中国古代政治经济文化发展

The Development of Ancient ChinaA．社会（政治体制）1,中国是世界上文明发达最早的国家之一(China is one of the countries in the world, which is earliest to reach its cultural flourishment.)2,中国古代史经历了以下几个阶段Stage :原始社会(primitive society)、奴隶社会(slave society)（170万年前-公元前476年）和封建社会(feudal society)。

Primitive Society中国是人类重要的发源地之一，经过漫长的进化，产生了不同时期的原始人(primitive man)、氏族部落(Clans)，如元谋人(Homo erectus yuanmouensis)(About 17,000,000 years ago)、蓝田人(Lantian Man)( About 800,000 years ago)、北京人Sinanthropus pekinensis (About 700,000-200,000 years ago)、山顶洞人(Upper Cave Man)(About 30,000 years ago)半坡人(Banpo Man)(About 5,000-6,000 years ago)原始人群(primitive crowd)、母系社会((matriarchal society)和父系社会(patrilineal society)Slave society夏Xia Dynasty、商Shang Dynasty、周Zhou Dynasty、春秋The Spring and Autumn PeriodFeudal society3，其中封建社会可分为五个阶段：一、战国、秦、汉是封建社会形成(formation)和初步发展(initial development)阶段。

二、三国、两晋、南北朝，是封建国家分裂（Feudal national secession）和民族大融合（national integration）的阶段三、隋唐五代时期是封建社会的繁荣阶段（prosperity phase ）。

四、辽、宋、夏、金、元，是民族融合进一步加强和封建经济继续发展的阶段。

五、明、清（鸦片战争前），是统一的多民族国家巩固和封建制度渐趋衰落阶段。

B．思想中国古代思想的发展也就是儒家思想的发展a．During the Warring States period：A hundred schools of thought contend（百家争鸣）1，Confucianism1.1 ，Confucius, the founderConfucius (traditionally 28 September 551 BC --- 479 BC) lived between 551 and 479 during the late years of the Spring and Autumn Period of China. He was a great thinker,educator and statesman as well as one of the most learnt people at that time. So he was horned as “the sage of sages” and the teacher of all ages.1.2 RenMencius claimed that human nature was good meaning humans have inborn tendencies toward virtue. Without being taught, people have at least momentary feelings of compassion for the sufferings of others.1.3 YiIf we cultivate this feeling of compassion, it will develop into the virtue of benevolence. If we cultivate our sense of shame, it will develop to the virtue of righteousness.1.4 LiMoral ways of conduct refers to any of the secular social functions of daily life, akin to the Western term for culture. Shaping the rituals in a way that leads to a content and healthy society, and to content and healthy people, is one purpose of Confucian philosophy.2. Mohism2.1 Mozi, the founderMo Zi (470 BC --- 391 BC), original name Mo Di (墨翟), was a Chinese philosopher,thinker, educator, scientist, and militarist. He was born a few years after Confucius' death and died a few tears before Mencius' birth.2.2 Ten ProposalsInclusive Care 兼爱Rejecting Aggression 非攻Elevating the Worthy 尚同Conforming Upward 尚贤Rejecting Fatalism 非命Rejecting Music 非乐Thrift in Utilization 节用Thrift in Funerals 节葬Heaven's Intention 天志Existence of Ghosts 名鬼3. Daoism3.1 Laozi, the founderLi Er was a mystic philosopher of ancient China, best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching(often simply referred to as Laozi). His association with the T ao Te Ching has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of T aoism (pronounced as "Daoism"). He is also revered as a deity in most religious forms of the Taoist religion, which often refers to Laozi as T aishang Laojun, or "One of the Three Pure Ones". He is considered as the father of Chinese philosophy. In the history of Chinese philosophy no one can be compared with Lao Zi who so extensively and thoroughly studied the laws of motion in the world.3.2 DaoIt is the mechanism of everything that exists, the natural, eternal, spontaneous, indescribable way things began and pursued their course.3.3 DePower of morality or power for good. It is the power of naturalness, or power, of simplicity, even of weakness. This is possibly the most important point in the Daoist philosophy, and has immense influence on the development of Daoist religion.Legalism4.1 Han Fei Zi, the founderHan Fei (280 BC --- 233 BC) is was a Chinese philosopher, the most outstanding representative of the Legalist school. He was a prince of the royal family of Han during the Warring and States Period(475---221 B.C.).He and Li Si studied with Xun Kuang.In this context, his works have been interpreted by some scholars as being directed to his cousin, the King of Han.4.2 FaThe rule of law stands in contrast to the idea that the leader is above the law. The law code must be clearly written and made public. All people under the ruler were equal before the law.4.3 ShuIt means special tactics and “secrets” are to be emplo yed by the ruler to make sure others do not take over control of the state. Especially important is that no one can fathom the ruler’s motivations, and so no one can know which behavior might help them getting ahead except following the laws.4.4 ShiIt literally means "legitimacy, power or charisma". It is the position of the ruler, not the ruler himself or herself, that holds the power. Therefore, analysis of the trends, the context, and the facts are essential for a real ruler.b. The Western Han Dynasty （206 B.C.-A.D. 24）During the mid Western Han Dynasty, with Confucianism achieving dominance, the orthodox legal thoughts with Confucianism as the mainstay came into being.Dong zhongshu inherits, mixes and develops the ideas of predecessors and built a systematic "Heaven-Human Induction" ideology system.c. The period from Song to MingThe Confucianism developed any further.1.Chenyi and Chenghao : The world is only one reason2.Zhuxi's views on knowing and doing are creatively developed after the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius and the moral thoughts of Cheng brothers3. The identity of knowledge and action form one thread through all the doctrine of Wang Yang-ming's moral practiced. The late Ming and early Qing dynastyThe Confucianism’s criticizing and inheriting1 The representative personages mainly include Li Zhi, Hang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu and Wang Fuzhi. They were against the traditional Confucianism and decadent feudal autocracy rule.中国古代经济中国的原始农业起源于黄河一长江流域，并首先在中原地区达到较高水平，南宋后经济重心南移。