欧洲文化入门试题B
《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案
欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C.7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks mea nt only the adult male citizens.2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writingin Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he wentand conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culturein Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fettersofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Iri shman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture? 答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background?答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium.Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story abo ut God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis,Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by handby the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity?答： Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible?答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition,which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 t o be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith？答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe wasa Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades?答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West.And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was thecombination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterativeverse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times?1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of theChurch. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks’ work on copying and translating ancient books, the Church Fathers’ philosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes DonQuixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther 名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. Th e word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. 3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance?答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture?答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture?答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题：1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon5. Leviathan is written by ________. Tomas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. Bourgeoisie Revolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best repr esentative of French neoclassicism is ________. Molière名词解释：1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. ClassicismClassicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals.This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times?答：1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. 2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century？答：During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began to take shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system?答：1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from thegeneral to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law?答：For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract?1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the ma jority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the AmericanRevolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish.B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to thesovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.E. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.F. Government was not created by God, but by men themselves.3) Although both Tomas Hobbes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally.A. Firstly, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.B. Secondly, Hobbes argued that individuals surrender their rights to one man, the sovereign whose power is absolute.Locke argued that the individuals surrender their rights to the community as a whole. According to him, by majority vote a representative is chosen, but his power not absolute. If he fails to implement the people’s will, the people have the right to overthrow him.4. What is the great significance of the English Revolution?1、It was the first time that capitalism has defeated absolute monarchy in history.2、The English Revolution marked that the modern times are approaching.3、After the English Revolution the constitutional monarchy has come into being as well as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Right established the supremacy of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy in England. The Bill of Rights limited the Sovereign’s power in certain important directions.6. What are the characteristics of French classicism?1) In the French classical literature, man was viewed as a social being consciously and willingly subject to discipline.2) Rationalism was believed to be able to discover the best principles of human conduct and the universal principles of natural laws. Here Descartes provided the philosophical foundation for the French neoclassicism.3) French classicism was fond of using classical forms, classical themes and values.第六章填空题：1. ________was the first of the great French men of letters associated with the Enlightenment Montesquieu。
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课程《欧洲文化入门》考试时间 120 分钟日期年月日姓名学号学院班级Ⅰ.Read the following unfinished statements or questionas carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have choosen in the corresponding spcae on the answer sheet. (40 points, 2 point for each)1.———— was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. PythagorasB. DemocritusC. AristotleD. Diogenes2. Which of the following figures was regarded as “the master of those who know”byDante?A. PlatoB. SocratesC. AristotleD. Cicero3.________ was called “the greatest historian that ever lived”by Macaulay.A. ThucydidesB. HerodotusC. SocratesD. Aristotle4. The first king to unite the Hebrews was a warrior-famer name________ .A. MosesB. JoshuaC. SaulD. David5. Who issued the Edict of Milan in 313,whick granted religious freedom to all and madeChristianity legal?A. DomitianB. ValerianC. ConstantineD. Theodosius6. The ancestors of the Jews are called Hebrews which mean ________ .A. wanderersB. travelersC. tradersD. merchants7. In the latter part of the fourth century the ________ swept into Europe from centralAsia.A. TurkishB. HunsC. AthensD. Roman8. Apart from being a place of worship, the ________ was a place for recreation and thecenter of trade and community activity.A. bridgeB. church buildingC. villageD. subway9. For two centuries beginning from the late fifteenth century,________ was the goldencity which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars,artists and sculptors.A. MilanB. FlorenceC. VeniceD. the papal states10. which of the following figures knows “how to make beauty yield meaning and meaningyield beauty”?.A. BoccaccioB. ShakespeareC. RaphaelD. Petrarch11. ________ is recognized as the father of the modern European novel and has had greatimpact on world literature.A. Don QuixoteB. hamletC. Gargantua and PantagruelD. Utopia12. The English poet Alexander Pope once wrote:Nature and Nature’laws lay hid innight.God said, “let________ be”, and all was light.A. CopernicusB. KeplerC. NewtonD. Einstein13. It is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Francis Bacon in Englandand with ________ in France.A. CorneilleB. LockeC. RousseauD. Descartes14. The great contribution of St.Jerome was ________.A. the building of monasteriesB. the translation of Old and New Testaments into LatinC. the setting up of the church systemD. none of the above15. Which of the following is not true about Dante?A. Dante was a great Italian poet.B. Dante wrote BeowulfC. Dante wrote his masterpiece in ItalianD. Dante was a great political thinker16. Scientists in the 17th century,such ans Galileo and Newton,attached great importanceto ________ .A. deductive reasoningB. classical authorityC. direct observation and experimentD. humanist learning17. Which of the following is not true about Aristotle?A. In Aristotle the great humanist and the great man of science meet.B. Aristotle founded the school of the Stoics.C. Aristotle was tutor of Alexander.D. Aristotle wrote many books on logic,politics, poetry, rhetoric and other subjects.18. ________ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain andemotional upheaval. .A. SophistsB. CynicsC. ScepticsD. Epicureans19. ________ is said to have told the king of Syracuse: “Give me a place to stand, andI will move the world.”A. ArchimedesB. AristotleC. PlatoD. Euclid20. In The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs,________ put forward his theory that the sun,not the earth, is the center of the universe.A. KeplerB. GalileoC. NewtonD. CopernicusⅡ.In the following part there are two columns.The left hand column consists of a list of names. The right hand column consists of a list of titles, names of organizations,works or remarks in the right hand column and put the number a or b or c etc. in the bracket on the test paper.(10 points, 1 point each)21.St.Jerome [ ] (a)Latin version of Bible22.Dante [ ] (b)The City of God23.Aristophanes [ ] (c)The Canterbury Tales24.Virgil [ ] (d)Aeneid25.Constantine [ ] (e)Last Supper26.Augustine [ ] (f)Virgin Mary27.Chaucer [ ] (g)Edict of Milan28.Leonardo da Vinci [ ] (h)Frogs29.Raphael [ ] (i)The Divine Comedy30.Homer [ ] (j)OdysseyⅢ.Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following question. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the test paper.(20 points, 2 points each)31.Among many elements which constitute European culture, what are the two major ones?32.What are the four schools of philosophers who often argued with each other in the4th century B.C.in Greece?33.What gave birth to Christianity?34.What does the Old Testament mainly deal with?35.What classes were the people of weatern Europe under feudalism mainly divided into?36.Why did the Crusades go on about 200 years? the two men who made great efforts to promote learning in the Middle Ages.38.Which period does Renaissance refer to in the European history?39.List tow most famous pictures painted by Leonardo da Vinci.40.Who established oil colour on canvas as the typical medium of the pictorial traditionin western art?IV.Explain each of the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the test paper in around 40 words.(20 points, 5points each)41.Athens’democrach42.Beowulf43.John Locke44.OdysseyV.Write Between 100-120 Words on the following topic in the corresponding space on the test paper.(10 points)45.What is Baconian philosophical system and the different between inductie method (推理法)and deductive method(演绎法)?课程《欧洲文化入门》答案Ⅰ.1-10: A, C, A, C, C, A, B, B, B, D11-20: A, C, D, B, B, C, B, D, A, DⅡ. 21a,22i,23h,24d,25g,26b,27c,28e,29f,30jⅢ.31.The major elements are the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.32.The four schools of philosophers are Cynics,the Sceptics,the Epicureans and theStoics.33.It was the Jewish tradition that gave birth to Christianity.34.The Old Testment is about God and the Laws of God.35.people of western Europe under feudalism were mainly divided into threeclasses:clergy,lords and peasants.36.In 1071 the armies of the Turkish Moslems occupied Palestine, killing many Christainpilgrims and even selling many others as slaves, which roused great indignation among Christains in western Europe and resulted in the crusades lasting on about 200 years.37.They are Charlemagne and Alfred the Great.38.Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century.39.Mona Lisa and Last Supper are Leonardo da Vinci’s most famous pictures.40.It was the great Venetian painter Titian.IV41.Athens was a democracy. Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”,butby“the whole people”the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens, and citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father.42.Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from thecollective efforts of oral literature. The story is set in Denmard of Sweden and tells how the hero, Beowulf, defeats the monster Grendel and Grendel’s mother, a sea monster,but eventually receives his own death in fighting with a fire dragon.43.John Locke was a great English empiricist and an outstanding political philosopher,whose writing on economics, politics and religion expressed the ideas of the time.44.Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home islandof Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope.V.45.The answer as follows:1.The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over theforces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2.He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately beblended with is as in Scholasticism.3.Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particularfacts or individual cases to a general conclusion. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from the general to the specific.4.In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of naturalworld. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.。
欧洲文化入门(02-中世纪)
第1题(2.0) 分The Council of Constance markedA、the largest religious gathering of the Late Middle Ages.B、the end of the Western Schism.C、the success in dealing with the problems of heresy.D、the success in dealing with the problems of the church reform.第2题(2.0) 分Which of the following statements about Western Schism is NOT true?A、France recognized the French antipope Clement.B、England recognized Pope Urban.C、Scotland followed the French.D、The emperor of Holy Roman Empire in Germany recognized Clement.第3题(2.0) 分Which form of literature was unpopular in the medieval Islamic world?A、poetryB、proseC、historyD、drama第4题(2.0) 分The Late Middle Ages were marked by the following features, EXCEPT?A、Plague and famine caused millions of death in Europe.B、Along with depopulation came social unrest and conflicts.C、Rivalry between feudal governments led to wars, the most violent being the Hundred Years’War fought between Germany and Italy.D、Peasant uprisings and urban revolts broke out in many countries.第5题(2.0) 分Which of the following statements about the development of science in the Central Middle Ages is NOT true?A、Translation of Greek and Arabic scientific works gave new impetus to the study of science.B、Arabic numbers were introduced by Italian mathematician Leonardo de Pisa.C、Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon and others made Cambridge University the center of scientific studies during the thirteenth century.D、Bacon wrote three important books, Great Work, Small Work and Third Work.第6题(2.0) 分The following kings were called “new monarchs”, EXCEPTA、Louis XI of FranceB、Friedrich I of GermanyC、Henry VII of EnglandD、Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain第7题(2.0) 分All the following statements about the Scholasticism are true, EXCEPTA、Some scholars tried in vain to forbid the study and teaching of Aristotle’s thoughtB、Some argued that reason alone could lead to truthC、Some argued that ultimate truth could not be discovered by reason, but was revealed to human by God in His mystical waysD、The most fruitful achievement was the attempt to harmonize faith and reason by the leading scholar St. Augustine第8题(2.0) 分Which one is not the factor that led to the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire after Charlemagne’sA、the regional and ethnic diversityB、the conflicts between different successors to the throneC、the destructive attacks of non-Christian invadersD、the emergence of feudalism第9题(2.0) 分The following statements about the English Peasants’Revolt of 1381 are true EXCEPT ______.A、It accomplished its objectives.B、It received help from members of the noble classesC、It succeeded in showing the nobles what peasants were capable of when dissatisfied.D、It marked the beginning of the end of serfdom in medieval England.第10题(2.0) 分All the following constitute the main forms of heresy, EXCEPTA、mysticismB、flagellanti smC、Lollards and HussitesD、worshipers第11题(2.0) 分Which of the following statements about Byzantine classicism is true?A、The Byzantines revered ancient Greek literature, philosophy and historiography.B、The Byzantines emphasized Greek scientific and mathematical tradition.C、The Byzantines were not only imitative, but also creative in their study of Greek tradition.D、The Byzantine authors thought they could eventually surpass ancient Greek authors.第12题(2.0) 分What were the three forms of vernacular literature for town dwellers?A、epic poetry, romance poetry and dramasB、fabliaux, fables and romance poetryC、lyric poetry, epic poetry and romance poetryD、fabliaux, fables and dramas第13题(2.0) 分During the Wat Tyler Rebellion, the rebels marched into London and executed the following important officials, EXCEPTA、Lord ChancellorB、Lord TreasurerC、magistrate of London, William TongeD、Archbishop of Canterbury第14题(2.0) 分Which of the following statements is NOT true?A、The pope was assisted by the papal curiaB、The curia was an extensive bureaucracy which contained specialized departmentsC、The curia was directed by the College of Cardinals whose members were selected by kingsD、Like kings, the popes issued laws, hired masters to collect revenues and judge cases, even declared wars第15题(2.0) 分What one is a correct description of the western European feudalism in the Early Middle Ages?A、Feudalism was a product of the Carolingian world and it operated on two levels.B、A feudal king’s actual power depended on the number of his vassals.C、A vassal holding a fief must not divide it into smaller fiefs.D、Financial service was the main reason for the feudal system to exist.第16题(2.0) 分Which one is NOT the factor that contributed to the success of the Byzantine Empire?A、prestige of the emperorB、commitment to classicismC、flourishing tradeD、a well- trained army第17题(2.0) 分Which one is NOT the reason that Justinian is considered the first great Byzantine emperor?A、He reconquered the lost territories of the former Western Roman Empire.B、He ordered scholars to codify all Roman laws into one coherent body of law.C、He declared himself to be God’s representative on earth.D、He commissioned the construction of Hagia Sophia.第18题(2.0) 分All the following made up the basic social structure of medieval rural communities EXCEPT___.A、The villageB、The manorC、The parish churchD、The guild第19题(2.0) 分Which one of the following statements was NOT a factor that brought about the agricultural growth during the Central Middle Ages?A、The climate improved and the temperature was higher.B、More lands were under cultivated.C、Farming technology improved greatly.D、The food price dropped drastically.第20题(2.0) 分The Hundred Years’War arose from the following causes, EXCEPT,A、The territorial disputes between England and France.B、The clash of economic interest in Flanders.C、Famine, plague, economic turmoil, social upheaval.D、The dispute over the French royal succession.第21题(2.0) 分Which one of the following statements about the Great Famine is NOT true?A、It was the worst famine in European history.B、It lasted for seven hard years.C、In cities alone, there was shortage of food supplies.D、By the time it ended, the Great Famine had wiped out 10 percent to 15 percent of the entire European population.第22题(2.0) 分Which of the following statements about Joan of Arc is NOT true?A、She was born in a well-to-do peasant family.B、She grew up with a strong religious belief.C、Charles refused her to accompany the army.D、She was burned at stake.第23题(2.0) 分For some Muslims, Qur’an should not be translated because_____.A、it is impious to translate the very words of Allah.B、it is too difficult to translate the rhymed prose of Qur’an.C、the original meaning of Qur’an would be distorted.D、the beauty of Arabic language would be violated.第24题(2.0) 分Which city was NOT a prominent trading centre during the Early Middle Ages?A、Constantinop leB、MeccaC、MedinaD、Baghdad第25题(2.0) 分All the following statements featured the Capetian kings of France, EXCEPTA、The Capetian kings established strong royal power by conquest, as William had done in EnglandB、They kept the support of the popes by defending the Christian faith and by going on crusades.C、They carefully defined the powers of their officials and closely supervised them, while using church officials as administratorsD、They developed Paris as both a trading center and a royal capital第26题(2.0) 分Which of the following descriptions of Constantinople is NOT true?A、It was the most important trading centre in Europe in the Early Middle Ages.B、It was the political and intellectual centre of the Middle Ages.C、It dazzled visitors with its grand buildings and great wealth.D、University of Constantinople did not have any Muslim students.第27题(2.0) 分All the following statements about the medieval commune are true EXCEPT__.A、Commune had its own local government, its own court, its own tax-collecting agencies and its own customs.B、Some communes gained their independence by paying lords to grant it to them, while others governed alongside their lord.C、No communes battled violently for rights of self-governance.D、Communes in Italy gained the right not only to govern themselves but also to rule the farmland and villages around them.第28题(2.0) 分Concerning the economy of the Byzantine Empire, Islamic Empire and western Europe during the Middle Ages, which statement is NOT true?A、Byzantine had the most powerful economy in the world before the 7th century.B、Islamic economy in the 7th century was already very prosperous.C、Islamic Empire had the world’s leading economy during the mid-8th and mid-13th century.D、Western Europe overtook Byzantine in economy in the late Middle Ages.第29题(2.0) 分Which factor did not facilitate the Islamic expansion?A、the well- organized Muslim ruling elite and a powerful Muslim army.B、people’s dissatisfaction with imperial rule in some Middle East areas.C、the tolerance of those cultures different from IslamD、the influence of the strict monotheism of Islam第30题(2.0) 分What was the main difference between serfs and slaves in Western Europe?A、the amount of personal libertyB、the hereditary personal statusC、the military protection provided by the lordD、the obligation to work on the land判断题第31题(2.0) 分All classes in universities were taught in Latin and mostly by a lecture method.正确错误第32题(2.0) 分Before the rise of Islam, Arabs did not believe in Allah.正确错误第33题(2.0) 分During the 12th and 13th centuries, Romanesque style gradually took the place of Gothic style in architecture.正确错误第34题(2.0) 分In his incomplete Summa of Theology, Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcile systematically Christian doctrine and Greek philosophy.正确错误第35题(2.0) 分The confidence the Europeans had developed in the Central Middle Ages was destroyed by the travails of the Late Middle Ages.正确错误第36题(2.0) 分Among the Byzantine Empire, the Islamic Empire and the Frankish Empire, only the first one received continuing influence from the Roman intellectual and legal tradition.正确错误第37题(2.0) 分The Islamic Golden Age is a period of cultural and intellectual growth and activity that persisted throughout the Islamic world between the 8th and 13th centuries.正确错误第38题(2.0) 分Seven Sacraments are recognized by Catholic Church, Orthodox Churches and Protestant Churches.正确错误第39题(2.0) 分When creating their own kingdoms, the Germanic tribes rejected all Roman institutions.正确错误第40题(2.0) 分Charlemagne was the greatest Frankish king, who founded the first empire in Western Europe after the fall of Rome.正确错误第41题(2.0) 分The new monarchs of late 15th century Germany, Italy and Spain laid the foundation for three of the great nation-states of modern Europe.正确错误第42题(2.0) 分The official language of Byzantine Empire was Latin.正确错误第43题(2.0) 分Joan’s intervention marked the turning point in the Hundred Years’War.正确错误第44题(2.0) 分Romanesque architecture was known by its massive quality, round arches, barrel vaults, thick walls, sturdy pillars, small windows, large towers and decorative arcading.正确错误第45题(2.0) 分The economy of the Byzantine Empire relied primarily on agriculture.正确错误第46题(2.0) 分The Vikings originated from the Scandinavian Peninsula and included Danes, Norwegians, Swedes and Magyars.正确错误第47题(2.0) 分An important product of vernacular romance literature was the Romance of the Rose.正确错误第48题(2.0) 分Hagia Sophia was the perfect representation of Byzantine civilization, which is a mixture of Greek, Roman and Persian cultural elements.正确错误第49题(2.0) 分Before the Carolingian renaissance, cultural and educational standards in Western Europe had already surpassed those of the Byzantine Empire or Muslim world.正确错误第50题(2.0) 分From the Norman Conquest until the 14th century, French was the preferred language of the English crown and aristocracy, but after 1400 English gradually replaced French as the language of law courts and administration.正确错误。
欧洲入门文化(300题)
欧洲文化入门1．第1题Which of the following is not true about the Greek culture? CC.The Greeks honored the city's gods every day2．第2题Historical narrative is best represented in the New Testament by the_C__.C.Acts of the Apostles3．第3题The images of Cronus and Rhea reflect ____C_______.C.the communal marriage in the primitive society4．第4题The ancient Greeks__B_.B.firmly believed myths to be true5．第5题According to Greek mythology, __A_ opened a forbidden jar and happened to release the plagues into the world. A.Pandora6．第6题According to Greek myths about creation, _D___was the foundation of all things. D.Chaos7．第7题By a complex process of violence, struggle, and sexual attraction,__built up the power. B.Zeus8．第8题The history of the English Bible is the history of the formation of the English language__.AA.from a mixture of French, Anglo-Norman, and Anglo-Saxon;9．第13题The Spanish monarchy was __.AA.set up by the Christians10．第14题Magna Carta in 1215 in England was a document that __.DD.spoke for the nobles11．第23题Which of the following is Not true about Christianity in the 3rd century?D.The Bible in English began to spread in England12．第24题William Tyndale translated the New Testament in the 16 century from __B_.B.the Greek text13．第25题The kingdom of God refers to_B_. B.the rule of God14．第26题According to the New Testament the Christian church _C_.C.spoke more of salvation15．第27题The Fourth Crusade in the 13th century was in fact__. B.turned into a siege of a Christian city16．第32题On Mount Olympus were ___ major gods and goddesses known as the Olympians.B.twelve17．第34题Greek myths reflect Greeks' exploration of the followings except_C__.C.the mysterious outer space18．第35题The name Jesus suggests__.BB.that God saves us from sin19．第36题The images of gods in Greek mythology impress us as ____B_____.B.beings with human emotions who lived among us20．第37题Mythology has exerted a great influence on the arts in___A.all parts of the world21．第38题Which of the following is not true about the Greeks?A.They produced their sacred written text like the Bible22．第39题Odysseus___ returned to his faithful wife after the ten-year Trojan War.C.was a Greek hero who23．第40题In the Renaissance, the ancient myths___.A.served as sources of inspiration for artistic creation24．第41题The first complete English Bible was the work of translation by John Wycliffe from___. B.the Greek text25．第42题The early Christians were against ___. D.pagan culture26．第43题According to Greek mythology ___, which goes well with the idea of Daoism in China.A.something can be produced from nothing27．第44题Which of the following about Jesus is Not true according to the Gospels? C.He was the presence of God in the world28．第45题According to the New Testament, the central message of Jesus was__.A.the kingdom of God29．第46题In the New Testament Jesus was portrayed as the following figure except____.D.the almighty God30．第47题It was ____who unified England for the first time.D.King Alfred and his successors31．第48题The Late Middle Ages almost at the same time__.A.began with the Renaissance32．第49题In the Carolingian time popes__.B.were regarded as models of piety33．第50题___ were regarded as heretics in the Middle Ages.B.Those who did not believe in Christianity34．第67题Which is not true about the heroes in Greek mythology?B.They never die35．第68题Which of the following is not true about the Greeks' belief in heroes? A.They were immortal36．第69题The Romans began to represent their gods in human form ___.D.after coming into contact with foreign culture37．第70题Which is not true in the following about the disruptive deities?C.They were in fact mortals38．第71题Myths____. C.explain the origin of man and nature39．第72题The Greeks’ sense of gods is shared by __. A.the Romans40．第73题Which of the following does not contribute to our knowledge of Greek mythology? D.Guesswork41．第74题Which is not true in the following about Zeus?rC.He ruled the sea42．第75题Roman writers like Virgil and Ovid were famous as they ___.B.created an inspiring Greco-Roman mythology43．第76题The King James version of the Bible __.pleted in the 17 century44．第77题Which of the following is Not true about the king Herod?C.He killed all the boys where Jesus lived45．第78题Which of the following is Not included in the major themes of the New Testament? B.the human persons46．第79题Which of the following is Not true about Jesus?B.His real father was Joseph47．第80题The religious ministry of Jesus was followed by his 12 apostles for ___.D.Israel was made up of 12 tribes48．第81题Before the First Crusade, Jews__. C.were forced into the cities 49．第82题Overgrowth of population in Europe in the Late Middle Ages caused __.B.the shortage of food supply50．第83题Romanesque style appeared_. A.earlier than Gothic style51．第9题The historical narratives of the Old Testament are popular. T52．第10题The Roman Catholic version of the Old Testament is made up of the Jewish Bible and some other books. T53．第11题Early Christians regarded the Old Testament as an agreement God made through Moses. F54．第12题The Old Testament includes literature and oral tradition found in other ancient literature like that of Far East. F55．第15题The books of Deuteronomy recorded Israel's whole history. T56．第16题The major theological theme of the Old Testament is that Yahweh is the only God in the world. F57．第17题In the prophetic literature narratives predominate. F58．第18题The most significant part of the Jewish Bible is that of the poems.F59．第19题That the Roman Empire grew too large to control and to resist foreign invasions is the leading factor that contributed to the birth of the Byzantine, Islam and the west. T60．第20题Saints were considered as models of virtue.T61．第21题The Germans by no means traded with the Romans.F62．第22题The West featured unproductive land.T63．第28题Many scholars claim that much of the cultural dynamism of the Renaissance also had its roots in medieval times and that changes were rather abrupt than progressive. F64．第29题In the Middle Ages, people thought they were living in the Middle Ages.您的答案：错误65．第30题The Palestine of Jesus' day included Israel today.T66．第31题Renaissance humanists believed it was possible to improve human society through classical education.T67．第33题People in the early Middle Ages by no means cared about local leaders.您的答案：错误68．第51题In the Jewish Bible there are 27 books in Hebrew.F69．第52题In terms of literature, the Old Testament is an anthology because it is a collection of myths.F70．第53题All the narratives in the Old Testament may be called salvation stories because they are concerned with showing how human beings were freed from sin.F71．第54题Recently, scholars argue for the Hebrew cultural influence on apocalyptic literature.T72．第55题The Old Testament tells the true history of the Jews.F73．第56题Etiological stories are those which explain the origin of some place,practice or name.T74．第57题According to the Old Testament, Man is a unity of life and death.F 75．第58题Jesus lived in the early 1st century.T76．第59题Christianity was spread first by Jesus out of Palestine.F77．第60题The word renaissance means "renewal".F78．第61题Prosperous trading society is common to Byzantium, Islam and the West.您的答案：错误79．第62题Monasteries were by no means elements of religious life.F80．第63题Monks in the Merovingian time lived in the temples.F81．第64题Participants in the Renaissance came to the conclusion that their own commercial achievements rivaled those of antiquity.F82．第65题The Merovingians became more civilized after adopting Roman institutions.您的答案：正确83．第66题Renaissance refers to a series of political and religious movements in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries F84．第84题The original language of the Old Testament is Latin. F85．第85题More accurately, the patriarchal stories in Genesis should be called families stories. T86．第86题The early Christian church included in the Christian Bible the written records of both the Old and the New Testament because it believed in the continuity of history and of divine activity. T87．第87题According to the author of the apocalyptic writings, Evil powers would struggle against God. T88．第88题The Christian Bible is made up of the Old Testament and the New Testament.您的答案：错误89．第89题That different from other creatures, man is a unity of physical matter andlife is one of the major theological themes of the Old Testament. F90．第90题The second law in the Old Testament refers to the book of Genesis.F 91．第91题The period of transformations of the Roman Empire into Middle Ages is often called the Late Antiquity.T92．第92题There were schools and universities located in city cathedrals in the Central Middle Ages.T93．第93题The common features of the Byzantine, Islam and the west are depopulated cities, unproductive land and fragmented power. F94．第94题Beginning in the 4th century, army units of German were welcomed into the Roman Empire to defend the Romans. T95．第95题The pope and the Byzantine church shared the same interpretationof Christianity. F96．第96题The Crusades by no means strengthened Byzantium. T97．第97题By any means, the Renaissance represents a change in focus and emphasis from the Middle Ages. T98．第98题The end of Byzantium marks the end of Middle Ages. T99．第99题Christians suffered persecution until the 4th century. T100．第100题By 750 the Muslims had subdued Turkey. F二1．第1题Many works of painting and sculpture have taken myths as their ___. C.subject2．第2题Herod was the king who was___ B.jealous of Jesus3．第3题Myths____. C.explain the origin of man and nature4．第4题Odysseus___ returned to his faithful wife after the ten-year Trojan War.C.was a Greek hero who5．第5题According to Greek mythology, Paris,___, which resulted in the Trojan war.A.son of King of Troy, abducted Helen, a Greek beauty6．第6题The early Hebrews___.A.concentrated on the role of a supreme god7．第7题Greek mythology relates the development of the order of the universeto_____ . C.Chaos8．第8题The Greeks’ sense of gods is shared by __. A.the Romans9．第9题Which of the following is not shared by Eve in Bible and Pandora in Greek myths? D.Being turned from immortal to mortal10．第10题The early Christians were against ___. D.pagan culture11．第11题Roman writers like Virgil and Ovid were famous as they ___.B.created an inspiring Greco-Roman mythology12．第12题Historical narrative is best represented in the New Testament by the___.C.Acts of the Apostles13．第13题Greek mythology reflects the following except_____ .D.how the Greeks interpreted the world as being orderly14．第14题The deeds of the heroes Heracles and Theseus embody the conflict between___.D.civilization and wild savagery15．第15题Which of the following is Not included in the major themes of the Old Testament? C.the Holy Spirit16．第16题In the New Testament Jesus was portrayed as the following figure except____.D.the almighty God17．第17题The Fourth Crusade in the 13th century was in fact__.B.turned into a siege of a Christian city18．第18题Black Death caused __.C.more harm in the cities19．第19题Magna Carta in 1215 in England was a document that __.D.spoke for the nobles20．第21题In the search for the Golden Fleece to regain his throne, Jason ____.C.fought against a dragon that never slept21．第22题A gospel in the New Testament ___.A.is a series of individual accounts of acts or sayings22．第23题The kingdom of God refers to__. B.the rule of God23．第24题Which of the following is Not true about monasteries?C.Monks did not have to work in the fields at all24．第25题The Spanish monarchy was __.A.set up by the Christians25．第26题The First Crusade was important because __.C.it was the first example of European expansionism26．第51题In the Middle Ages, the ancient myths___.C.were interpreted allegorically27．第52题According to Greek mythology, ___ opened a forbidden jar and happened to release the plagues into the world. A.Pandora28．第53题Scholars believe that Greek mythology__.B.was influenced by cultures in the Middle East29．第54题Greek mythology influenced Western culture in the following aspects except_. B.architecture30．第55题The name Jesus suggests__. B.that God saves us from sin31．第56题In the Age of Enlightenment, there was emphasis on____. B.rationality 32．第57题The Greeks imagined their gods to have human shape, which was__.D.strongly idealized33．第58题The 19th-century interpretation of myths became more___. C.scientific 34．第59题Which of the following is Not included in the major themes of the New Testament? B.the human persons35．第60题The ancient Greeks___.B.firmly believed myths to be true36．第61题According to Greek myths about creation, ____was the foundation of all things. D.Chaos37．第62题Which of the following is not true about the Greeks' belief in heroes?A.They were immortal38．第63题Roman mythology is actually___. B.not purely Roman39．第64题The religious ministry of Jesus was followed by his 12 apostles for ___.D.Israel was made up of 12 tribes40．第65题Jews in the cities were good at__. A.doing business41．第66题The chief point of Gregorian reform was to ___.B.make the church completely independent from the emperors42．第67题___ were regarded as heretics in the Middle Ages.B.Those who did not believe in Christianity43．第81题By a complex process of violence, struggle, and sexual attraction,__built up the power. B.Zeus44．第82题Which is not true in the following about the Titans?A.They were the Children of Zeus45．第83题The continuity of the New Testament with the Old is best shown in ___.A.its teaching about God46．第84题According to the New Testament, the central message of Jesus was__.A.the kingdom of God47．第85题Monasteries were made rich by__. D.the kings and nobles48．第86题The Late Middle Ages almost at the same time__.A.began with the Renaissance49．第87题In the Carolingian time popes__. B.were regarded as models of piety 50．第100题By myths the Greeks could do the following except____.D.replacing the roles of gods51．第20题Observing Sunday as a holy day is not included in the spiritual standards of the Old Testament. F52．第27题The original language of the Old Testament is Latin. F53．第28题In terms of literature, the Old Testament is an anthology because it is a collection of myths. F54．第29题The early Christian church included in the Christian Bible the written records of both the Old and the New Testament because it believed in the continuity of history and of divine activity. F55．第30题The Old Testament is a collection of books recording oral traditions in the Near East. T56．第31题In the development of the Old Testament all the books came into being after oral traditions. T57．第32题In the transformations of the Roman Empire into Middle Ages political and religious change occurred at the same time. T58．第33题The term Middle Ages was invented by people today. F59．第34题Christianity was spread first by Jesus out of Palestine. F60．第35题The era preceding the Renaissance became known as the Middle Ages. T 61．第36题The pope and the Byzantine church shared the same interpretationof Christianity. F62．第37题The Germans in Late Antiquity shared with the Romans culturally. F 63．第38题Separation of church and state remains the political practice in the western world today. T64．第39题The Old Testament is regarded as a book recording the past event of the Jewish people. F65．第40题All the narratives in the Old Testament may be called salvation stories because they are concerned with showing how human beings were freed from sin. F66．第41题The Protestant version of the Old Testament is made up of the Jewish Bible only. T7．第42题According to the Old Testament, Man is a unity of life and death. F 68．第43题There were schools and universities located in city cathedrals in the Central Middle Ages. TUnlike the Jews, the early Christians of the Roman Empire suffered persecution. F70．第45题The West featured unproductive land. T71．第46题Monasteries were by no means elements of religious life. F72．第47题By any means, the Renaissance represents a change in focus and emphasis from the Middle Ages. T73．第48题The Merovingians became more civilized after adopting Roman institutions.您的答案：正确74．第49题Renaissance refers to a series of political and religious movements in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries F75．第50题Christians suffered persecution until the 4th century. T76．第68题The Roman Catholic version of the Old Testament is made up of the Jewish Bible and some other books. T77．第69题Hebrew prophetic books are made up of prophetic speeches. F78．第70题Many books in the Old Testament are narratives because they report the events in the past. T79．第71题Etiological stories are those which explain the origin of some place, practice or name. T80．第72题The most significant part of the Jewish Bible is that of the poems. T 81．第73题Jesus lived in the early 1st century. T82．第74题The West grew gradually independent of the papal control in the Late Middle Ages. T83．第75题The word renaissance originated in the belief that Europeans had rediscovered the superiority of Greek and Roman culture after many centuries of what they considered intellectual and cultural decline.您的答案：正确84．第76题Muhammad, the Islam leader, believed in one God that was different from the Jewish God. FParticipants in the Renaissance studied the great civilizations of ancient Israel and Greece. F86．第78题The Renaissance had enough unique qualities to justify considering it as a separate period of history. T87．第79题The Palestine of Jesus' day included Israel today. T88．第80题People in the Renaissance thought the time of Middle ages was more advanced than their own time. F89．第88题Prose is not the literary form found in the Old Testament. T90．第89题More accurately, the patriarchal stories in Genesis should be called families stories. T91．第90题The book of Genesis is composed of many individual stories. T92．第91题The apocalyptic writings concern the past events of the Jews. F 93．第92题Most of the prophetic books are Hebrew narratives in form. F94．第93题That the Roman Empire grew too large to control and to resist foreign invasions is the leading factor that contributed to the birth of the Byzantine, Islam and the west. T95．第94题Charlemagne’ empire was as large as the powerful Roman Empire. F 96．第95题Belief in the harmony between spiritual and worldly things is true of Byzantium, Islam, and the West. T97．第96题Byzantium was defeated by the Persians. F98．第97题Monks then by no means gave up material comfort. F99．第98题In the Middle Ages, people thought they were living in the Middle Ages.您的答案：错误100．第99题Constantine the Great declared Christianity as the only religion. F三1．第1题The Romans began to represent their gods in human form ___.D.after coming into contact with foreign culture2．第2题Which of the following is not true about the Greek culture?C.The Greeks honored the city's gods every day3．第3题Mythology has exerted a great influence on the arts in___.A.all parts of the world4．第4题___ is not included in Greek mythology as one of the three principal types of figures. B.the devils5．第5题A myth is ___. B.an oral literary work traditionally accepted 6．第6题The Greeks imagined their gods to have human shape, which was__.D.strongly idealized7．第7题Which of the following about Jesus is Not true according to the Gospels?C.He was the presence of God in the world8．第8题1066 marked the__. B.Norman Conquer of England9．第9题Overgrowth of population in Europe in the Late Middle Ages caused __.B.the shortage of food supply10．第10题On Mount Olympus were ___ major gods and goddesses known as the Olympians.B.twelve11．第11题Greek myths reflect Greeks' exploration of the followings except___. C.the mysterious outer space12．第12题Odysseus___ returned to his faithful wife after the ten-year Trojan War.C.was a Greek hero who13．第13题According to Greek mythology, Paris,___, which resulted in the Trojan war.A.son of King of Troy, abducted Helen, a Greek beauty14．第14题Roman writers like Virgil and Ovid were famous as they ___.B.created an inspiring Greco-Roman mythology15．第15题The deeds of the heroes Heracles and Theseus embody the conflict between___.D.civilization and wild savagery16．第16题The history of the English Bible is the history of the formation of the English language__.A.from a mixture of French, Anglo-Norman, and Anglo-Saxon;17．第17题William Tyndale translated the New Testament in the 16 century from ___.B.the Greek text18．第18题The chief point of Gregorian reform was to ___.B.make the church completely independent from the emperors19．第28题According to the New Testament the Christian church __.B.spoke more of the kingdom of God20．第29题Jews in the cities were good at__. A.doing business21．第30题___ were regarded as heretics in the Middle Ages.B.Those who did not believe in Christianity22．第41题Which is not true about the heroes in Greek mythology?B.They never die23．第42题Which is not true in the following about Zeus?C.He ruled the sea24．第43题Early Romans regarded their gods as__. C.powers25．第44题The ancient Greeks___. B.firmly believed myths to be true26．第45题The early Hebrews___.A.concentrated on the role of a supreme god27．第46题In the search for the Golden Fleece to regain his throne, Jason ____.C.fought against a dragon that never slept28．第47题A gospel in the New Testament ___.A.is a series of individual accounts of acts or sayings29．第48题The religious ministry of Jesus was followed by his 12 apostles for ___.D.Israel was made up of 12 tribes30．第49题The Spanish monarchy was __.A.set up by the Christians31．第57题Which of the following is not true about the Greeks?A.They produced their sacred written text like the Bible32．第58题According to Greek myths about creation, ____was the foundation of all things. D.Chaos33．第59题Common types of myths exclude___. D.myths of mortals34．第63题Which is not true in the following about the Titans?A.They were the Children of Zeus35．第64题The King James version of the Bible __.pleted in the 17 century36．第65题The kingdom of God refers to__. B.the rule of God37．第66题William Tyndale translated the Old Testament in the 16 century from ___.C.the Hebrew text38．第67题The Late Middle Ages almost at the same time__.A.began with the Renaissance39．第68题In the 13th century, many schools _.B.gave way to universities40．第79题Many works of painting and sculpture have taken myths as their ___. C.subject41．第80题The 20th-century scholars on myths pay closer attention to___.D.the content of the narratives42．第81题Scholars believe that Greek mythology__.B.was influenced by cultures in the Middle East43．第82题Greek mythology influenced Western culture in the following aspects except_. B.architecture44．第83题No hero of Greek mythology has proved more fascinating than Oedipus for __.A.he fulfilled the prophecy of killing his father and marrying his mother 45．第84题The 19th-century interpretation of myths became more___.C.scientific46．第85题The first complete English Bible was the work of translation by John Wycliffe from___. B.the Greek text47．第86题Mary's pregnancy to Joseph, her husband, was ___. B.a luck48．第87题Which of the following is Not true about monasteries?C.Monks did not have to work in the fields at all49．第88题Black Death caused __. C.more harm in the cities50．第89题Jews in the cities were__. D.persecuted by Christians51．第19题The Old Testament is regarded as a book recording the past event of the Jewish people. F52．第20题The Old Testament includes literature and oral tradition found in other ancient literature like that of Far East. F53．第21题The Old Testament tells the true history of the Jews. F54．第22题The Throne Succession History of David in the Old Testament comes closer to the modern understanding of history. T55．第23题The apocalyptic writings arose in Israel after the Egyptian Captivity of the Jews. F56．第24题Renaissance classical education relied on teachings from ancient texts and emphasized a range of disciplines, including electronics, electricity, physiology, and philosophy. F57．第25题Byzantium was defeated by the Persians. F58．第26题The end of Byzantium marks the end of Middle Ages. T59．第27题Christians considered pagan gods supernatural. F60．第31题The most significant part of the Christian Old Testament lies in books on laws T.61．第32题The apocalyptic writings concern the past events of the Jews. F 62．第33题Early Christians regarded the New Testament as an agreement God made with Adam and Eve. F63．第34题The second law in the Old Testament refers to the book of Genesis. F 64．第35题According to the Old Testament, Man is a unity of life and death. F65．第36题The era preceding the Renaissance became known as the Middle Ages. T 66．第37题Monasteries were by no means elements of religious life. F67．第38题The pope & the Byzantine church began their conflict in AD 1054. F 68．第39题Monks then by no means gave up material comfort. F69．第40题The Palestine of Jesus' day included Israel today. T70．第50题In the Jewish Bible there are 27 books in Hebrew. F71．第51题The early Christian church included in the Christian Bible the written records of both the Old and the New Testament because it believed in the continuity of history and of divine activity. T72．第52题Recently, scholars argue for the Hebrew cultural influence on apocalyptic literature. T73．第53题The major theological theme of the Old Testament is that Yahweh is the only God in the world. F74．第54题According to the Old Testament, Moses was a prophet. T75．第55题The most significant part of the Jewish Bible is that of the poems. F 76．第56题Christianity was spread first by Jesus out of Palestine. F77．第60题Muhammad, the Islam leader, believed in one God that was different from the Jewish God. F78．第61题Separation of church and state remains the political practice in the western world today. T79．第62题Christians suffered persecution until the 4th century. T80．第69题In terms of literature, the Old Testament is an anthology because it is a collection of myths. F81．第70题All the narratives in the Old Testament may be called salvation stories because they are concerned with showing how human beings were freed from sin. F82．第71题。
欧洲文化入门
作业1．第1题The Council of Constance markedA.the largest religious gathering of the Late Middle Ages.B.the end of the Western Schism.C.the success in dealing with the problems of heresy.D.the success in dealing with the problems of the church reform.您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.02．第2题Which form of literature was unpopular in the medieval Islamic world?A.poetryB.proseC.historyD.drama您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.03．第3题All the following statements featured the Capetian kings of France,EXCEPTA.The Capetian kings established strong royal power by conquest, asWilliam had done in EnglandB.They kept the support of the popes by defending the Christian faithand by going on crusades.C.They carefully defined the powers of their officials and closelysupervised them, while using church officials as administratorsD.They developed Paris as both a trading center and a royal capital您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.04．第4题It was during the ____ that the Romans were defeated by the famous Carthaginian general Hannibal.A.the 1st Punic WarB.the 2nd Punic WarC.the 3rd Punic WarD.the 4th Punic War您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.05．第5题What is the Central Middle Ages also called?A.“Age of Art”B.“Age of History”C.“Age of Faith”D.“ Age of Science”您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.06．第13题The Hundred Years’ War arose from the following causes, EXCEPT,A.The territorial disputes between England and France.B.The clash of economic interest in Flanders.C.Famine, plague, economic turmoil, social upheaval.D.The dispute over the French royal succession.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.07．第14题All of the following statements about slavery in Roman society are true EXCEPT____.A.Wars provided the Romans with many new slaves.B.Slavery was a highly productive economic system.C.The offspring of slaves would automatically be slaves.D.Like in Sparta, slaves in Rome were public goods.您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.08．第15题Which description of the traditional Greek religion is incorrect?A.Ancient Greeks believed that the gods have human forms and human personality.B.For the Greeks, the gods only favored those people and states that honored them.C.In ancient Greece, the main religious ceremony took place inside the temple.D.Oracles also played an important part in the Greek religion and beliefs.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.09．第16题The Black Death struck a serious blow to the Catholic Church in the following ways, EXCEPTA.The Church failed to explain why God willed this awful punishment on His followers.B.Many clergy stuck to their Christian duties and died.C.There was a severe shortage of clergy.D.Church was unable to cure the plague victims.您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.010．第17题Concerning the economy of the Byzantine Empire, Islamic Empire and western Europe during the Middle Ages, which statement is NOT true?A.Byzantine had the most powerful economy in the world before the 7th century.B.Islamic economy in the 7th century was already very prosperous.C.Islamic Empire had the world’s leading economy during the mid-8th and mid-13th century.D.Western Europe overtook Byzantine in economy in the late Middle Ages.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.011．第18题Which of the following reform measures resulted in the moral decline of the Romans?A.limiting the amount of land owned by individual citizensB.selling grain at a low price to citizensC.distributing public land to landless citizensD.cutting down land taxes or rent您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.012．第19题Which one of the following statements about the Black Death is NOT true?A.It is estimated to have killed 30% –60% of Europe’s population.B.The death rate in some larger cities in Italy may have been as high as 60 percent.C.In northern France, villages suffered mortality rates of 30 percent, and cities experienced losses as high as 40 percent.D.Death caused by the Black Death worsened the situation of surviving peasants and laborers.您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.013．第20题Which one of the following statements about the Code of Hammurabi was NOT true?A.The Code helped Hammurabi consolidate his rule in the Mesopotamia.B.The Code was based on the principle of retaliation.C.Everyone received equal punishment for the same crime committed.D.The Code was written in the Akhadian language.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.014．第21题Britain was turned into a Roman province in ________.A.the 1st centuryB.C.B.the 1st centuryC.the 2nd centuryD.the 3rd century.您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.015．第22题Which of the following is true about the central argument of the Ninety-Five Theses?A.The Ninety-Five Theses marks the beginning of the Reformation.B.It was an effort to draw attention to the corruption of the Church.C.Repentance has the same power of the pope to forgive sins.D.The sale of indulgences went against the true spirit of Christianity.您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.016．第30题Which one of the following statements was NOT a factor that brought about the agricultural growth during the Central Middle Ages?A.The climate improved and the temperature was higher.B.More lands were under cultivated.C.Farming technology improved greatly.D.The food price dropped drastically.您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.017．第31题Three of the following statements are true with the early experience of Christianity. Which one is the exception?A.Unlike the Jews, the early Christians of the Roman Empire suffered persecution.B.Christianity was not the official religion of the Roman Empire until the 4th century.C.Christianity spread in the cities of the empire, first in the east and later in the west.D.It was Constantine’s toleration for all religions that brought new life to Christianity.您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.018．第32题Which of the following statements about art in the Central Middle Ages is NOT true?A.Architecture was the foremost art form.B.Schools were the primary focus of architectural endeavors.C.Architecture integrated all the visual arts in presentations ofChristianity’s rich symbolic and spiritual values.D.Other arts were used to decorate churches with sculpture and painting, woodcarving and metalwork, and stained glass.您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.019．第33题Which factor directly resulted in the first great split in Christianity in 1054?A.The rulers of most European peoples adopted Christianity for themselves and their subjectsB.The invasions from Vikings and Magyars not only destroyed many churches and monasteries but also greatly damaged the church institutionsC.There were few schools to train clergy, and many church officers were shallow and incompetentD.Pope Leo IX asserted the supreme authority of the papacy and clashed with the Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.020．第34题Which one does NOT indicate that Euripides was the most revolutionary dramatist in ancient Greece?A.His creation of less heroic and more realistic characters.B.His sharp criticism of conventional values.C.His view of the human soul as a place where opposing forces struggle.D.His use of graceful language and perfect form.您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.021．第35题Which of the following is NOT true about Emperor Constantine the Great?A.He concentrated power in his own hands.B.He made Christianity the state religion.C.He abandoned Rome as the imperial capital.D.He tolerated all religions in the Roman Empire.您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.022．第36题The following statements about the English Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 are true EXCEPT ______.A.It accomplished its objectives.B.It received help from members of the noble classesC.It succeeded in showing the nobles what peasants were capable of when dissatisfied.D.It marked the beginning of the end of serfdom in medieval England.您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.023．第37题Alcuin established ______ as the basis for education during the Carolingian renaissance.A.the Carolingian minusculeB.trivium and quadriviumC.medieval LatinD.biblical texts您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.024．第38题Magna Carta in 1215 in England was significant in that it __.A.really weakened the power of the churchB.spoke for the common peopleC.really weakened the power of the kingD.spoke for the nobles您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.025．第39题Luther further explained his doctrine of faith and justification in ______________.A.The Liberty of the Christian ManB.Address to the Nobility of the German NationC.The Babylonian Captivity of the ChurchD.the Ninety-Five Theses题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.026．第46题In the Early Middle Ages, the Roman Church and the Eastern Church were divided over the following issues EXCEPT for ______.A.IconoclasmB.official languageC.explanation of the Holy SpiritD.baptism您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.027．第47题What was the main difference between serfs and slaves in Western Europe?A.the amount of personal libertyB.the hereditary personal statusC.the military protection provided by the lordD.the obligation to work on the land您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.028．第48题Which description of the Hellenistic civilization is incorrect?A.It was a cosmopolitan and open culture.B.It was a mixture of Greek and Oriental cultures.C.It helped to popularize Greek thinking and life styles.D.Its commercial, cultural and intellectual centre was Athens.您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.029．第49题Compared with Italian Renaissance, Northern Renaissance had the following distinctive features except for ______.A.strong national flavorB.great religious concernC.influence of classicismD.belief in Christian humanism题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.030．第50题What were the three classes of people in the Central Middle Ages?A.Pope, peasants and noblesB.kings, lords and monksC.clergy, lords and peasantsD.warriors, peasants and priest您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.031．第6题Martin Luther first expressed his idea of reforming the Church by criticizing the sale of indulgences.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.032．第7题After Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century, all other religious beliefs disappeared.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.033．第8题An important product of vernacular romance literature was the Romance of the Rose.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.034．第9题What really triggered off the English Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 was an attempt to collect a new type of national tax to pay for the failing war with France.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.035．第10题Ptolemy’s geocentric theory remained very popular in Europe for centuries.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.036．第11题All Egyptian gods have a human body and an animal head.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.037．第12题It was only in the 16th century that the Church of Rome’s monopoly began to meet the challenge for religious reform.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.038．第23题Florence was the major centre of the High Renaissance Art at the early 16th century.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.039．第24题The Vikings originated from the Scandinavian Peninsula and included Danes, Norwegians, Swedes and Magyars.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.040．第25题Muhammad was not only a prophet, but also a political and military leader.您的答案：正确此题得分：2.041．第26题The Italian Renaissance was largely credited to the economic success in Italy at that time.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.042．第27题In the Roman Empire, a foreign soldier could earn citizenship through his military service.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.043．第28题Mount Olympus is the highest point in Greece and home of the mythical Greek gods. ？您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.044．第29题Reading of the Bible and his theological teaching made clearer Luther’s idea about the malpractices of the Church.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.045．第40题Romance combined features of both vernacular epic and vernacular lyric.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.046．第41题It was the Sumerians who first started systematic agriculture.您的答案：正确此题得分：2.047．第42题Before the Carolingian renaissance, cultural and educational standards in Western Europe had already surpassed those of the Byzantine Empire or Muslim world.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.048．第43题During the period of the Five Good Emperors, smooth hereditary succession guaranteed political stability.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.049．第44题Similar to all ancient agricultural societies, ancient Egyptians also divided a year into four seasons.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.050．第45题The Minoan civilization is often regarded as the first advanced civilization of Europe.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.0作业总得分：90.0作业总批注：。
欧洲文化入门试题B
北京翻译研修学院2013-2014学年第二学期期末考试（B卷）年级：____________专业：________________姓名: ____________ 成绩：_________________第一部分选择题(共40分)PART ONE1．Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully．For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked [A],[B], [C]and[D] are given．Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points，2 points each)1．The Romans conquered Greece in ．A．146 B．C．B．500 B．C．C．700 B．C．D．1200 B．C．2．The playwright who contributed greatly to Greek tragic art wasA．Sophocles B．Aristophanes C．Herodotus D．Homer3．The greatest of Latin poets wasA．Horace B．Virgil C．Homer D．Cicero4．Daniel was taken prisoner to after the fall of Jerusalem.A．Egypt B．Persia C．Babylon D．Assyria5．David was ．A．a Hebrew king B．the boy who killed GoliathC．the man who made Jerusalem the capital D．all of the above6．In the formative period of feudalism, the bishops were themselvesA．scholars B．hermits C．feudal lords D．knights7．As a result of the Crusades，luxuries of the East poured into the West．They were spices．perfume．hand．woven carpets and ．A．tea B．Chinaware C．silk D．silverware8．Martin Luther held that was the supreme authority．A．the Church B．the Bible C．the Pope D．Jesus9．Ophelia is a character in Shakespeare’s ．A．Hamlet B．Othello C．Macbeth D．Merchant of Venice10．The Reformation shattered Medieval Church’s stifling control over man．thus paving the way forA．economic development B．free thinking C．capitalism D．progress11．Galile0，because he refused to compromise．was tried by ．A．the College of Cardinals B．the Italian courtC．the Spanish court D．the Inquisition12．To Newton，space and time are absolute，to Einstein，motion and space are ．A．relative B．unlimited C．infinite D．1imited13．“A Modest Proposal” was written by ．A．Defoe B．Swift C．Diderot D．Fielding14．Shelley called poets “the unacknowledged legislators of the world” in his ．A．Prometheus unbound B．Defence of PoetryC．1yrics D．Ode to the West Wind15．Schumann stood as the typical example of the influence of upon music．A．revolutionary ideals B．philosophy C．1iterature D．religion 16．According to Darwin，becomes a mechanism for evolutionary change．A．natural selection B．process C．adaptation D．variation17．Zola believed almost blindlyA．Social Darwinism B．Utopian SocialismC．pragmatism D．scientific determinism18．The writer who devoted himself to the novel of social condition in England in the 19 th cen- tury was ．A．Thomas．Hardy B．William Makepeace ThackerayC．George Eliot D．Charles Dickens19．The contribution made by Pierre and Maris Curie is ．A．the discovery of atomic nucleus B．the discovery of radiumC．the discovery of X—rays D．the discovery of relativity20．To the New Novelists，plot，action，narrative，ideas and analysis of characters are A．no longer important B．still very importantC．of equal importance D．none of the above第二部分非选择题(共60分)PART TWOII．In the foliowing part there are two columns．The left hand column consists of a list of names．The right hand column consists of a list of titles，names of organizations，works or remarks．Match each name in the left hand column with corresponding ti- tie，organization，work，or remark in the right hand column and put the number aor b or e in the bracket on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points，1 point each) 21．St．Jerome (a)“The die is cast．”22．Schiller (b)Lettres Anglaise23．Keats (C)Mother24．Francois Rabelais (d)Gargantua and Pantagruel25．Walt Whitman (e)Fathers and Sons26．Thomas Hobbes (f)Ode to a Nightingale27．Corky (g)Leaves of Grass28．Turgenev (h)the Vulgate29．Julius Caesar (i)founder of modem German literature30．V oltaire (j)author of LeviathanIII．Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions．Write your answer in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET．(20 points，2 points each) 31．Which are the most famous temples in ancient Greece?32．What did Horace mean when he said．“Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive．”? 33．Why were Christians persecuted under the Roman Empire?34．HOW shall we define the Catholic Church?35．What made Italy lose its supremacy in world trade in the late l5th century?36．What was Hobbes’s view of the nature of man?37．What kind of a novel is Les Miserables7 ．38．What did Kant try to reconcile in “Critique of Pure Reason”?39．Why did literature become the voice of the people in Russia in the l 9 th century?40．What are the major interests of new novelists?IV．Explain each of the following terms in English．Write your answer in the corre sponding space on the ANSWER SHEET in around 40 words．(20 points，5 points each)41．Plato’s and Democritus’ views of the world42．Noah’s Ark43．John Wyclif44．Mark TwainV. Write between l00—120 words on the following topic in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)45．What is the role of Turgenev in Russian literature?。
《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案
欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 .7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar：8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in an cient Greece答：1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2）Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.&论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop1) Probably around 1200 ., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century .A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century ., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he wentand conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.《5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 ., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development答：There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters ofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.。
欧文试题2
英语系《欧洲文化入门》试卷（B）年级_______ 班级姓名学号说明：1、本试卷含有单项选择题一共60道，每题1分，满分为60分。
2、测试形式：开卷, 单项选择题请在答题卡上完成，试卷纸上答题无效．．．．．．．．。
PART I—MULTIPLE CHOICE (50%)1.T he Carolingians___.A.assimilated the MerovingiansB.were less civilizedC.came from AsiaD.subdued the Merovingians2.Charlemagne___.A.means Charles the GreatB.refers to the first monarchC.founded the royal dynastyD.was tired of war3.Charlemagne' empire was gained__.A. by personal loyaltyB. by forceC. by peaceD. by authority4.Charlemagne by no means maintained the empire___.A.through centralization of political powerB.through personal loyaltyC.through military actionsD.through centralized administrative institutions5.Charlemagne' empire was different from the Roman Empire for it was__.A.based on the Mediterranean SeaB.administered by the central powerC.ruled directly by the kingD.an empire of the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea6.In the Charlemagne's empire, the royal officials do anything but__.A.carrying out royal lawsB.overseeing court casesC.getting money from the king for their servicesD.pledging faithfulness to the king7.In the Charlemagne's empire, the bishops do anything but__.A.checking up on local officialsB.giving money to the local officials for their servicesC.making sure that local officials carried out their duties wellD.attending the meetings called by the king8.Charlemagne wanted __.A.the pope to be more powerfulB.to be known as a Roman emperorC.to be known as a Christian emperorD.to be a Roman emperor9.Charlemagne preferred __.A.to be crowned by the popeB.to be a Roman emperorC.to be known as a Roman emperorD.to claim that he was crowned emperor by God10.Charlemagne set ___as his model.A. ConstantineB. the Roman EmpireC. the popeD. all the super-kings before him11.The Holy Roman Empire __.A.began in the 12th centuryB.began in the 13th centuryC.included Italy todayD.excluded Germany today12.The Holy Roman Empire lasted__.A. about 300 yearsB. about 400 yearsC. over 500 yearsD. over 600 years13.The Holy Roman emperor is __.A.viewed as a Roman emperorB.viewed as a second popeC.like a popeD.viewed as a Christian emperor14.Charlemagne converted the Saxons into Christianity__.A. by forceB. by baptismC. by building monasteriesD. by ministry15.To unify the empire Charlemagne_.A.only relied on executionB.first relied on ChristianityC.relied on personal loyaltyD.relied on the pope16.The Carolingian Renaissance was aimed at fulfilling the goal of___.A.reviving the wisdom of Roman writers onlyB.creating Christian literature onlyC.creating an orderly and unified Christian empireD.improving the works of art and literature of the time17.The Carolingian economy was__.pletely based on landB.mostly based on tradergely based on tradergely based on farming18.The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was caused by__.A.cooperative attacks from the Muslims, the V ikings and the MagyarsB.foreign invasions and internal conflictsC.the sons of CharlemagneD.the heir of Charlemagne19.Foreign invasions caused__.A. a stronger FranceB. a weaker EnglandC. a unified EnglandD.the unification of France and England20.As the Carolingian Empire split_.A.peasants were richerB.were happierC.warriors became peasantsD.warriors became equal to their lords21.From the 11th century through the 13th century, the West became__.A.an important world powerB.stronger than the Islamic worldC.more sophisticated than the Byzantine EmpireD.more prosperous than the Islamic world22.The Europeans did all the following except__ from the 11th century on.A.reviving old cities to remade their worldB.building new cities to remade their worldunching defensive wars to remade their worldD.creating universities to remade their world23.In the Central Middle Ages peasants were__.A.forced to make new landsB.encouraged to make new landsC.obliged to cut down forestsD.forced to pay more dues to landlords24.The landlords then preferred __.A. yearly dues of hensB. yearly dues of eggsC. yearly dues of farm laborD. a fixed money of rent25.Towns then acted more as___.A. trading centersB. political centersC. religious spotsD. tourist spots26.Cities then included anything but_.A. marketplaceB. cathedralsC. factoriesD. monasteries27.Guilds in the cities then were__.A.religious clubs onlyB.trade associations onlyC.controlling everythingmunities of the craftsmen28.Fairs in towns then__.A.attracted foreign tradersB.were markets onlyC.were festivals onlyD.set up in the open air onlymunes in the 13th century as political and economic bodies__.A.were set up in northern Italy onlyB.refer to independent countriesC.reflect a strong sense of democracyD.were made up of the master craftsmen30.New schools in the 11th century__.A.were run by monasteriesB.were located in city cathedralsC.were to produce monksD.were religious31.New schools then attracted__.A.local teachers onlyB.local students onlyC.teachers all over EuropeD.wealthy merchants only32.In the 13th century, many schools_.A.were organized into universitiesB.gave way to universitiesC.were state-runD.were government-funded33.In the Carolingian time popes__.A.were the heads of churchB.were regarded as models of pietyC.opened schoolsD.were the heads of state34.The chief point of Gregorian reform was to ___.A.end the power of emperorsB.make the church completely independent from the emperorsC.force the priests to remain single throughout lifeD.allow the priests to marry35.The First Crusade was important because __.A.it conquered the land of the MuslimsB.the Pope rescued the Byzantine EmpireC.it was the first example of European expansionismD.the Byzantine Empire defeated the Muslims finally36.It was ____who unified England for the first time.A.King Edward and his successorsB.King Arthur and his successorsC.King William and his successorsD.King Alfred and his successors37.1066 marked the__.A.defeat of the V ikingsB.Norman Conquer of EnglandC.death of William ID.death of Alfred the Great38.Magna Carta in 1215 in England was a document that __.A.really weakened the power of the churchB.really weakened the power of the kingC.spoke for the common peopleD.spoke for the nobles39.The Spanish monarchy was __.A.set up by the ChristiansB.overcome by the MuslimsC.set up by the MuslimsD.overcome by the Jews40.Romanesque style appeared_.A.earlier than Gothic styleter than Gothic styleC.higher and lighterD.more mysterious41.Monasteries were made rich by__.A.the hardworking monksB.the powerful monksC.the kingsD.the kings and nobles42.Which of the following is Not true about monasteries?A.They were self-sufficient unitsB.Monks in the monastery slept in the same dormitoryC.Monks did not have to work in the fields at allD.All monks lived according to a rule that governed their daily routine43.The Fourth Crusade in the 13th century was in fact__.A.an armed pilgrimage for Christian purposeB.turned into a siege of a Christian cityC. a war that helped defend the regions in the Holy Land conquered by EuropeansD.defeated by the Muslims44.Before the First Crusade, Jews__.A.lived in the monasteriesB.lived in the citiesC.were forced into the citiesD.were forced out of the cities45.Jews in the cities were good at__.A. doing businessB. borrowing moneyC. craftsmanshipD. farming46.Jews in the cities were__.A.converted to ChristianityB.converted to IslamC.admired by ChristiansD.persecuted by Christians47.___ were regarded as heretics.A.Those who believed in GodB.Those who did not believe in ChristianityC.Jews onlyD.Muslims only48.The Late Middle Ages almost at the same time__.A.began with the RenaissanceB.began with the fall of ByzantiumC.ended with the RenaissanceD.ended with the disappearance of the Roman Catholic Church49.Overgrowth of population in Europe in the Late Middle Ages caused __.A.the shortage of cultivated landB.the shortage of food supplyC.the new methods of agricultureD.the disastrous change of climate50.Black Death caused __.A.more harm in the countrysideB.no harm in the countryC.more harm in the citiesD.no harm in the citiesPART II – CLOZE (10%)The Renaissance will always be closely associated (51) achievements in literature, art, and music. In painting, sculpture, and architecture the Renaissance tended to break with (52). Painting and sculpture were no longer considered crafts to be used exclusively (53) the embellishment of churches and cathedrals; instead, they became independent arts on a level (54) the highest intellectual accomplishments. The use of mathematics and geometry (55) achieving proportion and perspective (56) works of art exemplified the new merging of (57) that was a prime characteristic of the Renaissance. In Italy, surviving examples of classic al (58) sculpture and architecture were always present, and the classical past (59) artists with the basis for new inspiration.The sense of change in all (60) of life created a favorable atmosphere for artistic experimentation and innovation.51.A. with;B. to;C. in;D. at52.A. Greek traditions;B. Roman traditions;C. medieval traditions;D. previous traditions53.A. by;B. for;C. with;D. in54.A. for;B. in;C. to;D. with55.A. in;B. with;C. at;D. of56.A. for;B. at;C. in;D. on57.A. art and literature;B. art and science;C. art and music;D. art and theology58.A. Greek;B. Hebrew;C. Persian;D. Roman59.A. provided;B. gave;C. granted;D. allowed60.A. degrees;B. corners;C. aspects;D. levelsPART III – ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS (40%)1. What are some explanations for why early civilizations emerged?2. Which religions were prominent during the Hellenistic period?3. What policies and institutions (制度) help explain the Romans’success in conquering first Italy and then the entire Mediterranean world?4. What were the chief features of the Roman Empire at its height during the second century?外国语言文化学院2007—2008学年第（一）学期期末考试英语系《欧洲文化入门》试卷（B）Keys:1.D2.A3.B4.C5.D6.C7.B8.C9.D 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.D 14.A 15.B 16.C 17.D 18.B 19.C 20.D 21.A 22.C 23.B 24.D 25.A26.C 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B 31.C 32.A 33.B 34.B 35.C 36.D 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.A 41.D 42.C 43.B 44.C 45.A36.D 47.B 48.A 49.B 50.C 51.A 52.C 53.B 54.D 55.A56.C 57.B 58.D 59.A 60.C。
《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案
欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides)6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 .7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana~答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop1) Probably around 1200 ., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century .￥A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writingin Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century ., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he wentand conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 ., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development：答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters ofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.》B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman cultureA. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.…B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 ., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 ., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.·6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：（2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis,Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand-by the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.、4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianityother religions.1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.；2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 . By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was b ased on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.^7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章…1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle ages,In European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic—1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history. 3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe wasa Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.—4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages:答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus.of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:#A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written i n vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.—C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterativeverse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of the.Church. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious;copying and translating ancient books, the Church Fath ers’ philosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.【2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther —名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.}论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498. 4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture~答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.—2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题：1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon…5. Leviathan is written by ________. Tomas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. Bourgeoisie Revolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best representative of French neoclassici sm is ________. Molière名词解释：1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. Classicism~Classicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not consciousof being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals.This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times答：1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. 2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.!3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century答：During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began to take shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system:答：1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion..Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from thegeneral to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law答：For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract】1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the AmericanRevolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish.|B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.E. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.F. Government was not created by God, but by men themselves.3) Although both Tomas Hobbes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally.A. Firstly, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.B. Secondly, Hobbes argued that individuals surrender their rights to one man, the sovereign whose power is absolute.）Locke argued that the individuals surrender their rights to the community as a whole. According to him, by majority vote a representative is chosen, but his power not absolute. If he fails to implement the people’s will, the people have the right to overthrow him.4. What is the great significance of the English Revolution1、It was the first time that capitalism has defeated absolute monarchy in history.2、The English Revolution marked that the modern times are approaching.3、After the English Revolution the constitutional monarchy has come into being as well as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Right established the supremacy of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy in England. The Bill of Rights limited the Sovereign’s power in certain important directions.6. What are the characteristics of French classicism1) In the French classical literature, man was viewed as a social being consciously and willingly subject to discipline.2) Rationalism was believed to be able to discover the best principles of human conduct and the universal principles of natural laws. Here Descartes provided the philosophical foundation for the French neoclassicism.(3) French classicism was fond of using classical forms, classical themes and values.第六章填空题：1. ________was the first of the great French men of letters associated with the Enlightenment Montesquieu2. The theory of the separation of powers was put forward by Montesquieu in his work _________. The Spirit of the Laws.。
欧洲文化入门复习题
《欧洲文化入门》复习题（一）Division One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture Greek CultureI.填空1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to bemore enduring and they are the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.3.In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander,king of Macedon.4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.6.Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sportscompetition.7.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.8.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led byAgamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.9.The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home, island ofIthaca.10.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sapphoand Pindar.11.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.12.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the14 Olympic odes.13.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.14.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.15.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King, Electra, and Antigone.16.Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and TrojanWomen.edy also flourished in the 5th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who hasleft eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.18.Herodotus is often called ―Father of History‖. He wrote about the wars be tween Greeks andPersians.19.Thucydides described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse,a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.20.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.21.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.22.Heracleitue believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything elsehad arisen.23.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.24.Democritus was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and speculated about the atomicstructure of matter.25.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they arethe Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans, and the Stoics.26.Euclid is well-known for his Elements, a textbook of geometry.27.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: ―Give me aplace to stand, and I will move the world.‖28.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style which is also called themasculine style; the Ionic style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian style.29.The Acropolis at Athens and the Parthenon are the finest monument of Greek architecture andsculpture in more than 2000 years.30.In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernistmasterpiece Ulysses.II.选择1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?A.Greek CultureB.Roman CultureC.Egyptian CultureD.Chinese Culture2.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece.A.1200B.C.B.700 B.C.C.146 B. C.D.The 5th century3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A.Oedipus the KingB.IliadC.OdysseyD.Antigone4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A.AntigoneB.AgamemnonC.PersiansD.Prometheus Bound5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A.ElectraB.AntigoneC.Trojan WomanD.Oedipus the King6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A.AntigoneB.PersiansC.ElectraD.Medea7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A.AristophanesB.EuripidesC.SophoclesD.Aeschylus8.Who ever said that ―You can not step twice into the same river‖?A.PythagorasB.HeracleitusC.Aristotle9.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A.HeracleitusB.AristotleC.SocratesD.Pythagoras10.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that ―man is the measure of all things‖?A.ProtagorasB.PythagorasC.PyrrhonD.EpicurusIII.名词解释1.Aeschylus2.Plato3.The CynicsIV.简答与问答1.What are the major elements in European culture?2.What were the main features of ancient Greek society?3.Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays did each of them write?4.Tell some of P lato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?5.Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Roman CultureI. 填空1.The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was thenreduced to a province of the Roman Empire.2.The Roman writer Horace said: ―Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive‖.3.In 27 B. C. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus.4.The Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkablephenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana.5.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium,renamed it Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ).6.In 476 the last emperor of the west was deposed by the Coths and marked the end of the WestRoman Empire.7.The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.8.Julius Caesar recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns he took part inand these writings, collected in his Commentaries, are models of succinct Latin.9.Virgil was the greatest of Latin poets and wrote the great epic, the Aeneid.10.The Pantheon is the greatest and the best preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B. C.And reconstructed in the 2th century A. D..11.She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman.II.选择1.Who wrote, ―I came, I saw, I conquered‖?A.HoraceB.Julius CaesarC.VirgilD.Marcus Tullius Cicero2.The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of things is ___________.A.VirgilB.Julius CaesarC.HoraceD.Lucretius3.Which of the following is not Roman architecture?A.The ColosseumB.The PanthenonC.The ParthenonD.Pont du Gard4.Who wrote, ―Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive‖?A.SapphoB.PlatoC.VirgilD.HoraceIII.名词解释1.Julius Caesar2.The Pax RomanaIV.简答与问答1.What did the Romans have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief differencebetween them?2.What is the book for which Virgil has been famous throughout the centuries? In what way is thebook linked with the Greek past?3.Why do we say Aeneas is a truly tragic hero?Division Two: The Bible and ChristianityThe Old TestamentⅠ填空题1.Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the mostinfluential in the West.2.Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine the hub of migration and trade routes,which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.3.Some 3800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews – the Hebrews – wandered through the desertsof the Middle East.4.About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, andformed small kingdoms.5.The king of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the formof folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament.6.The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and theNew Testament.7.The old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are first fivebooks, called Pentateuch.8.When the Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to thetop of the mountain to receive from God message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments.9.Chronologically Amos is the earliest prophet in the Old Testament.10.In Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues topractise their religion.II 选择题1.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?_______A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism2.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the firstfive books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch3.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments?_______A.Honour your father and your motherB.Do not commit suicideC.Do not desire your neighbour’s wifeD.Do not take the name of God in vain4.When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practise their religion? ______A. in 169B.C. B. in the 4th centuryC. in 76 B.C.D. in the 6th centuryⅢ名词解释1.the Bible2.the Pentateuch3.Ten CommandmentsⅣ简答与问答1.What was the Hebrews major contribution to world civilization?2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?3.What are the Ten Commandments about?Rise of ChristianityⅠ填空题1.At the age of 30, Jesus received the baptism at the hands of John Baptist.2.Jesus spent most of his life in Galilee, where he apparently made a sensation.3.Jesus of Nazareth lived in Palestine during the reign of the first Roman Emperor Augustus.4.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Juda.5.In 313 the Edict of Milan was issued by Constantine I and granted religious freedom to all andmade Christianity legal.6.In 392 A.D, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religions of the empire andoutlawed all other religions.7.After Jesus died, St. Peter and St. Paul led the disciples of Jesus to spread gospel in theMediterranean regions.Ⅱ选择题1.After the _______ century Nestorianism reached China.A. sixthB. fifthC. secondD. third2.Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire andoutlawed all other religions? __________A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar3.Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313?__________A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I4.At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John BaptistD. John WycliffⅢ名词解释1.The Edict of MilanⅣ简答与问答1.How did the relations between Christians and the Roman government change?The New TestamentⅠ填空题1.By 300 A.D. each local church was called a parish and had a full time leader known as priest.2.Towards the end of he fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the NewTestament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.3.When as Jesus’ mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she wasfound with child of the Holy Ghost4.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Juda andcaught at the Last Supper.Translations of the BibleⅠ填空题1.Except a few passages in the related Armaic dialect the Old Testament was originally writtenin Hebrew. And the New Testament was originally written in a popular form of Greek.2.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint, asaccording the fictional letter of Aristeas, it was translated by 72 translators in 72 days.3.The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which wasdone in 384 –405 A.D. by St. Jerome in common people’s la nguage.4.The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 andwas copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.5.The most important and influential of English Bible is the ―Authorized‖ or King James’version, first published in 1611.Ⅱ选择题1.By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _________languages.A. 228B. 974C. 1202D. 1542.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as ________.A. the Latin VulgateB. the AristeasC. the ―Authorized‖D. the Septuagint3.When printing was invented in the 1500’s, the _______ Bible was the first complete workprinted.A. EnglishB. LatinC. AramaicD. Hebrew4.When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear? _______A. 1885B. 1611C. 1901D. 1979Division Three: The Middle AgesManor and ChurchⅠ填空题1.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the West Roman Empire inthe fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2.Between the fifth and eleventh centuries, West Europe was the scene of frequent wars andinvasions.3.The Middle Age is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged.4.Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding –a system of holding land inexchange for military service.5.In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward fortheir service.6.The center of medieval life under feudalism was the manor.7.By the 12th century manor houses came to be called castle, which were made of stone anddesigned as fortress.8.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lordand to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.9.In the medieval days a knight was trained for war by fighting each other in mock batterscalled tournaments.10.After 1054, the Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the EasternOrthodox Church.11.The most important of all the leaders of Christian thought was Augustine of Hippo who livedin North Africa in the fifth century.12.Under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy,lords and peasants.13.The Pope not only ruled Roman and parts of Italy as a king, he was also the head of allChristian churches in western Europe.14.In the Medieval times the Church set up a church court –the Inquisition to stamp outso-called heresy.15.One of the most important sacraments was Holy Communion, which was to remind peoplethat Christ had died to redeem man.16.To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys tosacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem.17.With a return attack against the Moslems, the Western Christians launched a series of holywars called the Crusades.Ⅱ选择题1.In the later part of the 4th century, which of the following tribes swept into Europe fromcentral Asia, robbing and killing a large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes?________A. the MongoliansB. the HunsC. the TurkishD. the Syrians2.The Middle Ages is also called the _________.A. ―Age of Christianity‖B. ―Age of Literature‖C. ―Age of Holy Spirit‖D. ―Age of Faith‖3.According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight?_______A. To be loyal to his lordB. To fight for the churchC. To obey without question the orders of the abbotD. To respect women of noble birth4.In 732, who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service? _________A. Charles Martel, a Frankish rulerB. Charles I, a Turkish rulerC. Constantine I, a Frankish rulerD. St. Benedict, a Italian ruler5.When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern OrthodoxChurch?_________A. after 1066B. after 1296C. after 1054D. after 4766.Which of the following about the knight or noble in the Middle Ages in Western Europe isNOT true?____________A.Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval days.B. A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven.C.As a knight, he was pledged to fight for the church.D.At about fourteen, the page became a knight.7.When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in Western Europe? _______A.At the age of 14.B.When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for theladies.C.At a special ceremony known as dubbing.D.When he was pledged to fight for the church.8.Which of the following is NOT true about what the monks must do before entering themonastery according to the Benedictine Rule?A.They had to attend service 6 times during the day and once at midnight.B.They could promise to give up all their possession before entering the monastery.C.They were expected to work 5 hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.D.They had to obey without question the orders of the abbot.9.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe?________A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs10.By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won the crusadesand ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control? ________A. 1270B. 1254C. 1096D. 1291Ⅲ名词解释1.the Middle Ages2.Manor3.Code of Chivalry4.Benedictine Rule5.the CrusadesⅣ简答与问答1.Who was Charles Martel?2.What was the difference between a serf and a free man?3.Into what three groups were people divided under feudalism?4.What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire?Learning and Science, Literature, Art and ArchitectureⅠ填空题1.Charlemagne, who temporarily restored order in western and central Europe, was perhaps themost important figure of the medieval period.2.Charlemagne w as crowed ―Emperor of the Romans‖ by the Pope in 800.3.The Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up allthe knowledge of medieval theology.4.Roger Bacon was one of the earliest advocates of Scientific research and called for carefulobservation and experimentation.5.―National epic‖ refers to the epic written in vernacular languages – that is, the languages ofvarious national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.6.Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts oforal literature.7.Dante Alighieri was the greatest poet of Italy, his masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one ofthe landmarks of world literature.8.Chaucer was a great English poet, The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work for theirpower of observation, piercing irony, sense of humor and warm humanity.9.Chaucer writers in dialect used by Londoners, and by the sheer weight and popularity of hiswritings he sets it firmly on the way towards Modern English.10.The style of architecture under Romanesque art is characterized by massiveness, solidity andmonumentality with all overall blocky appearance.11.The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe.Ⅱ选择题1.Which of the follo wing was crowned ―Emperor of the Romans‖ by the Pope in 800? ______A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James2.Who was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and contributed greatly to themedieval European culture? _________A. Charles IB. Constantine IC. Alfred the GreatD. Charles the Great3.Does Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic? _________A. EnglishB. GermanicC. HebrewD. French4.Who is the author of the Opus Maius? ________A. Roger BaconB. Dante AlighieriC. ChaucerD. St. Thomas AquinasⅢ名词解释1.Carolingian Renaissance2.Beowulf3.Song of Roland4.The Canterbury tales5.Romanesque6.GothicⅣ简答与问答1.What was the merit which Charlemagne and Alfred the Great share?Division IV: Renaissance and ReformationRenaissance in ItalyⅠ填空题1.Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century.2.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.3.In essence, Renaissance was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers andscholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman Church authorities.4.Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture andarchitecture.5.Beginning from the 11th century, cities began to rise in central and north Italy.6.Decameron is a collection of 100 tales told by 7 young ladies and 3 younger gentlemen ontheir way to escape the Black Death of 1348.7.Petrach was best known for Canzoniers, a book of lyrical songs written in his Italian dialect.8.The Renaissance artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy andperspective.9.The four representative artists of High Renaissance in Italy are Leonardo da Vinci,michelangelo, Raphael and Titian.10.Loenar do da Vinci’s major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures; MonaLisa probably is the world’s most famous portrait.11.Michelangelo created a style of art in which he freed himself from the old tradition ofdecoration on the one hand and documentary realism on the other.12.Titian’s painting is acknowledged to have established oil colour on canvas as the typicalmedium of the pictorial tradition in western art.13.In world trade, Italy had lost its supremacy because of the discovery of America in 1492 andthe rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, the opening of an all-water route to India which provided a cheaper means of transport.14.Petrach is looked up as the father of modern poetry.15.Italy is regarded as the birthplace of the Renaissance.Ⅱ选择题1.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?_______A. in Greece and RomeB. in Florence and VeniceC. in Milan and FlorenceD. in Italy and Germany2.When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, andcreated High Renaissance? ___________A. in the 11th centuryB. in the 15th centuryC. in the 16th centuryD. in the 17th century3.Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio? _______A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses4.Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas? ________A. GiottoB. BrunelleschiC. DonatelloD. Giorgione5.Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting?_______A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo6.Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madona (VirginMary)?A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael7.Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on adonkey ready to face the hardship ahead? ________A. TempestaB. Sacred and Profane LoveC. Flight into EgyptD. The Return of the HuntersⅢ名词解释1.Renaissance2.DecameronⅣ简答与问答1.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?2.What are the main elements of humanism? How are these elements reflected in art andliterature during the Italian Renaissance?3.How did Italian Renaissance art and architecture break away from medieval tradition?4.In what way was Leonardo da Vinci important during the Renaissance?Reformation and Counter-ReformationⅠ填空题1.The Reformation led by Martin Luther which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed atopposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible.2.Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation. His doctrine marked thefirst break in the unity of the Catholic Church.3.When the Pope refused to recognized Henry’s marriage with Anne Boleyn, British Parliament,in 1534, passed the Act of Supremacy which marked the formal break of the British with the Papal authorities.4.Ignatius and his followers called themselves the Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus.5.John Calvin put his theological thoughts in his Institutes of the Christian Religion, which wasconsidered one of the most influential theological works of all times.Ⅱ选择题1.Who took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time? ________A. Jan HusB. John WyliffC. Martin LutherD. John Calvin2.Who is the author Institutes of the Christian Religion?A. John WycliffB. Jan HusC. John CalvinD.Erasmus3.In whose reign did the formal break of the British with the papal authorities take place?____A. Elizabeth IB. William IC. Edward IIID. Henry VIII4.After the formal break of the British with the papal authorities, who was the head of the church? _______A. KingB. PopeC. BishopD. QueenⅢ名词解释1.Calvinism2.the Council of Trent3.Counter-ReformationⅣ简答与问答1.What are the doctrines of Martin Luther?2.What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?Renaissance in other CountriesⅠ填空题1.The Protestant group in France was known as the Huguenots whose rivalry with the CatholicChurch led to the wars of religion from 1562 to 1598.2.In 1492 the Moors that had ruled Spain for four centuries were driven out from their laststronghold.3.In 1492 Columbus discovered American and claimed America for Spain.4.The author of Don Quixote is Cervantes.5.Albrecht Dürer was the leader of the Renaissance in Germany. His engravings areunsurpassed and his paintings of animals and plants are exceedingly sensitive.6.Under the reign of Elizabeth I, England began to embark on the road to colonization andforeign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.7.Thomas More was a great humanist during the Renaissance. Among his writings the bestknown is Utopia.8.Cervantes crowned literature of Spain and Shakespeare of England during the Renaissance.Ⅱ选择题1.Which of the following works was written by Rabelais, in which he praises the greatness ofman, expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning?_______A.Gargantua and PantagruelB. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia2.Whose motto put down in his essays ―What do Know‖ is world famous?________A. CervantesB. RabelaisC. MontaigneD. Shakespeare3.Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideas and a stylewhich is easy and familiar? ________A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance4.Which of the following is NOT French writer poet? _______A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne5.In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament?_________A. BruegelB. ErasmusC. El GrecoD. Rabelais6.―To be, or not to be, -- that is the question ‖ from whose works? _______A. ChaucerB. DanteC. Roger BaconD. ShakespeareⅢ简答与问答1.Why did England come later than other countries during the Renaissance? In what way wasEnglish Renaissance different from that of other countries? Who were the major figures and what were their contributions?Science and Technology during the RenaissanceⅠ填空题1.The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 thesurface of the known earth was doubled.。
王佐良《欧洲文化入门》章节题库(文艺复兴与宗教改革)【圣才出品】
第4章文艺复兴与宗教改革一、选择题1. Which of the following is not true about Aristotle?A. The great humanist and the great man of science meet.B. Aristotle founded the school of the Stoics.C. Aristotle was tutor of Alexander.D. Aristotle wrote many books on logic, politics, poetry, rhetoric and other subjects.【答案】B【解析】斯多葛学派的创立人是Zeno.2. Which of the following statements is true about the Roman Empire?A. The Roman Empire had never been divided.B. The Roman Empire was divided into East and West in 395 A. D.C. The Roman Empire was later called Byzantium.D. The Roman Empire was conquered by the Turks in the 15th century.【答案】B【解析】罗马帝国于公元395年分裂为东罗马和西罗马。
3. The Bible has been regarded as _____.A. a religious bookB. literatureC. record of great mindsD. all of the above【答案】D【解析】圣经既是文学著作，又是宗教书籍和伟人智慧的记录。
4. The Catholic Church should be characterized as _____.A. a loosely organized religious institutionB. a highly centralized European organizationC. a highly centralized and disciplined international organizationD. a highly centralized and disciplined western organization. 【答案】C【解析】天主教是高度集中和严格的国际组织。
欧洲文化入门试卷及答案
《欧洲文化入门》I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks. (60 POINTS)1. Two major elements in European culture are ____.那就是希腊和罗马文化历史。
另一条则是精神宗教形成线索，即犹太教和基督教历史2. ____ deals with the Trojan War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in theirC. Prometheus BoundD. Persians《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）3. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____.A. AeschylusB.AristophanesC. EuripidesD. Sophocles4. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy.C. SophoclesD. Aeschylus喜剧家：Comedy writer解释者of the atomic theory.D. Socrates6, ____by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.A. DialoguesB. The ApologyC. The RepublicD. Symposium讨论会7. Dante called ____ " the master of those who know".A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socrates D. ArchimedesB. PoeticsC. EthicsD. PoliticsEuclid---Elements9. ____ has been a big subject for discussion among writers and artists.A, Discus Thrower B, Venus de Milo C, Laocoon group D, Parthenon10. Herodotus, Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ .Herodotus Father of historyA. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesC. The Roman EmpireD. Pax Romana年，元老院授予屋大维“奥古斯都”和“大元帅”的尊称史诗, The Aeneid, was written by _____.C. Julius CaesarD. Cicero维吉尔。
欧洲文化入门复习题答案
欧洲文化入门复习题答案一、填空题1. 欧洲文化通常指的是欧洲大陆上各国的文化遗产和艺术成就，其中包括文学、艺术、音乐、哲学等多个领域。
2. 欧洲文艺复兴起源于14世纪的意大利，是欧洲历史上的一个重要时期，标志着从中世纪向现代过渡。
3. 法国大革命是18世纪末至19世纪初的一场政治、社会和文化变革，对欧洲乃至世界历史产生了深远的影响。
4. 欧洲的宗教改革运动主要发生在16世纪，它导致了基督教的分裂，形成了天主教和新教两大教派。
5. 欧洲启蒙运动是18世纪的一场思想解放运动，强调理性、科学和批判精神，对现代民主政治和文化有着重要影响。
二、选择题1. 欧洲文艺复兴的中心是（C）A. 法国巴黎B. 德国柏林C. 意大利佛罗伦萨D. 英国伦敦2. 欧洲宗教改革的领导者之一是（B）A. 马丁·路德B. 约翰·加尔文C. 托马斯·阿奎那D. 但丁3. 欧洲启蒙运动的代表人物包括（D）A. 但丁B. 达芬奇C. 米开朗基罗D. 伏尔泰4. 法国大革命的标志性事件是（A）A. 巴士底狱的攻占B. 拿破仑的加冕C. 法国的君主立宪制D. 法国的共和制确立三、简答题1. 简述欧洲文艺复兴的特点。
答：欧洲文艺复兴的特点包括对古典文化的复兴，对人文主义的强调，艺术和科学领域的创新，以及对个人主义的推崇。
这一时期的艺术家和学者开始重视人的价值和能力，探索自然和人类社会的真实面貌。
2. 欧洲宗教改革对欧洲社会产生了哪些影响？答：欧洲宗教改革对欧洲社会产生了深远的影响，包括促进了宗教多元化，引发了一系列的宗教战争，推动了民族国家的形成，以及促进了教育和文化的普及。
四、论述题1. 论述欧洲启蒙运动对现代民主政治和文化的影响。
答：欧洲启蒙运动对现代民主政治和文化产生了深远的影响。
它提倡理性思考和科学方法，反对迷信和盲从，为现代民主政治的建立提供了思想基础。
同时，启蒙运动还强调个人自由和权利，推动了法律和制度的改革，促进了社会的进步和文明的发展。
《欧洲文化入门》试题及内容归纳
《欧洲文化入门》I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks.1 . Two maj or elements in European culture are ____.A. the Greek and RomanB. the Judaism and ChristianityC. the Greco-RomanD. A and B2. ____ deals with the Troj an War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against thecity of Troy ).A. The OdysseyB. The IliadC. Prometheus BoundD. Persians3. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____.A. AeschylusB. AristophanesC. EuripidesD. Sophocle s4. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy.A. EuripidesB. AristophanesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus5. ____ was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.A. HomeB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Socrates6, ____by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.A. DialoguesB. The ApologyC. The RepublicD. Symposium7. Dante called ____ “ the master of those who know”.A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socra t es D. Archimedes8. Euclid is even now well-known for his ____.A. ElementsB. PoeticsC. EthicsD. Politics9. ____ has been a big subj ect for discussion among writers and artists.A, Discus Thrower B, V enus de MiloC, Laocoon group D, P arthenon1 0. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ .A. Athens and SpartaB. Athens and SyracuseC. Athens and PersiansD. Greeks and Persians11 . It is _____ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. Hera c leitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras1 2. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of ____ in 27 B. C. .A. RomeB. AugustusC. The Roman EmpireD. Pax Romana1 3. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by _____.A. Lucre t iusB. V irgilC. Julius CaesarD. Cicero1 4. The oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books are the first five books, called ____.A. DeuteronomyB. ExodusC. the PentateuchD. Genesis1 5. In ____ the Jews were carried away in t o the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).A. 1 69B.C. B. 586 B. C. C. 536 B. C. D, 721 B. C.1 6. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1 611 .A. The SeptuagintB. The V ulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Auth o rized version11 7. ____ is the oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament.A. The SeptuagintB. The V ulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version1 8. It is generally accepted that ____ and Shakespeare are two great reserv iors of Modern English.A. the BibleB. the English BibleC. the New TestamentD. the Old Testament1 9. The Middle Ages is a period in which _____ , _____ and Gothic heritages merged.A. Greco-Roman, ChristianityB. classical, ChristianC. Greek, RomanD. classical, Hebrew20. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was _____.A. knighthoodB. the manorC. the ChurchD. polis21 . In 1 054, the Christian Church was divided into ____ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. Christ ianityB. the Roman ChurchC. the Roman Catholic ChurchD. the Western Catholic22. _____ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medievaltheology.A. Summa TheologicaB. Summa Contra GentilesC. Opus maiusD. Beowulf23. The Anglo-Saxon epic ____ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.A. Song of RolandB. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.C. BeowulfD. the Divine Comedy24. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between ____.centuries《欧洲文化入门》串讲资料1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense（无限的）amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)（They are not about events of Homer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.）6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon, Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活). In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》②Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→Freud’s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结) —→David Herbert Lawrence’s 《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③EuripidesA．《Trojan Women》B．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C．Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D．Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说), Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派（The lakers）华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※“Father of History”—→Herodotus —→war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。
《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案
《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________.27 B.C.7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodotus’s historical writing i s on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in a ncient Greece答：1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2）Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?答：There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters ofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies,Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture?答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background?答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium.Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story ab out God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the L aws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells abouta religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity?答：Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible?答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated fromthe Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷin 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influe ntial of English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version,first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenc ed without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern OrthodoxChurch.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding—a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land. 3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors werefounded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic statereaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith？答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades?答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resu lted in renewing pe ople’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was c rowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. Hismain work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to th e epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterative verse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times?1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’daily life and almost everyone became a member of the Church. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politic s, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks’ work on copying and tr anslating ancient books, the Church Fathers’ philosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or TheAnglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves intranslating the Bible into their mother tongues.3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance?答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture?答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to paya good amount of their gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture?答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题：1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon5. Leviathan is written by ________. T omas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. BourgeoisieRevolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best representative of French neoclassicism is ________. Molière名词解释：1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. ClassicismClassicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals. This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times? 答：1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics,owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes.2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There wasa prof ound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century？答：During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began to take shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes inman’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system?答：1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a generalconclusion.. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from the general to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law?答：For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract?1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the American Revolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power orgovernment backed by force and able to punish.B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.E. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.F. Government was not created by God, but by men themselves.3) Although both Tomas Hobbes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally.A. Firstly, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.B. Secondly, Hobbes argued that individuals surrender their rights to one man, the sovereign whose power is absolute.Locke argued that the individuals surrender their rights to the community as a whole. According to him, by majority vote a representative is chosen, but his power not absolute. If he fails to implement the people’s will, the people have the right to overthrow him.4. What is the great significance of the English Revolution?1、It was the first time that capitalism has defeated absolute monarchy in history.2、The English Revolution marked that the modern times are approaching.。
欧洲文化考试试题及答案
欧洲文化考试试题及答案一、选择题1. 欧洲文艺复兴运动起源于哪个国家？A. 法国B. 意大利C. 英国D. 德国答案：B. 意大利2. 莎士比亚是哪个国家的戏剧大师？A. 法国B. 西班牙C. 英国D. 德国答案：C. 英国3. 巴赫是哪个国家的音乐家？A. 法国B. 西班牙C. 意大利D. 德国答案：D. 德国4. 文艺复兴运动对欧洲文化产生了什么影响？A. 引发了启蒙运动B. 降低了封建社会地位C. 推动了政治改革D. 促进了科学研究答案：A. 引发了启蒙运动5. 莫扎特是哪个国家的作曲家？A. 法国B. 英国C. 意大利D. 奥地利答案：D. 奥地利二、简答题1. 请简要介绍欧洲文艺复兴运动。
答案：欧洲文艺复兴运动是发生在14世纪至17世纪的一场文化变革运动。
它起源于意大利，并逐渐传播到整个欧洲。
这一时期，欧洲出现了众多杰出的艺术家、文学家、音乐家和学者。
文艺复兴运动强调人文主义思想，追求个人人格的完善和人类智慧的发展。
它不仅在艺术、文学和音乐上有重要的贡献，还对政治、科学和社会理念带来了深远影响。
2. 请简述莎士比亚的贡献。
答案：莎士比亚是英国戏剧史上最伟大的剧作家之一。
他的作品涵盖了各种题材，包括悲剧、喜剧和历史剧。
莎士比亚的作品揭示了人性的深度和复杂性，他的对白充满了智慧和诗意。
他的作品对世界戏剧产生了深远的影响，被广泛翻译和演出，至今仍然受到全球读者和观众的喜爱。
3. 巴赫在音乐史上扮演了怎样的角色？答案：巴赫是德国音乐家，被誉为西方古典音乐的巨匠。
他以其复杂的作曲技巧和丰富的音乐表现力而闻名。
巴赫的音乐作品包括宗教音乐、管弦乐及键盘乐等各种类型。
他的音乐作品在当时就享有很高的声誉，并对后世音乐家产生了深远的影响。
巴赫所创作的音乐作品至今仍被广泛演奏和欣赏。
三、论述题请论述欧洲文化的多样性及其对世界文化的贡献。
答案：欧洲文化以其多样性而著名。
每个欧洲国家都有自己独特的语言、传统、风俗和艺术。
《欧洲文化入门》复习题
《欧洲文化入门》复习题I. Complete each of following sentences with the most likely answer. (考30题，每题1分)1.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B. C. C. 146 B. C.D. The 5th century2.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against thecity of Troy?A. Oedipus the KingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone3.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A. ElectraB. AntigoneC. Trojan WomanD. Oedipus the King5.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras6.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”?A. ProtagorasB. PythagorasC. PyrrhonD. Epicurus11.Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”?A. HoraceB. Julius CaesarC. VirgilD. Marcus Tullius Cicero12.The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of things is ___________.A. VirgilB. Julius CaesarC. HoraceD. Lucretius13.Which of the following is not Roman architecture?A. The ColosseumB. The PanthenonC. The ParthenonD. Pont du Gard14.Who wrote, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”?A. SapphoB. PlatoC. VirgilD. Horace15.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?_______A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism16.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of whichare the first five books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch19.After the _______ century Nestorianism reached China.A. sixthB. fifthC. secondD. third20.Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of theempire and outlawed all other religions? __________A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar21.Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianitylegal in 313? __________A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I22.At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John BaptistD. John Wycliff23.By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _________languages.A. 228B. 974C. 1202D. 15424.When printing was invented in the 1500’s, the _______ Bibl e was the firstcomplete work printed.A. EnglishB. LatinC. AramaicD. Hebrew25.When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear? _______A. 1885B. 1611C. 1901D. 197927.The Middle Ages is also called the _________.A. “Age of Christianity”B. “Age of Literature”C. “Age of Holy Spirit”D. “Age of Faith”28.According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do fora knight? _______A. To be loyal to his lordB. To fight for the churchC. To obey without question the orders of the abbotD. To respect women of noble birth29.When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in Western Europe?_______A. At the age of 14.B. When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errandsfor the ladies.C. At a special ceremony known as dubbing.D. When he was pledged to fight for the church.30.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of westernEurope?________A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs31.By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and wonthe crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control? ________A. 1270B. 1254C. 1096D. 129137.Which of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in800? ______A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James38.Who is the author of the Opus Maius? ________A. Roger BaconB. Dante AlighieriC. ChaucerD. St. Thomas Aquinas41.Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio? _______A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses42.Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas? ________A. GiottoB. BrunelleschiC. DonatelloD. Giorgione43.Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern modeof painting? _______A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo44.Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madona(Virgin Mary)?A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael45.Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Mariariding on a donkey ready to face the hardship ahead? ________A. TempestaB. Sacred and Profane LoveC. Flight into EgyptD. The Return of the Hunters52.Which of the following works was written by Rabelais, in which he praises thegreatness of man, expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning? _______A.Gargantua and PantagruelB. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia53.Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideasand a style which is easy and familiar? ________A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance54.Which of the following is NOT French writer poet? _______A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne55.In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament?_________A. BruegelB. ErasmusC. El GrecoD. Rabelais58.The author of The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs is _______?A. KeplerB. CopernicusC. GalileoD. Newton59.Galileo is the greatest name in the physics of the 17th century. His telescopemagnified objects _______.A. a thousand timesB. a hundred timesC. ten-thousand timesD. five-hundred times60.Engels said: “The revolutionary act by which natural science declared itsindependence… was the publication of the immortal work…”, what does theimmortal work refer to ?_______A. Sidereus NunciusB. New Eassays Concerning Human UnderstandingC. New system of NatureD. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs65. ________ and Newton invented independently the differential and integral calculus.A. DescartesB. CopernicusC. LeibnizD. Kepler66.Which of the following works was not written by Francis Bacon? ________A. Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingB. The Novum Organum (New Method)C. The New AtlantisD. The Advancement of Learning67.Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature?_______A. John LockeB. DescartesC. Pierre GassendiD. Thomas Hobbes68.In 1644, John Milton wrote a protest against a parliamentary decree re-imposingcomplete censorship of the press. This was his best known prose ______.A. AndromaqueB. AreopagiticaC. Paradise LostD. Paradise Regained69.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Bill of Rights which limited theSovereign’s power in certain important directions? ________A. Parliament was responsible for all the law making.B. The power of suspending the laws by royal authority was declared to be illegal.C. The King should levy no money at any time.D. The King should not keep a standing army in time of peace without consent ofParliament.78.Which of the following artists helped to bring the Roman Baroque style to itsclimax? ______A. RubensB. BorrominiC. CaravaggioD. Bernini79.Which of the following artists helped to spread the Baroque style to North Europe?______A. RubensB. VelazquezC. BorrominiD. Bernini80.In painting of the 17th century, who won international fame and his style isbasically classical, his figures are frozen and their action stiff? _____A. Christopher WrenB. RembrandtC. PoussinD. RubbensII. Fill in the following blanks. （考10空，每空1分）1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements areconsidered to be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, andEuripides.3.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king:“Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”4.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome toByzantium, renamed it Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ).5.She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman.6.Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far themost influential in the West.7.The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the OldTestament and the New Testament.8.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the WestRoman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.9.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to beloyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.10.Under feudalism, people of Western Europe were mainly divided into threeclasses: clergy, lords and peasants.11.To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went onjourneys to sacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem.12.Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from thecollective efforts of oral literature.13.Loenardo da Vinci’s major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religiouspictures; Mona Lisa probably is the world’s most famous portrait.14.The Reformation led by Martin Luther which swept over the whole of Europe wasaimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible.15.Cervantes crowned literature of Spain and Shakespeare of England during theRenaissance.16.The Puritan Movement was the religious cause of the English Revolution.17.Corneille, Racine, and Moliere are the three major dramatists of the Frenchneoclassicism in the 17th century.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.（考10题，每题1分）1.Diogenes is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “ man is the measure of all things.”F2.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. T3.Venus de Milo was discovered in the island of Milo in 1920. F4.Roman law eventually became the core of modern civil and commercial law inmany Western countries. T5.The Romans greatly admired Greek works and freely borrowed from them. Andbesides being profound, powerful and beautiful, their own writings showed little originality. F6.After 392 A.D., Christianity had changed from an object of oppression to aweapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents. T7.The Bible is much more than a religious book; it is really an encyclopedia: history,literature, philosophy and record of great minds. T8.The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew, the New Testament in apopular form of Latin. F9.During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. Theonly organization that seemed to unite Europe was feudalism. F10.Some of the hermits were great scholars known as “ Father of the Church”, whosework is generally considered orthodox. T11.Charlemagne wanted to rule as the emperors of Rome had done in ancient timesand eventually was crowned “ Emperor of the Romans” by himself in 800. F 12.Where the impact with Italy was most strongly felt in fine arts, in France it wasliterature and in England it was philosophy and drama. T13.After Reformation, in religion, Protestantism brought into being different formsof Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church. T 14.The Cartesian doubt is summarized in his motto: “ I doubt, therefore I th ink: Ithink , therefore I am.”T15.Baroque art, flourished first in Spain was characterized by dramatic intensity andsentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color. F16.The designing and building of St. Paul’s Cathedral is the landmark in Fr encharchitecture. F17.The three composers of the classical music , Bach ,Haydn and Mozart are knownas the Viennese School. F18.The representatives of the Later Romantics in music are Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner,Verdi, Brahms, and Tchaikovsky. T19.As Isaac Newton dominated 17th-century science with his discovery of the lawsgoverning the bodies of the universe, so Charles Darwin dominated 18th-centuryscience, for he discovered the laws governing the evolution of man himself. F20.Black humo r is a kind of desperate humor. It is the laughter at tragic things. Man’sfate is decided by comprehensible powers. We can’t do anything about it, therefore we may as well laugh. FIV. Explain the following terms in English. （考3个名词，每词10分）1.Humanism ---Broadly, this term suggests any attitude, which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural, divine element—or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements. In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively—in particular, those dealing with the life, thought, language and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. In literary of classical culture that accompanied the Renaissance.2.Enlightenment ---The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by church or State. Therefore, the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason.3.Neo-classicism ---It was initiated by Dryden, culminated in Pope and continued by Johnson. Neo-classicists modeled themselves on classical, ancient Greek and Latin authors. They wanted to achieve perfect form in literature. They general tended to look at social and political life critically. They emphasize on intellect rather than imagination. They observed fixed laws and rules in literary creation. Poets preferred heroic couplet. In drama, they adhered to three unities, time, place and action. They emphasized on the didactic function of literature.4. Calvinism ---The French theologian put his thoughts in his Institutes of the Christian Religion, which was known as Calvinism. Calvinism rejected the papal authorities and stressed the absolute authority of God' s will, holding that only those specially elected by God are saved. It also held that any form of sinfulness was a likely sign of damnation whereas ceaseless work could be a sign of salvation. Many historians have suggestedthat Calvinism helped to pave the way for Capitalism.5. Reformation ---It was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It was led by Martin Luther and swept over the whole of Europe. This movement was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The Reformers believed in direct communication between the individual and God, engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues, urged the Church to have institutional reforms and were interested in liberating national economy and politics from the interference of the Roman Catholic Church and carrying out wars in the interests of the peasants and revolution in the interests of the bourgeoisie. The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow and shattered Medieval Church's stifling control over man, thus paving the way for capitalism.V. Write on the following topic in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. （20分）It is said that the Bible has shaped Western culture more decisively than anything else ever written. Do you agree with this statement? Please give your own reasons.(1) Yes, I agree with the statement. (2’)(2) Introduction to the Bible. (8’)(3) Bible’s significant place in Western culture. (10’)。
《欧洲文化入门》试题
《欧洲文化入门》试题天水师范学院2010—2011学年第1学期外国语学院英语专业08级《欧洲文化入门》课程考试试题B（卷）I. Explain the following terms (15 points: 3 points for each)1. Knight and The Code of Chivalry2. Middle Ages3. Carolingian Renaissance4. Enlightenment5. Baroque artII. Fill the following blanks according to what you know about the European culture. (55 points, 1 point for each)1. Romans conquered Greece.2. conquered the large areas of Europe, Asia, and Africa, spreading the Greek culture.3. and are two epics of Homer.4. The two most famous lyric poets in ancient Greece are and .5. In Roman Empire was divided into West Rome and East Rome.6. is the father of history in European culture and he wrote about .7. is more accurate as a historian and he wrote about .8. About ancient Greek architecture, style is called masculine style for being sturdy, powerful, severe-looking and showing a good sense of proportion and numbers; monotonous, and unadorned, while style is called feminine style for being graceful and elegant; of rich ornament. And style is famous for ornamental luxury.9. European culture is called amphibian culture for being and .10. Before ancient Greek culture, there had been , , ,, in Mesopotamia; , , in Syria; ,in Aegean Sea.11. Three elements of European feudalism are , , .12. is a famous Anglo-Saxon national epic and is a famous French epic.13. The masterpieces of Dante Alighieri and Geoffrey Chaucer are respectively14. , a book of 100 tales by seven young ladies and three young gentlemen ontheir way to escape the Black Death of 1348, is Giovanni Boccaccio’s great work.15. The supreme colorist, , is called the father of modern mode of painting.16. Spanish writer is regarded as the father of modern European novel andhis is famous known for his work .17. The praise of Folly is the work of of the Netherlands.18. is the famous engraver in Germany; his works includeand .19. Thomas More’s famous work is .20. Two famous political works of Ni ccolò Machiavelli are and .21. put forth Heliocentric theory and put forth the threeprinciples in Geometry in 17th century.22. Acceleration in dynamics and law of inertia are found by .23. Sir Issac Newton founded , , and .24. was the first person who held philosophy should be separated from religion inEngland.25. Pierre Corneille’s work discussed the relation betweenlove and responsibility.26. portrayed the tragic aspects of the conflict of human passion with rational duty through his works Andromaque and Phaedra.27. opposed feudal ideas and exposed the hypocrisies and follies of the society through his comedies by his works such as Tartuffe,Le Misanthrope and L’Avare.28. is believed to have founded the Israelite nation.29. Old Testament is written in Hebrew language and the New Testament is written in language.30. Christianity splits into Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox.III. Finish the following tasks with brief accounts. (30 points: 5 points each) the four dramatists and their works of ancient Greece.2.The main philosophical ideas of Plato and Aristotle.3.Introduce the “new” institutions of Europe in Middle Ages.4.List the three influential artists during the High Renaissance and their masterpieces.5.Tell the reasons for the declining of Renaissance.6.Mention the geographical discoveries during 15th and 16th centuries.杨智慧《欧洲文化入门》试题B 1。
欧洲入门文化试题及答案)
作业1．第3题William Tyndale translated the New Testament in the 16 century from___.A.the Latin textB.the Greek textC.the Hebrew textD.the French text答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.02．第4题Overgrowth of population in Europe in the Late Middle Ages caused __.A.the shortage of cultivated landB.the shortage of food supplyC.the new methods of agricultureD.the disastrous change of climate答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.03．第13题A myth is ___.A.an accepted narrativeB.an oral literary work traditionally acceptedC.a traditionD.a retelling答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.04．第14题Romanesque style appeared_.A.earlier than Gothic styleter than Gothic styleC.higher and lighterD.more mysterious答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.05．第22题In the Middle Ages, the ancient myths___.A.predominatedB.were dominantC.were interpreted allegoricallyD.were even more popular答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.06．第23题By a complex process of violence, struggle, and sexual attraction,__built up the power.A.PandoraB.ZeusC.ChaosD.Cronus答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.07．第28题The first complete English Bible was the work of translation by John Wycliffe from___.A.the Latin textB.the Greek textC.the Hebrew textD.the French text答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.08．第38题Myths____.A.are all religiousB.all explain the interaction of divine and human worldsC.explain the origin of man and natureD.are all ture答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.09．第39题According to Greek myths about creation, ____was the foundation of all things.A.ZeusB.JupiterC.CronusD.Chaos答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.010．第40题The early Christians were against ___.A.Greek cultureB.Roman cultureC.Hebrew culureD.pagan culture答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.011．第50题Which is not true in the following about the disruptive deities?A.They were in fact monstersB.They were powerfulC.They were in fact mortalsD.They looked part human and part animal答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.012．第56题The name Jesus suggests__.A.Jehovah's sonB.that God saves us from sinC.salvationD.sacrifice答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.013．第57题The images of Cronus and Rhea reflect ___________.A.the matriarchal social system in Ancient GreeceB.the patriarchal social system in Ancient GreeceC.the communal marriage in the primitive societyD.the communal structure in the primitive society答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.014．第58题Which of the following is Not included in the major themes of the Old Testament?A.the moral lawsB.the human personsC.the Holy SpiritD.God答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.015．第59题Which of the following is Not included in the major themes of the NewTestament?A.the kingdom of GodB.the human personsC.the Holy SpiritD.God答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.016．第5题Prose is not the literary form found in the Old Testament.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.017．第6题Jupiter was not the god of fire.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.018．第7题Books of Moses focus on law of nature.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.019．第8题The books of Deuteronomy recorded Israel's whole history.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.020．第9题The Throne Succession History of David in the Old Testament comes closer to the modern understanding of history.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.021．第15题The early Romans cared about the human characters of gods.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.022．第16题The Protestant version of the Old Testament is made up of the Jewish Bible only.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.023．第20题Renaissance eventually expanded into Germany, France, England, and other parts of the Mediterranean Sea.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.024．第24题According to Roman mythology, the Romans originated from Asia Minor.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.025．第25题Early Christians regarded the Old Testament as an agreement God made through Moses.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.026．第26题The ancient Romans believed a god is almighty.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：此题得分：0.027．第29题The Old Testament tells the true history of the Jews.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.028．第30题The common feature of Hebrew poetry is rhyming.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.029．第31题The Russians by no means adopted Byzantine customs.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.030．第32题In the Middle Ages, people thought they were living in the Middle Ages.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.031．第33题Renaissance classical education relied on teachings from ancient texts and emphasized a range of disciplines, including electronics, electricity, physiology, and philosophy.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.032．第34题Renaissance began in Italy.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.033．第35题Christians suffered persecution until the 4th century.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.034．第36题The major theological theme of the Old Testament is that Yahweh is the only God in the world.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：此题得分：0.035．第37题The most significant part of the Jewish Bible is that of the poems.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.036．第41题Christianity originated from the Western Europe.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.037．第42题The West featured unproductive land.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.038．第43题The Merovingians were infamous for being foreigners.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.039．第44题By 750 the Muslims had subdued Turkey.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.040．第60题The historical narratives of the Old Testament are popular.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.041．第61题Our knowledge about Roman mythology comes mostly from the works of Greek writers.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.042．第62题Early Romans began to build temples for their gods 170 years before the city was founded.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：此题得分：0.043．第63题There were schools and universities located in city cathedrals in the Central Middle Ages.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.044．第1题Unlike Christianity, Judaism___ in more gods.答案:believes标准答案：believes您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.045．第2题That women _________ in childbirth is God's punishment of man, according to the Bible.答案:suffer pain标准答案：suffer pain您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.046．第10题Favored by God, Moses eventually led his people out of the hand of the ___.答案:Egyptians标准答案：Egyptians您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.047．第11题The New Testament was edited in ________ Empire.答案:Roman标准答案：Roman您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.048．第12题Charlemagne' empire was different from the Roman Empire for it was an empire of the Atlantic Ocean and the North __.答案:Sea标准答案：Sea您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.049．第17题The Romans __________ domestic gods daily.答案:worshipped标准答案：worshipped您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.050．第18题According to the story of creation, God formed man from the dust of ___________.答案:the ground标准答案：the ground您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.051．第19题The monarchy of Israel arose in the ___.答案:1100 BC标准答案：1100 BC您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.052．第21题Charlemagne' empire was gained by __.答案:force标准答案：force您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.053．第27题King ___ established a powerful empire in Israel. 答案:David标准答案：David您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.054．第45题The idea of regarding emperors as gods __ in the first century of the Roman Empire.答案:ended标准答案：ended您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.055．第46题More and more foreign gods found their way into the Roman culture with Roman expansion because Rome became an ________.答案:international trading center标准答案：international trading center您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.056．第47题Charlemagne wanted to be known as a emperor.答案:Christian标准答案：Christian您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.057．第48题Guilds in the cities of the Central Middle Ages were communities of the __.答案:craftsmen标准答案：craftsmen您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.058．第49题Charlemagne means Charles ___.答案:the Great标准答案：the Great您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.059．第51题The New Testament consists of _____ books .答案:27标准答案：27您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.060．第52题Foreign invasions caused a England.答案:unified标准答案：unified您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.061．第53题Fairs in towns of the Central Middle Ages attracted foreign __.答案:traders标准答案：traders您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.062．第54题Charlemagne preferred to claim that he was crowned emperor by .答案:God标准答案：God您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.063．第55题The Holy Roman Empire Italy today.答案:included标准答案：included您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.0作业总得分：26.0 作业总批注：。
《欧洲文化入门》复习题
《欧洲文化入门》复习题I. Complete each of following sentences with the most likely answer. (考30题，每题1分)1.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B. C. C. 146 B. C.D. The 5th century2.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of TroyA. Oedipus the KingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone3.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by AeschylusA. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by SophoclesA. ElectraB. AntigoneC. Trojan WomanD. Oedipus the King5.Who was the founder of scientific mathematicsA. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras6.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”A. ProtagorasB. PythagorasC. PyrrhonD. Epicurus11.Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”A. HoraceB. Julius CaesarC. VirgilD. Marcus Tullius Cicero12.The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of things is ___________.A. VirgilB. Julius CaesarC. HoraceD. Lucretius13.Which of the following is not Roman architectureA. The ColosseumB. The PanthenonC. The ParthenonD. Pont du Gard14.Who wrote, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”A. SapphoB. PlatoC. VirgilD. Horace15.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West_______A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism16.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the firstfive books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch19.After the _______ century Nestorianism reached China.A. sixthB. fifthC. secondD. third20.Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire andoutlawed all other religions __________A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar21.Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in313 __________A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I22.At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John BaptistD. John Wycliff23.By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _________languages.A. 228B. 974C. 1202D. 15424.When printing was invented in the 1500’s, the _______ Bible was the first complete workprinted.A. EnglishB. LatinC. AramaicD. Hebrew25.When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear _______A. 1885B. 1611C. 1901D. 197927.The Middle Ages is also called the _________.A. “Age of Christianity”B. “Age of Literature”C. “Age of Holy Spirit”D. “Age of Faith”28.According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight_______A. To be loyal to his lordB. To fight for the churchC. To obey without question the orders of the abbotD. To respect women of noble birth29.When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in Western Europe _______A. At the age of 14.B. When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for theladies.C. At a special ceremony known as dubbing.D. When he was pledged to fight for the church.30.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe________A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs31.By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won thecrusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control________A. 1270B. 1254C. 1096D. 129137.Which of the fol lowing was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800 ______A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James38.Who is the author of the Opus Maius ________A. Roger BaconB. Dante AlighieriC. ChaucerD. St. Thomas Aquinas41.Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio _______A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses42.Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas ________A. GiottoB. BrunelleschiC. DonatelloD. Giorgione43.Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting_______A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo44.Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madona (VirginMary)A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael45.Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on adonkey ready to face the hardship ahead ________A. TempestaB. Sacred and Profane LoveC. Flight into EgyptD. The Return of the Hunters52.Which of the following works was written by Rabelais, in which he praises the greatness ofman, expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning_______A.Gargantua and PantagruelB. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia53.Which of the follo wing works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideas and a stylewhich is easy and familiar ________A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance54.Which of the following is NOT French writer poet _______A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne55.In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament_________A. BruegelB. ErasmusC. El GrecoD. Rabelais58.The author of The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs is _______A. KeplerB. CopernicusC. GalileoD. Newton59.Galileo is the greatest name in the physics of the 17th century. His telescope magnifiedobjects _______.A. a thousand timesB. a hundred timesC. ten-thousand timesD. five-hundred times60.Engels said: “The revolutionary act by which natural science declared its independence…was the publication of the immortal work…”, what does the immortal work refer to _______A. Sidereus NunciusB. New Eassays Concerning Human UnderstandingC. New system of NatureD. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs65. ________ and Newton invented independently the differential and integral calculus.A. DescartesB. CopernicusC. LeibnizD. Kepler66.Which of the following works was not written by Francis Bacon ________A. Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingB. The Novum Organum (New Method)C. The New AtlantisD. The Advancement of Learning67.Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature _______A. John LockeB. DescartesC. Pierre GassendiD. Thomas Hobbes68.In 1644, John Milton wrote a protest against a parliamentary decree re-imposing completecensorship of the press. This was his best known prose ______.A. AndromaqueB. AreopagiticaC. Paradise LostD. Paradise Regained69.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Bill of Rights which limited theSovereign’s power in certain important directions ________A. Parliament was responsible for all the law making.B. The power of suspending the laws by royal authority was declared to be illegal.C. The King should levy no money at any time.D. The King should not keep a standing army in time of peace without consent of Parliament.78.Which of the following artists helped to bring the Roman Baroque style to its climax ______A. RubensB. BorrominiC. CaravaggioD. Bernini79.Which of the following artists helped to spread the Baroque style to North Europe ______A. RubensB. VelazquezC. BorrominiD. Bernini80.In painting of the 17th century, who won international fame and his style is basically classical,his figures are frozen and their action stiff _____A. Christopher WrenB. RembrandtC. PoussinD. RubbensII. Fill in the following blanks. （考10空，每空1分）1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to bemore enduring and they are the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.3.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me aplace to stand, and I will move the world.”4.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium,renamed it Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ).5.She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman.6.Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the mostinfluential in the West.7.The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament andthe New Testament.8.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the West Roman Empirein the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.9.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lordand to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, fromwhich the western idea of good manners developed.10.Under feudalism, people of Western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy,lords and peasants.11.To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys tosacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all wasJerusalem.12.Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective effortsof oral literature.13.Loenardo da Vinci’s major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures;Mona Lisa probably is the world’s most famous portrait.14.The Reformation led by Martin Luther which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed atopposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with theabsolute authority of the Bible.15.Cervantes crowned literature of Spain and Shakespeare of England during the Renaissance.16.The Puritan Movement was the religious cause of the English Revolution.17.Corneille, Racine, and Moliere are the three major dramatists of the French neoclassicism inthe 17th century.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.（考10题，每题1分）1.Diogenes is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “ man is the measure of all things.” F2.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. T3.Venus de Milo was discovered in the island of Milo in 1920. F4.Roman law eventually became the core of modern civil and commercial law in manyWestern countries. T5.The Romans greatly admired Greek works and freely borrowed from them. And besidesbeing profound, powerful and beautiful, their own writings showed little originality. F6.After 392 A.D., Christianity had changed from an object of oppression to a weapon in thehands of the ruling class to crush their opponents. T7.The Bible is much more than a religious book; it is really an encyclopedia: history, literature,philosophy and record of great minds. T8.The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew, the New Testament in a popular formof Latin. F9.During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The onlyorganization that seemed to unite Europe was feudalism. F10.Some of the hermits were great scholars known as “ Father of the Church”, whose work isgenerally considered orthodox. T11.Charlemagne wanted to rule as the emperors of Rome had done in ancient times andeventually was crowned “ Emperor of the Romans” by himself in 800. F12.Where the impact with Italy was most strongly felt in fine arts, in France it was literature andin England it was philosophy and drama. T13.After Reformation, in religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms ofChristianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church. T14.The Cartesian doubt is summarized in his motto: “ I doubt, therefore I think: I think ,therefore I am.”T15.Baroque art, flourished first in Spain was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimentalappeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color. F16.The designing and building of St. Paul’s Cathedral is the landmark in French architecture.F17.The three composers of the classical music , Bach ,Haydn and Mozart are known as theViennese School. F18.The representatives of the Later Romantics in music are Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner, Verdi,Brahms, and Tchaikovsky. T19.As Isaac Newton dominated 17th-century science with his discovery of the laws governingthe bodies of the universe, so Charles Darwin dominated 18th-centuryscience, for hediscovered the laws governing the evolution of man himself. F20.Black humor is a kind of desperate humor. It is the laughte r at tragic things. Man’s fate isdecided by comprehensible powers. We can’t do anything about it, therefore we may as well laugh. FIV. Explain the following terms in English. （考3个名词，每词10分）1.Humanism ---Broadly, this term suggests any attitude, which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural, divine element—or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements. In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively—in particular, those dealing with the life, thought, language and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. In literary of classical culture that accompanied the Renaissance.2.Enlightenment ---The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by church or State. Therefore, the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason.3.Neo-classicism ---It was initiated by Dryden, culminated in Pope and continued by Johnson. Neo-classicists modeled themselves on classical, ancient Greek and Latin authors. They wanted to achieve perfect form in literature. They general tended to look at social and political life critically. They emphasize on intellect rather than imagination. They observed fixed laws and rules in literary creation. Poets preferred heroic couplet. In drama, they adhered to three unities, time, place and action. They emphasized on the didactic function of literature.4. Calvinism ---The French theologian put his thoughts in his Institutes of the Christian Religion, which was known as Calvinism. Calvinism rejected the papal authorities and stressed the absolute authority of God' s will, holding that only those specially elected by God are saved. It also held that any form of sinfulness was a likely sign of damnation whereas ceaseless work could be a sign of salvation. Many historians have suggested that Calvinism helped to pave the way for Capitalism.5. Reformation ---It was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It was led by Martin Luther and swept over the whole of Europe. This movement was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The Reformers believed in direct communication between the individual and God, engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues, urged the Church to have institutional reforms and were interested in liberating national economy and politics from the interference of the Roman Catholic Church and carrying out wars in the interests of the peasants and revolution in the interests of the bourgeoisie. The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow and shattered Medieval Church's stifling control over man, thus paving the way for capitalism.V. Write on the following topic in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. （20分）It is said that the Bible has shaped Western culture more decisively than anything else ever written. Do you agree with this statement Please give your own reasons.(1) Yes, I agree with the statement. (2’)(2) Introduction to the Bible. (8’)(3) Bible’s significant place in Western culture. (10’)。
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北京翻译研修学院2013-2014学年第二学期期末考试（B卷）年级：____________专业：________________姓名: ____________ 成绩：_________________第一部分选择题(共40分)PART ONE1．Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully．For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked [A],[B], [C]and[D] are given．Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points，2 points each)1．The Romans conquered Greece in ．A．146 B．C．B．500 B．C．C．700 B．C．D．1200 B．C．2．The playwright who contributed greatly to Greek tragic art wasA．Sophocles B．Aristophanes C．Herodotus D．Homer3．The greatest of Latin poets wasA．Horace B．Virgil C．Homer D．Cicero4．Daniel was taken prisoner to after the fall of Jerusalem.A．Egypt B．Persia C．Babylon D．Assyria5．David was ．A．a Hebrew king B．the boy who killed GoliathC．the man who made Jerusalem the capital D．all of the above6．In the formative period of feudalism, the bishops were themselvesA．scholars B．hermits C．feudal lords D．knights7．As a result of the Crusades，luxuries of the East poured into the West．They were spices．perfume．hand．woven carpets and ．A．tea B．Chinaware C．silk D．silverware8．Martin Luther held that was the supreme authority．A．the Church B．the Bible C．the Pope D．Jesus9．Ophelia is a character in Shakespeare’s ．A．Hamlet B．Othello C．Macbeth D．Merchant of Venice10．The Reformation shattered Medieval Church’s stifling control over man．thus paving the way forA．economic development B．free thinking C．capitalism D．progress11．Galile0，because he refused to compromise．was tried by ．A．the College of Cardinals B．the Italian courtC．the Spanish court D．the Inquisition12．To Newton，space and time are absolute，to Einstein，motion and space are ．A．relative B．unlimited C．infinite D．1imited13．“A Modest Proposal” was written by ．A．Defoe B．Swift C．Diderot D．Fielding14．Shelley called poets “the unacknowledged legislators of the world” in his ．A．Prometheus unbound B．Defence of PoetryC．1yrics D．Ode to the West Wind15．Schumann stood as the typical example of the influence of upon music．A．revolutionary ideals B．philosophy C．1iterature D．religion 16．According to Darwin，becomes a mechanism for evolutionary change．A．natural selection B．process C．adaptation D．variation17．Zola believed almost blindlyA．Social Darwinism B．Utopian SocialismC．pragmatism D．scientific determinism18．The writer who devoted himself to the novel of social condition in England in the 19 th cen- tury was ．A．Thomas．Hardy B．William Makepeace ThackerayC．George Eliot D．Charles Dickens19．The contribution made by Pierre and Maris Curie is ．A．the discovery of atomic nucleus B．the discovery of radiumC．the discovery of X—rays D．the discovery of relativity20．To the New Novelists，plot，action，narrative，ideas and analysis of characters are A．no longer important B．still very importantC．of equal importance D．none of the above第二部分非选择题(共60分)PART TWOII．In the foliowing part there are two columns．The left hand column consists of a list of names．The right hand column consists of a list of titles，names of organizations，works or remarks．Match each name in the left hand column with corresponding ti- tie，organization，work，or remark in the right hand column and put the number aor b or e in the bracket on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points，1 point each) 21．St．Jerome (a)“The die is cast．”22．Schiller (b)Lettres Anglaise23．Keats (C)Mother24．Francois Rabelais (d)Gargantua and Pantagruel25．Walt Whitman (e)Fathers and Sons26．Thomas Hobbes (f)Ode to a Nightingale27．Corky (g)Leaves of Grass28．Turgenev (h)the Vulgate29．Julius Caesar (i)founder of modem German literature30．V oltaire (j)author of LeviathanIII．Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions．Write your answer in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET．(20 points，2 points each) 31．Which are the most famous temples in ancient Greece?32．What did Horace mean when he said．“Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive．”? 33．Why were Christians persecuted under the Roman Empire?34．HOW shall we define the Catholic Church?35．What made Italy lose its supremacy in world trade in the late l5th century?36．What was Hobbes’s view of the nature of man?37．What kind of a novel is Les Miserables7 ．38．What did Kant try to reconcile in “Critique of Pure Reason”?39．Why did literature become the voice of the people in Russia in the l 9 th century?40．What are the major interests of new novelists?IV．Explain each of the following terms in English．Write your answer in the corre sponding space on the ANSWER SHEET in around 40 words．(20 points，5 points each)41．Plato’s and Democritus’ views of the world42．Noah’s Ark43．John Wyclif44．Mark TwainV. Write between l00—120 words on the following topic in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)45．What is the role of Turgenev in Russian literature?。