跨文化交际上课内容unit6
chapter6跨文化交际.ppt
Human Information
Auditory Stimuli (officer’s police whistle)
Visual Stimuli (officer directing traffic)
Tactile Stimuli (other pedestrian bumps into you)
be seen is lost or distorted (扭曲) in transit to the human brain.
b. Hearing
Chapter 6 Culture’s Influence on Perception
Hearing refers to the ability to detect sounds. Human beings’ hearing is performed by ears. As with sight, there is a normal loss of fidelity（精确度）estimated at between 22% and 25%.
Chapter 6 Culture’s Influence on Perception
e. Touch
Touch may simply be considered as one of five human senses;however, when a person touches something or somebody, this gives rise to various feelings. Thus the term "touch” is actually the combined term for several senses.
跨文化交际实用教程unit_6
Family roles
Cooking, Shopping Laundry, Baby sitting
Washing dishes,
House cleaning Making the bed
Bread-maker
Decision making
Sewing clothes
Children education …
Sex is determined by genetics and biology, while gender is produced by society.
Are There Any Differences in Male and Female’s Communication?
---What is gender culture and gender role? ---Are there any differences in male and female’s communication? ---Why are male and female different?
communication.
What is the term for the column that requires the applicant to choose M(male) or F(female)?
1. When you apply for a visa, it is: A: Gender B: Sex 2. When you apply for a job in a company, it is: A: Gender B: Sex 3. On the form of records of visitors, it is: A: Gender B: Sex
跨文化交际-Unit 6
Some likely interpretations
7. Grandma is afraid her children would put her in a rest-home if she moved in with them, and she would rather live alone in her own home. Projected cultural similarity: We often tend to interpret based on our own cultural norms.
Ethnocentrism and Projected Cultural Similarity
They are closely related, but describe somewhat different phenomena. Ethnocentrism is taking one’s own cultural norms as the standard by which to judge people of other cultures. Projected cultural similarity is assuming that people of other cultures view things the same way we do.
Grandma
What will Bill’s first thought be when he hears that the American teacher’s grandma lives alone? Why do you think the grandmother lives alone?
Love and marriage
跨文化 Unit 6
Unit 6 Cross-gender Communication
9
Unit 6 Cross-gender Communication
01 Warm-up Cases 02 Sex and Gender 03 Feminine and Masculine Communication
Cultures
04 Understanding Cross-gender Communication 05 Six Principles for Effective Cross-gender
Communication 06 Exercises
02 Sex and Gender
Questions:
How many kinds of people are there in the world?
May be two: men and women.
What is sex? What is gender?
Female: femininity (女性化) e.g. “Behave like a girl!” Male: masculinity (男性化) e.g. “Be a man. No tears!”
Unit 6 Cross-gender Communication
8
02 Sex and Gender
Unit 6 Cross-gender Communication
12
03 Feminine and Masculine Communication Cultures
* family communication
mother-daughter
There is a basic identification as members of the same sex. Because daughters indentify with mothers, they can develop their identities within that primary relationship. Girls tend to define self in relation to others. Mother-daughter relationship facilitates the estabilishment of the female identity. Women are generally comfortable with building close reationships and confiding to others.
人民大2024跨文化交际教程教学课件Unit 6 Cultural Barriers in Inte
expectation and reality. 3. Feeling angry and fearful. 4. Wanting to shrink and give up.
Six
Ethnocentrism Vs Patriotism
Ethnocentrism believes one’s culture is superior to others’ and looks to down upon members in other groups and mocks at people in other groups when they see them have different social customs or behave differently.
Six
Unit 6
Cultural Barriers in Intercultural
Communication
Six Our Natural Cultural Context
We are like a fish in water.
Six Our Natural Cultural Context
Six
Manifestation of Ethnocentrism
1. The course book of each country all focuses on the history and culture of its own.
2. The map of each country always places itself in the center. 3. When mentioning the contribution to the world civilization, one
跨文化交际课件第六章语言交流
Greetings (Activity 2)
Work in pairs. List some common forms of greeting among the English-speaking people and Chinese people, then try to spot some differences, if there are any.
Greetings
In English Good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening. How are you? How do you do? Hello! Hi! How’s everything going?
Greetings
In Chinese ni/nin hao (你/您好) simply to say his/her name, perhaps adding a term of respect (Prof. Smith) Where are you going? What are you going to do? Have you eaten? to make casual comments about whatever another person is doing to show acknowledgment (Oh, you‟re working at the computer) xinku la (
A. The young lady Marilyn, a major character in Family Album , USA , addresses her mother-in-law by her first name, Ellen. How do you account for this? Could the same thing happen in China? Why? B. In China we address a stranger with an advanced age "Grandpa" or "Grandma". Why do we do so since that stranger is not connected to us by blood? How does this sound to an English ear? C. We Chinese routinely use many position-linked or occupationlinked titles to address people, such as wang jinling (王经理), ma juzhang (马局长), zhang zhuren (张 主任), li yisheng (李医生) , etc. Do Americans have similar customs?
Unit_6Nonverbal Communication 跨文化交际 大学教学课件
Facial expression
About smile: America – a sign of happiness or friendly
affirmation Japanese – mask an emotion or avoid
Number 2 is normally used when talking privately about a third person, meaning that person is crazy, often in a joking way.
Number 3 indicates “I have no idea.” / “I don’t know.”
You don’t just “ read ” others’ body language;
You observe, analyze and interpret before you decide the possible meaning!
Sitting or Standing?
In western countries, people who stand are more important than those who sit (unless there is a table between them), because the former could control the latter.
answering a question Korean – rarely do, too much smiling is a sign
of shallowness “The man who smiles a lot is not a real man.” Thailand – “the land of smiles”
跨文化交际课程unit6
where they looked around and enjoyed some drinks. Just as they were to start work on the fence, Dr. Huang asked how much money they wanted for the whole "project". Mr. Zheng smiled and said, "You don't have to pay. We are happy to be able to do something for you." At Dr. Huang's insistence, Mr. Wang shyly asked if one hundred dollars would be all right. Dr. Huang handed them an envelop with one hundred Australian dollars enclosed. Seeing that Mr. Zheng did not open the envelope, Dr. Huang insisted that they confirm there was one hundred dollars enclosed. A bit embarrassed, Mr. Zheng opened it and assured her that there was no mistake. They thanked each other, and Mr. Wang and Mr. Zheng left her place, with Dr. Huang confused about their uneasy feeling. When Mr. Wang and Mr. Zheng returned to their residence, they complained about her being stingy.
跨文化交际上课内容unit6
跨⽂化交际上课内容unit6Unit Six Culture and Nonverbal CommunicationI.Warm UpPlease read the story on page 190, then discuss the following questions:1.What is nonverbal communication?2.Is it possible to communicate without nonverbal means? Why or why not?3.What functions does our nonverbal behavior serve in communication?II.Nonverbal Communication?Read the article ―An Overview概况of Nonverbal Communication‖(p191-199). What is nonverbal communication inclusive of 包括according to it?The article illustrates several different kinds of nonverbal behaviors in five parts: paralanguage副语⾔(voice & intonation声调p191-192), kinesics 动作学(gesture p192-193, facial expression –smiles and laugh p1996-197), oculesics 眼神学(eye contact p194-196), haptics触觉学(handshaking & kissing p198-199).Supplement: What is Nonverbal Communication?Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context. (L. A. Malandro, 1983) Narrowly speaking, nonverbal communication refers to intentional 故意use of to communicate a specific message. Broadly speaking, the term can be defined to refer to elements of ⼀部分theenvironment that communicate by virtue of由于people's use of be defined to refer to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people's use of them.(i)※Classifications of nonverbal communication by Knapp in 19721.kinesics or body language: gestures, posture, touch and feeling(handshaking), artifacts, olfaction嗅觉, etc.2.oculesics or eye movements:3.facial expressions:4.proxemics: intimate space (0.5m), personal space (0.5-1.25m), socialspace (1.25-3.5m), and public space (over 3.5m). (Wrightsman etl.1988:284)5.paralanguage: sound, pitch, tempo of speech, turn-taking, silence.(ii) Its features:1.It’s communication in which word s or speech sounds are not used.2.It conveys meaning.3.It involves such non-verbal dimensions规模as facial expressions,touch, time, gestures, smile, eye behaviors, smell, intonation声调, etc.4.It’s a discipline studying non-verbal behavior in communication.5.It’s first of all used to convey messages to and receive messages fromothers.6.It’s a process of communication by means of non-verbal behaviors.7.It may convey messages alone or in combination with verbalbehaviors.8.It occurs in a given context or situation and is interpreted in relation tothat situation or context.(e.g. blush: nervous or shy; biti ng one’s nails) (iii) Its significanceNonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons.Nonverbal behavior accounts for占⽐重much of the meaning we get from conversations.Nonverbal behavior spontaneously⾃发地reflects the subconsciousness潜意识. They are relatively free of distortions扭曲失真and deception.We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals. Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations.(iv) Its functions (p 218-221):1.Repeating: People use nonverbal communication to repeat, clarify, andemphasize their point of view. For example, nod as saying "yes". (The gestures and words have a similar meaning and reinforce 加强one another.)/doc/3518b87afad6195f302ba650.html plementing: Nonverbal communication cues提⽰can add to or complement a verbal message. For example, scratch抓head, pat轻拍one on the shoulder while saying to him/her. (modify verbal communication by loudness and tone of voice).3.Substituting取代: Nonverbal messages may substitute verbal ones incertain settings. There are situations in which words cannot be used. Ina very noisy street, for example, police officer might use hand gesturesto replace spoken messages. (gestures replace verbal communication) 4.Regulating: Nonverbal behaviors can help control verbal interactions语⾔互动by regulating them, such as turn-taking 话轮转换signals (hand raised) in conversations, nod one’s head in agreement to indicate the speaker to continue talking.5.Contradicting: Certain nonverbal behaviors can contradict spokenwords. E.g. Saying you are relaxed and at ease with quavering voices or shaking hands.6.※Accenting强调: the act of giving special importance orsignificance to something.(v) Gender and Nonverbal CommunicationRead the article ―Gender and Nonverbal Communication‖. Are men and women expected to behave exactly in the same manner even in the same culture?We have to say that there are the so-called 所谓的gender script in every culture. The nonverbal behaviors that result from this socialization are learned rather than innate先天的, and they become part of an individual’s experience as a ―gendered self‖. For instance, to sit like a lady, not to cry to be a man, etc.1.Touch, like physical closeness亲密, may be considered an expressionof affection, support, or sexual attraction. For instance, in some cultures,it may be all right for women friends and relatives to walk arm-in-arm, dance together, and hug one another, but if men do so, they may be frowned upon皱眉不赞同, for they would be considered homosexual 同性恋. On the other hand, touch may beused to express and maintain an asymmetrical⾮对称的relationship as well as a reciprocal 互惠one. For example, the doctor and the patient; the department head and the secretary. In this case, the former are usually male-oriented.2.The height and power differential between the sexes: In a world inwhich height equals power and women are not supposed to be more powerful than men⼥性不应⽐男性强⼤, taller women may attempt to diminish 缩⼩themselves, to slouch 没精打采and round their shoulders so as to retreat or to occupy as little space as possible.3.Men and women are not usually required to have the same facialexpressions. Smile may mean different things to men and women. For females smile functions as an expression of pleasure, pleasantness, or a desire for approval, while males may resist any nonverbal display of expression to others in order to appear more masculine阳刚, because being facially expressive is often seen as a marker of ―femininity‖.⼥性⽓质4.Through clothing and make-up, the body is more or less marked,constituted as an appropriate, or, as the case may be, in appropriate body for its cultural requirements. Males and females have to dress themselves appropriately according to their cultural definitions ofmasculinity and femininity.5.It is important to remember that the notion of ―appropriate‖ nonverbalbehavior is largely culturally determined. White, middle-class women in the US are expected to be highly expressive emotionally. However, African-American women are not expected in exactly the same manner.Dominant members of a hierarchy等级制度are less likely to smile or disclose公开their feelings nonverbally.III.Paralanguage (p191-192, p223-224) 副语⾔，伴随语⾔We communicate with more than the words we speak. Effective speakers use vocal qualities to suggest different meanings from exactly the same words, like the manner of speech, intonation.Paralanguage / Metacommunication are the accompanying features of the voice.a. voice set: the context in which the speaker is speaking: the situation,gender, mood, age, person’s culture;b. voice qualities: volume, pitch⾳⾼, tempo, rhythm, articulation发⾳,resonance共鸣, nasality⿐⾳, accent重读;c. vocalization发声: characterizers, qualifiers, segregates分离.IV.Kinesics体姿语Kinesics, that is commonly called as body language, is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including gestures, posture, touching, and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages. (i) Gestures: (p192-193)Gestures are an important component of non-verbal communication. This is mainly a matter of how we use our hands to convey a message. The language of the hands differs from country to country and a gesture which means one thing in one country may well mean something quite different to those living in another.Gestures can be emblems象征or’s face turns red with embarrassment). Gestures are used to add emphasis or clarity to an oral message.①It’s me or I’m the one—touch or poin t to one’s nose by raised thumb.②Come here—extending a closed hand, palm up, with only theforefinger moving back and forth.③Shame on you—extending both hands, palms down, with forefingersstretching out and one forefinger makes several brushing movements over the back of the other forefinger.④Hitchhiking搭便车旅⾏—moving several time a closed hand with anoutstretched thumb opinion to the intended direction. (American method)--walking on the same side of the road and in the same directionas the car traffic, and extend the thumb of your roadside armtoward the front. (European method)在车辆⾏驶的那边公路上，朝车开的⽅向⾏⾛，同时将靠边那只⼿臂的拇指伸向前⽅。
跨文化交际chapter 6
Defining Etiquette and Protocol
1. Webster’s college dictionary defines: protocol as “the customs and regulations dealing with diplomatic formality, precedence and etiquette” 官方行为，如外交礼仪中应遵守的规章和习惯。 Etiquette as “conventional requirements as to proper social behavior”. 礼节指社会活动和商务交 往中应遵守的举止行为规范。
We should be aware of that the etiquette used to achieve the purpose of the protocol may be different from culture to culture.
1.
2.
3.
According to Carl A. Nelson, there are eight common protocol elements or categories which permit you to do business successfully in any culture. They are: 1. names, 2. rank and title, 3. time, 4. behavior, 5. communications, 6. gift giving, 7. food and 8. drink. Chaney and Martin (2002): Proper social behavior includes learning cultural variations in 1. making introductions, 2. exchange cards, 3. recognizing position and status, 4. dining practices, 5. tipping etiquette, 6. giving gifts, and 7. traveling. Other customary behaviors are also associated with 1. greetings and 2. verbal expressions, 3. male and female relations, 4. dress and appearance, 5. use of humor, 6. belief in superstitions, and 7. special foods and 8. consumptions taboos.
跨文化交际unit6-1
Ss of ethnocentrism: The term “ethnocentrism” was originally coined by William Summer, who defined it as “the view of things in which one‟s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.” (Gundykunst and Kim 1997:5) Some other definitions of ethnocentrism:
Unit 6 Ethnocentrism种族中心主义
Teaching Objectives: 1) Students grasp the reasons why Americans like to pay for themselves; 2) Students know the main concept of ethnocentrism; 3) Students comprehend the method to manage ethnocentrism.
Within families, it is also not unusual for parents to pay for their children or vice versa. (Often it is the wealthier person who pays. within families, people generally already know what everyone’s financial situation is, so the topic is somewhat less sensitive than with other people.)
跨文化交际课程第六单元
Functions of Nonverbal Communication 非语言交际的功能： 非语言交际的功能：六种功能
1）重复（Repeating） ）重复（ ） 是指可以起到重复语言信息功能的非语言信息，在语言信息不存在时 可以单独起作用。例如，当你在麦当劳买了两个汉堡包时，可能会说 出要买两个汉堡包，同时又伸出两个手指表示“两个”。此时非语言 信息和语言信息相互重复。 2）补充（Complementing） ）补充（ ） 有些非语言和伴随的语言信息是一致的，或补充、或强化、或澄清语 言信息。例如，一对恋人中的一个对另一个说：“I love you.”，后者 当然可以感受到这一信息。但如果两人坐在一起热烈拥抱时，用愉快 的口吻说出这句话，这一信息会更加强烈。 3）替代（Substituting） ）替代（ ） 当发出的是非语言信息而不是语言信息时，非语言信息就起到了替代 功能。挥手告别和做手势让人过来，都是常见的例子。盯住某人等于 说一些不好听的话，沉默可以传达不快、冷漠、恼怒等信息。
Reading I (P192)
Question 2 The British English speaker may think that the Indian gets angry with him or behaves rudely Towards him, so he may complain about the Indian’s rudeness or even behave rudely as a Response.
学者们认为，触摸可分为五类： 1）功能职业触摸：这是非个人性的触摸。当医生在体检中触摸病人时， 实际上是把病人当作“物体”看待的。 2）社交礼节触摸：在社交礼节触摸中，不是把对方只看作 “物体”，而 是 把对方看作社会角色，并愿意对其表示尊敬。例如，在英汉文化中， 新经介绍的人相互握手是社交礼节触摸。 3）友情温情触摸：这种触摸是让别人知道我们欣赏他们的一种主要手 段，例如握手、拍肩膀、拥抱都可以看作是友情温情触摸。但是因英 语文化是非接触性文化，人们对与友情有关的接触和与性有关的触摸 之间的差别要小心对待。 4）爱情亲密触摸：这种触摸包括接吻、抚摸面目或头发等。如果不愿意 确立一种爱情亲密关系，这种触摸会使人感到不舒服。 5）性唤起触摸：这是最高水平的身体接触，被看作是表达身体的吸引力。 在这五类触摸中，和英语学习者关系最密切的是社会礼节触摸和友情温情 触摸。这也正是存在跨文化差异的地方。
跨文化交际--理论与实践Unit 6
♦ (4) World orientation 世界观取向
Tells people how to locate themselves in relation to the spiritual world, nature, and other living things.
Instrumental values: 行为价值(强调人的行为和品性好坏)
• “good” ways of behaving, or “ways to be” Values Types • including honesty, love, obedience, ambition and (by Milton independence… Rokeach) Terminal values: 终极价值(强调追求某种终极状态的乐趣) • end-states of existence that most members of a culture desire, or “things to have or achieve” • including freedom, comfortable life, wisdom, a world at peace, and true friendship…
④ Affecting the sense of social reciprocity--the underlying sense of
跨文化交际unit6 verbal communication-课件
❖ Language: a system of arbitrarily chosen, conventionalized, vocal, graphic or gesture symbols serving the needs of communication among the members of a gives hovering over rugged old trees wreathed with rotten vine---the day is about done.
❖ 夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。 ❖ Yonder is a tiny bridge
over a sparkling stream,
❖ 2) overlapping of denotative meaning ❖ In addition to total equivalence of words and absence
equivalence in denoting of certain referents, cultures also overlap in the denotation of certain vocabulary. 3. Cultural differences in connotative meaning 1) words with same denotation but different connotation. a. color words b. animal words c. numbers
❖ ☻ Meanings of words are personal.
❖ ☻ Meanings of words are also culture specific.
2. Cultural differences in denotative meaning:
跨文化交际-Unit 6
Some likely interpretations
1. Grandma doesn’t want to go live with a family member in another place because she has lived in her home for many years. All of her friends and memories are there, so she has no desire to go anywhere else. 2. Grandma doesn’t want to move in with one of her children because she doesn’t want to become reliant on them and loose her independence.
Some likely interpretations
3. Grandma doesn’t feel that she should go live with her children because she feels any self-respecting person should take care of herself. 4. Grandma doesn’t feel thaБайду номын сангаас she should go live with one of her children because she doesn’t want to be a burden on them (but she would really like to live with one of them).
Love and marriage
American views
跨文化交际unit6-1
Becoming ethnocentric:
“We begin to consciously and unconsciously learn our culture in our early life through the process of socialization or enculturation. Interaction with family members and friends is the most common way for us to learn about culture. Other sources for learning our culture are schools, church, media, folk tales, and arts. The process of learning our own culture will inevitably foster a phenomenon called ethnocentrism.” (Chen and Starosta 2005:27)
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Unit 6 Ethnocentrism种族中心主义
Teaching Objectives: 1) Students grasp the reasons why Americans like to pay for themselves; 2) Students know the main concept of ethnocentrism; 3) Students comprehend the method to manage ethnocentrism.
Within families, it is also not unusual for parents to pay for their children or vice versa. (Often it is the wealthier person who pays. within families, people generally already know what everyone’s financial situation is, so the topic is somewhat less sensitive than with other people.)
跨文化交际实用教程unit6PPT课件
Gender is more complex than sex. masculine and feminine
13
sex
gender
biological permanent individual property
socially constructed varied over time and across cultures social and relational quality
• Boys’ games emphasize achievement, both for the team and for the individual members.
17
Differences between Feminine and Masculine Communication Culture
2. What is the difference between sex and gender?
12
• Sex is determined by genetic codes that program biological features.
• Man woman • Male female
Indicate sexual identities
18
4. Matching experiences with others shows understanding and empathy
4. Matching experiences is a competitive strategy to command attention.
5. To support others,
Sex is determined by genetics and biology, while gender is produced by society.
跨文化交际chapter6
5.Invitation and Saying GoodBye
In the culture of British and America, it is very important to consult a time before you invite somebody to attend a banquet or take part in social activities. Esp. in America, invite somebody means you are borrow times of others. So they respect time very much. While in China, people are prefer to an uninvited guest. And otherwise, You will be thought unfriendly if you cannot receive an uninvited guest very well.
3. Thanks and Responses
“Thank you” is widely used in English to show gratitude in such cases as being invited, helped, given a gift, etc. Cultural differences exist between Chinese and western in how to express thanks and responses.
跨文化商务交际-unit 6Intercultural Values
6. But South Korea is a large power distance culture, and more than once – according to Korea newspaper reports – a co-pilot working for South Korean Airlines would not correct mistakes made by the other pilot.
【译文】但是，韩国文化注重权力差距，不 止一次，韩国报纸报道：韩国航空公司的副 驾驶不会纠正另一名飞行员所犯的错误。
【注】
• 权力差距（power distance）是由吉尔特·霍夫斯塔德（GEERT HOFSTEDE)提出的用来衡量社会承认机构和组织内权力分配 不平等的一种文化尺度。权利差距在组织管理中常常与集权 程度、领导和决策联系在一起。
空中客车公司是一家真正的全球性企业全球员工约55000人在美国中国和日本设有全资子公司在汉堡法兰克福华盛顿北京和新加坡设有零备件中心在图卢兹迈阿密汉堡和北京设有培训中心在全球各地还有130多个驻场服务办事处
Unit 6 Intercultural Values
Notes
1. Hofstede’s (1980a) survey of national cultures found that cultures differ from each other on four main value dimensions – individualism/ collectivism, power/ distance, uncertainty/avoidance, and masculinity/ femininity. 【译文】霍夫斯特德(1980a)在对民族文化的调查中发现文 化间彼此的差异体现在四个主要的价值层面：个人主义/ 集体主义、权力/距离、不确定因素/规避，以及男性化/ 女性化。
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Unit Six Culture and Nonverbal CommunicationI.Warm UpPlease read the story on page 190, then discuss the following questions:1.What is nonverbal communication?2.Is it possible to communicate without nonverbal means? Why or why not?3.What functions does our nonverbal behavior serve in communication?II.Nonverbal Communication?Read the article ―An Overview概况of Nonverbal Communication‖(p191-199). What is nonverbal communication inclusive of包括according to it?The article illustrates several different kinds of nonverbal behaviors in five parts: paralanguage副语言(voice & intonation声调p191-192), kinesics 动作学(gesture p192-193, facial expression –smiles and laugh p1996-197), oculesics 眼神学(eye contact p194-196), haptics触觉学(handshaking & kissing p198-199).Supplement: What is Nonverbal Communication?Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context. (L. A. Malandro, 1983)Narrowly speaking, nonverbal communication refers to intentional 故意use of to communicate a specific message. Broadly speaking, the term can be defined to refer to elements of 一部分theenvironment that communicate by virtue of由于people's use of be defined to refer to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people's use of them.(i)※Classifications of nonverbal communication by Knapp in 19721.kinesics or body language: gestures, posture, touch and feeling(handshaking), artifacts, olfaction嗅觉, etc.2.oculesics or eye movements:3.facial expressions:4.proxemics: intimate space (0.5m), personal space (0.5-1.25m), socialspace (1.25-3.5m), and public space (over 3.5m). (Wrightsman etl.1988:284)5.paralanguage: sound, pitch, tempo of speech, turn-taking, silence.(ii) Its features:1.It’s communication in which word s or speech sounds are not used.2.It conveys meaning.3.It involves such non-verbal dimensions规模as facial expressions,touch, time, gestures, smile, eye behaviors, smell, intonation声调, etc.4.It’s a discipline studying non-verbal behavior in communication.5.It’s first of all used to convey messages to and receive messages fromothers.6.It’s a process of communication by means of non-verbal behaviors.7.It may convey messages alone or in combination with verbalbehaviors.8.It occurs in a given context or situation and is interpreted in relation tothat situation or context.(e.g. blush: nervous or shy; biti ng one’s nails) (iii) Its significanceNonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons.♦Nonverbal behavior accounts for占比重much of the meaning we get from conversations.♦Nonverbal behavior spontaneously自发地reflects the subconsciousness潜意识. They are relatively free of distortions扭曲失真and deception.♦We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals. Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations.(iv) Its functions (p 218-221):1.Repeating: People use nonverbal communication to repeat, clarify, andemphasize their point of view. For example, nod as saying "yes". (The gestures and words have a similar meaning and reinforce 加强one another.)plementing: Nonverbal communication cues提示can add to orcomplement a verbal message. For example, scratch抓head, pat轻拍one on the shoulder while saying to him/her. (modify verbal communication by loudness and tone of voice).3.Substituting取代: Nonverbal messages may substitute verbal ones incertain settings. There are situations in which words cannot be used. Ina very noisy street, for example, police officer might use hand gesturesto replace spoken messages. (gestures replace verbal communication) 4.Regulating: Nonverbal behaviors can help control verbal interactions语言互动by regulating them, such as turn-taking 话轮转换signals (hand raised) in conversations, nod one’s head in agreement to indicate the speaker to continue talking.5.Contradicting: Certain nonverbal behaviors can contradict spokenwords. E.g. Saying you are relaxed and at ease with quavering voices or shaking hands.6.※Accenting强调: the act of giving special importance orsignificance to something.(v) Gender and Nonverbal CommunicationRead the article ―Gender and Nonverbal Communication‖. Are men and women expected to behave exactly in the same manner even in the same culture?We have to say that there are the so-called 所谓的gender script in every culture. The nonverbal behaviors that result from this socialization are learned rather than innate先天的, and they become part of an individual’s experience as a ―gendered self‖. For instance, to sit like a lady, not to cry to be a man, etc.1.Touch, like physical closeness亲密, may be considered an expressionof affection, support, or sexual attraction. For instance, in some cultures,it may be all right for women friends and relatives to walk arm-in-arm, dance together, and hug one another, but if men do so, they may be frowned upon皱眉不赞同, for they would be considered homosexual 同性恋. On the other hand, touch may be used to express and maintain an asymmetrical非对称的relationship as well as a reciprocal 互惠one. For example, the doctor and the patient; the department head and the secretary. In this case, the former are usually male-oriented.2.The height and power differential between the sexes: In a world inwhich height equals power and women are not supposed to be more powerful than men女性不应比男性强大, taller women may attempt to diminish 缩小themselves, to slouch 没精打采and round their shoulders so as to retreat or to occupy as little space as possible.3.Men and women are not usually required to have the same facialexpressions. Smile may mean different things to men and women. For females smile functions as an expression of pleasure, pleasantness, or a desire for approval, while males may resist any nonverbal display of expression to others in order to appear more masculine阳刚, because being facially expressive is often seen as a marker of ―femininity‖.女性气质4.Through clothing and make-up, the body is more or less marked,constituted as an appropriate, or, as the case may be, in appropriate body for its cultural requirements. Males and females have to dress themselves appropriately according to their cultural definitions ofmasculinity and femininity.5.It is important to remember that the notion of ―appropriate‖ nonverbalbehavior is largely culturally determined. White, middle-class women in the US are expected to be highly expressive emotionally. However, African-American women are not expected in exactly the same manner.Dominant members of a hierarchy等级制度are less likely to smile or disclose公开their feelings nonverbally.III.Paralanguage (p191-192, p223-224) 副语言，伴随语言We communicate with more than the words we speak. Effective speakers use vocal qualities to suggest different meanings from exactly the same words, like the manner of speech, intonation.Paralanguage / Metacommunication are the accompanying features of the voice.a. voice set: the context in which the speaker is speaking: the situation,gender, mood, age, person’s culture;b. voice qualities: volume, pitch音高, tempo, rhythm, articulation发音,resonance共鸣, nasality鼻音, accent重读;c. vocalization发声: characterizers, qualifiers, segregates分离.IV.Kinesics体姿语Kinesics, that is commonly called as body language, is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including gestures, posture, touching, and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.(i) Gestures: (p192-193)Gestures are an important component of non-verbal communication. This is mainly a matter of how we use our hands to convey a message. The language of the hands differs from country to country and a gesture which means one thing in one country may well mean something quite different to those living in another.Gestures can be emblems象征or’s face turns red with embarrassment). Gestures are used to add emphasis or clarity to an oral message.①It’s me or I’m the one—touch or poin t to one’s nose by raised thumb.②Come here—extending a closed hand, palm up, with only theforefinger moving back and forth.③Shame on you—extending both hands, palms down, with forefingersstretching out and one forefinger makes several brushing movements over the back of the other forefinger.④Hitchhiking搭便车旅行—moving several time a closed hand with anoutstretched thumb opinion to the intended direction. (American method)--walking on the same side of the road and in the same directionas the car traffic, and extend the thumb of your roadside armtoward the front. (European method)在车辆行驶的那边公路上，朝车开的方向行走，同时将靠边那只手臂的拇指伸向前方。