第4章代词的翻译
第四章汉译英常用方法和技巧（8-11）
第四章汉译英常用方法和技巧（教学安排：8课时）与词有关的翻译方法包括：✓直译和意译✓词义的选择✓词的增补与省略✓词类转义法✓重复法✓正说反译法和反说正译法✓分句法和合句法第一节直译和意译首先应当指出，直译不是死译，而是指基本保留原有句子结构，照字面意思翻译。
意译也不是胡译、乱译，而是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下，为了表达的需要，对原文作相应的调整。
例1原文：我们的朋友遍天下。
直译：Our friends are all over the world.意译：We have friends all over the world.直译以严格意义上的忠实为宗旨，意译则更多考虑英语的特点，更强调译文的效果，不求形式对应，只求语言在深层次中的对应。
总之，选择直译还是意译，应该根据文章具体需要而定，两种译法可以并用。
✧能直译则直译例2原文：爱是耐心和善良；爱不是妒忌和吹嘘；爱不是傲慢和粗鲁。
译文：love is patience and kindness; love is not jealous and boast; love is not arrogance and rudeness.例3原文：进入21世纪，麦当劳团体的对手们又集合到一面共同的旗帜之下——反对全球化。
译文：On stepping into the 21st century, the McDonalds’ groups have again assembled under the same flag——anti-globalization.Upon entering opponents banner rafilled例4原文：电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特，前者是电流单位，后者是电压单位。
译文：the unit of current the one of voltage例5原文：俗话说：“千里搭凉棚，没有不散的筵席”。
再过两三年，咱们都要离开这里的。
文言文代词及翻译
一、人称代词1. 我、吾：表示说话人自己。
例：吾闻孔丘善礼，故往见之。
（《论语·述而》）翻译：我听说孔子懂得礼仪，所以去拜访他。
2. 你、尔、汝：表示对话中的对方。
例：尔何不归？（《诗经·国风·周南·关雎》）翻译：你为什么不回去？3. 他、彼：表示第三人称。
例：彼竭我盈，故克之。
（《左传·僖公二十五年》）翻译：他们兵力枯竭，我们兵力充足，所以打败了他们。
4. 吾、我：古代汉语中，吾与我在古代可以互换使用。
例：吾闻之，有善为师者，五日可成。
（《庄子·逍遥游》）翻译：我听说，有善于当师傅的人，五天就能成功。
二、指示代词1. 此、兹：表示近处。
例：此五霸者，天下之雄也。
（《史记·孟子荀卿列传》）翻译：这五位霸主，是天下的雄豪。
2. 那里、彼处：表示远处。
例：彼处有奇花异草，吾欲往观之。
（《庄子·逍遥游》）翻译：那里有奇花异草，我想去观赏。
3. 那个、彼：表示特指。
例：彼童子之才，何足以论！（《史记·孔子世家》）翻译：那个小孩的才华，怎么足以评论！4. 此、斯：表示近处。
例：此吾所以异于彼也。
（《庄子·逍遥游》）翻译：这就是我和他们不同的地方。
三、疑问代词1. 何：表示疑问，相当于现代汉语的“什么”。
例：何谓仁义？（《孟子·梁惠王上》）翻译：什么是仁义？2. 哪里、何处：表示疑问，相当于现代汉语的“哪里”。
例：吾问曰：“何处得此奇遇？”（《庄子·逍遥游》）翻译：我问：“在哪里得到这个奇遇？”3. 哪个、何：表示特指疑问，相当于现代汉语的“哪个”。
例：何者为之？（《庄子·逍遥游》）翻译：哪个是它？四、物主代词1. 我的、吾之：表示所属关系。
例：吾之马，何能胜彼？（《庄子·逍遥游》）翻译：我的马，怎么能胜过它？2. 你的、尔之：表示所属关系。
例：尔之马，何能胜吾？（《庄子·逍遥游》）翻译：你的马，怎么能胜过我？通过以上介绍，相信大家对文言文中常见的代词有了更深入的了解。
第四章词语的翻译
* 大多数地名。 例如： Australia 澳大利亚 New York 纽约 Atlanta 亚特兰大 Miami 迈阿密 * 译入语原来没有的事物，包括科技新词、某 些商标与文化词等 。例如： Dink 丁克 Hippie 嬉皮士 Sauna 桑拿 Shock 休克 Logic jeep sofa tank Pie biscuits
The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing. • （三）关联词连词的增减。由于英语的词 与词，句与句之间强调形式连接，因此连 词种类繁多，使用广泛。而汉语的句子结 构注重关系和逻辑顺序，因此对语序固定， 关系自明的短语或句子，就减少了很多连 接词的使用。故英译汉，多减少而汉译英 多增加关联词和连词的使用。 例如：
第四章章词词语的翻译译语义来自上下文文?民间性经济文化关系民间组织?nongovernmental?民间传说popular?民间工艺folk?在中国人心中inthemindsof?心甘情愿bemostwillingto?心明眼亮besharpeyedandclearminded?心连心heartlinkedtoheart?心里话onesinnermostthoughtsandfeelings?祖国统一reunification?卫生局publichealthbureau?卫生设备sanitaryequipment?卫生标准hygienicstandard?卫生纸toiletpaper?卫生球camphorball?开门openthedoor开车driveacar?开会holdameeting开灯turnonalight?开业startabusiness开支票writeacheck?开玩笑playajoke开夜车worklateintothenight?词语翻译的基本技巧
科技英语翻译-第4章详解
Chapter Four Translation of Prepositions
代词的翻译 第1节 代词的一般译法
五、转译 转译就是将英文原文句子的代词在汉译时翻译成其他词性的词，如转 译为名词或副词，以使译文流畅，更符合汉语的表达习惯。如： What a motor does is to change electrical energy into mechanical driving power. 电动机所起的作用就是把电能转化成机械能。（连接代词what转译为 名词） All of the heat lost by the warmer object in cooling is gained by colder object. 温度较高的物体冷却时所失去的热量都被温度较低的物体吸收。（不 定代词all转译成副词）
Chapter Four Translation of Prepositions
代词的翻译 代词是用来代替名词、名词词组甚至整个句子的词。为了清楚地表达 代词本身的意义以及所代替的词、词组或句子的意义，翻译时，首先 要辨明代词所代替的先行词，以便正确地理解原文；其次要在译文中 采用适当的翻译方法给予正确的表达，避免引起歧义。英语的代词久 类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代 词、关系代词、不定代词、连接代词。其中，相互代词，反身代词和 疑问代词的翻译比较容易、直观，以直译为主，本书不做专门讨论； 连接代词和关系代词将在本书的第七章重点讨论。本书将重点讨论人 称代词、物主代词、指示代词和不定代词。
Chapter Four Translation of Prepositions
代词的翻译 第1节 代词的一般译法
二、还原 所谓还原，就是把代词所代替的名词、名词词组的意思 翻译出来，如： If the bearing were not lubricated ,they would rapidly overheat. 假如轴承未加润滑油的话，轴承很快就过热了。 The construction of the diesel engine is quite similar to that of the gasoline engine . 柴油机的构造与汽油机的构造十分相似。（代词that还 原为名词“构造”）
Unit 4 词法翻译 - 增词法和省词法
Unit 4. Translation Techniques of Words and Expressions 词法翻译（2）Outline of this unit1. Addition 增词法2. Omission 省词法1. Addition 增词法增补翻译是在原文的基础上，增加一些词语，使译文的语法结构、修辞方式及语言表达符合汉语的行文要求。
要点：增词不增义，增加原文中已省略但汉语表达所需要的词语，不能随心所欲地增加。
增词法的主要类型：语法方面：动词、量词、时态词、名词修辞方面：名词复数、语气词逻辑方面：表示概括性、承上启下、逻辑关联的词语语法方面：动词、量词、时态词、名词上述这些词汇在英语语法中省略了，但在汉语中不可或缺，译文中要增加。
动词：英语动词呈显性；汉语动词在句中是表意的重心，不可少，并且汉语动词不受形态的约束，运用极为灵活，在汉语中备受青睐。
I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.Histories make men wise, poets witty, the mathematics subtle, natural philosophy deep, moral grave, logic and rhetoric able to contend.After the football match, he’s got an important meeting.He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.练习：I am looking forward to the holidays.We won’t retreat, we never have and never will.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.The world needn’t be afraid of a possible shortage of coal, oil, natural gas or other sources of fuel for the future.接下来看增加量词的情况。
代词的翻译
如果我的相對論被證明是正確的，德國人 就會說我是德國人，法國佬會說我是一個 世界公民。如果我的相對論被否定了，法 國佬就會罵我德國鬼子而德國人就會把我 歸為猶太人。
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2. The significant problems we face cannot be solved at the same level of thinking we were at when we created them.
通过远程会议，专家知识可以在全世界范围内被 分享，而争论的问题能够得到解决，同时相关人 员也不必离开他们的家庭或工作跑到一个遥远的 开会地点。
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6. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows.
如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降， 那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供 的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允 许更多的消费者购买产品。
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4. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.
小学英语人称代词讲解-含翻译
代词讲解一、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。
是表示自身或人称的代词。
二、物主代词是表示所有关系的代词。
物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代如：I like his car.我喜欢他的小汽车。
Our school is here，and theirs is there.我们的学校在这儿，他们的在那儿。
三、指示代词是表示这个,那个,这些,那些以及it, such, same等词。
指示代词在句中作主语, 宾语, 表语, 定语。
指示代词分单数（this / that）和复数（these / those）两种形式，This girl is Mary.Those men are my teachers.This is Mary.Those are my teachers.That is a red car. 那是一辆红色汽车。
What do you like? I like this. 你喜欢什么? 我喜欢这个。
I should say I know that. 我应该说我知道这件事情。
四、疑问代词是表示“谁(who),谁(whom),谁的(whose),什么(what), 哪个或哪些(whi ch)”等词叫疑问代词。
在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。
疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）如：Tell me who he is.告诉我他是谁。
五、不定代词是没有明确指定代替任何特定名词或形容词的词,常用的不定代词如下:常见的不定代词有all，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代词，如anybody，something，no one。
科技英语翻译课后练习答案
目录1
第1章 概论 1、翻译的标准 2、对译者的要求 3、科技英语文体的特点 4、翻译的一般方法
第2章 词的翻译 1、词义的选择 2、词义的引申 3、词类的转换 4、词的增译 5、词的省译 6、重复法
第3章 名词和冠词的翻译 1、名词的译法 2、冠词的译法 3、总复习题
第4章 代词的翻译 1、代词的一般译法 2、人称代词的译法 3、形容词性物主代词的译法 4、指示代词的译法 5、不定代词的译法 6、it及其句型的译法 7、总复习题
2.2 词义的引申
1. 技术性引申 2. 修辞性引申 3. 具体化引申 4. 抽象化引申
人们发现钻孔速度与工具所受的净压力成正比。
2. Scientists are constantly striving to find fast and convenient way of obtaining quantitative data.
科学家们总是力求找到快速而简便的方法获得定量数据。
3. To find the area of a square or oblong, you merely multiply its length by its width.
立体角 整体轴承 固体 实线 钻头
单色 实心曲轴 赤金 体积 固态电路 无气喷射 润滑脂，固体润滑剂 磁极
第1节 翻译练习4
apron (n.): ► 机械行业 ► 造船业 ► 建筑业 ► 地质 ► 运输业 ► 航空业 ► 军事
护床 船头护船木 护墙，挡板 冰川前的沙砾层 （皮带）运输机
停机坪 （炮的）口罩，伪装天幕
制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指的是生产少 量的零件，后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。（分译）
英语中代词的翻译
英语中代词的翻译代词在英文中使用广泛，这和中文有一定差异。
在汉语里，我们要么重复前一句话中的名词，要么省略，很少用代词，最少用的就是“第三人称”，因为“他”“她”“它”的发音都是一样的。
从翻译的角度讲，英译汉时，多用名词，或者省略；汉译英时，多用代词。
英文代词的翻译可以总结为两句话：一是代词要指明要点；二时代词的翻译要不抽象、不具体。
Eg: It may seen strange to put an industrial revolution and two political revolutions into the same packet. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions.断句：It may seen strange /to put an industrial revolution and two political revolutions into the same packet. /But the fact is that/ they were all social revolutions.分析：从断句的情况来看，句首的it指的是后面的不定式to put an industiral revolution and two political revolutions into the same packet.后面这句话中的they指的是前面的an industrial revolution and two ploitical revolutions.翻译：把一场工业革命和两场政治革命归为一类1，这2似乎有点奇怪3，但是，事实上，这三场革命4都是社会革命。
分析：1.put into the same packet的意思可以理解为“归为一类”。
2.在这里断句之后，我们用“这”来代替前面所有的内容。
3.把不定式放在句首翻译是因为it代替的是不定式，而且这里也体现了评论与事实的关系。
《中庸》全文及翻译
《中庸》全文及翻译《中庸》原来也是《礼记》中的一篇，一般认为它出于孔子的孙子子思(前483-前402)之手。
据《史记·孔于世家》记载，孔子的儿子名叫孔鲤，字伯鱼;伯鱼的儿子名叫孔伋，字子思。
孔子去世后，儒家分为八派，子思是其中一派。
荀子把子思和孟子看成是一派。
从师承关系来看，子思学于孔子的得意弟子之一曾子，孟子又学于子思;从《中庸》和《孟子》的基本观点来看，也大体上是相同的。
所以有“思孟学派”的说法。
后代因此而尊称子思为“述圣”。
不过，现存的《中庸》，已经经过秦代儒者的修改，大致写定于秦统一全国后不久。
所以名篇方式已下同于《大学》，不是取正义开头的两个字为题，而是撮取文章的中心内容为题了。
以下是《中庸》全文及翻译，欢迎阅读。
第一章(中和是天下的根本)天命之谓性(1)，性之谓道(2)，修道之谓教。
道也者，不可须臾离也，可离非道也。
是故君子戒慎乎其所不睹，恐惧乎其所不闻。
莫见乎隐，莫显乎微(3)。
故君子慎其独也。
喜怒哀乐之未发，谓之中(4);发而皆中节(5)，谓之和。
中也者，天下之大本也;和也者，天下之达道也。
致(6)中和，天地位焉，万物育焉。
(第1章)(1)天命：天赋。
朱熹解释说：“天以阴阳五行化生万物，气以成形，而理亦赋焉，犹命令也。
”(《中庸章句》)所以，这里的天命(天赋)实际上就是指的人的自然禀赋，并无神秘色彩。
(2)率性：遵循本性，率，遵循，按照。
(3)莫：在这里是“没有什么更……”的意思。
见(xian)：显现，明显。
乎：于，在这里有比较的意味。
(4)中(zhong)：符合。
(5)节：节度法度。
(6)致，达到。
人的自然禀赋叫做“性”，顺着本性行事叫做“道”，按照“道”的原则修养叫做“教”。
“道”是不可以片刻离开的，如果可以离开，那就不是“道”了。
所以，品德高尚的人在没有人看见的地方也是谨慎的，在没有人听见的地方也是有所戒惧的。
越是隐蔽的地方越是明显，越是细微的地方越是显著。
所以，品德高尚的人在一人独处的时候也是谨慎的。
第四章 语词的选择 英汉互译课件
2．词义的轻重缓急。如“笑”一词。
laugh 大笑 smile 微笑 giggle 傻笑 jeer 嘲笑 chuckle 抿着嘴笑 guffaw 放声大笑、狂笑 smirk 得意地笑 grin 露齿一笑
3．词义的褒贬和语体等感情色彩。词义的感情色彩取决于该词在交际情景 中的使用情况，它反映着作者运用某一词语时所赋予它的或肯定、或否定、 或尊敬、或诅咒、或古朴典雅、或庄严肃穆、或诙谐幽默等意义。例如 ambition一词既可作褒义，又可作贬义，完全取决于它在句中所含的潜在态 度。请分析这个词在下列句中的不同褒贬义：
在所指事物相同的情况下，一组同义词中的各个词可以分别用于 不同的文体中，有的适用于一般文体，有的适用于正式文体，有 的适用于非正式文体。因此，翻译时应注意词的文体特征。
英汉语中的委婉语涉及社会生活的方方面面，它从不同的角度反映了人们认可 的行为准则、社会习俗、思维模式、审美情趣、价值观念和道德标准。而委 婉语通常采用一些比喻、借代、迂回、缩略或谐音喻指等修辞手法来表达生 活中那些使人尴尬、惹人不快、招人厌恶或令人恐惧的事物和行为。翻译时， 应注意词的这一特征。 例如，在英汉语言中有多达上百种“死”的委婉说法。 To go to sleep 长眠 To be no more 没了，不在了 To close one’s eye 闭眼，合眼 To expire 逝世 To pass away 永别了，去世，与世长辞 To end one’s day 寿终，谢世 To go west 归西 To pay the debt of nature 了结尘缘 To go to one’s last home 回老家 To go to heaven 升天，仙逝，进天堂 To kick up one’s heels 登腿，伸腿 To kick the bucket 翘辫子，翻白眼 To return to dust 入土 To demise 崩，薨
最全小学英语代词的用法-含翻译
一、代词分类：一、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。
是表示自身或人称的代词。
用法：I am a worker, I work in the factory.我是一个工人,我在工厂工作。
You are a good teacher.你是一位优秀教师。
She is a little girl.她是一个小女孩。
It's a heavy box, I can't carry it.这是一个重盒子,我搬不动。
It's me. Open the door quickly.是我, 快开门。
Don't tell him about it.不要告诉他这件事情。
She is always ready to help us.她随时都在准备帮助我们。
Our teacher is very strict with us.我们的老师对我们很严格。
人称代词中几个注意的情况:第一人称单数代词" I(我)" 不论在什么地方都要大写。
I study English every day.我天天学习英语。
" we " 常常代替" I "表示一种同读者,听众或观众之间的亲密关系。
We shall do our best to help the poor.我们将尽全力帮助贫困者。
" she "常常代替国家, 城市, 宠物等,表示一种亲密或爱抚的感情。
I live in China. She is a great country.我住在中国。
她是一个伟大的国家。
" it " 有时也可指人。
It's me. Open the door, please.是我,请开门。
第四章 代词
第四章代词代词综合练习题一、改错1.The social games of children help to prepare themselves for their adult roles.2.When television was first introduced, the extent to that it would affect the society could not have been foreseen.3.Each man and woman must sign their full name before receiving a ticket.二、单项选择题1. There are several pretty girls standing under the tree, but ______ are known to me.A. neitherB. noneC. no oneD. all2. In one year rats eat 40 to 50 times ______ weight.A. itsB. andC. theirD. theirs3. You’d better continue to use the same spelling of your name as ______ you used in your application.A. oneB. the oneC. anyD. some one4. The little baby was left alone, with ______ to look after it.A. someoneB. anyoneC. not oneD. no one5. John can play chess better than ______ else.A. the oneB. no oneC. any oneD. another6. The weight of something is another way of describing the amount of force exerted on ______ by gravity.A. itB. themC. thatD. one7. It is one thing to enjoy listening to good music, but it is quite ______ to perform skillfully yourself.A. otherB. anotherC. someD. any8. Children should be taught how to get along with ______.A. anotherB. otherC. othersD. any other9. The poor man lived on wild berries and roots because they had ______ to eat.A. nothing elseB. anything elseC. something otherD. nothing other10. I go to the cinema ______ day, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays.A. each otherB. every otherC. this and the otherD. all other11. One of the properties of light is ______ traveling in wave form as it goes from one place to another.A. itB. it’sC. itsD. their12. ______ in the world has been asked to do his duty for the human society.A. Each of the trampsB. Every of the trampsC. The each trampD. The every tramp13. In some restaurants, food and service are worse than ______ used to be.A. theyB. itC. themD. that14. Let the porter take all the baggage out and put ______ in the lobby.A. themB. theyC. itD. its15. Everyone who comes to the party is given a wooden apple with _____ own name cut in it as a souvenir.A. hisB. herC. theirD. our16. ______ the camel can go for three days without food or drink?A. That it is whyB. That is it whyC. Why it is thatD. Why is it that17. During the journey, the boys and girls entertained ______ with songs and games.A. themselvesB. herselfC. himselfD. itself18. You’d better buy ______ some fruits when you go on a trip.A. himselfB. myselfC. yourselfD. you19. The boys in this town like to bully ______.A. one anotherB. one and otherC. each otherD. one and the other20. One common family name is Black, ______ is Anderson.A. anotherB. the otherC. othersD. none other21. I have two novels: one of the two is “Gone with the Wind’, and ______ is “the Tale of Two Cities’.A. anotherB. otherC. none otherD. the other22. All girls wear beautiful clothes. Some are dressed in red;______ in green.A. otherB. anotherC. othersD. none other23. She can’t seem to help herself. And ______ can help her, either.A. none elseB. no one elseC. not anyD. somebody else24. Children can usually dress ______ by the age of five.A. himB. themC. herselfD. themselves25. I have had the gold watch for years, but the police refused to believe it was ______.A. meB. myC. mineD. I26. Mother would not let Mary and ______ attend the hockey game.A. IB. myC. meD. we27. In a news conference this afternoon, the university announced that ______ intends to make several important changes innext year’s budget.A. heB. itC. sheD. they28. ______ but a fool can make such a mistake.A. EveryoneB. NobodyC. Not allD. None29. The poem by Browning is so observed that I cannot grasp ______ meaning.A. itsB. it’sC. theirD. that30. The mayor felt that the police, in spite of the reports, had done ______ best.A. itsB. theirC. hisD. our31. I haven’t read ______ of the last four chapters, so I know little about them.A. anythingB. anyC. someD. something32. A pretty face may win friends but it takes character and personality to hold ______.A. itB. themC. thatD. one33. In the discussion, one speaker held that, since we live in a money-oriented society, the average individual cares littleabout solving ______.A. anyone else’s problemsB. anyone’s else problemsC. anyone else problemsD. problems of anyone else34. I don’t know whether small oranges are sweeter than big ______.A. thoseB. onesC. oneD. that35. “How much water is left in the bottle?”“ ______”.A. NothingB. NoneC. Not someD. Not one36. It took two of them to do the work that ______ of us could do.A. someoneB. anyoneC. any oneD. everyone37. He has five children, and ______ of them is good at painting.A. everyoneB. everybodyC. every oneD. every38. I have three brothers, but______ are in Beijing.A. no one of themB. neither of themC. some of themD. none of them39. Some of my students study a lot, but ______ just don’t care.A. anotherB. the otherC. some otherD. others40. As a matter of fact, Saudi Arabia’s oil reserves are second only to ______.A. KuwaitB. that of KuwaitC. Kuwait’sD. those of Kuwait41. This book of _______ used to be one of the best sellers in the shop.A. hisB. himC. that manD. this42. We should always keep ______ well-informed of the changing information.A. usB. oursC. ourselvesD. we43. The climate here is often said to be similar to ______.A. JapanB. one of JapanC. that of JapanD. in Japan44. Hunted by constant fear of arrest, the thief ______ to the police at last.A. gave it upB. gave up himselfC. gave him upD. gave himself up45. ______ of the boys in the class who have passed the test is to receive certificates.A. EveryB. Every oneC. AnyD. Anyone46. Do you believe that she has blamed us for the accident, especially ______?A. you and meB. you and IC. I and youD. me and you47. Of those who graduated with ______, Ellen is the only one who has found a good job.A. Betty and heB. he and BettyC. Betty and himD. Him and Betty48. He is surprised by ______ having to pay for the accident.A. youB. yoursC. yourD. they49. This is a left hand glove and that is ______.A. otherB. the other oneC. other oneD. another50. Add those examples to ______ you have already noted.A. oneB. the oneC. oneD. the ones51. Have you got a ticket? Yes, I’ve got ______.A. itB. the oneC. oneD. the ones52. There’s the doorbell; I hope ______ Tom.A. itsB. it’sC. itD. he’s53. It’s cheaper to buy old furniture than to have new ______ made.A. oneB. onesC. furnitureD. furnitures54. Those of us who are over fifty years old should get ______ blood pressure checked regularly.A. theirB. theyC. ourD. ours55. Every man and woman eighteen years of age or older is eligible to vote for the candidate of ______.A. his choiceB. their choiceC. the choice of himD. the choice of theirs56. I bite my nails. I must break ______.A. the habit of meB. the habit with myselfC. myself of the habitD. of the habit myself57. ______ of them shared my opinions, so we have ______ in common to discuss.A. Nobody/a littleB. Few/littleC. A few/littleD. None/many58. When science, business and art learn something of ______ methods and goals, the world will have come closer tocultural harmony.A. one and the other’sB. each and the other’sC. one another’sD. the one’s and the other’s59. The boy is ______ of a musician.A. anyoneB. anythingC. someoneD. something60. For ______ interested in nature, the club offers hikes and overnight camping each week during the summer.A. themB. whomC. themselvesD. those61. The use of radar as well as the two-way radio ______ for the police to intercept most speeders.A. make it possibleB. makes it possibleC. makes possibleD. make it a possibility62. The family never agree about ______ shares of the property.A. herB. itsC. theirD. his63. The flock of geese was flying through the sky in perfect formation following ______ leader.A. itsB. theirC. hisD. her64. When Jonathan went to Spain with his sister, he bought a leather coat for her and another for ______.A. himB. himselfC. heD. his65. Those of us who wear glasses should have ______ eyes examined at regular intervals.A. theirB. ourC. hisD. her66. Frank admired his friends Tom and David. He imitated ______.A. theirs every actionB. every action of theirsC. every of their actionD. every action of their one67. My desk is ______.A. between hisB. between his oneC. beside his oneD. beside his68.“May I speak to Iris?”“This is ______ speaking.”A. sheB. themC. hersD. her69. Mary is the landlady ______.A. from who we rent the flatB. from whom we rent the flatC. whom we rent the flatD. who we rent the flat70. Give the message to ______ is at the table.A. whomeverB. whoseverC. whateverD. whoever71. It was through experimentation ______ people found out the behavior of electricity.A. thatB. whichC. /D. the72. ______ Nat Turner who led a revolt against slavery in Virginia in 1831.A. Where wasB. It wasC. He wasD. it was him73. It wasn’t ______ telephoned me.A. he whomB. him whomC. he whoD. his who74. It was ______ he bought the magazine.A. from a second-hand store whereB. a second-hand store in whichC. in a second-hand store thatD. in a second-hand store where75. It was ______ late in the evening that the students returned to the dormitories.A. tillB. beforeC. whenD. not until76. It was ______ that he did not go to Mount Lao with us.A. because he was illB. as he was illC. since he was illD. though he was ill77. It was ______ that he joined the evening party.A. finding Comrade LiB. found Comrade LiC. to find Comrade LiD. find Comrade Li78. Was it ______ she agreed to help?A. very reluctantly so thatB. very reluctantly thatC. so reluctantly thatD. very reluctantly when79. ______ she gave the postcards to?A. Whom it was thatB. Who it was thatC. Who was it thatD. It was who that三、翻译1. 这些书会提供你所需要的所有信息，它们可以在任何书店买到。
第4章 句子的英译(新编汉英翻译教程 陈宏薇)
（新编汉英翻译教程陈宏薇）第4章句子的英译在汉英翻译实践中，我们明确了关键词语的选择后，就要考虑句子的构建了。
如前文所述，句子是较为理想的汉英翻译单位。
从“汉英句法对比”中我们得知，由于思维方式的差异，汉语和英语的句子概念不同，句子类型的划分不同，句子组合的机制也不同。
汉语为语义型语言，着力考究“字”与语义及其相关关系，注重内容的意会性。
因此，汉语的句法特征是：主语可由诸多不同类别的词语充当，主语隐含不显或无主语句的情况时常可见；谓语的成分非常复杂，且不受主语支配，没有人称、数、时态的变化；句与句之间多无明示逻辑关系的连接词。
所以汉语句子看似松散，如流水般无定法可依。
英语为语法型语言，重点研究主谓序列及其相关词类，句子结构受形式逻辑制约，注重形式的严谨。
Partridge(1954:9)认为“英语句子十句有九句是按主谓宾配列的”。
刘宓庆先生也认为，任何英语语句都可以完形为主谓统携全句的基本态势。
因此，英语句法的特征是：主语突出、易于识别，且只能由名词或名词性的词语担任；谓语绝对受主语的支配，在人称和数上面必须和主语保持一致，有时态、语态和语气的变化；句与句之间多以明示逻辑关系的连接词相连。
所以英语依法构句，形式完整而严密。
在汉英翻译中，要牢记以上汉英语言之间的差异，记住英语是主语显著语言(subject-prominent language)，英语句子构建在主谓轴(subject-predicate pivot)上。
因此，选择确定主谓语，是成功构句，保证译文与原文功能相似、语义相符的关键。
4.1主语的确定在汉译英的实践中，对主语的确定可采取三种处理方法：（1）以原句主语作译文主语；（2）重新确定主语；（3）增补主语。
4.1.1以原句主语作译文主语英语句中的主语只能是名词、主格人称代词或名词性的词语。
当汉语原文有明确的主语，而且该主语由名词或主格人称代词充当时，我们可以原句主语作为英译文的主语：如：（1）我们的房子是一百多年前建造的。
大学实用翻译教程(英汉双向)第四章 词语翻译技巧
二、 汉译英
1、动词转为名词 这本书反映了20世纪90年代的中国社会状况。
The book is a reflection of the Chinese society of the 1990s. 据我们了解，贵公司经营中国产品已有多年 历史。
We learn that you have been dealers of Chinese products for many years. 我公司决定按照来函说明的条款，试订下列 货物。
（2）省略物主代词
We are doing our physical experiments. 我们正在做物理实验。
Plants obtain their energy from sunlight.
植物是从太阳那里获得能量的。
The diameter and the length of the wire are not the only factors to influence its resistance. 导线的直径和长度不是影响电阻的仅 有因素。
3、省略连词
When short waves are sent out and meet an obstacle, they are reflected. 短波发送出去，遇到障碍就反射回来。
Go and see if they are still in the laboratory. 请去看看他们是否还在实验室里。
第四章
词语翻译技巧
第一节 词类的转换
英语属印欧语系，汉语属汉藏语系。 英汉两种语言在词汇和语法结构方面 有许多不同，因此，在多数情况下英 汉互译的时候很难将两种语言的词汇 或结构一一对应。为了使译文符合译 出语的习惯，翻译时不必拘泥于原文 的表层结构，可以在忠实原文意义的 前提下，将原文中某些词的词类或成 分转换为译出语的其他词类或成分。
高一英语必修一Unit4语法之定语从句之关系代词之that,which
2)The noodles that I looked were delicious. （宾语指物）
3)Let’s ask the man that is reading the book over there.
（主语指人）
4)The girl that we saw yesterday is Jim’s sister.
stayed up in the earthquake.
4.Those_w_h_o_ bring us happiness should be loved.
5.she is the girlw_h_o_/_w_h_o_m_/_th_a_t_/_/I met in the street yesterday.
(3)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修 饰时或本身就是形容词最高级或序数 词时。
This is the first book (that) he has read.
(4)先行词既有人又有物时。
They talked about the men and the things that they saw.
Unit 4 Natural Disasters
Grammar2
一、课堂导入
找定从：1.找w2.翻译句意
1. She is my daughter who has been lost for many years. 2. The man who is talking with my father is a teacher. 3. The professor who you wish to see has gone abroad. 4. The woman (whom) you saw just now is my mother. 5. The teacher whom you are waiting for is coming. 6. This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country. 7. Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in. 8. He lives in a room whose window faces north.
科技英语翻译第三四章
科技英语翻译第三四章3.1 名词的译法第1节翻译练习1In an unusual application, this organization uses a fingerprint scanner to monitor the comings and goings of its residents.A capacitor is used to eliminate sparking when a circuit containing inductance is suddenly opened.一个不同寻常的用途是：这个机构使用指纹扫描器监视居住人员的进出。
当含有电感的电路突然断开时，可用电容器消除火花。
第1节翻译练习2The comparison reveals that the error is due to aliasing.The scans confirmed that the su bjects’ brains dealt with words in ways that contradict one hoary old idea.The latest research with radioactive isotopes has shown that this assumption is quite wrong.比较结果表明，误差是由于名称不同而造成的。
扫描结果证实，受试者的大脑处理词的方式同一ambient temperature, and the external cooling. 根据分子理论的原理，物体的温度取决于其分子的平均速度。
温度控制的效果取决于润滑剂的用量、环境温度以及外部的冷却设施。
第1节翻译练习3Particular attention should be given to hoses to ensure that chafing does not occur.The primary concern of electrical engineering is the doing of work by the delivery of energy. Gene piracy is not new.All plants and animals need carbon for growth. 要特别注意软管，保证没有擦伤。
人教版九年级英语代词表(中文)
人教版九年级英语代词表(中文)- 人称代词 (Personal Pronouns)- 单数 (Singular):- 第一人称 (First person): 我 (I)- 第二人称 (Second person): 你 (You)- 第三人称 (Third person): 他 (He)，她 (She)，它 (It)- 复数 (Plural):- 第一人称 (First person): 我们 (We)- 第二人称 (Second person): 你们 (You)- 第三人称 (Third person): 他们 (They)，她们 (They)，它们(They)- 物主代词 (Possessive Pronouns)- 第一人称 (First person): 我的 (My)- 第二人称 (Second person): 你的 (Your)- 第三人称 (Third person): 他的 (His)，她的 (Her)，它的 (Its) - 复数 (Plural): 我们的 (Our)，你们的 (Your)，他们的 (Their)- 指示代词 (Demonstrative Pronouns)- 这个 (This)- 那个 (That)- 这些 (These)- 那些 (Those)- 疑问代词 (Interrogative Pronouns)- 谁 (Who)- 什么 (What)- 哪个 (Which)- 哪些 (Which ones)- 不定代词 (Indefinite Pronouns)- 一些 (Some)- 任何 (Any)- 没有 (No)- 多少 (How much/many)- 反身代词 (Reflexive Pronouns)- 自己 (Myself/Yourself/Himself/Herself/Itself...) - 互相 (Each other)这个代词表包含了人教版九年级英语课程中涉及到的各类代词。
英语中代词的翻译
英语中代词的翻译代词在英文中使用广泛，这和中文有一定差异。
在汉语里，我们要么重复前一句话中的名词，要么省略，很少用代词，最少用的就是“第三人称”，因为“他”“她”“它”的发音都是一样的。
从翻译的角度讲，英译汉时，多用名词，或者省略；汉译英时，多用代词。
英文代词的翻译可以总结为两句话：一是代词要指明要点；二时代词的翻译要不抽象、不具体。
Eg: It may seen strange to put an industrial revolution and two political revolutions into the same packet. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions.断句：It may seen strange /to put an industrial revolution and two political revolutions into the same packet. /But the fact is that/ they were all social revolutions.分析：从断句的情况来看，句首的it指的是后面的不定式to put an industiral revolution and two political revolutions into the same packet.后面这句话中的they指的是前面的an industrial revolution and two ploitical revolutions.翻译：把一场工业革命和两场政治革命归为一类1，这2似乎有点奇怪3，但是，事实上，这三场革命4都是社会革命。
分析：1.put into the same packet的意思可以理解为“归为一类”。
2.在这里断句之后，我们用“这”来代替前面所有的内容。
3.把不定式放在句首翻译是因为it代替的是不定式，而且这里也体现了评论与事实的关系。
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黑洞向我们展示出一个运动规律与我们这个世界完全不同的世界，它使 我们对关于空间和时间的最基本的经验产生怀疑。
What a motor does is to change electrical energy into mechanical driving power.
电动机所起的作用就是把电能转变成机械能。（连 接代词what转译为名词）
All who have studied this question have come to the same conclusion.
3. Practically all of the heat energy received by the earth comes from the sun.
参考译文： 1、在这一章中，我们的任务就是弄清楚空气的构
成成份。 2、现在我们对原子内部的情况已相当清楚。 3、地球所得的热能几乎都来自太阳。
If the bearings were not lubricated, they would rapidly overheat.
假如轴承未添加润滑油的话，轴承很快就过热了。
The construction of the diesel engine is quite similar to that of the gasoline engine.
operate continuously. 参考译文： 1、任何物体的密度都是它的每单位体积的质量。 2、每一种物质都显示出它自己的独特结构。 3、早期激光器的缺点之一就是它们不能连续地工作。
2. Omitting the possessive form of the pronoun/converted into their nominative personal pronoun; e.g.
2. The owl can hear a mouse chewing and fly down on it, even though it is hidden from sight under a pile of leaves.
3. This might be compared with the mumble of wavelengths of sound that go to make up ordinary noise.
参考译文：
1、在这种电池中，照在电池光敏表面的光引起表面光电 效应而发射电子，而这些电子吸引到另一电极。
2、即使老鼠躲藏在一堆叶子下面看不见的地方，猫头鹰 也能听见老鼠咀嚼的声音而飞下来袭击它。
3、这可以与杂乱的声波相比，一般的噪声就是由这种杂 乱的声波组成的。
2. Resumed to the substitute nouns or noun phrases
研究了这一问题的人都得出了同样的结论。（不定 代词all转译成副词）
Practice 5
1. In this chapter our task is to find out what the air is made of.
2. Today we have a fairly clear idea of what goes on inside of atom.
生存在我们地球上的物种形成了地球的自然环境，它们以其多样性保持 着与地球的平衡和相互间的平衡。
In our opinion these techniques will be of greater value in cryogenic switching circuits.
我们认为这种工艺对低温开关电路有较大价值。
因为鼠笼式电动机具有多种速度和转矩特性，几乎所 有的恒速机器均可由这类电动机驱动。
Practice 3
1. Every element retains its identity no matter how it is finely divided.
每种元素无论分得怎样细小，它仍保持其特征。 2. Astronomers can estimate the size and
每一结晶的性状应与其他结晶的性状尽可能相 似。
3. Interchange
即将英语原文句子中的名词（先行词）与代替该名词 的代词，在翻译时进行相互换位。具体的做法就是将 代词译为该名词，将名词译为代词，使译文更符合汉 语的表达习惯。这种译法多用于翻译英语中的偏正复 合结构的句子。如：
Once it is combined, nitrogen is not chemically inert any longer.
The species that live on our Earth form its natural environment, and in their diversity they maintain an intricate balance with the Earth and with each other.
柴油机的构造与汽油机的构造十分相似。
Practice 2
1. Drawing electrons away from the atom causes it to have a net positive electric charge.
从原子里释放掉一些电子使得原子完全带上正 电。
2. Each crystal should have a shape as much like that of the other crystals as possible.
三人称的复数形式they，但实际并不强调其复数概念， 这时常常将复数代词they译为单数“它”。
Practice 2
1、它可能要求像常量分析中那样采用较大 的样品。（直译）
2、如果一个原子有三个质子，这个原子必 然有三个电子，使其呈电中性。（还原）
III. Translation of Adjective Possessive Pronoun
Lecture Four Translation of Pronoun
代词是用来代替名词、名词词组甚至整个句子的词。英语 的代词有9类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代 词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词、连接代 词。为了清楚地表达代词本身的意义以及所代替的词、词 组或句子的意义，翻译时，首先要辨明代词所代替的先行 词，以便正确地理解原文；其次要在译文中采用适当的翻 译方法给以明确的表达，避免引起歧义。
Practice 1
光电效应：指由光引起的不 断增强的传导
光敏表面
1. In this cell the light incident on the sensitive surface of the cell causes the photoelectric emission of electrons from the surface, and these electrons are attracted to the other electrode.
即还原，就是把代词所代替的名词、名词词组的意思 翻译出来。如：
This ducted air amplifies the mass of hot exhaust gases, and thus serves to augment the thrust derived from them.
导入的空气会增大热废气的质量，从而有助于增大由 废气所获得的推力。
Practice 2 1、在他们车间，无人能理解计算机是怎样使用其电子管的。 2、晶体管优于真空管，因为它尺寸小，重量轻。 3、变压器不能称为机器，因为它没有转动的部件。
氮气一经化合，在化学性质上它就变得活泼了。
Almost all constant-speed machines may be driven by a. c. squirrel-cage motors because these motors are made with a variety of speed and torque characteristics.
brightness of a star by its color. 天文学家根据恒星的颜色可以估计它的大小和
亮度。
4. Amplification
此处增译通常是在译文的句首（有时在句中） 增译“人们”、“有人”、“它们”、“我们” 等泛指代词，这完全是为了遵循汉语的表达习 惯。代词的增译在英语被动句中常见一些，但 在翻译主动句时，为了行文的流畅，也可以增 译代词。如：
将固体置于容器里的方法不能改变固体的形状。
Section 2 Translation of Personal Pronoபைடு நூலகம்n
I. Translation of the first and second person pronouns 1. Literal Translation 2. Omission Practice 1 1、根据你要的最佳输出效果，你可以决定使用何种
1. Literal Translation. E.g.. The temperatures of its parts change until the whole rod is at 45℃. 它的各个部件温度会变化，一直持续到整个棒都达到45℃。 Practice 1 1.The density of anything is its mass per unit volume. 2. Each substance shows an individual structure of its own. 3. One of the drawbacks of the early lasers was their inability to