北大经院考博历年真题
北京大学博士英语试题及答案
北京大学博士英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The company has been ________ for over a century.A. establishedB. establishingC. to establishD. being established答案：A2. Despite the heavy rain, the match will be held as ________.A. planB. plannedC. planningD. to plan答案：B3. The professor suggested that we ________ a meeting to discuss the issue.A. arrangeB. arrangedC. arrangingD. will arrange答案：A4. The book is worth ________.A. to readB. readC. readingD. being read答案：C5. The problem is too difficult for us ________.A. to solveB. solvingC. solvedD. being solved答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每题3分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。
The rise of artificial intelligence has brought about significant changes in various industries. Companies are now using AI to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance customer experiences. However, with the rapid advancement of technology, there are concerns about job displacement and privacy issues.6. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The impact of AI on industriesB. The benefits of AIC. The concerns about AID. The advancement of technology答案：A7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of AI?A. Improved efficiencyB. Reduced costsC. Enhanced customer experiencesD. Increased job opportunities答案：D8. What is the concern associated with AI?A. Job displacementB. Increased efficiencyC. Reduced costsD. Enhanced customer experiences答案：A9. What can be inferred from the passage?A. AI is only used in certain industries.B. AI is a threat to privacy.C. AI is being embraced by companies.D. AI has no benefits.答案：C10. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To promote AIB. To criticize AIC. To inform about AID. To encourage debate about AI答案：C三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In the past, people used to believe that the world was flat. However, with the discovery of new lands and the development of navigational tools, this belief was gradually __11__.11. A. changedB. alteredC. modifiedD. transformed答案：A12. The explorers' voyages led to a __12__ understanding of the world.A. clearB. distinctC. preciseD. accurate答案：D13. As a result, the concept of a spherical Earth became__13__.A. acceptedB. acknowledgedC. recognizedD. known答案：A14. Today, we take for granted the fact that the Earth is round, but in the past, it was a __14__ idea.A. revolutionaryB. radicalC. groundbreakingD. innovative答案：A15. The __15__ of the Earth's shape has had a profound impact on science and exploration.A. realizationB. perceptionC. understandingD. comprehension答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题10分）16. 随着互联网的普及，人们获取信息的方式发生了巨大变化。
2023年北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析
Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itselfB. as itselfC. on itselfD. in itself14．us earlier, your request to the full.A.You have contacted…we could comply withB.Had you contacted…we could have complied withC.You had contacted…could we have complied withD.Have you contacted…we could comply with15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discardB. discreetC. discordD. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. on…by…atB. by…for…inC. from…in…onD. through…with…from17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create.A. boreB. boredC. boredomD. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.A. lackedB. lackingC. for lack ofD. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that have toB. have toC. having toD. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.A. none the worseB. none the betterC. never worseD. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out for…cried out forB. cry out for…cry out forC. had cried out for…cried out forD. had cried out for…cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. triggerB. meagerC. vigorD. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are detribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can butB. cannot onlyC. cannot butD. can only but25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed tonotice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundatingB. imitatingC. immolatingD. insulating26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only…will IB. Only…I willC. Only if…will ID. Only if…I will27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolvedB. absolvedC. dissolvedD. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in…for…upB. for…on…outC. by…in…onD. on…for…out30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA. soaredB. souredC. soredD. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2023 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2023, and before that 2023 and 2023. In fact,industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35. According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. so B. this C. that D. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness belie ved to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributedcancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .A. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC. People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .A. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C. people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over timeB. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2023 and 2023 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2023 report to investors, for instance,three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit.And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial economies47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benefited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．B. display sympathy for the working classC. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S．Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece wasintended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality.Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea.Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that.A. it was the most studied by later scientistsB. it had significant ideas about evolutionC. it was the first to talk about evolutionD. it was well received by the public52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to .A. credit the ideas about evolution before hisB. claim himself as the father of evolutionC. introduce his grandfather to the readerD. summarize his predecessors work53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .A. a much larger bookB. a 400page bookC. scientific termsD. plain language55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .A. coming up with a new ideaB. understanding the significance of the ideaC. making claims to the idea by writing booksD. convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire,resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well.For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them.It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.56. According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A. To sleep for an average period of time.B. To sleep deeply without dreaming.C. To sleep less than needed.D. To sleep modestly.57. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A. When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B. When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C. Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.D. Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.58. Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A. It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B. It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C. Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.D. Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up.59.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B. Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C. You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D. Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.60. What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A. High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B. Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory.C. Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D. High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2).Examples:eg. 1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg. 2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up .Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3(63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store. (62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs.(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products. (64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer. (65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales. (66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store. Ace Hardware, J．C．Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs.In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online. (68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours.(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar t．Com.(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods. (71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r．Nave did dismiss that possibility.(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it.(74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores.”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days.Part VI: Writing (15%)。
北京大学金融学考博参考书真题解析参考资料-育明考博
北京大学经济学院博士考试备考指导—育明考博一、北京大学经济学院博士招生目录（育明考博中心)2016年招生目录1育明杜老师解析：1、北京大学经济学院2016年以前是通过考试制选拔考生，博士考试报录比在8:1左右（竞争比较激烈），16年之后实行“申请-考核”制，对考生的报考条件提出了更高的要求，但是任然存在着很大的竞争压力。
2、北京大学经济学院全面实行博士研究生招生“申请-考核”制，与以往的考试制在考查方式、考查测重点方面都有所区别。
“申请制”不代表不考试，也不代表考试不重要，最终决定能否被录取的还是复试笔试和面试的考试成绩（材料审核成绩不计入最终排名的总分）。
3、材料审核中重点打分项：①科研成果（论文、working paper、参与课题）②外语水平③本硕院校④博士修习计划（北大考博资料、复习经验、辅导课程咨询育明教育杜老师叩叩：八九三二四一二二六）育明教育针对北京大学考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。
每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。
根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。
二、北京大学经济学院申请-考核考试说明（育明考博中心)一、申请人资格1、申请人须身体健康，品行端正，遵守法律、法规和遵守学校的规章制度。
2、申请攻读博士学位研究生须符合下列条件之一：①已获得硕士或博士学位；②应届硕士毕业生（须在入学前取得硕士学位）；③获得学士学位满六年（到录取年的9月1日），可按照同等学力资格申请。
以同等学力资格申请的申请者，须在申请学科、专业或相近研究领域的国际国内重要核心刊物上已经发表两篇以上学术论文（以第一作者身份），或已经获得省、部级以上与申请学科相关的科研成果奖励（排名前五名）。
相关证明材料需在申请报名时一并提交。
北大经济学院博士试题
经典线性回归的假设及结论；
②，怀特检验的内容；
③，已知R，自由度，样本量和回归系数常数项的标准差来估计回归斜率的取值范围；
④，就是均方误,完全没看过的一个概念；
⑤，一致性的问题，具体记不清了；
其他的好多记不清了，大概内容有：联立方程组的考察，面板数据的固定效应估计；自相关的GLS估计等。
计量
2010年
1、古典假设
2、Durbin-Waton检验的使用范围
3、关于内生性的分析题
4、关于面板的分析题
5、关于多元回归中部分参数为零的假设检验的应用，用的是Chow检验等。
简单的说明即可，不要求证明。
6、（1）极大似然估计的应用中的probit或logit的证明，这道题目我没
有做出来，丢了10分，惭愧啊.....格林的书上专门有几章在讲极大似
然估计，建议好好看看哈。
（2）最小二乘估计中残差和为零的证明，这在陈东的讲义中有提及。
（3）还有一道证明题我记不清了，但是都是极为简单的，不用担心。
2011年
1、计量经济学研究的步骤
2、异方差产生的原因及解决办法
3、VAR与格兰杰检验的关系
4、多元回归分析中的问题
5、自适应预期模型
6、局部调整模型
7、考伊克模型
8、误差修正模型
9、最小二乘估计中的残差和等于零
2005年
共三大题，
第一题概念题，20分，随机变量的数学期望和方差问题，记得不是太清楚了
第二题为证明最小二乘法估计量的无偏性，一致性和有效性。
分数45分
第三题为联立方程组的识别与工具变量法计算问题，35分。
北京大学经济学院十年真题
北京大学经济学院历年硕士研究生入学专业考试试题（1999－2008）这是整理版，希望对大家有所帮助！1999：微观经济学部分一、（7分）某消费者消费X和Y两商品。
已知在该消费者收入和商品Y的价格不变的条件下，当商品X的价格上升时，该消费者对商品Y的消费数量保持不变。
试求：（1）请画出该消费者的价格－消费线（即P.P.C）；（2）请根据（1），判断商品X和商品Y分别属于何种商品（正常品、劣等品或中性品）？；（3）消费者对X商品的需求价格弹性为多少？请根据P.C.C线画出相应的X商品的需求曲线，并说明其形状特征。
二、（8分）设某场上的生产函数为Q＝，且L的价格w＝1，K的价格r＝3。
（1）试求长期总成本函数（LTC），长期平均成本函数（LAC）和长期边际成本函数（LMC）；（2）设在短期那K＝10，求短期总成本函数（STC），短期平均成本函数（SAC）和短期边际成本函数（SMC）。
三、（10分）请推导完全竞争劳动市场上单个劳动者对劳动的供给曲线及单个厂商对劳动的需求曲线？并进一步说明均衡工资水平是如何决定的？宏观经济学部分一、（10分）运用IS－LM模型，从政府购买支出的角度，分析影响财政政策效果的因素，并就每种情况作出准确的图形。
二、（7分）根据新古典经济增长模型说明储蓄率的上升对总产量的短期增长率和长期增长率的影响（假定其他因素未变且开始时经济处于稳态（steady－state））。
三、（8分）用总需求－总供给（AD－AS）模型回答如下问题。
假定一经济开始时在潜在产量水平上达到短期均衡。
设在某一时刻经济中出现了有利的供给冲击（假定这种供给冲击不影响潜在产量水平）。
试说明这种冲击对均衡产量、均衡价格、真实工资的短期和长期影响，并说明经济的调整过程和原因。
政治经济学部分一、（25分）试述马克思劳动价值论的基本内容，并分析劳动价值论在马克思经济学说中的地位。
二、（25 分）试述我国国有企业改革的进展状况、目前面临的主要矛盾以及进一步发展的趋势。
北大考博真题英语答案解析
北大考博真题英语答案解析北大考博是中国高等教育领域的重要考试之一，英语是其中的一门科目。
随着竞争的激烈，考生对于北大考博英语真题的解析和答案掌握变得尤为重要。
本文将针对北大考博英语真题进行深入解析，帮助考生更好地准备考试。
首先，我们先来看一道真题，然后对其进行解析。
以下是一道典型的北大考博英语阅读理解题：Passage 1It is tempting, but misleading, to picture the history of African-Ameri-cans hid-den, waiting passively for progress to come. In fact, what we find over and over again in black history is the story of black people shaping their own lives and destinies. At the heart of this struggle has been the quest for education, knowledge, and just treatment— issues that have defined a people fighting for dignity and opportunity.Which of the fol-lowing would be the best title for the passage?A. The Struggles of African-AmericansB. The Importance of EducationC. African-American HistoryD. Resilience and Progress解析：本题是一道主旨题，要求找出这篇文章的最佳标题。
我们可以通过文章的主要内容和观点来选择正确答案。
北京大学经济学院金融学专业考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题
北京大学经济学院金融学专业考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题一、专业的设置北京大学经济学院共招生40人，其中拟招收校内外直博生及本校硕博连读生0-30人。
本院只招收全日制博士生；各专业不分方向、导师，统一招生。
应试生外语考试语种仅限英语，由本院命题。
二、招生专业及人数系所名称经济学院招生总数40其中拟招收校内外直博生及本校硕博连读生0-30人。
本院只招收全日制博士生；各专业不系所说明分方向、导师，统一招生。
应试生外语考试语种仅限英语，由本院命题。
招生专业：金融学（020204）01.社会主义经济发展战略①英语②经济学基础③经济计量学三、导师介绍北京大学经济学院在招生目录中并没有提供导师名单。
育明教育考博分校解析：考博如果能够提前联系导师的话，不论是在备考信息的获取，还是在复试的过程中，都会有极大的帮助，甚至是决定性的帮助。
育明教育考博分校经过这些年的积淀可以协助学员考生联系以上导师。
四、参考书目（推荐）专业课信息应当包括一下几方面的内容：第一，关于参考书和资料的使用。
这一点考生可以咨询往届的博士学长，也可以和育明考博联系。
参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何灵活运用参考书中的知识内容来答题，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。
另外，考博资料获取、复习经验可咨询叩叩：捌九叁，二肆壹，二二六，专业知识的来源也不能局限于对参考书的研读，整个的备考当中考生还需要阅读大量的paper，读哪一些、怎么去读、读完之后应该怎么做，这些也会直接影响到考生的分数。
第二，专题信息汇总整理。
每一位考生在复习专业课的最后阶段都应当进行专题总结，专题的来源一方面是度历年真题考点的针对性遴选，另一方面是导师研究课题。
最后一方面是专业前沿问题。
每一个专题都应当建立详尽的知识体系，做到专题知识点全覆盖。
第三，专业真题及解析。
专业课的试题都是论述题，答案的开放性比较强。
北大经济学院历年真题
北京大学1998年研究生入学考试试题经济学原理政治经济学1．马克思是如何从"20码麻布=1件上衣"来分析相对价值形式的量的规定性的？（10分）2．在马克民的理论中，是如何分析“G—W ╱A ”的？（8分）╲Pm3．马克思在《资本论》中将农业中级差地租的总和称之为"虚假的社会价值"，为什么？（5分）4．什么是"金融资本"？（2分）5．如何理解中共十五大关于公有制实现形式多样化的论断？（10分）6．现代企业制度的基本内容是什么？谈谈你对中国国有企业改革的基本想法（15分）微观经济学一、论述题1．利用图说明"吉芬之谜"的答案。
（8分）2．说明寡头市场弯折的需求曲线模型。
（9分）二、计算题（8分）已知某完全竞争厂商的短期生产函数为Q=L0.5*K0.5，生产要素资本的价格P K=8，厂商在边际技术替代率MRTS LK =0.25时实现最大利润。
求：（1）该厂商所面临的生产要素劳动的价格P L；（2）当成本C=3200时，该厂商实现最大产量的均衡L、K和Q值。
宏观经济学一、新古典宏观经济学和新凯恩斯主义在理论基本假设上的主要区别是什么？（4分）二、在经济复苏时期，凯恩斯主义者在财政政策和货币政策的使用上是否有所侧重？为什么？（5分）三、货币创造乘数的大小会受到哪些因素的影响？（6分）四、请说明公债在宏观经济政策中的地位和作用？（10分）北京大学1999年研究生入学考试试题经济学原理政治经济学1．试述马克思劳动价值论的基本内容，并分析劳动价值论在马克思经济学说中的地位。
（25分）2．试述我国国有企业改革的进展状况，目前面临的主要矛盾以及进一步发展的趋势（25分）。
微观经济学1．（7分）某消费者消费X和Y两商品。
已知在该消费者收入和商品Y的价格不变的条件下，当商品X的价格上升时，该消费者对商品Y的消费数量保持不变。
试求：（1）请画出该消费者的价格一消费线（即P.C.C）：（2）请根据（1）判断商品X和商品Y分别属何种商品（正常品、劣等品或中性品）？（3）消费者对X商品的需求价格弹性为多少？请根据P.C.C线画出相应的X商品的需求曲线，并说明其形状特征。
(word完整版)北师大教育经济与管理专业考博试题
2011北师大教育经济与管理专业考博试题教育学1。
马克思全面发展的学说,并结合讨论基础教育应该培养的人2. 教育价值观的取向，并讨论基础教育改革的价值取向3. 清未新政和明政维新的改革内容与影响,比较异同4. 杜威的课程论与教学论，讨论其利弊，并结合分析讨论基础教育课程改革的得失教育管理学1.领导有效性＝校长领导力+全体组织成员的参与－管理消极因素，根据此公式分析管理和领导的区别，并给出提高领导有效性的策略2.全面质量管理和目标管理优缺点的比较，并设计一个新方案3。
80年代以来教育管理体制改革的特征及未来改革趋势4.教师评价的分类（从作用来看），并讨论教师评价在绩效考核工资中的应用及策略2010北师大教育经济与管理专业考博试题教育学1.现代教育基本特征和对我国现代教育的认识2。
教育价值的两种取向3.二战后苏联教育改革，理论成果及评价4。
简述隋唐使其科举制的产生,考试内容和方法，和高考对比教育管理学1。
权力理论，并分析教育管理者如何有效应用这些权利2。
中学校长实名推荐值利弊，并对其具体操作提建议3。
教育质量、教育效能、教育效率和教育效能概念机相互关系？谈国际上比较熟悉的一种教育质量评估项目,并指出影响教育质量评个的关键因素。
教育质量评估对教育政策的影响4.学校效能的发展进程,并设计一个关于有效学校特征的研究方案2010年北师大教育经济研究所博士专业考题经济学原理1. 什么是消费者剩余和生产者剩余，用图示说明其产生的过程,并说明什么时候市场最有效率2. 政府采用三种措施补贴穷人:制定价格上限，有利于穷人购买生活用品;发放打折卡，用于购买生活必需用品时打折;直接分配收入.解释三种补贴方式的作用机制,你认为哪种方式最好,为什么3。
人力资本理论的主要内容，以及人力资本理论发生作用需要哪些外部条件4。
用替代效应和收入效应解释女性收入提高对其生育行为有什么影响教育经济学1。
中美“择校"的异同2.薪酬设计的几种主要方式是什么？我国当前中小学绩效工资中存在什么问题，你认为怎么设计中小学绩效工资才合理3.义务教育均衡发展的内涵和理论依据是什么，我国当前义务教育均衡的原因是什么4.你如何评价当前“两为主”的流动人口子女教育政策,你认为在未来流动人口子女教育政策的重点是什么2009年北师大教育管理学院博士专业考题教育学1、马克思主义关于人的全面发展学说的主要观点,及结合我国教育实际运用马克思主义人的全面发展理论对其进行分析2、现代德育的基本特点，并结合我国德育实际分析其特点、存在的问题及解决的建议3、简述巴格莱、布拉梅尔德等人的教育思想及对教育改革的现实意义4、简述和评价新文化运动时期的教育观念与教育改革，及现实意义教育管理学（含管理学）1.说明经典绩效管理的几种方法。
北京大学西方经济学专业考博真题复习资料参考书考试内容考试重点-育明考博
北京大学西方经济学专业考博考试老师笔记一、北京大学经济学院博士招生人数及报考统计年份招生方式及人数公开招考报名人数报录比复试分数线2012年公开招考（18人）硕博连读（4人）200人10:1外语成绩≥50分专业课成绩≥60分2013年公开招考（20人）硕博连读（5人）276人10:12014年公开招考（35人）硕博连读（4人）校内事业编（2人）直接攻博（6人）324人9:12015年公开招考（21人）硕博连读（6人）直接攻博（13人）212人9:1育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、北大经济学院共有9个博士招生专业：政治经济学、经济思想史、经济史、西方经济学、世界经济、人口、资源与环境经济学、财政学、金融学以及应用经济学，各专业之间报录比差别还是比较大的。
2、2016年北京大学经济学院内地计划招生人数为40人。
3、北大经济学院考博历年缺考率平均在30%左右。
（北京大学经济学院考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育张老师叩叩：柒柒贰陆，柒捌，伍叁柒）二、北京大学经济学院西方经济学专业考博考试内容分析（育明考博辅导中心)专业招生人数初审复试内容020104西方经济学年份公开招考硕博连读直博申请—考核制1、笔试：基础知识和基本能力测试。
2、面试：综合考查申请者知识背景、思维逻辑、创新能力、对本学科前沿领域掌握程度，并对申请者英语运用能力进行测试。
2013年5人1人0人2014年8人1人2人2015年6人1人2人育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、北京大学经济学院西方经济学专业考博的报录比平均在10:1左右（竞争较激烈）2、同等学力考生须加试报考专业两门硕士专业学位课程和哲学。
3、2016年北京大学实行“申请—考核制”，没有提供雅思、托福等英语成绩等级证明的同学，需要参加“北京大学博士研究生英语水平考试”。
4、复试总成绩计算方法：总成绩="笔试成绩×50％+面试成绩×50％。
5、初审包括对申请材料的审查和科研创新能力的评价。
北京大学考博英语真题2000-2004年答案
北京大学考博英语真题2000-2004年答案北大考博英语2000-2004真题答案2000年试题答案Part I structure and written expression1.C2.D3.B4.A5.D6.D7.C8.C9.C 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.D 14.B 15.A 16.B 17.B 18.D 19.C 20.A 21.D 22.A 23.C24.A 25.CPart II reading comprehension26.B 27.C 28.D 29.C 30.A 31.B 32.A 33.B 34.C 35.D 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.D 40.A41. Charm is a gift born with people. People who have charm used to make others happy. Charm grows with use and creates a pleasant, summer-like atmosphere for others. Charm is also decided by the taste and tact of the person who has it.42. When you are with charming people, you can feel it. But it is not something that everyone can have. To be charming, one needs a born quickness of sense and mind, and charming people have a way with people that are uniquely their own and cannot be taught or trained.43. Tricks like wrinkling nose or tossing hair are not charming. On the contrary, they can frighten nervous people away (make them uncomfortable) and want to run away and hide from such unnatural ap proach. But, on the other hand, charm has something to do with one’s ability to feel for others. This is an instinct most people have, and if one cares for others, such awareness will grow.44. The generosity of charming people does not demand a return of generosity from others; it is an offer of pleasant company without asking for repay; and it is given free without waiting after testing whether the recipient is worth the kindness.45. Charm shows itself in the form of casual, yet graceful, easy manners. Such ease and grace do not come because one happens to be young, but are the result of a mature, confident and peaceful personality.Part III Cloze46. them 47. observations 48. not 49. mind 50.another 51.as 52. than 53. forces 54. only 55.how Part IV Proofreading56. (has) been (used) 57. lack----absence 58. explain-----stand59. of-----for 60. rests-------rest 61. (from) being (a)62. unmeasured-----unmeasurable 63. (in) the (human) 64. those----are65. thought-----made 66.(that) which (I) 67.its------their 68.wishful----wishfully69.outgrow----outgrown 70.as 去掉71. (extent) does (it) 72. the----in 73. (unthinking) like 74.giving----gives75. imaginative (persons)------imaginary (persons)2001年答案Part I Structure and Written Expression1.A2.C3.D4.B5.C6.D7.A8.D9.C 10.A11.B 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B 16.B 17.C 18.B 19.C 20.A21.D 22.A 23.B 24.B 25.BPart II Reading Comprehension26.C 27.A 28.B 29.C 30.C 31.C 32.B 33.B 34.D35.A 36.D 37.C 38.D 39.C 40.B41. The most common work in life provides a person with a great deal of opportunities to make effort and improve himself.42. One’s happiness and success depend on one’s doing his duties well and faithfully.43.Those who think carefully about reality will find that fortune or success belongs to those who work hard.44. Few of the greatest men believe in genius. They have achieved their success also through common sense and perseverance as other successful men have.45. Some even believe that a genius is only a person with concentrated common sense.Part III Cloze46.between 47.for 48.another 49.as 50.how 51.there52.parents 53.importance 54.likely 55.thanPart IV Proofreading56.become------becoming 57.thousand-----thousands 58.(that) of (all)59.(have) the (fossils) 60.into-----through 61.though去掉62.(exposed) to (the) 63.(disintegrate) in (the)64.(chemicals) that (change) 65.when----as 66.in-----on67.(if) a (huge) 68.towered-----towering 69.where-----that70.(out) to (sea) 71.(bodies) into (the) 72.(the) cities (of)73.remarkably------remarkable 74.for 去掉74.leave-----leaving2002年答案Part II Structure and Written Expression41.D 42.C 43.C 44.B 45.C 46.B 47.C 48.A49.A 50.B 51.D 52.A 53.B 54.B 55.C 56.C57.A 58.A 59.B 60.CPart III Reading Comprehension61.D 62.B 63.D 64.D 65.C 66.A 67.B 68.C 69.D70.A71. People trying to prolong their lives and seek for perfect health (beauty, youth, happiness) are actually defeating themselves inwardly.72. It becomes possible for one to extend one’s life by medical means. But such life has lost its dignity and value, just like over-used resources or powerless politics.73. These views are not to show anger towards medicine, nor do they mean any rude fighting against the victory of medicine.74.Therefore, the most successful time of medicine becomes the beginning of a hard situation.75. Medicine has made people’s expectations to it too high, and people let their expectations grow unlimitedly without realizing it.Part IV Cloze76.all 77.feeling/emotion 78.telling 79.impossible 80.another81.imagined 82.out 83.risk 84.for 85.reducedPart V Proofreading86.impersonate----impersonating 87.flashing----flash 88.speed----speeding89.is-----was 90.as-----than 91.mere-----merely 92.apologizing---apology93.whom----which 94.with----in 95.(was) not (mine)2003年答案Part II Structure and Written Expression41.A 42.D 43.B 44.A 45.A 46.C 47.C 48.D 49.D50.B 51.A 52.C 53.A 54.D 55.A 56.A 57.C 58.C59.A 60.BPart III Reading Comprehension61.B 62.A 63.C 64.C 65.D 66.A 67.A 68.D69.A 70.B71. A few months ago, government officials of Singapore did something that was quite historic in the movie industry, but they did not do it on purpose.72. The reason why the Singaporean government didn’t allow children under 17 to watch the movie and banned the 15-second advertisement was that the government officials thought that the movie used too much Singaporean English.73. If you take the strict action against the movie into account, you would think that Singlish was something harmful like drugs or obscene materials that might lead young people astray.74.Singlish is just slang English spoken in Singapore, in which Chinese grammar is applied and it is freely mixed here and there with words from local Chinese, Malay and Indian dialects.75.Singaporean English is especially popular nowadays among young people, partly because the language gives worried, nervous and anxious Singaporeans a chance to make fun of themselves. Part IV Cloze76.to 77.young 78.eating 79.with e 81.access82.intact nd 84.wiped 85.beingPart V Proofreading86. by----with 87.mixing----mixed 88.all-----some 89.(fear) the (same)90.skeptical----skeptically 91. dependent----independent92.lead----led 93.for----as 94.hundred----hundreds 95.in去掉2004年答案Part II Structure and Written Expression41.B 42.C 43.B 44.A 45.D 46.C 47.C 48.C 49.B50.D 51.B 52.A 53.A 54.D 55.B 56.B 57.A 58.A59.C 60.APart III Reading Comprehension61.C 62.D 63.A 64.C 65.D 66.B 67.A 68.B69.D 70.B71. It is useful for people not be so frightened and sad when they get to know that they are caught up with a serious illness.72. Medical researchers, who believe in Calen, an ancient Greek doctor, have discovered that depression can cause other illnesses or exacerbate the illnesses that have already existed.73. Once people have recognized what illness they get, it will deteriorate.74. It is natural for one to be greatly concerned about his illness; however, it will be reasonable for one to have good confidence that he can overcome it.75.Even if one is caught up with the most serious illness, such as AIDS, it does not necessarily follow that one will die of it soon.Part IV Cloze76. dead 77. funeral 78. afterlife 79. when 80. with 81.and 82.grave 83.by 84. for 85. secondPart V Proofreading86.could----can 87.( find) it (easier) 88.taking-----taken89.implications----implication 90.transform------change 91.reflecting---reflection92.wide----widely 93.and去掉94.while去掉95.like-----as考博英语怎么复习？/yingyu_fuxi.html考博英语真题汇总专题/kaobo_zhenti.html 2012考博英语词汇/kaobo_yingyu_cihui.html2012考博英语作文模板/kaobo_yingyu_zuowen.html2012医学考博专题/yixue_kaobo.html 2012医学考博英语/yixue_kaobo_yingyu.html2012医学考博英语听力/yixue_yingyutingli.html。
北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析
北京⼤学博⼠英语考试试题及解析P a r t T w o：S t r u c t u r e a n d W r i t t e n E x p r e s s i o n（20%）Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itselfB. as itselfC. on itselfD. in itself14．us earlier, your request to the full.A.You have contacted…we could comply withB.Had you contacted…we could have complied withC.You had contacted…could we have complied withD.Have you contacted…we could comply with15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discardB. discreetC. discordD. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. on…by…atB. by…for…inC. from…in…onD. through…with…from17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create.A. boreB. boredC. boredomD. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.A. lackedB. lackingC. for lack ofD. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that have toB. have toC. having toD. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.A. none the worseB. none the betterC. never worseD. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out for…cried out forB. cry out for…cry out forC. had cried out for…cried out forD. had cried out for…cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. triggerB. meagerC. vigorD. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are detribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can butB. cannot onlyC. cannot butD. can only but25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed to notice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundatingB. imitatingC. immolatingD. insulating26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only…will IB. Only…I willC. Only if…will ID. Only if…I will27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolvedB. absolvedC. dissolvedD. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in…for…upB. for…on…outC. by…in…onD. on…for…out30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA. soaredB. souredC. soredD. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006. In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35. According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. so B. this C. that D. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century,“consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness believed to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .A. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC. People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .A. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C. people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over timeB. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie. Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant. But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit.And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial economies47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benefited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．B. display sympathy for the working classC. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S．Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality.Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea.Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose cla im to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that.A. it was the most studied by later scientistsB. it had significant ideas about evolutionC. it was the first to talk about evolutionD. it was well received by the public52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to .A. credit the ideas about evolution before hisB. claim himself as the father of evolutionC. introduce his grandfather to the readerD. summarize his predecessors work53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .A. a much larger bookB. a 400page bookC. scientific termsD. plain language55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .A. coming up with a new ideaB. understanding the significance of the ideaC. making claims to the idea by writing booksD. convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire, resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the bodyremains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well.For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them.It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.56. According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A. To sleep for an average period of time.B. To sleep deeply without dreaming.C. To sleep less than needed.D. To sleep modestly.57. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A. When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B. When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C. Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.D. Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.58. Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A. It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B. It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C. Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.D. Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up.59.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B. Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C. You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D. Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.60. What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A. High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B. Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory.C. Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D. High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2).Examples:eg. 1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg. 2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up .Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3(63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store. (62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs.(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products. (64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer. (65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales.(66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store. Ace Hardware, J．C．Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs.In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online.(68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours.(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar t．Com.(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods. (71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r．Nave did dismiss that possibility.(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it. (74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores.”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days.Part VI: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it nearly on the Answer Sheet (2).In China, minimum wage becomes higher in many places. But people disagree over its benefits and drawbacks. Supporters say it increases the worker’s standard of living, while opponents say it increase unemployment. What do you think?Part II Structure and Written Expression（20%）11.【A】A项admits of“容许，有……的可能”；B项requires of“要求，要求得到”；C项needs of“满⾜需要”；D项seeks for“寻找，追求，探索”。
北京大学经济学院经济史考博真题-参考书-导师-笔记-报录比-育明考博
育明考博咨询电话400-668-6978QQ：493371626 2015北大考博QQ交流群105619820英语群335488903专业课群157460416北京大学经济学院经济史考博真题-参考书-导师-笔记-报录比一、北京大学经济学院考博资讯（一）、初试科目（笔试）：（1）外语（2）经济学基础（宏观经济学、微观经济学、马克思主义经济学原理及应用）。
（3）经济计量学（含概率与统计）。
二、北京大学考博英语内容、题型从13年开始，经院自主命题英语试卷。
这样做的目的是降低英语难度。
大家知道北大考博英语的难度在全国是首屈一指的，每年经院都有专业课很高但英语没过线的情况。
具体题型是这样的：首先没有听力，最开始是填空，就是给你单词缩写，让你写全称，比如GDP代表什么，总共5个空；接下来是完形填空；下面是阅读理解，再然后是翻译，翻译的题目来源于前面的阅读理解；最后就是两篇作文，每篇15分。
总体看来，作文比例挺大，大家可以多做些这方面训练。
三、北京大学经济学院考博英语参考书“工欲善其事，必先利其器”，育明考博教研部主编的河北工业大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的最权威的复习资料。
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此外，由育明考博外聘英语专家参与编写的《北京林业大学博士生英语入学考试模拟试题集》已经由中国环境科学出版社出版，这本书也是大家需要买过来看看的。
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四、育明考博优秀学员寄语1，给自己找个必须考博的理由，每天提醒自己要加油;2，不要太关注别人，关注自己的方法和进度，找到一个适合自己的方法;3，记住：没有付出即没有收获，你花了多少时间，你就将收获多少。
4，除了睡觉吃饭和必要的休息外，尽量少地浪费时间在参加别人的宣讲会上;5，尽量多地利用各方资源，知道地越多，你会看地越清楚;6，劳逸结合，追求梦想但也要给自己休息时间以恢复气力和更好地思索。
北京大学经济学院人口、资源与环境经济学专业考博真题-育明考博
北京大学院人口、资源与环境经济学专业考博考试内容复习资料-育明考博一、北京大学人口、资源与环境经济学专业考博考试内容分析（育明考博辅导中心)专业招生人数初审复试内容020106人口、资源与环境经济学年份公开招考直博申请—考核制1、笔试：基础知识和基本能力测试。
2、面试：综合考查申请者知识背景、思维逻辑、创新能力、对本学科前沿领域掌握程度，并对申请者英语运用能力进行测试。
2015年2人1人育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、北京大学经济学院人口、资源与环境经济学专业考博的报录比平均在10:1左右（竞争较激烈）2、同等学力考生须加试报考专业两门硕士专业学位课程和哲学。
3、2016年北京大学实行“申请—考核制”，没有提供雅思、托福等英语成绩等级证明的同学，需要参加“北京大学博士研究生英语水平考试”。
4、复试总成绩计算方法：总成绩="笔试成绩×50％+面试成绩×50％。
5、初审包括对申请材料的审查和科研创新能力的评价。
6、笔试内容不指定参考书目。
育明教育考博分校针对北京大学人口、资源与环境经济学专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。
每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。
根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。
（北京大学经济学院考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育张老师叩叩：柒柒贰陆，柒捌，伍叁柒）二、北京大学经济学院历年考博复试分数线（育明考博课程中心）年份复试分数线进入复试人数/录取人数（不含硕博连读）2013年外语50分专业一60分专业二60分28人/20人2014年外语50分专业一60分专业二60分47人/35人2015年外语50分专业一60分专业二60分27人/21人育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、2016年北京大学实行“申请—考核制”，没有提供雅思、托福等英语成绩等级证明的同学，需要参加“北京大学博士研究生英语水平考试”。
北京大学博士英语试题及答案
北京大学博士英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分）阅读下列短文，然后回答1-5题。
The rise of digital technology has transformed the way welive and work. It has also changed the way we communicate. In the past, people mainly relied on face-to-face communicationor letters to convey messages. However, with the advent ofthe internet and smartphones, instant messaging and social media have become the primary means of communication for many.1. What is the main topic of the passage? (4分)A. The impact of digital technology on communication.B. The history of communication methods.C. The importance of face-to-face communication.D. The disadvantages of social media.2. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a communication method mentioned? (4分)A. Face-to-face communication.B. Letters.C. Instant messaging.D. Radio broadcasts.3. What does the passage imply about the future of communication? (4分)A. It will become more personal.B. It will rely more on digital technology.C. It will return to traditional methods.D. It will become less frequent.4. What is the purpose of the passage? (4分)A. To inform readers about new communication technologies.B. To persuade readers to use traditional communication methods.C. To describe the history of communication methods.D. To analyze the effects of digital technology on communication.5. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? (4分)A. The passage argues that digital technology has had a negative impact on communication.B. The passage suggests that digital technology has made communication more efficient.C. The passage states that people no longer use face-to-face communication.D. The passage claims that the internet and smartphones have replaced all other communication methods.二、词汇与语法（共30分）Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence. Write the letter of the correct answer in the blank.6. The company has decided to ________ its employees with the latest technology.A. equipB. qualifyC. supplyD. provide7. Despite the heavy rain, they ________ the mountain successfully.A. climbedB. ascendedC. roseD. lifted8. The new policy will ________ a significant impact on the economy.A. haveB. takeC. makeD. get9. She is ________ to be the best candidate for the job.A. likelyB. probableC. possibleD. potential10. The book is ________ interesting that I can hardly put it down.A. soB. veryC. tooD. quite三、翻译（共20分）Translate the following sentence into English.11. 随着人工智能的发展，许多传统行业正在经历转型。
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北京大学历年试题微观99年1．利用图简要说明拟线性偏好情况下的收入－消费曲线（即收入提供线）和恩格尔曲线的特征（3分）。
2．求生出函数LK KLQ +=5的长期生产扩展线函数（3）。
3．证明一次齐次等替代（CES ）产出函数和柯布－道格拉斯生出函数之间的关系（6）。
4．假定某寡头市场有两个厂商：厂商A 是领导者，它的反需求函数为P 1=80－4Q 1－Q 2，成本函数为2115.3Q C =，其中Q 1和Q 2分别表示厂商A 和厂商B 的产量。
厂商B 是追随者，它力图保持1/3的市场份额。
求：（1）厂商A 的最优价格和产量；（2）厂商B 的产量。
（6）5．考虑由两个人、两种商品构成的纯交换经济系统。
已知该经济系统中给定的两商品的总量分别为1X 和2X ，A 、B 两人的效用函数分别为21A A A X X U α=，21B B B X X U β=，且111X X X B A =+，222X X X B A =+（其中）1A X 、2A X 分别表示A 所拥有的两种商品的数量，1B X 、2B X 分别表示B 所拥有的两种商品数量。
求作为1A X 和2A X 的函数的交换契约曲线方程（7）。
2000 一、 说明一次齐次生产函数的利润最大化的解的特征。
（4）二、再完全替代偏好的情况下，假定商品1和商品2的固定替代比例为2：1。
画出相应的价格提供曲线（即价格－消费曲线）和商品的需求曲线)(111p x x =。
（4）三、 什么是显示偏好弱公理并举一个例子说明对该公理的应用。
（4） 四、 简述你对博弈论中“囚徒困境”模型的意义的理解。
（6）五、什么是福利经济学第一定理和福利经济学第二定理并简述你对这两个定理的含义的理解。
（7）20011．简要论述信息不对称条件下的逆向选择和道德风险问题对市场效率的影响及其应对的对策。
（10）2．区分马歇尔非补偿需求曲线与希克斯补偿需求曲线。
（7）3．已知某垄断厂商面临的需求曲线Q＝－，他的短期边际成本函数SMC＝。
当产量Q＝10时的短期总成本为23。
求该垄断厂商实现利润最大化短期均衡时的产量和利润。
（8）20021．在一般均衡和帕累托最优理论中对生产函数有什么要求并加以评论。
（10）2．利用图简要说明交换的契约曲线和交换的经济核心（core）配置这两个概念之间的联系与区别。
（5）3．某产品市场的需求曲线为Q＝1000－10P，成本函数为C＝40Q。
（1）若该产品由一个垄断厂商生产，求利润最大化的产量、价格和利润；（2）若要实现帕累托最优，求相应的产量和价格。
（3）求在垄断条件下社会福利的净损失。
（10）20031．简要论述当代微观经济学关于企业性质问题讨论的有关理论。
（15）2．证明：厂商在每一个产量上的长期边际成本LMC一定等于相应的最优生产规模的短期边际成本SMC。
并且解释其经济含义。
（10）20071.垄断模型的三级价格歧视。
2.证明福利经济学第一定理。
20081、试述斯拉茨基方程，并判断其符号，说明其经济含义。
（12）2、一产商有两个工厂，其各自的成本函数为22112210,20TC Q TC Q ==。
其面临的反需求曲线为P ＝700-Q ，其中12,Q Q Q =+。
（13） （1）产商利润最大化的1Q 、2Q 、Q 和P 是多少（2）现在工厂一的成本增加了。
产商会如何调整其生产计划此时，总产出和价格会怎样变化 2009微观经济学部分用外部经济的理论来阐释解决污染问题的对策20101、公共品的定义，导致的结果和原因，以及解决的对策2、关于局部均衡的福利问题。
给出了一个垄断企业面对的市场需求函数和生产的成本函数，求社会福利最大化的产量和垄断企业利润最大化的产量，以及如何收税/补贴才让垄断企业的生产实现社会福利最大化。
宏观19991．请以西方经济学的有关理论分析我国当前形势下货币政策的效应。
（9） 2．请作图说明工资刚性对不同类型劳动市场的影响有何不同。
（9）3．试说明“卢卡斯供给函数”和“萨金特－化莱士带有外生预期的总产出函数”之间的主要异同。
（7） 20001．试比较扩张性的政府支出政策、扩张性的税收政策和增加货币供应量的货币政策，在发生作用的传到机制上以及经济后果上有什么异同。
（15） 2．请说明浮动汇率下，货币政策对本国经济的作用。
（5）3．请说明费尔普斯提出的“经济增长的黄金分割率”的基本内容。
（5） 20011．试分析扩张性货币政策增加就业的机制和条件。
（13） 2．试说明降低汇率推动经济增长的效应和条件。
（12） 20021．请写出“卢卡斯总供给方程”的推导过程，并说明其政策含义。
（10） 2．20世纪90年代以来，日本经济陷入了增长呆滞状态。
请问，是否可以考虑采用扩大政府支出的财政政策或者推动经济增长的某种政策，使日本的经济在短期内尽快复兴呢请根据宏观经济学的有关理论来说明你的理由。
（15） 20031．请结合经济的实际情况，从理论分析和比较：实行扩大政府支出政策与减税政策的必备条件和利弊损失。
（15）2．在哈罗得－多马模型中，假定生产函数为里昂惕夫函数：0,,)],(),([)( g c c t L e c t K c Min t Y L K gt L K =。
与索罗模型一样，)()()(),()(t K t sY t K t nL t L δ-==••。
最后，假定)0()0(L c K c L K =。
（1） 在什么条件下，对于所有t 有)()(t L e c t K c gt L K =如果ns g c c L K 和,,,,,δ由不同因素决定，有无理由期望这一条件成立（2） 如果)(t L e c gt L 的增长快于)(t K c K 的增长（且将过剩劳动力算作失业），那么失业率随时间的变动将受到什么样的影响（10）2005北京大学经济学院经济计量学考博试题（回忆）共三大题，第一题概念题，20分，随机变量的数学期望和方差问题，记得不是太清楚了 第二题为证明最小二乘法估计量的无偏性，一致性和有效性。
分数45分 第三题为联立方程组的识别与工具变量法计算问题，35分考试科目：经济学报考专业： 各专业编号： 202答案请另用纸，并请在各题的答案前标明相应的题号注意：需要用公式和图形表示的，请注明使用符号的意义每题25分1.法国经济学家瓦尔拉斯(Walras)最早研究了竞争性市场体系的均衡问题并提出了瓦尔拉斯法则(Walras’Law)，试证明瓦尔拉斯法则。
2.一般情况下，技术将允许由各种投入向量生产出每种水平的产出，一切这类可能性由生产函数的水平集概括。
假定一个面对完全竞争投入品市场的厂商追求利润极大化。
设是其可购买投入的价格向量。
对所有投入品价格W>>0和所有产出水平y 的成本最小化问题可写作约束于( 严格递增)，试证明：(1)成本最小化蕴含着任何两种投入间的边际替代率等于它们的价格比率；(2)特别地，对于科布-道格拉斯型成本函数，具有该成本函数的厂商使用其投入的比率独立于产出而只取决于投入品的相对价格。
3.在弗里德曼提出的消费的持久性收入假说基础上，霍尔（Hall,1978）提出了消费的持久性收入假说意味着消费变动服从随机游走的著名论断。
试证明这一论断。
（提示：这是不确定条件下的消费问题。
可以假定消费者效用完全来自消费者，瞬间（即期）效用函数为二次型：，其中，u、c分别代表效用和消费，下标t表示时期，a为常数）。
4.美国经济学家托宾认为企业的投资决策取决于该企业资本的（股票）市场价值与其重置成本之比，这被称为托宾的投资q理论。
试述存在调整成本条件下(托宾)的投资q理论。
20071．索洛模型中的卡尔多经济增长。
20081、Solow模型。
（12）（罗默《高宏》课后习题第一个）2、拉姆齐模型。
推导消费c和资本k的动态方程。
解释效用函数中的参数 变化、生产函数上移和折旧率不为0的比较静态分析。
（13）2009宏观经济学部分1、是高宏第一章关于索罗模型的2、考了拉姆齐模型中政府的作用20101、romer书中第一章关于索罗模型的，具体哪一道题目记不清了。
2、romer书中第二章关于拉姆齐模型的，是关于技术进步对内生储蓄率的影响的题目。
20111、拉姆齐模型中调整速度与鞍点路径的线性近似2、索罗模型中k的收敛速度的泰勒近似，和比较静态分析（外生参数变化对k y c 的影响），并画出图形。
政治经济学19991．试述马克思扩大再生产实现公式，并做出扼要说明。
（10）2．简要回答马克思关于商品拜物教产生的根本原因。
（10）3．试述我国现阶段应如何认识个人收入分配中公平与效率的相互关系。
（15）4．基于对目前我国内外经济形势的认识。
你认为人民币是否应该贬值，并扼要阐述理由。
（15）20001．《资本论》是怎样揭示货币的起源及其本质的（10）2．如何认识我国现阶段非公有制经济的地位和作用。
（20）3．制约我国近几年经济增长的主要因素是什么并作必要分析。
（20）20011．如何理解马克思劳动二重性学说在劳动价值论中的地位。
（25）2．试述我国改革开放以来市场化历史进程。
（25）20023．马克思在《资本论》中是怎样批判萨伊的“三要素理论”的马克思由以批判的基本理论依据是什么（25）4．我国现阶段所有制结构特点是什么如何理解公有制的主体地位及其实现形式（25）20031．马克思《资本论》中是如何批判商品拜物教的（25）2．试述转型经济理论的主要观点，并分析我国体制转型的历史特殊性。
（25）20071技术进步与资本有机构成对生产关系的影响。
2产业结构升级与市场、政府的作用。
20081、试述劳动价值论在马克思政治经济学理论体系中的地位。
（25）2、试述社会主义经济理论的重大突破对中国30年改革实践的重大影响。
（可以就你了解的一个突破展开论述，也可就几个突破展开论述）（25）2009政治经济学部分试论马克思主义经济学中有关经济危机的理论社会主义经济部分论当前世界经济形势对我国经济的影响2010资本主义部分资本主义简单再生产的实现条件社会主义部分谈谈“扩大劳动收入在国民收入中的比重”的理解2011资本主义部分：论述劳动价值论社会主义部分：论述所有制结构与经济增长的关系。
计量2010年3、古典假设4、Durbin-Waton检验的使用范围5、关于内生性的分析题6、关于面板的分析题7、关于多元回归中部分参数为零的假设检验的应用，用的是Chow检验等。
简单的说明即可，不要求证明。
8、（1）极大似然估计的应用中的probit或logit的证明，这道题目我没有做出来，丢了10分，惭愧啊.....格林的书上专门有几章在讲极大似然估计，建议好好看看哈。
（2）最小二乘估计中残差和为零的证明，这在陈东的讲义中有提及。