跨文化交际第三章ppt
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unit 3 跨文化交际课件
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Chapter 3: Making generalizations
• 3. How to avoid overgeneralizations? • Pay attention to levels of culture.
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Chapter 3: Making generalizations
• 4. Negative stereotypes
Chapter 3: Making generalizations
• Some generalizations are too broad, outof-date, or inaccurate. Nhomakorabea1
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Chapter 3: Making generalizations
• Some generalizations include positive or negative judgments. A reader might think the information is purely factual, while in reality, it is intended to encourage a particular attitude toward a specific group or culture.
• People usually have negative stereotypes about other people from different cultures.
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Chapter 3: Making generalizations
• 5. Stereotypes and prejudices
Chapter 3: Making generalizations
第三章社会环境与跨文化交际教材PPT课件
概念：角色这一术语是从舞台用语中引进社会 学或交际学领域中来的，即是一个社Biblioteka 对与 某一具体职位相关的行为之期望。
当我们置身于一个不同文化环境中时，我们应按这 种文化的社会期望和社会规范扮演每一个所必须扮 演的角色—按其角色去做事情，说话和交往，非如 此不能取得预期的交往目的。
角色期待（p65）
被某一文化所认可和赞同的角色或行为，在不 同文化中则可能是不被认可和赞同的角色， 甚至是水火不相容的角色和行为了。
二、角色关系
（一）角色关系的社会类型 权势和一致性
（二）角色关系的文化差异
三、角色关系的变量
角色关系因文化而异这一现象 至少表现在三个方面：
正式和非正式程度
土耳其：在土耳其社会中，一个人害怕自己的教师 如同害怕阿拉一样。当教师走进教室时，全班学 生必须起立；在街上遇见教师必须鞠躬致敬。
埃及：谁教我一个字母，我就是谁的终身奴隶。 中国：一日为师，终身为父。 美国：在很多场合下，对几乎任何人直呼其名，平
➢ In the west, even if it was a formal dinner , it would be usually just three courses: soup, main dish, and dessert. But in China, an informal dinner would have four dishes and a soup; a formal dinner would have at least eight dishes and a soup.
角色期待：
“我不过是想知道这 位员工对于自己未 来五年发展的打算 ，想要在飞利浦做 到什么样的职位罢 了，可为何就不能 得到明确的回答呢 ？”谈话结束后， 副总忍不住向人力 资源总监甲抱怨道 。
当我们置身于一个不同文化环境中时，我们应按这 种文化的社会期望和社会规范扮演每一个所必须扮 演的角色—按其角色去做事情，说话和交往，非如 此不能取得预期的交往目的。
角色期待（p65）
被某一文化所认可和赞同的角色或行为，在不 同文化中则可能是不被认可和赞同的角色， 甚至是水火不相容的角色和行为了。
二、角色关系
（一）角色关系的社会类型 权势和一致性
（二）角色关系的文化差异
三、角色关系的变量
角色关系因文化而异这一现象 至少表现在三个方面：
正式和非正式程度
土耳其：在土耳其社会中，一个人害怕自己的教师 如同害怕阿拉一样。当教师走进教室时，全班学 生必须起立；在街上遇见教师必须鞠躬致敬。
埃及：谁教我一个字母，我就是谁的终身奴隶。 中国：一日为师，终身为父。 美国：在很多场合下，对几乎任何人直呼其名，平
➢ In the west, even if it was a formal dinner , it would be usually just three courses: soup, main dish, and dessert. But in China, an informal dinner would have four dishes and a soup; a formal dinner would have at least eight dishes and a soup.
角色期待：
“我不过是想知道这 位员工对于自己未 来五年发展的打算 ，想要在飞利浦做 到什么样的职位罢 了，可为何就不能 得到明确的回答呢 ？”谈话结束后， 副总忍不住向人力 资源总监甲抱怨道 。
跨文化交际中英文化对比教学课件Unit 3 Cuisine and dining etiquette
cuisine [kwɪˈziːn] n. 烹饪，烹调法 multitude [ˈmʌltɪtuːd] n. 大量，多数；群众，人群a multitude of大批的，众多的 availability [əˌveɪləˈbɪləti] n. 可用性；有效性；实用性 respectively [rɪˈspektɪvli] adv. 分别地；各自地，独自地 cucumber [ˈkjuːkʌmbər] n. 黄瓜；胡瓜sea cucumber海参 abalone [ˌæbəˈloʊni] n. 鲍鱼 scallop [ˈskæləp] n. 扇贝，干贝 stew [stuː] v. （肉、水果等食物）炖，焖 n. 炖煮的菜肴 roast [roʊst] v. 烘，烤（肉等）；（食物）烤 fry [fraɪ] v. 油炸，油煎n. 油炸食品；炒杂烩菜；炸薯条quick fry爆，stir-fry炒，dry-fry干煸， shallow fry煎炸, deep fry油炸 crystallize [ˈkrɪstəlaɪz] v. 使结晶；明确；做成蜜饯；具体化 carp [kɑːrp] n. 鲤鱼；抱怨；鲤科属鱼 braise [breɪz] vt. 炖；煨n. 文火炖熟的肉
耳white fungus银耳 • wax [wæ ks] n. 蜡；蜡状物vt. 给…上蜡vi. 月亮渐满；增大
• gourd [ɡʊrd,ɡɔːrd] n. 葫芦，葫芦属植物 wax gourd（= winter melon）冬瓜 • tender [ˈtendər] adj. 温柔的；（食物）柔软的，嫩的；疼痛的；（植物）脆弱的 • umami [uːˈmɑːmi] n. （食物的）鲜味adj. 鲜味的 • diverse daɪˈvɜːrs] adj. 不同的，相异的；多种多样的，形形色色的 • delicacy [ˈdelɪkəsi] n. 美味；佳肴；微妙；精美；敏锐；世故，圆滑 • shellfish [ˈʃelfɪʃ] n. 甲壳类动物；贝类 • turtle [ˈtɜːrtl] n. 龟，甲鱼；海龟 • mushroom [ˈmʌʃrʊm,ˈmʌʃruːm] n. 蘑菇，伞菌；蘑菇形物体；暴发户 • shoot [ʃuːt] vt./n. 射击，射中；拍摄；发芽bamboo shoot竹笋 leek shoot 韭黄 • apricot [ˈæprɪkɑːt,ˈeɪprɪkɑːt] n. 杏，杏子；杏树；杏黄色preserved apricot杏脯 • Buddha [ˈbuːdə,ˈbʊdə] n. 佛陀；佛像 • oyster [ˈɔɪstər] n. 牡蛎，蚝；沉默寡言的人oyster sauce 蚝油 • lychee ['litʃi] n. 荔枝；荔枝树（等于litchi或lichi） • dainty [ˈdeɪnti] adj. 美味的；讲究的；秀丽的；挑剔的n. 美味 • sauté [ˈsəʊteɪ] v. 煸；嫩煎
耳white fungus银耳 • wax [wæ ks] n. 蜡；蜡状物vt. 给…上蜡vi. 月亮渐满；增大
• gourd [ɡʊrd,ɡɔːrd] n. 葫芦，葫芦属植物 wax gourd（= winter melon）冬瓜 • tender [ˈtendər] adj. 温柔的；（食物）柔软的，嫩的；疼痛的；（植物）脆弱的 • umami [uːˈmɑːmi] n. （食物的）鲜味adj. 鲜味的 • diverse daɪˈvɜːrs] adj. 不同的，相异的；多种多样的，形形色色的 • delicacy [ˈdelɪkəsi] n. 美味；佳肴；微妙；精美；敏锐；世故，圆滑 • shellfish [ˈʃelfɪʃ] n. 甲壳类动物；贝类 • turtle [ˈtɜːrtl] n. 龟，甲鱼；海龟 • mushroom [ˈmʌʃrʊm,ˈmʌʃruːm] n. 蘑菇，伞菌；蘑菇形物体；暴发户 • shoot [ʃuːt] vt./n. 射击，射中；拍摄；发芽bamboo shoot竹笋 leek shoot 韭黄 • apricot [ˈæprɪkɑːt,ˈeɪprɪkɑːt] n. 杏，杏子；杏树；杏黄色preserved apricot杏脯 • Buddha [ˈbuːdə,ˈbʊdə] n. 佛陀；佛像 • oyster [ˈɔɪstər] n. 牡蛎，蚝；沉默寡言的人oyster sauce 蚝油 • lychee ['litʃi] n. 荔枝；荔枝树（等于litchi或lichi） • dainty [ˈdeɪnti] adj. 美味的；讲究的；秀丽的；挑剔的n. 美味 • sauté [ˈsəʊteɪ] v. 煸；嫩煎
跨文化交际实用教程unit 3(课堂PPT)
compliments
★Common response formulas of English and
Chinese compliments
★Expressions of gratitude and apology in
English and Chinese
III. Case Study IV. Summary V. Assignments
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Case 3 Why should they do like this?
Comment: 1.The British people maintain their etiquette and
social manners even when they are very excited.
2.The Filipino couple did not introduce their Filipino friend to him
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II. Compliments
pliment and compliment responses
B. Social functions of compliments
C. Differences between Chinese compliments and English compliments (semantic formula and syntactic formula)
2.In Philippines, a person cannot be a friend and a critic at the same time , or at least not in public. Stan should find some other way (acceptable to the Filipinos) to voice his comments.
★Common response formulas of English and
Chinese compliments
★Expressions of gratitude and apology in
English and Chinese
III. Case Study IV. Summary V. Assignments
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Case 3 Why should they do like this?
Comment: 1.The British people maintain their etiquette and
social manners even when they are very excited.
2.The Filipino couple did not introduce their Filipino friend to him
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II. Compliments
pliment and compliment responses
B. Social functions of compliments
C. Differences between Chinese compliments and English compliments (semantic formula and syntactic formula)
2.In Philippines, a person cannot be a friend and a critic at the same time , or at least not in public. Stan should find some other way (acceptable to the Filipinos) to voice his comments.
跨文化交际ppt
rude and arrogant way to indicate failure.
• Australia and Nigeria - up yours
• Some Asian and Islamic countries - rude and offensive
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The Thumb Down Sign
• Sth is bad or sth you do not approve of. • Sth or someone has failed. • Not used as often as the thumbs up sign. It is a
Chapter 3 Nonverbal Communication
1. Nonverbal Communication 2. Kinesics 3. Space and Distance
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1. Nonverbal Communication
1.1 Definitions 1.2 Importance 1.3 Functions
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1.3 Functions
• Accenting - punctuate • Complementing - support • Contradicting – opposite to • Regulating - control • Repeating – send the same meaning • Substituting - replace
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Kinesics (cont’d)
2.1 Facial Expressions 2.2 Gestures 2.3 Postures 2.4 Eye Contact
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2.1 Facial Expressions
• Australia and Nigeria - up yours
• Some Asian and Islamic countries - rude and offensive
-
The Thumb Down Sign
• Sth is bad or sth you do not approve of. • Sth or someone has failed. • Not used as often as the thumbs up sign. It is a
Chapter 3 Nonverbal Communication
1. Nonverbal Communication 2. Kinesics 3. Space and Distance
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1. Nonverbal Communication
1.1 Definitions 1.2 Importance 1.3 Functions
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1.3 Functions
• Accenting - punctuate • Complementing - support • Contradicting – opposite to • Regulating - control • Repeating – send the same meaning • Substituting - replace
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Kinesics (cont’d)
2.1 Facial Expressions 2.2 Gestures 2.3 Postures 2.4 Eye Contact
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2.1 Facial Expressions
跨文化交际(3)Microsoft PowerPoint 演示文稿
The examples from our daily life?
英语国家 一个人在写东西时,另一个
中国
在拥挤的公共汽车上脚被
人决不会走上前去看他在 写什么
在剧院,人们不会把头靠在
前排的座位背上,更不会把 头靠在左右人的身上 有人凑过去看别人正在看 的报纸,在旅馆,甚至在家 里,必须先敲门,经允许后 方可进入
而英语中的意义则是:为自己鼓掌,会被认为是不谦虚 例如:在汉语中,跺脚表示气愤、恼怒、灰心、悔恨等意 思,而其英语意义则表示不耐烦。
儒家传统文化所灌输的“三从四德”、“君臣父子”、“师道尊严”学说不仅影 响了中国人的外在行为,还影响了一代代的中国人的内心世界,在中国人的心理上 积淀了内向克制的因素,最终形成了中国人克制顺从的民族性格,这与英语国家外 向开放型性格形成了鲜明的对照。表现在姿势上,中国人更讲究分寸。中国古代 思想家孔子在两千年以前就十分重视非言语行为,主张人们多用姿势容貌方式来 进行人际交流,提倡人们与别人交际时先要“察言观色”,见什么人做什么姿势。 荀子也提出人们要“礼恭”、“辞顺”、“色从”,而后才能交流。因此,中国人 历来讲究交际不仅要做到言行质朴,而且要气度温和,用心善良,姿态恭敬。表现在 手势上,更加谦卑和恭敬,如:过去的“拱手”、“作揖”、“合十”、“脱帽”和 现在的“握手”等;在敬食烟酒茶时,英语国家只敬一次,而且用一只手递给对方, 而中国人用双手递东西,而且要三番两次地劝敬。表现在眼部动作上,更加含蓄委 婉和羞怯,如在交际时,中国人为了表示礼貌、尊敬或服从,总是避免直视对方,而 美国文化要求人们直视对方的眼睛,这是为人诚实的标志。美国人相信这样一句 话:“不要相信那些不敢直视你的人。”因而,英语国家的人比中国人目光交流的时 间长,而且更为频繁。他们认为,缺乏目光交流就是缺乏诚意、为人不诚实、逃避 推脱、蔑视、恐惧、冷淡、心不在焉、内疚、虚伪的表现。中国人在高兴时,需 控制自己的情绪,而消极时更需加倍掩饰;而英语国家的人则会将自己的喜怒哀乐 表露无余。在空间距离上,英语国家的人不仅要求自身的完整不受侵犯,还要求身 体周围有几英寸的空间供自由活动。
跨文化交际Chapter 3
massive failure, Eg: The project was a bomb. But in Britain, If you said: “The project went a bomb.”
What is the meaning?
comments
It is impossible to understand a culture with taking into account its language; and it is equally impossible to understand a language outside of its cultural contexts.
What is language?
A language is a symbolic code of communication consisting of (1) a set of sounds with (2) understanding meanings and (3) a set of rules for constructing messages.
The influence of language on culture
• Language Determinism 语言决定论: Language shape people‟s thinking, beliefs, and attitudes, and it determines the way people see the world and thus their culture. ------- Spair-Whorf Hypothesis
Comparing Chinese and English word meanings
1. Same denotational meanings and conotational meanings in the two languages. 2. Same denotational meanings but different conotational meanings. 3. Both denotational meanings and conotational meanings are different in many other words.
What is the meaning?
comments
It is impossible to understand a culture with taking into account its language; and it is equally impossible to understand a language outside of its cultural contexts.
What is language?
A language is a symbolic code of communication consisting of (1) a set of sounds with (2) understanding meanings and (3) a set of rules for constructing messages.
The influence of language on culture
• Language Determinism 语言决定论: Language shape people‟s thinking, beliefs, and attitudes, and it determines the way people see the world and thus their culture. ------- Spair-Whorf Hypothesis
Comparing Chinese and English word meanings
1. Same denotational meanings and conotational meanings in the two languages. 2. Same denotational meanings but different conotational meanings. 3. Both denotational meanings and conotational meanings are different in many other words.
跨文化交际概论(全套课件319P)
第二节
一 二
跨文化交际
跨文化交际的概念及学科背景 跨文化交际研究的时代必要性
第二章
第一节
一 二 三
文化背景与跨文化交际
文化因素与跨文化交际
价值观念 民族性格 自然环境
第二节
一 二 三
心理因素与跨文化交际
思维方式 民族中心主义 心理环境
第三章
一 二 三
社会环境与跨文化交际
第一节 角色关系与跨文化交际
第一章
跨文化交际概述
第一节
文化、交际和语言
一 关于文化的概念
（一）文化的定义
1.文化
“文化”的概念古已有之，指与“武力”相对的文德教化。
圣人之治天下也，先文德而后武力。凡武之兴，为不服也；文化不 改，然后加诛。夫下愚不移，纯德之所不能化，而后武力加焉。
（汉·刘向《说苑·指武》）
文化内辑，武功外悠。（晋·束广微《补亡诗·由仪》）
第一章
跨文化交际概述
第一节
文化、交际和语言
在交际过程中，交际者往往会对彼此交际行为的结果进行预
测。交际是在一定的文化背景和交际情景中进行的，而且交际行 为有其固有的语言规则以及语用规则，因此交际过程是一个交际 双方对彼此的交际行为的结果进行预测的过程。 这种预测可能是自觉的，也可能是无意识的。预测的准确程 度取决于对交际环境因素及其与交际行为相互作用的关系的理解 程度，以及对文化和语用规则掌握的熟练程度和运用的灵活程度。
第一章
跨文化交际概述
第一节
文化、交际和语言
后来“文化”一词被日语借入，到近代作为英语culture的
对译词。再后来“文化”作为日语借词又被现代汉语吸收，于
是“文化”就同英语的culture有了直接的词源关系，并衍生 出“文明”、“教育”等含义。
跨文化交际3PPT课件
Low-context
Pity Relational
Uncertainty Avoidance
Power distance
Masculinity– Femininity
.
Chapter3 The Hidden Core of Culture
Lead-in Activity:
2. describe the components of cultural patterns.
2
3. summarize the theory about cultural patterns.
•4. evaluate the importance of cultural patterns.
3
.
.
Chapter3 The Hidden Core of Culture
The Characteristics of Values
• What’s the values reflected in the following proverbs?
• 1. Blood is thicker than water. • 2. Too many cooks spoil the broth(鱼汤）. • 3. God helps those who help themselves. • 4. Time is money. • 5. A man’s home is his castle. • 6. Think three times before you take action. • 7. Nothing done with intelligence is done without speech.
• （富有智慧的无所作为是无言的作为）.(沉默是金)
跨文化交际(精品课件)
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A Monumental Figure
• Edward Twitchell Hall, (1914 –2009) , American anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher.
• Hall introduced a number of new concepts, including proxemics, polychronigh and low context cultures.
Cross-cultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities. (Samovar and Porter, 2004:47)
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Cross-cultural Communication Vs
his Linguistic Across Cultures(《跨文化语言学》）. He discussed the cultural comparison in three aspects: form, meaning and distribution(顾嘉祖，4）. • In 1959,the Silent Language by Edward T. Hall initiated the cross-cultural studies. • R.Oliver , 1962， Culture and communication • A.G.Smith, 1966,Culture and communication • In 1970s, ICA (International Communication Association) accepted Cross-cultural Communication as a branch discipline. as a discipline) • Journals: International and Intercultural Journal of Intercultural Relations.
A Monumental Figure
• Edward Twitchell Hall, (1914 –2009) , American anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher.
• Hall introduced a number of new concepts, including proxemics, polychronigh and low context cultures.
Cross-cultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities. (Samovar and Porter, 2004:47)
11
Cross-cultural Communication Vs
his Linguistic Across Cultures(《跨文化语言学》）. He discussed the cultural comparison in three aspects: form, meaning and distribution(顾嘉祖，4）. • In 1959,the Silent Language by Edward T. Hall initiated the cross-cultural studies. • R.Oliver , 1962， Culture and communication • A.G.Smith, 1966,Culture and communication • In 1970s, ICA (International Communication Association) accepted Cross-cultural Communication as a branch discipline. as a discipline) • Journals: International and Intercultural Journal of Intercultural Relations.
Culture’s Influence On Perception 跨文化交际英语ppt
1.Sensing
Sensing is the first step to do the information processing. We need to study every rule related to human sensation thoroughly in order to understand the model of human perception well. a.sensation Sensation is the neurological(神经学的) process by which people become aware of their environment. In the process of human communication, we are surrounded by external stimuli all the time. The human being takes in all kinds of stimuli from the outside world with the help of our five basic senses. The table below shows human’s five senses in detail.
People from different cultures usually think differently. Thinking usually involves higher mental processes, i.e. perception and remembering. Our perceptions are influenced by who we are, including the accumulation of our experiences. It is important to recognize and examine factors that might distort(扭曲) the accuracy of our interpretations. Culture can affect what we sense, and it has given great influence to our perception. We can find there are two important stages for human perception: sensing stage and perceiving stage. Let’s discuss them separately.
Chapter-3-Cultural-values跨文化交际文化价值观模式PPT课件
2. Your perceptual patterns are learned. “perception is culturally determined. We learn to see the world in a certain way based on our cultural background.”
.
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1.1. Perception & cultures
Two ways that culture influences the perception process:
1. Perception is selective. What is allowed in is, in part, determin现方式做保护处理对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑并不能对任何下载内容负责
Chapter Three
Cultural Values/Patterns/Orientations
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1
Contents
1. Perception, Belief and Values 2. Cultural Patterns
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14
2. Cultural Patterns
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn and
Strodtbeck Value Orientation
2.3 Hofstede’s Values Dimension
2.4 Hall’s Context Orientation
2)Values are shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful which underline cultural patterns and guide society in response to the physical and social environment.” (Nanda &Warms)
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4
1.1. Perception & cultures
Two ways that culture influences the perception process:
1. Perception is selective. What is allowed in is, in part, determin现方式做保护处理对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑并不能对任何下载内容负责
Chapter Three
Cultural Values/Patterns/Orientations
.
1
Contents
1. Perception, Belief and Values 2. Cultural Patterns
.
14
2. Cultural Patterns
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn and
Strodtbeck Value Orientation
2.3 Hofstede’s Values Dimension
2.4 Hall’s Context Orientation
2)Values are shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful which underline cultural patterns and guide society in response to the physical and social environment.” (Nanda &Warms)
跨文化交际ppt-
6.2烹饪方式的不同 7、总结
1、摘要
随着中国对外开放程度的逐渐深入，美国的社会文化越来 越多的映入我们的眼帘，其中餐饮由于地域特征、气候环境、 风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、 饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异，正是因为这样的差异，餐饮 产品具有了强烈的地域性。中美文化之间的差异造就了中美 饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中美不同的思维方式和处 世哲学，中国人注重“天人合一”，美国人注重“以人为 本”。
6.1、烹饪准则的不同
中美烹饪中处处显示的“随意”与
“规范”也体现了其饮食文化的不同。 美国人强调科学与营养,因此其烹制过 程体现了科学性和规范性。在烹制过 程中,美国人会完全依照菜谱,为了达到 准确无误,他们甚至会动用天平、液体 量杯、刻度锅等。因此美国人制作菜 肴往往比较机械,缺乏新意,毫无特色可 言。相反,中国烹饪却崇尚随意性。中 国烹饪中,不仅讲究各大菜系要有各自 的风味与特色,也还讲求各大菜系之间 交叉融合。同一道菜,由于地区、季节、 对象、作用、等级的不同,在操作上可 作不同的处理,从而其色、香、味变化 多端。如果离开了随意性,变化多端的 中国菜肴,就会失去其独特魅力。
Байду номын сангаас 1、摘要
2、前言
3、饮食观念的不同 3.1饮食的侧重点不同 3.2饮食的性质不同 4、饮食习惯的不同 4.1进餐的气氛不同 4.2肉食的饮用方式不同 4.3餐具使用的不同 4.4餐后习惯的不同 5、饮食结构的不同 5.1自然条件的不同 5.2生活方式的不同 6、饮食制作的不同 6.1烹饪准则的不同
3.1、饮食的侧重点不同
由于中美哲学思想的不同，美国人于饮食重科学。重科学 即讲究营养。故美国饮食以营养为最高标准。特别讲求食物 的营养成分，蛋白质，脂肪，碳水化合物，维生素及各类无 机元素是否搭配合理，热量供给是否恰到好处以及这些营养 成分是否能为进食者充分吸收。而中国更加关注菜肴的色、 香、味。中国的五味调和的烹饪术皆在追求美味，其加工过 程中的热油炸和长时间的文火攻，都会使菜肴的营养成分被 破坏。
1、摘要
随着中国对外开放程度的逐渐深入，美国的社会文化越来 越多的映入我们的眼帘，其中餐饮由于地域特征、气候环境、 风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、 饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异，正是因为这样的差异，餐饮 产品具有了强烈的地域性。中美文化之间的差异造就了中美 饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中美不同的思维方式和处 世哲学，中国人注重“天人合一”，美国人注重“以人为 本”。
6.1、烹饪准则的不同
中美烹饪中处处显示的“随意”与
“规范”也体现了其饮食文化的不同。 美国人强调科学与营养,因此其烹制过 程体现了科学性和规范性。在烹制过 程中,美国人会完全依照菜谱,为了达到 准确无误,他们甚至会动用天平、液体 量杯、刻度锅等。因此美国人制作菜 肴往往比较机械,缺乏新意,毫无特色可 言。相反,中国烹饪却崇尚随意性。中 国烹饪中,不仅讲究各大菜系要有各自 的风味与特色,也还讲求各大菜系之间 交叉融合。同一道菜,由于地区、季节、 对象、作用、等级的不同,在操作上可 作不同的处理,从而其色、香、味变化 多端。如果离开了随意性,变化多端的 中国菜肴,就会失去其独特魅力。
Байду номын сангаас 1、摘要
2、前言
3、饮食观念的不同 3.1饮食的侧重点不同 3.2饮食的性质不同 4、饮食习惯的不同 4.1进餐的气氛不同 4.2肉食的饮用方式不同 4.3餐具使用的不同 4.4餐后习惯的不同 5、饮食结构的不同 5.1自然条件的不同 5.2生活方式的不同 6、饮食制作的不同 6.1烹饪准则的不同
3.1、饮食的侧重点不同
由于中美哲学思想的不同，美国人于饮食重科学。重科学 即讲究营养。故美国饮食以营养为最高标准。特别讲求食物 的营养成分，蛋白质，脂肪，碳水化合物，维生素及各类无 机元素是否搭配合理，热量供给是否恰到好处以及这些营养 成分是否能为进食者充分吸收。而中国更加关注菜肴的色、 香、味。中国的五味调和的烹饪术皆在追求美味，其加工过 程中的热油炸和长时间的文火攻，都会使菜肴的营养成分被 破坏。
《跨文化交际》3
Turkey
1
（a） [C] large bird reared to be eaten, esp at Christmas 吐绶鸡; 火鸡. （b） [U] its flesh as food （食用的）火鸡肉: ★ a slice of roast turkey 一片烤火鸡肉.
2 [C] (US sl 俚) failure; flop 失败; 失败的人或事物:
The Chinese waited patiently and then replied, “Well, I still don‟t understand what is meant when you Americans say „Come on, you bird/a person considered inept or undesirable turkey. Let‟s get moving.‟”
★ His last movie was a real turkey. 他最后的那部影片一塌糊涂.
Turkey
talk `turkey (infml 口 esp US)
talk frankly and bluntly 说话坦率. cold `turkey (sl 俚 esp US) （a） way of treating a drug addict by suddenly stopping all his doses of the drug instead of gradually reducing them 使有毒瘾者突然停用 毒品而不是逐渐减少剂量的处理方法. （b） frank statement of the truth, often about sth unpleasant 直言不讳; 照实说: ★ talk cold turkey to/with sb 对[与]某人直言不 讳.
跨文化交际Unit3PPT课件
Dealing with interpersonal problems: confrontational strategies
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12
Collectivism
Group: the most important social units
Group-oriented, requiring an absolute loyalty to the group
Obligations to the group, dependence of the individual on organizations and institutions, a “we” consciousness, and an emphasis on belonging
Decision making: based on what is best for the group
Dealing with interpersonal problems: avoidance,
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13
Hofstede’s Model
Uncertainty avoidance: the extent to which the culture feels threatened by ambiguous, uncertain situations and tries to avoid them by establishing more structure
➢ Relationship of man to nature: Man subjugated by nature; Man in harmony with nature; Man the master of nature
➢ Sense of time: past, present, or futureoriented
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12
Collectivism
Group: the most important social units
Group-oriented, requiring an absolute loyalty to the group
Obligations to the group, dependence of the individual on organizations and institutions, a “we” consciousness, and an emphasis on belonging
Decision making: based on what is best for the group
Dealing with interpersonal problems: avoidance,
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13
Hofstede’s Model
Uncertainty avoidance: the extent to which the culture feels threatened by ambiguous, uncertain situations and tries to avoid them by establishing more structure
➢ Relationship of man to nature: Man subjugated by nature; Man in harmony with nature; Man the master of nature
➢ Sense of time: past, present, or futureoriented
跨文化交际课程第三单元PPT课件
11
美国人的价值观念系统
3．时间取向 在讨论人的本性时，我们提及“性本恶”必然
导致未来时间取向。西方人，尤其是美国人，一切 着眼于未来，因此未来取向是他们的重要的价值观 念。对他们来讲，回归过去如同走向“原罪”，因 此后退是没有出路的。由于这种取向的影响，西方 人很少循规蹈矩，很少崇拜祖先，也不像中国人那 样尊老敬师：年龄和经历也未必值得敬仰，他们更 不相信命运，因此他们的精力和努力都放在实现近 期规划方面。
Carmen: Sure. That’d be nice. Judy: Well, let’s do it soon.
Carmen: O.K. (Judy and Carmen continue to talk while their children play.)
4
Case Analysis
Judy and Carmen are not real friends. They don’t want to get together, really. They once met each other a month ago. Americans sometimes make general invitation like “Let’s get together sometimes.” Often this is just a way to be friendly. It is not always a real invitation. If they’d like to set a specific (exact) time, that means a real offer.
7 Phil’s company a week later.
Case 10 (Page 97)
美国人的价值观念系统
3．时间取向 在讨论人的本性时，我们提及“性本恶”必然
导致未来时间取向。西方人，尤其是美国人，一切 着眼于未来，因此未来取向是他们的重要的价值观 念。对他们来讲，回归过去如同走向“原罪”，因 此后退是没有出路的。由于这种取向的影响，西方 人很少循规蹈矩，很少崇拜祖先，也不像中国人那 样尊老敬师：年龄和经历也未必值得敬仰，他们更 不相信命运，因此他们的精力和努力都放在实现近 期规划方面。
Carmen: Sure. That’d be nice. Judy: Well, let’s do it soon.
Carmen: O.K. (Judy and Carmen continue to talk while their children play.)
4
Case Analysis
Judy and Carmen are not real friends. They don’t want to get together, really. They once met each other a month ago. Americans sometimes make general invitation like “Let’s get together sometimes.” Often this is just a way to be friendly. It is not always a real invitation. If they’d like to set a specific (exact) time, that means a real offer.
7 Phil’s company a week later.
Case 10 (Page 97)
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Dominant American Cultural Patterns
Individualism
by John Locke
Each individual is unique,
special, completely different
from others.
Equality
All people has the right to succeed
Proverbs (explanation) • Blood is thicker than water. Value: family, loyalty Origin: Scotland • The early bird catches the worm. Value: action Origin: England • God helps those who help themselves. Value: self-help Origin: Greece • Haste makes waste. Value: patience Origin: England • Time is money. Value: efficiency Origin: USA • Think three times before you take action. Value: caution Origin: China
organization interpretation
Second
Selection/stimulation
Understanding Perception
Cultural Filters & Perceptions
information and impressions from reality
cultural filter
Black White Red Pink Blue
Do Americans associate these colors with something the same or different?
Beliefs
• Beliefs are at the core of our thoughts and action. • Beliefs are our conviction in the truth of something—with or without proof. • Beliefs tell us how the world operates. • Beliefs affect our conscious and unconscious minds, as well as the manner in which we communicate. • Beliefs are learned and hence subject to cultural interpretation and cultural diversity.
in life and the state should ensure it.
Dominant American Cultural Patterns
Materialism
A right to be materially well off and physically comfortable.
Science & Technology
Priorities
Openness Cooperation Self-reliance Openness Self-reliance Family Openness Relationships Cooperation Openness Possessions Time
Relationships
Family Relationships Family Family Equality Relationships Seniority Seniority
We define culture as the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, role, spatial relations, concepts of universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.
Science represents the major
tool for understanding and
improving life.
Dominant American Cultural Patterns
Progress and Change
Changing at a faster rate than any
Dominant American Cultural Patterns
Competition Individualism
American Cultural Patterns
Equality
Materialism
Science and Technology Work and Leisure Progress and Change
2. Secondary Values (also quite important: the securing of material possessions)
3. Tertiary Values (at the bottom of our hierarchy: hospitality, cleanness)
Group harmony Cooperation Relationships Cooperation Group harmony Cooperation Cooperation Family
Cooperation
Spirituality Group harmony
Sp
Group harmony
Cooperation Family Group harmony Spirituality Freedom Family security Reputation Spirituality
Family
Relationships Reputation Cooperation
Freedom
An understanding of cultural values helps us appreciate the behavior of other people and our own.
Classification of Values
1. Primary Values ( the most important: they specify what is worth the sacrifice of human life. Democracy and the protection of one’s self and close family.)
CHAPTER 3 Cultural Diversity in Perception: Alternative Views of Reality
Americans
Australians
Asians
Peruvians, Iranians, Mexicans
Definition of Culture
Understanding Perception
• the physical mechanism of perception • a two-stage sequence
First
Recognition or identification (biological stage: the same to all people) Interpretation and evaluation (social stage: different due to the influence of a person’s past experiences,i.e. culture)
Reputation Family security Openness Relationships Reputation
Freedom Authority Authority
Cultural Patterns
• We can think of cultural patterns as a system of beliefs and values • These patterns contribute not only to the way a people perceive and think about the world, but the manner in which they live in that world. • Knowing these patterns help us know the culture
Beliefs
Allah is the only sovereign, and , Muhammad is its messenger
Jesus Christ, the son of God
Values
• “an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to another.” • “a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.” • Values teach us not only what is useful or useless, good or bad, right or wrong, but also what to strive for, how to live , and even what to die for.