的；轻佻的；琐碎的wont n. 习惯；惯常活动prone adj. 俯卧的；有…倾向的，易于…的cliche n. 陈词滥调；[印刷] 铅版；陈腐思想adj. 陈腐的fabulous adj. 难以置信的；传说的，寓言中的；极好的tacky adj. 俗气的；发黏的；缺乏教养或风度的ego n. 自我；自负；自我意识pamper vt. 纵容；使…过量；给…吃得过多n. (Pamper)人名；(德)潘佩尔altruism n. 利他；利他主义altruist n. 爱他主义者；利他主义者dispense vi. 免除，豁免vt. 分配，分发；免除；执行largess n. 慷慨的赠予；赠品philanthropic adj. 博爱的；仁慈的donee n. 受赠者，[经] 受赠人callow adj. 年轻而无经验的；羽毛未丰的fast n. 斋戒；绝食austere adj. 严峻的；简朴的；苦行的；无装饰的charisma n. 魅力；神授的能力；非凡的领导力dime n. 一角硬币donor n. 捐赠者；供者；赠送人adj. 捐献的；经人工授精出生的chisel n. 凿子vt. 雕，刻；凿；欺骗vi. 雕，刻；凿；欺骗cynic n. 愤世嫉俗者；犬儒学派的人ironist n. 讽刺家；讽刺作家neurosis n. [心理] 神经症；神经衰弱症conduit n. [电] 导管；沟渠；导水管out of proportion 不成比例get down to 开始认真考虑；着手处理paper over 用纸遮盖；糊上纸；掩盖；掩饰；粉饰do a good turn 做好事wind up 结束；使紧张；卷起；（非正式）忽悠某人（wind sb up）measure up 合格；符合标准Unit4--------euthanasia n. 安乐死；安乐死术cessation n. 停止；中止；中断humanitarian n. 人道主义者；慈善家；博爱主义者；基督凡人论者adj. 人道主义的；博爱的；基督凡人论的syndrome n. [临床] 综合征；综合症状；并发症状；校验子；并发位pediatric adj. 小儿科的congenital adj. 先天的，天生的；天赋的intestinal adj. 肠的obstruction n. 障碍；阻碍；妨碍scalpel n. 解剖刀；外科手术刀dehydration n. 脱水patently adv. 明显地；公然地；明白地prohibitively adv. 禁止地；过高地；过分地thrash n. 打谷；逆风浪行进；踢水动作vt. 打；使逆行vi. 打谷；白忙；猛烈摆动deranged adj. 疯狂的；精神错乱的grotesque n. 奇异风格；怪异的东西adj. 奇形怪状的；奇怪的；可笑的perversion n. 反常；颠倒；曲解；误用；堕落conflate vt. 合并；异文合并appraisal n. 评价；估价（尤指估价财产，以便征税）；估计sadistic adj. 虐待狂的；残酷成性的Unit 5--------scepticism n. 怀疑；怀疑论；怀疑主义fallacy n. 谬论，谬误hitherto adv. 迄今；至今totter n. 蹒跚的步子vi. 蹒跚；踉跄arduous adj. 努力的；费力的；险峻的toil n. 辛苦；苦工；网；圈套vt. 费力地做；使…过度劳累vi. 辛苦工作；艰难地行进indubitable adj. 不容置疑的；明确的folly n. 愚蠢；荒唐事；讽刺剧exterminate vt. 消灭；根除sober adj. 冷静的，清醒的；未醉的vt. 使严肃；使醒酒，使清醒fatalistically 宿命论ascertain vt. 确定；查明；探知pestilence n. 瘟疫（尤指鼠疫）；有害的事物creed n. 信条，教义discord n. 不和；不调和；嘈杂声vi. 不一致；刺耳epoch n. [地质] 世；新纪元；新时代；时间上的一点tyranny n. 暴政；专横；严酷；残暴的行为（需用复数）interlude n. 插曲；穿插；幕间节目；[数] 插算potent adj. 有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的gospel n. 真理；信条wholeheartedness n. 全神贯注；全心全意metaphor n. 暗喻，隐喻；比喻说法preclude vt. 排除；妨碍；阻止synthesis n. 综合，[化学] 合成；综合体elude vt. 逃避，躲避grimly adv. 可怕地；冷酷地；严格地garb n. 服装；装束；打扮vt. 装扮；穿衣treachery n. 背叛；变节；背叛行为perpetual adj. 永久的；不断的；四季开花的；无期限的allegiance n. 效忠，忠诚；忠贞mundane adj. 世俗的，平凡的；世界的，宇宙的Unit 7--------misty-eyed adj. 含泪的；感伤的quip n. 妙语；嘲弄；讽刺语vi. 嘲弄；讥讽vt. 嘲弄snob n. 势利小人，势利眼；假内行chariot n. 二轮战车vi. 乘战车；驾驭战车arbiter n. [法] 仲裁者；裁决人enticement n. 诱惑；怂恿；引诱物；吸引力nude adj. 裸的，裸体的；无装饰的；与生俱有的buck n. （美）钱，元；雄鹿；纨绔子弟；年轻的印第安人或黑drachma n. 古希腊的重量单位；古希腊的银币名sprint n. 冲刺；短跑vt. 全速奔跑vi. 冲刺，全速跑absolve vt. 免除；赦免；宣告…无罪ferocious adj. 残忍的；惊人的besmirch vt. 弄污；损害；诽谤iconoclastic adj. 打破旧习的；偶像破坏的anecdote n. 轶事；奇闻；秘史nonetheless conj. 尽管如此，但是shenanigan n. 恶作剧；诡计fortify vt. 加强；增强；（酒）的酒精含量；设防于vi. 筑防御工事swig n. 痛饮，大喝；牛饮ominous adj. 预兆的；不吉利的stimulant n. [药] 兴奋剂；刺激物；酒精饮料strychnine n. 士的宁；番木鳖碱tape n. 胶带；磁带；带子；卷尺vt. 录音；用带子捆扎；用胶布把…封住vi. 用磁带录音pentathlon n. 五项运动；五项全能运动epee n. 重剑；尖剑术hormone n. [生理] 激素，荷尔蒙conjecture n. 推测；猜想impersonator n. 演员；模拟艺人bleak adj. 阴冷的；荒凉的，无遮蔽的；黯淡的，无希望的；冷酷的；单调的skulduggery n. 作假；欺诈；诡计frailty n. 虚弱；弱点；意志薄弱roll around 流逝；周而复始fair play 公平竞争；公平比赛；平等对待by fair means or foul 不择手段地take a dive 假装被击倒jump the gun 偷跑；行动过早；未听发令枪就起跑neck to neck 并驾齐驱fork over 付出hail from （车、船）来自；（人）出生于in honor 为了纪念；向…表示敬意fair and square 光明正大地；诚实地under one’s own steam 下一个的蒸汽cramp up 抽筋go off 离开；进行；变质；睡去。

免费版_复旦大学英语综合教程2_Unit8

BACK
Ⅰ. Objectives
After studying this unit, the students are expected to be able to 1. master the basic language and skills necessary to ask for and give reasons; 2. understand the main ideas of Text A, Text B and Text C, and master the useful sentence structures and words and expressions found in the exercises relevant to the first two texts; 3. know how to use the inverted order; 4. know how to write an email; 5. understand paragraph development (5).
2) Text A The teacher A. lets the students answer the text-related questions, helps them identify the main idea of each paragraph, and analyzes some difficult sentences and some language
1 period
Grammar Review
1) Grammar Review The teacher talks about the use of the inverted order, and at the same time asks the students to do the grammar exercises in class.

研究生英语

How to summarize an article?
• Step one: • take a few minutes to preview the work. • 1. Title • 2. Subtitle • 3. First and last several paragraphs
How to summarize an article?
English
• as a “world language”, the lingua franca (通用语)of the modern era.
How to learn English well?
• Motivation: • Developing a passion for learning English
English for Graduate Students 研究生英语
An Introduction
About me
• 卢玉玲
• yllu@ • 13901663197
Course description
• Textbook • 《研究生英语》 • 曾建彬，卢玉玲主编 • 复旦大学出版社
• Step two: • Read the whole article. Do not slow down or turn back. Mark main points and key supporting details.
How to summarize an article?
• • • • Step three: Reread the important areas. Step four: Take notes on the material
structure

[研究生英语精读]Unit Eight

1. preside※ v. to be in the chair, be in charge主持，负责 2. emancipate v. make free socially, politically and in law在社会、政治及法律上获得解放 3. massive※ adj. of great size,strong and heavy巨大的，粗重的
1. cadence n. rhythm韵律
[ 6 ] This demonstration impressed political Washington because it combined a number of things no politician can ignore. It had the force of numbers. It had the melodies of both the church and the theater. And it was able to invoke* the principles of the Founding Fathers to rebuke* the inequalities and hypocrisies* of modern American life.
1. invoke v. call to help求助 2. rebuke※ v. reprove sternly指责 3. hypocrisy n. pretense of virtue伪善
[ 7 ] There was a paradox in the day's performance. The Negro leaders demanded equality "now", while insisting that this was only the "beginning" of the struggle.

研究生英语高级教程unit8-9-11

How to Live and Love in the 21st Century[1] There are many reasons to think quotidian ethics matter. For one, go back to Aristotle，the inventor of what has come to be known as virtue ethics。

Aristotle recognized that human beings are essentially creatures of habit. If we want to be good, we have to get into the habit of being good。

And habits are formed by constant repetition of behaviors. The daily practice of civility and politeness helps，because it reinforces a regard for others and concern for their welfare。

Another reason to be worried about small acts of virtue is that life is, on the whole，made up of small things。

Most of us manage to avoid murdering people or stealing their cars．Among the majority，what makes the difference between people we think of as good and those we regard as selfish，mean or just disagreeable，is very much how they behave over myriad small issues. Just think about the nicest people you know and most of the time you’ll discover that your regard for them is not based on their tireless work to eradicate world poverty, but a basic decency expressed through their everyday dealings with others．［2］Just as good character comes from the bottom up, so does a good society. This is why the idea of clamping down on anti-social behavior builds on a genuine insight. Respect for our fellow citizens starts with a respect for their right to leave a train without having to push past others trying to get on, or to sit on a bus without having someone shouting in their ears the whole way．So it is that good manner and civility need to be reclaimed by social progressives．Forget etiquette：it really doesn’t matter how you hold your fork or which way you pass the port. What matters is how you treat your host and fellow guests。

复旦研究生英语Unit Eight