状语从句的省略
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状语从句的省略
华中师范大学丁金海
本期主要探讨在状语从句中,省略主谓部分的语言现象。
小测:
观察下面几个句子,将状语从句中省略的部分补齐:
①For others,academic concepts seemed much easier to remember when introduced in a song.
②Although acknowledging that the best works at the Place Dauphine were by women artists,he castigated parents who"cruelly"encouraged their daughters to become professional artists.
③Found throughout the South,pokeweed is traditionally the first green plant to show up each spring and is best eaten when very young and tender.
④If necessary,she would just write the article without the interview.
⑤What drugs,if any,did Murray give Michael Jackson?
⑥I wish it were that simple,but it rarely,if ever,is.
⑦When in doubt,don't open an e-mail message,especially if it includes an attachment.
⑧As a small child,my earliest remembrance of music was listening to my older sister play the piano while I attempted to sleep in an upstairs room.
在上述句子中,都带有一个状语从句,而且从句均出现了省略现象,状语从句中的省略是常见的语言现象,这样显得语言更加简洁、明了。通过分析,我们可以将上述句子的被省略部分补齐。解析是:
①….When they were introduced in a song.②Although he acknowledged that…③…when it is
very young and tender.④If it is necessary for her to just write,she….⑤What drugs,if there were any,…?⑥I wish….,if it is ever that simple,is.⑦When you are in doubt, don't open…⑧As I was a small child,….
状语从句的省略根据其省略后的形式分为两种类型:①带连词的无动词状语从句,即“连词+名词/形容词/介词短语”结构②带连词的非限定动词状语从句,即“连词+分词/动词不定式”结构。
一、带连词的无动词状语从句
1.连词+名词
小测:省略下面句子里面的状语从句中的冗余部分。
①He inspected me as if he were a prosecutor.
②As he was a young adult,he worked as a carpenter,then started his own construction business.
③When he was a young boy,Hugh Brogan,wrote to tell Tolkien how much he enjoyed learning about hobbits,dwarfs,and elves.
④Though he is a soft-spoken fellow,he's a tough taskmaster who demands originality and initiative and is very blunt about the kind of people who anchor his news shows.
小测的答案是:①He inspected me as if a prosecutor.②As a young adult,he worked as a carpenter,then started his own construction business.③When a young boy,Hugh Brogan,wrote to tell Tolkien how much he enjoyed learning about hobbits,dwarfs,and elves.④Though a soft-spoken fellow,he's a tough taskmaster who demands originality and initiative and is very blunt about the kind of people who anchor his news shows.
通过上面的小测解析,我们不难看出,被省掉的部分是与主句相同的主语和be动词。再如:He acts as if(he were)a fool.他的行为举止好象是个傻子。
As(he was)a young artist,he entered and won first place in a major illustration competition
sponsored by the Population Institute.
在还是一个年轻的艺术家的时候,他就报名参加由人口协会发起的一个重要的画画比赛,而且赢得了第一名。
Though(he was)a capable pilot,Stoker always was aware of her limits.尽管斯托克是个能干的飞行员,她也知道她的能力也是有限的。
有时虽然状语从句的主语与句子的主语不相同,只要不引起歧义,也可采用省略形式。如:As a little girl,my summer holidays in Provence kicked off when my grandmother arrived from Paris for a weeklong stay.
在我是个小姑娘的时候,每当我奶奶从巴黎来到普罗旺斯的时,我的暑假就开始了。
As a little girl相当于As I was a little girl.虽然从句的主语girl与主句的主语my summer holidays不相一致,但是读者或者听话者不会产生理解上的困难。
有时,某些“连词+名词”结构很难说出省掉了什么,已经成了固定的说法,即便在逻辑上可以还原被省的部分,但是被这个还原的说法很少使用。最常见的有if a day,if an inch,if a yard,if a man等等,这些说法常常翻译为“肯定有,至少有”。它们的作用是:如果条件句中的陈述是真实的,那么主句中的陈述也一定是真实的。如:
He wasn't a youngster.Forty-five if(he was)a day,but with no body fat.
他不是年轻人了。准是有四十五了,但是一点赘肉也没有。
The painting must be worth a thousand pounds if(it is worth)a cent.这幅画价值至少有1000英镑吧。
The package weighed ten pounds if(it weighed)an ounce.这包裹一定有十磅重。
I’ve come three miles,if a yard.我肯定走了三英里了。
He is six feet tall,if(he is)an inch.他一定有六英尺高。
2.连词+形容词
小测:将状语从句中省略的部分补齐。
①It was the ultimate brainwash and if true,would certainly make a travesty of their motto.
②His search party had formed a circle around me and stared as if ready to pounce at a signal from their Captain.
③When ready to jump,I have such total body awareness that my heart rate doesn't increase.
④The goal,he adds,is to prevent,if possible,the most vulnerable populated island states from disappearing entirely.
⑤I practice releasing the buckle a few times to be sure I'll be able to get out quickly if necessary.
⑥Where appropriate,agriculture is going to continue and thrive.
⑦A hydrothermal vent is a place on the ridge where cold
小测的解析是:①It was the ultimate brainwash and if it was true,would…②His search party had formed a circle around me and stared as if they were ready…③When I am ready to jump,…④The goal,he adds,is to prevent,if it is possible(to do so),…⑤I…quickly if it is necessary(for me to get out).⑥Where it is appropriate,agriculture is going to continue and thrive.
⑦….where it is cold.
通过上面的小测解析,我们不难看出,被省掉的部分是与主句相同的主语或者是it(it既可以是形式主语,也可以是指代词),动词是be,再如:
When(they were)fully grown,the children were freed and taken away to some faraway land.
待孩子们完全长大了后,他们就自由了,然后被带到一个遥远的地方。
So,if(it is)true,this is just astounding.这要是真的话,也太离奇了。
He leaned forward as if(he were)ready to spring.他身子向前倾,随时准备跃起。