英汉翻译理论实践
翻译实践报告总结 翻译实践报告范文3篇
翻译实践报告总结翻译实践报告范文3篇当一个好的翻译不仅需要强大的基础知识，还需要不断的去实践，在实践中学习，在实践中验证。
为您精心挑选了几篇关于翻译实践报告总结的优秀范文，感兴趣的快来一起学习吧!希望能够对你有帮助!翻译实践报告总结1一. 实习目的：为了使自己更加深入了解英语在社会和实际工作中的应用，丰富已学过的专业课内容，培养理论联系实际的能力，提高在语言应用中分析问题及解决问题的实际能力。
为了更好地为完成毕业论文打下基础，为了以后工作的顺利进行。
通过实习，还应了解英语在外贸，及涉外和服务行业中的重要地位，了解和积累更多的实践经验，培养热爱专业，献身国家建设的思想。
我们使用相关专业课教材，及实习单位提供的相关材料通过参与一个完整的笔译过程(资料,情报翻译)或口译过程(涉外接待,贸易谈判等), 使自己掌握和提高熟练使用英语的技能。
实习单位的介绍：翻译公司是本市的一家经工商局审批注册的专为国内外各机构和个人提供专业翻译服务的企业。
拥有各行业的专业翻译人员、高级审译顾问、外籍专家、审译人员、留学回国人员等组成的优秀工作团队。
本公司坚持“以人为本”的指导思想，本着“团结拼搏,勇创一流”的精神，恪守“追求卓越挑战极限”的原则，积极为焦作地区的经济、文化和对外交流与发展，作出我们应有的贡献。
公司长期对外承接的翻译服务有：英、日、法、俄、德、韩、蒙、越南、阿拉伯、西班牙、意大利，等近40种语种与汉语不同形式的笔译，陪同口译，交替传译，同声传译等业务。
涉及机械、化工、汽车、金融、文学等各个领域。
我们实行的是“翻译—副译审—总译审”的三级质量管理体系。
合理的翻译运作流程、严格的质量控制体系、独特的译员审核标准以及完善的跟踪回访服务是我们优质翻译的保证。
我们始终信守诚实做人，踏实做事的原则。
秉承“竭诚为客户服务”的宗旨，用我们的辛勤工作换来沟通无限和您的微笑。
二.翻译过程的基本环节与具体要求(一)实际翻译程序可以归纳如下：1.快速翻译，侧重文体。
汉英英汉翻译理论与实践
Clinton is the first black president .克林顿是第一个重视黑人权益的总统Clinton is the first woman president.克林顿是第一个重视妇女权益的总统1. We want to buy quality steel.我们要买高质量的钢材。
2. I am pleased to be here to offer a U.S. business perspective on one of today’s great quality ch allenges: building a high skills/high wage workforce. 我很高兴能来此介绍一下美国商界对当今我们在素质方面所面临的挑战的看法，这项挑战就是如何建立一支高技术，高薪金的劳动队伍。
3. The president now is on a poverty tour.总统目前正在访问贫困地区。
4. noise abatement procedures. 抑制噪声的措施5. She is on her listening tour of New York.她正在纽约巡回访问，听取群众的意见。
6. Professor Smith is leaving the school. That is a stupid loss.史密斯教授要离开学校了。
这个损失实在是不明智才造成的。
7. The kiss represents the symbolic loss of the most famous American child. 那轻轻的一吻是一个象征，代表这个美国著名的孩子已经长大成人了。
Criminal law 刑法；Criminal layer专门处理刑事案件的律师；Criminal attack构成犯罪的攻击；criminally insane 形式法庭鉴定为患有精神病This is a thought-provokingly different explanation . 这个解释完全不同，但却很能给人启发。
《英汉翻译理论与实践》课程练习及答案
一．英汉翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录第1讲“翻译”溯源第2讲翻译的本质第3讲翻译的标准第4讲翻译面面观第5讲翻译必有“失”/ 失于此而得于彼（两讲合并）第6讲翻译与联想第7讲翻译与语法第8讲翻译与语体第9讲翻译与语篇第10讲英汉十大差异第11讲形合与意合第12讲代词的困惑第13讲Connotation的翻译第14讲翻译与词典第15讲以“模糊”求精确第16讲落笔知轻重译文讲分寸第17讲翻译最难是口吻第18讲翻译与形象思维第19讲翻译与灵感思维第20讲英语修辞的翻译（包括连接三讲）第21讲翻译中的文化冲击第22讲思维是语言的脊梁（两讲合并）第23讲翻译美学之思考（两讲合并）二．汉英翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录第1讲汉译英呼唤文字功力第2讲语篇与翻译第3讲：英汉语美感比读（两讲合并）第4讲：理性概译：翻译之坦途第5讲：英语句式的亮点：非人称主语句（两讲合并）第6讲：汉译英有用的句型（两讲合并）第7讲：类析汉译英常见拙译（三讲合并）第8讲：从“湖光山色”的英译说开去（两讲合并）第9讲：Denotation和Connotation（两讲合并）第10讲：翻译，你的本质是什么？第11讲：归化与异化----汉语习语的英译一．英汉翻译理论与实践课程之练习第1讲“翻译”溯源试将下列文字译成汉语：1/ Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969)2/ Translation may be defined as follows:The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)3/ A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (A. F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of Translation. 1791)参考译文1/ 所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近的自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。
关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究
关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究关联翻译理论是翻译研究中一种重要的理论框架，它通过研究文本中的关联关系来解决翻译中的问题，对于英汉翻译实践具有重要的指导意义。
本文将从关联翻译理论的基本原理、关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的应用等方面进行探讨。
关联翻译理论是由奥地利语言学家尼达姆（Eugen Nida）提出的，它主要是基于功能对等的思想。
功能对等指的是在翻译过程中，重视传达源语言和目标语言文本所具有的相似功能，而不是逐字逐句地对应翻译。
关联翻译理论认为，翻译首先要解决的是意义的传递问题，而不是表面结构的复制。
关联翻译理论可以帮助翻译者进行意义的转换。
英汉两种语言在语法结构、表达方式等方面存在较大差异，因此直译容易造成语义理解的困扰。
而关联翻译理论强调的是意义的传递，翻译者可以根据源语言和目标语言的差异，采取相应的转换策略，使译文更符合目标语言的表达习惯。
关联翻译理论可以帮助翻译者解决文化差异带来的问题。
英汉两种语言背后蕴含着不同的文化观念和价值体系，因此在翻译过程中经常会遇到文化差异的挑战。
关联翻译理论认为，翻译不仅仅是语言层面的转换，还涉及到文化的转换。
翻译者可以通过关联翻译理论的方法，将源语言的文化背景与目标语言的文化背景相关联，使目标语言读者更容易理解并接受译文内容。
关联翻译理论还可以帮助翻译者进行信息的补充和删节。
翻译不仅要忠实地传达源语言的信息，还要根据读者的需求进行必要的补充和删节。
关联翻译理论认为，翻译者可以根据读者的背景知识和预期，对文本信息进行适当的调整，使译文更符合目标语言读者的阅读习惯。
关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中具有重要的指导意义。
它可以帮助翻译者解决意义转换、文化差异和信息调整等问题，提高译文的质量和可读性。
但需要注意的是，关联翻译理论并非银弹，翻译者还需要根据具体情况灵活运用，结合其他翻译理论和技巧，以确保翻译工作的准确性和质量。
卡特福德翻译转换理论指导下的科技英汉翻译实践报告
CATALOGUE 目录•翻译实践背景与意义•卡特福德翻译转换理论概述•科技英汉翻译实践过程分析•科技英汉翻译实践成果总结与展望•结论全球化趋势下的科技交流与合作日益密切，科技翻译在促进国际交流、技术传播和知识共享方面具有重要作用。
卡特福德翻译转换理论作为经典的翻译理论，为科技英汉翻译提供了重要的理论指导和方法。
研究背景研究目的与意义通过运用卡特福德翻译转换理论，探究科技英汉翻译过程中的语言层次转换规律和技巧。
分析翻译过程中遇到的难点和问题，提出相应的解决方案，提高科技英汉翻译的准确性和流畅性。
为科技翻译工作者提供实用的理论指导和翻译策略，促进科技翻译水平的提高。
010203翻译转换理论翻译转换概念卡特福德翻译转换理论定义卡特福德翻译转换理论核心思想语言单位的对应卡特福德认为源语言和目标语言之间存在一定的对应关系，这种对应关系是翻译的基础。
翻译转换的必要性由于源语言和目标语言之间的差异，卡特福德认为翻译过程中需要进行必要的转换以确保意义的准确传递。
语言对比尤其是源语言和目标语言之间的语义和句法对比。
卡特福德翻译转换理论为翻译实践提供了具体的指导方法和框架，有助于提高翻译的准确性和流畅性。
指导翻译实践该理论丰富了翻译研究的语言学视角，深化翻译研究通过卡特福德翻译转换理论的运用，促进跨文化交流010203卡特福德翻译转换理论应用价值科技英语翻译难点与挑战030201语言等级与范畴转换与对等科技文本的语境卡特福德翻译转换理论在科技英汉翻译中的应用科技英汉翻译实践案例分析010203案例一案例二案例三实践背景介绍对卡特福德翻译转换理论进行了简要介绍，并说明了该理论在科技英汉翻译实践中的重要性。
实践案例选择选取了若干个科技领域的英文文本，包括计算机、医学、生物等，将其翻译成中文，并对翻译过程中遇到的问题进行了详细描述。
翻译过程说明根据卡特福德翻译转换理论，对每个案例进行了分析，说明翻译思路、词汇选择、语法结构转换等方面的处理方法。
翻译实践报告范文(共7篇)
翻译实践报告范文(共7篇)1. 引言 ................................................ ................................................... (1)2. 翻译过程分析 ................................................ ................................................... .....2.1直译法 ................................................ ................................................... ...............2.2排比、对偶句的处理 ................................................ ..........................................2.3语序调整 ................................................ ................................................... ...........2.4成语及四字词语的处理 ......................................................................................3. 结语 ................................................ ................................................... .....................参考文献................................................. ................................................... ....................1. 引言翻译是一门艺术，一门语言的艺术。
基于英汉对比的英语专业“翻译理论与实践”课程教学实践
基于英汉对比的英语专业“翻译理论与实践”课程教学实践摘要：《翻译理论与实践》是英语专业的一门技能课程，在整个英语专业的教学过程中占有重要的地位。
本文以安徽建筑工业学院为例，拟从英汉对比的角度探讨英语专业《翻译理论与实践》课程教学实践。
关键词：英汉对比“翻译理论与实践”课程教学实践一、引言教育部批准实施的《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》指出：高等学校英语专业培养具有扎实的英语语言基础和广博的文化知识并能熟练地运用英语在外事、教育、经贸、文化、科技、军事等部门从事翻译、教学、管理、研究等工作的复合型英语人才。
[1]作为英语专业的一门技能课程，《翻译理论与实践》的总目标是使学生能运用翻译的理论和技巧，将英美报刊上的文章以及文学原著译成汉语，或将我国报刊、杂志上的文章和一般文学作品译成英语，速度为每小时250-300个英文单词。
译文要求忠实原意，语言流畅。
[1]然而事实证明，经过2个学期的学习，尚有不少学生不能达到上述目标。
学生要达到上述目标，个人的努力必不可少；另外占据相对主导地位的教师扮演什么样的角色、以一种什么样的方式进行教学也起到决定性的作用。
本文拟从教材的选用（首要方面）、教学安排等方面提出在英语专业“翻译理论与实践”课程中引入英汉对比知识，探讨该课程的教学新实践。
二、“翻译理论与实践”课程教学现状及分析在当前外语教育界教学改革的新形势下，虽然翻译作为一门相对独立的专业迅猛崛起，各种翻译教程和有关指导、参考书充斥教材市场，但就这些书的总体质量来看还不尽如人意。
有些书虽然收集了大量的翻译实例和练习，但是缺乏分析总结和翻译原理阐述，难以指导学生的翻译实践；另一些翻译教程虽然也对翻译技巧进行指导性的讲解，但一般仅从英汉两种语言的语法结构和句子成分分析着手，直接讲解翻译中的语言技巧，如英汉语不同句子成分之间的互相转化，并没有从两种语言在文化语境和思维模式上存在的根本差异入手解决翻译技巧背后的翻译原理问题。
翻译理论与实践1(英译汉)实战练习 15篇1
翻译理论与实践1（英译汉）实战练习15篇1．The Policy of Mass Media1) Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions as citizens or as private individual.2) But neither the real difficulty of these decisions nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual can often be communicated through the mass media.3) The disinclination to suggest real choice which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy.4) The organs of the Establishment however well—intentioned they may be have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt.5) They will tend to move when exposing problems well within the accepted cliché—assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life2. The American and the English1) Of the intrinsic differences that separate American from English the chief have their roots inthe obvious disparity between the environment and traditions of the American people since the seventeenth century and those of the English.2) The latter have lived under a relatively stable social order and it has impressed upon their souls their characteristic respect for what is customary and of good report.3) Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions their whole lives were regulated perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards by a regard for precedent.4) The Americans though partly of the same blood have felt no such restrain and acquired no such habit of conformity.5) On the contrary they have plunged to the other extreme for the conditions of life in their country have put a high value upon the precisely opposite qualities of curiosity and daring and so they acquired that character of restlessness that impatience of forms that disdain of the dead hand which now broadly marks them.3. The Education of Humanists1)The education of humanists cannot be regarded as complete or even adequate without exposure in some depth to where things stand in the various branches of science particularly in the areas of our ignorance.2)Physics professors most of them look with revulsion on assignments to teach their subjects to poets.3) The liberal arts faculties for their parts will continue to view the scientists with suspicion and apprehension. 4) But maybe a new set of courses dealing systematically with ignorance in science will take hold.5) The scientists might discover in it a new and subversive technique for catching the attention of students driven by curiosity delighted and surprised to learn that science is exactly as some scientists described it: an “endless frontier.”6) The humanists for their part might take considerable satisfaction in watching their scientific colleagues confess openly to not knowing everything about everyone.7) And the poets on whose shoulders the future rests might late nights thinking things over begin to see some meanings that elude the rest of us.4. . American Study1) The scientific interest of American history centered in national character and in the workings of a society destined to become bast in which individuals were imp0rtant chiefly as types.2) Although this kind of interest was different from that of European history it was at least as important to the world.3) Should history ever become a true science it must expect to establish its laws not from the complicated story of rival European nationalities but from the economical evolution of a great democracy.4) North America was the most favorable field on the globe for the spread of a society so large uniform and isolated as to answer the purposes of science.5) There a single homogeneous society could easily attain proportions of three or four hundred million persons under conditions of undisturbed growth.6) In Europe or Asia undisturbed social evolution had been unknown.7) Without disturbance evolution seemed to cease.8) Wherever disturbance occurred permanence was impossible.9) Every people in turn adapted itself to the law of necessity.5. Jack London1) Life itself led London to reject this approach in his writing.2) He knew what it meant to be one of the disinheritedto be chained to the deadening routine of the machine and to soul-destroying labor for an insufficient reward.3) Consequently he swept aside not only the literature that pretended that ours is a society of sweetness and light but also that which contended that the inculcation of the spirit of Christian fellowship would put an end to class controversy.4) He did not oppose labor organization nor balk at the strike as a weapon of labor; rather he took his heroes and heroines from the labor movement and wove his plots within their struggles.5) He poured into his writings all the pain of his life the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him and the conviction it had brought to him that world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.6. President Carter1) President Carter has been calling his closest advisers together for what is called as a hard reappraisal of his administration’s troubles but who will tell him the truth? 2) You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite “honest criticism” from their aides but seldom get it and usually don’t follow it when they do.3) The reasons for this are not obscure.4) The Oval Office is the most frightening room inAmerica.5) It imposes a kind of respect on most visitors and even those legislative lions who roar against the president on Capital Hill tend to usually lower their voices and follow their prepared speeches when they walk through the White House door.6) Few While House aides dare to say anything against the president without betraying their fears.7) Even Henry Kissinger who is not an excessively modest or silent man hesitated to face President Nixon with the disaster he knew lay ahead.7.On “Mein Kampf”1) Mein Kampf’s the me song recurring again and again is race race purity race supremacy though nowhere did Hitler attempt to define race.2) It was never intended by Nature Hitler claims that all races should be equal any more than individuals are equal.3) Some are created superior to others.4) The Germans as the world’s strongest race should rule over the inferior through having the habitat of the highest race extended and scattered Germanic peoples united under one rule.6) The vast expansion visualized by Hitler would take place principally at the expense of other races.7) To attain the objectives set by his soaring ambition Hitler proposes three methods: propaganda diplomacy and force. 8) Nowhere in Mein Kampf is the author more revealing of himself and his tactics than in his discussionof propaganda techniques—correctly believed by him to be one of the Nazis’ most effective and formidable weapons.8. How to Write Clearly1) I have never had much patience with the writers who claim from the reader an effort to understand their meaning.2) You have only to go to great philosophers to see that it is possible to express with lucidity the most subtle reflections.3) One cause of obscurity is that many writers think not before but as they write.4) The pen originates the thought.5) The disadvantages of this and indeed it is a danger against which the author must be always on his guard is that there is a sort of magic in the written word.6) The idea acquires substance by taking on a visible nature and then stands in the way of its own clarification.7) But this sort of obscurity merges very easily into the willful.8) Some writers who do not think clearly are inclined to suppose that their thoughts have a significance greater than at first sight appears.9) It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reis with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.9. 1) Of course there is a strong element of luck in both success and failure but it is my belief that there are no “secrets” to success.2) One thing I have discovered is that attitudes and values that I acquired in China long before came to the United States have had a great bearing on the success in my business.3) These values have much in common with some of the virtues of Confucianism the Chinese philosophy that stresses moderation.4) However although I respect the spirit of Confucianism I have not tried to adapt this ancient Chinese philosophy to modern society.5) For besides moderation other things I have found to be essential to success are patience adaptability decisiveness confidence unconventional thinking social responsibility and last luck.6) The importance of these attributes is in their interaction.7) Some of them are antithetical to others—patience will often collide with decisiveness for instance—and yet it is hard to think of any of my decisions in which they did not play a role.10. Tragedy1) Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fearso long sustained by now that we can even bear it.2) There are no longer problems of the spirit.3) There is only the question:4) When will I be blown up? 5) Because of this the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about worth the agony and the sweat.6) He must learn them again.7) He must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid; and teaching himself that forget it forever leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart the universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed—love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice.8) Until he does so he labors under a curse.9) He writes not of love but of lust of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value of victories without hope and worst of all without pity or compassion.11. The Choice of Life1) The lives of most men are determined by their environment.2) They accept the circumstances amid which fate has thrown them not only with resignation but even with goodwill.3) They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails and they despise the motorcycle that dashes in and out of the traffic and speeds so jauntily across the open country.4) I respect them; they are good citizens good husbands and good fathers and of course somebody has to pay the taxes; but I don’t find them exciting.5) I am fascinated by the men few enough in all conscience who take life in their own hands and seem to mould it to their own liking.6) It may be that we have no such thing as free will but at all events we gave the illusion of it.7) At a cross-road it does seem to us that we might go either to the right or the left and the choice once made it is difficult to see that whole course of the world’s history obliged us to take the turning we did.12. Science Fiction1) Moreover if SF is the laboratory of the imagination its experiments are often of the kind that may significantly alter the subject matter even as they are being carried out.2) That is SF has always had a certain feedback effect on society as its visions emotionally engage the future consciousness of the mass public regarding especially desirable and undesirable possibilities.3) The shape a society takes in the present is in part influenced byits image of the future.4) For that matter some individuals in recent years have even shaped their own life-style after appealing models provided by SF stories.5) The diffusion of SF futuristic images of alternative societies through the media of movies and television may have speeded up and augmented SF’s social feed back effects.6) Thus SF is not only change speculator but change agent sending an echo from the future that is becoming into the present that is sculpting it.7) This fact alone makes imperative in any education system the study of the kinds of works discussed here.13. 1) Since the 1970s the Chinese community in the USA has undergone tremendous changes among which is its rapid increase in population as many Chinese have kept flooding into America’s shore.3) As the population of the American citize ns of Chinese descent has increased and their qualities have evidently improved so their economic conditions have prospered.4) It is said that since 1986 the US citizens of Chinese descent have leapt to a good lead over other racial minorities Japanese and Koreans for instance.5) The average Chinese family’s yearly income has now come to exceed that of the average American family.6) At present there is a number ofenterprisers of Chinese descent in the economic circles in the US who enjoy considerable fame.7) An even more cheerful phenomenon is that in recent years there have sprung up in the US prominent scientific and technical talents of Chinese descent.8) Their achievements have come to command the notice and admiration of scientists and technical experts in the world.9) Meanwhile Chinese-descent citizens have roles to play in American political circles as they have risen evidently in political status.14. Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.2) Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, 3) but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed.4) Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provede.5) Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives.6) Tired out after all exhausting life revolving around work they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved.7) As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion they now have enough time to fulfill an old dreamsuch as writing painting growing flowers and traveling around.8) On the whole female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers.9) Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far less threatening experience for a woman than for a man.15. Mr. Zhang a retired miner bought four chicks early this yeae.2) One day he found one of them missing.2) He got so angry that he kept blaming his wife for it all the time.3) Towards evening into his yard came a chick followed by his neighbor Wang who ran to catch the chick.4) Naturally Zhang’s wife wouldn’t let him go with the chick.5) and so a quarrel ensued.6) It turned out that Wang had also lost one of his two chicks recently which he bought nearly the same time as Mr Zhang did.7) Their quarrel drew another neighbor Lee to the yard to see what was happening.8) Having heard the story he put the chick somewhere between their homes and let it off.9) The chick went straight to join Zhang’s flock and kept returning whenever it was driven to Wang’s home.10) And at Zhang’s call “Chick chick” all the chicks including the one in question recede in response to him.11) Wang had no more to say but made an immediate apologize. Thus ended the quarrel over a chick.。
翻译实习报告15篇
翻译实习报告15篇翻译实习报告1实习目的：通过翻译实习，提高汉英双语运用能力、汉英互译能力，全面地将所学的各项英语知识结合起来，在翻译实践中进一步体会翻译技巧以提高翻译水平。
实习过程概述：这一过程中，首先，老师对翻译标准、基本翻译步骤、基本的翻译方法和评价译文的基本知识给予了介绍，让我们从翻译实习的一开始就掌握翻译方法和技巧，从而在接下来能更好地将基本理论拓展到所学的专业知识，为以后正常工作的展开奠定了坚实的基础，翻译是通过语言领会欲说之意而不只是领会语言本身。
美国语言学家萨丕尔曾经说过，文化可以解释为社会所做和所想的，而语言则是思想的具体表达方式。
在表达过程中，即便是同一概念，两种文化中语言表达的形式也是无法用文字来一一对应的。
最佳的选择应是遵循本族语人的习惯表达。
文化背景知识在英语翻译教学过程中具有十分重要的地位，教师在翻译教学过程中一定非常重视对英语语言文化意识的培养。
接下来，老师介绍了基本翻译技巧的掌握：增译，减译，转译等等；基本修辞手段的翻译训练：隐喻、提喻，双关等；难句和从句的翻译训练：定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句等以及进行了一些特殊句式和惯用语的翻译训练，从语言篇章的角度训练翻译过程中语篇的连贯和衔接。
这次翻译实习，我们是以小组为单位，大家分工合作。
我意识到团队精神team work的重要性。
我们每个人都只翻译其中的某几页，但是要想翻译，我们必须对范文充分了解，和组员多多交流别的章节的内容。
其次，范文中的人名和地名，如果每个人都只按自己的理解翻译，那么翻译的结果将是五花八门，读者读起来将不知所云。
简单来说，翻译是一个双向的过程，即输入→处理→输出。
光我自己看懂是远远不够的，还必须真正了解作品，并把作品用大家易于接受的文字表达出来。
最后老师对我们小组的翻译做了系统的点评，让我意识到在翻译过程中一定要学会要取其精华、去其糟粕。
虽然说要忠实于原文，但是那些不好的东西我们应该过滤掉。
翻译过程中可以借助网络资源，但是最好不要直接用翻译器。
笔记-叶子南-高级英汉翻译理论与实践
笔记备份：叶子南：高级英汉翻译理论与实践比较遵照原文语言结构的译法就是直译，并不专指“逐字”的程度在经济、科学、新闻、政论等语篇中，语言形式不是关键因素，在英汉翻译中发挥中文的优势是译者始终要努力的方向。
功能对等>形式对等既然已传达信息为主，那么介绍原语文化不应以牺牲译入语为代价，否则靠近原语的译法会生成很多不符合译入语习惯的句子。
以读者为中心而非作者，在英译汉中尤为突出翻译本身就是一件让人左右为难的事。
英汉语义对比：举例如democracy 中西感觉是不一样的；It is not funny 译成这不好笑，根本没有将说话人愤怒的情感表达出来。
汉语是人治的语言，印欧语系是法治的语言句法对比：一、英语重形合，汉语则重意合：鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。
何等简洁，不须加动词即可表情达意。
汉语结构较为松散，重意念。
将一个重形合的语言转化成重意合的语言，最常犯的错误就是将形合的特点transfer 到意合的语言中，现在很多译文充斥着洋腔洋调，却美其名曰“忠实原文”。
二、状语对比------------------------状语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧定语对比--------------------------定语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧被动句对比-----------------------译法参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧篇章结构的不同实际上是思维结构不同在语言上的反映。
汉语中所谓的“布局谋篇”就是我们翻译当中牵涉到的语段篇章的安排问题。
英汉翻译是否保留原句的布局特征，还是应该采用译入语的布局特征是一个值得注意的问题。
其实大多数情况下采用贪懒的办法也是译者不得已而为之，因为译者根本就没有真正看懂原文。
第二个问题是译者的翻译思想有问题，认为这类贴近原文的译法才是忠实的译法。
正确的翻译思想应该是译文必须像中文，不带翻译腔，因为原文有原文读者读时并没有翻译腔。
eg there are no limitations in self except those you believe in.思果：人的一己没有种种局限，除非你画地为牢。
翻译理论与实践_英译汉
Eugene A. Nida
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
talk horse 吹牛
kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 杀鸡取卵 drink like a fish 牛饮 Once the wife of a parson, always the wife of a parson. 嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。
翻译理论与实践
英译汉
Translation, Translating, and Translators
What is translation? How to translate? (Behind the techniques) What makes a qualified professional translator?
参考译文
我们到了山顶，云消雾散，只见海港在围 成半圆形的小山丛中，朦朦胧胧，煞是好 看。这一带充满着珍珠似的银灰色，宛如 仙境，无法形容，也无法描绘。空气清新 宜人。这北极地区景色之美，同传统的圣 诞节卡片适成对照，它浓淡交融，光影柔 和，清雅绝俗。
Literal Translation or Free Translation?
Literal Translation and Free Translation
短文翻译 (学生课堂讨论) As we topped the hill, the clouds lifted and the harbour looked most beautiful in its semicircle of hills and half-lights. The colour of a pale pearl grey and of a fairy texture. Quite indescribable and unpaintable, the air crisp and fresh. This Arctic scenery has a beauty which is the exact antithesis of the Christmas card of tradition. Soft, melting half-tones. Nothing brittle or garish.
法律英语中英汉互译的翻译理论与具体实践
法律英语中英汉互译的翻译理论与具体实践在全球化的背景下，法律交流日益频繁，法律英语的英汉互译显得尤为重要。
法律语言具有高度的专业性、准确性和规范性，因此在翻译过程中需要遵循特定的翻译理论，并结合具体实践中的技巧和策略，以确保翻译的质量和准确性。
一、法律英语翻译的特点法律英语作为一种特殊用途英语，具有独特的语言特点。
首先，词汇方面，法律英语包含大量的专业术语、古体词和外来词。
例如，“stare decisis”（遵循先例）、“alibi”（不在犯罪现场的申辩）等。
其次，句法上，法律英语多使用长句、复杂句，以及被动语态和名词化结构，以体现其严谨性和逻辑性。
此外，法律文本通常具有固定的格式和篇章结构，如法律条款的编号、标题和小标题等。
二、翻译理论在法律英语翻译中的应用1、功能对等理论功能对等理论强调翻译的目的是在目标语中再现源语的功能，使目标语读者能够获得与源语读者相似的感受和理解。
在法律英语翻译中，这意味着不仅要准确传达词汇和句子的表面意义，还要传递法律条文背后的法律意图和法律效力。
例如，在翻译“actus reus”（犯罪行为）时，不能简单地直译为“行为错误”，而要根据法律语境和功能，译为“犯罪行为”，以确保目标语读者能够准确理解其法律含义。
2、目的论目的论认为翻译是一种有目的的行为，翻译的目的决定了翻译的策略和方法。
在法律英语翻译中，翻译的目的通常是为了使目标语读者能够准确理解法律条文，遵循法律规定。
因此，译者可以根据具体的翻译目的，对源语文本进行适当的调整和改写。
比如，为了使译文更符合目标语的法律体系和法律文化，可以对一些法律概念进行解释和说明。
三、法律英语英汉互译的具体实践技巧1、专业术语的翻译准确翻译专业术语是法律英语翻译的关键。
对于常见的专业术语，可以通过查阅专业词典、法律文献和相关资料来确定其准确的译名。
对于一些新出现的或特定领域的术语，可以采用直译、意译、音译或加注的方法进行翻译。
例如，“intellectual property”直译为“知识产权”，“due diligence”意译为“尽职调查”，“patent”音译为“专利”，对于一些复杂的术语，如“mortgagebacked security”（抵押支持证券），可以在翻译后加注进行解释。
英汉翻译理论与实践
分句法与合句法
分句法
分句法是指将英文中的一个长句拆分成 两个或多个短句进行翻译，以使译文更 加符合汉语的表达习惯。例如，“He is a good singer and dancer”可以拆分 成“他是一个好歌手”和“他是一个好 舞者”。
VS
合句法
合句法是指将英文中的两个或多个短句合 并成一个长句进行翻译，以使译文更加流 畅、紧凑。例如，“She is a doctor and she is also a writer”可以合并翻译 为“她既是一名医生，也是一名作家”。
意译
意译是按照原文的含义和精神进行翻译，不拘泥于原文的词序和结构。在意译时，需要摆脱原文的语 言束缚，用自然、流畅的语言表达原文的含义，同时保持译文的完整性和连贯性。
增译与减译
增译
增译是指在翻译过程中，根据原文的含义和语境，增加一些 必要的词语、短语或句子，以使译文更加完整、流畅和准确 。增译通常用于弥补原文的省略、补充背景信息、解释文化 概念等。
句子结构问题
总结词
句子结构问题是英汉翻译中的重要问题之一。
详细描述
由于英汉两种语言的句子结构存在较大差异，因此在进 行英汉翻译时，需要进行必要的句子结构调整。例如， 英语中常用长句和复合句，而汉语中则常用短句和简单 句。在进行英汉翻译时，需要将英文的长句和复合句拆 分成汉语的短句和简单句，或者将汉语的短句和简单句 整合成英文的长句和复合句。
商务翻译
总结词
商务翻译涉及商业、法律、合同等领域的文 本，要求准确、专业、规范。
详细描述
商务翻译要求译者具备相关领域的专业知识 ，能够准确理解并表达原文的含义。在翻译 过程中，译者需特别注意语言的严谨性和规 范性，以确保译文的准确性和合法性。同时 ，商务翻译还强调译文的流畅性和易读性，
英语教案中英互译
英语教案中英互译【篇一：英汉翻译课程教学目标】“英汉翻译理论与实践”课程一直是我国高校英语语言文学专业中的专业主干课程，它以培养应用型外语人才为目的，既能培养和提高学生语言综合运用能力，又能培养学生的社会实践技能—翻译。
句法、修辞、文体、文化等各个方面，有助于提高学生的外语水平和在外语方面的基本技能，是对其他外语课程教学的有效补充。
其次，英汉翻译实践涉及汉语语言的运用，对于英语专业的学生来说，显然可以弥补他们在汉语学习方面的不足。
另外，加强学生汉语能力的培养也有助于对学生进行思想教育，提高对本族语语言文化的认识、了解和理解。
而且，对汉语语言文化的了解更有助于提高学生的语言潜能，从而使学生能够更有效地学习外语。
第三，翻译练习材料会涉及各种文体和学科，诸如文学、历史、社会学、自然科学，等等。
这样，在大量实践的基础上，学生的知识结构会得到相当程度的丰富和完善，有利于培养复合性人才，实施复合性人才培养的教育战略。
第四，通过各种文体文本的翻译实践，可以提高学生翻译实践能力，使教学工作在一定程度上面向市场，满足市场需求，提高外语专业毕业生的就业率，从而提高外语学科在国内的声誉，扩大影响范围，进而有助于招生工作的开展。
第五，翻译教学中也对学生进行理论和技巧的讲授，这不仅可以使学生从理论的高度上提高对翻译实践的认识，提高翻译能力，同时也能提高学生的理论水平，丰富知识结构，为最后的学位论文写作进行积极而充分的准备。
第六，英语专业四年级的学生面临专业八级的考试、硕研入学考试，两者均涉及分量较大的翻译实践。
为这两种考试的准备至少可以发挥两个方面作用。
其一，通过翻译的强化训练，学生的翻译能力能够在较短的时间内得到一定幅度的提高，为学生就业奠定基础。
其二，通过翻译强化训练，学生英语应用技能大大提高，从而有助于提高考试的通过率，提高学科在国内的影响。
随着中国对外开放的进一步深化，翻译的社会和文化意义日益突显。
因此，加强英语学科的建设，进一步提高翻译教学在学科建设中的地位，应成为未来学科结构优化和学科发展中的重中之重。
大学英语专业英汉翻译理论与实践例句及答案
大学英语专业英汉翻译理论与实践例句及答案(1)约翰现同父母住在纽约市；他不担任乐队指挥已三年了。
(2)他们称自己是英国人，(而他们)却害怕打仗。
(3) a.二战中，日本士兵侵略成性，声名狼藉。
b.他近来的发现使他名声大噪（声名鹊起）。
(4)天津女娃刘小源，一个才四岁的小不点，竟以一曲京剧花脸唱段倾倒了亿万电视观众。
(5)约翰为人可靠，是个既忠诚又正直的人。
(6) 今天，作为一个悲伤家庭的代表，我站在大家面前，此时此刻，全国哀悼，举世震惊。
(7) 伊梅尔达鼻子哼了一声：“没家教！我可不愿意让人说我从来不教自己的女儿要尊敬长辈。
”(8) 今天，广泛的一致看法是，用于繁殖的克隆是不安全的，应当被禁止。
现在，争论已经从制造婴儿的伦理问题转向了为得到用于医疗的细胞和组织而克隆胚胎的道德问题。
(9) 教练对队里的某些队员动粗而惹起了麻烦。
(10) 听小提琴演奏《梁祝》的甜美旋律，是少有的艺术享受。
(11) 谚语是凝聚着智慧的通俗话语，是它使得拉丁美洲人的言谈常常显得那么生动活泼。
从大学教授到田野农夫，从市井乞丐到摩登女郎，大家都在使用谚语。
谚语简洁明快，丰富多彩，但也往往带着刺。
Exercise A:从前我们穴居的祖先在烟雾弥漫的篝火前啃咬野猪骨头，而今天，我们都围坐在铺着雪白桌布，摆着铮亮刀叉的餐桌旁进餐。
这就是我们饮食习惯变革的历史：吃饭从只是为了充饥果腹，已发展成了一种相当复杂、但又令人愉快的社会习俗。
Lecture 22.（2）B. 这位不愿意透露姓名/身份的女士说，有位高僧告诉她，寺里大多数年轻僧人还未起床，他们熬夜看世界杯比赛，这些比赛要持续到后半夜。
C．In the village, anyway it is Lao Sun, the old chap, who is most deservedly a dab hand, for he can not only drive his horse-drawn cart, but ride on the horse, and even when he falls off the horseback, he is very much skilf ul: he would “click”to the ground with so clear a sound and so neat a move.(6) 在新加坡，数百艘商船抛锚停在港内，由于贸易萎缩而弃置不用/ 成了废物。
功能对等理论视角下英汉翻译实践报告
功能对等理论视角下英汉翻译实践报告紧张又充实的社会实践又告一段落了，回顾这段时间的实践活动，取得的收获不是一星半点的，一起好好总结一下这段经历的收获和付出吧。
那要怎么写好实践报告呢,下面为大家收集的翻译实践报告，希望大家能够喜欢。
大二的下学，我的职责是俄语翻译，翻译一些资料。
实习的目的是增加社会实践经验，迅速将翻译理论知识应用到实践当中，并加强使用计算机和翻译工具的能力。
译者课堂教学的过程中，我总结了4种必不可少的译者工具：一是鬼神格斯译者工具，里面可以加装通俗易懂俄汉词典、新俄汉词典、小俄汉词典、俄汉新颖工业技术词典；二就是百度搜寻工具；三就是google搜寻工具；四就是яндех搜寻工具——专业的俄文搜寻工具。
译者的具体步骤可以如下：首先可以现在灵格斯里查阅稀奇古怪的单词或词组，找寻最合乎原文的表述。
当然这只是最基本的作法，但是由于缺乏专业的科技词典，在灵格斯往往就是查阅不下所需的单词或语义。
于是，迁怒于google和яндех则就是很存有必要的。
按照我自己的经验来说，我实行同时在google和яндех搜寻的作法，并对同种搜寻工具搜寻结果展开比较。
它们有著各自的优缺点。
google的优点就是关上俄文页面的同时可以同时关上另外一个译者页面，即google可以自动把页面从来源语俄语翻译成汉语，而缺点就是经常出现译者错误，译者的可信度就是50%。
яндех的优点就是用俄语词组和句子表述俄语词汇，意义更精确，更切合原文，而缺点就是有时用作释义的词汇过分深奥，过分专业，相等于用更专业的词汇表述专业词汇，即为难上加难。
所以我指出最后就须要使用百度工具了。
融合google和яндех的参照译者，用百度搜寻译者过的专业词汇，查阅与否存有相同或相似的专业用语，之后才确认出来最精确的译法。
自己校对，虚心地向本专业的老师和材料学院的老师请教。
首先进行的自己去校对。
原以为会限于“当局者迷”之说而不懂查看、修改自己的译文。
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词义 Meaning of words
概念意义 Conceptual meaning
词典给词下的定义
关联意义 Associative meaning
词的附带意义
内涵意义 Connotative meaning
文体意义 Stylistic meaning
感情意义 Affective meaning
搭配意义 （Collocative meaning)
根据词性确定词义
Your account of what happened is not quite right. 你对于发生的事情的叙述不太正确。 Go right on until you reach the church. 一直往前走，直到你到达教堂为止。 It‟s my right of way, so that lorry must stop or slow down until I‟ve passed it. 我有优先通行权，所以那货车必须停驶或 减慢 车速 直到我走过去为止。 She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery. 她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫一案申冤。
1.根据词性选择和确定词义
一词多性： Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. 同极相斥，异极相吸。 I like painting. Fine grains of dust shine like gold. 细微的尘埃像金子一般闪闪发亮。 Like knows like. 英雄识英雄。
Diction(词义选择） Diction means the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. A word is capable of being used in more than five or ten senses depending on the different collocations or context.
2. 根据上下文及逻辑关系确定词义
We can make out the meaning of the word from the context. 我们可以从上下文判断出这个词的意思。 We should settle the disputes in the context of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. 我们应当在和平共处五项原则的基础上解决这些争端。 It is in this context that the tragedy of Sahara was born. 撒哈拉悲剧正是在这种情况下发生的。 We must operate within the context of the Olympian Spirit. 我们必须按照奥林匹克精神办事。
根据上下文及逻辑关系确定词义
谁准备给这位病人做精细的眼科手术？ 她身体虚弱。 他对音乐很有鉴赏力。 那是个微妙的外交问题。 我们干了整整一天了，必须休息一下。 引爆线突然耷拉下来。史密斯说：“我回去看 看。一定是某个地方断了线。等一下，我五分 钟就回来。”
3.根据句中的搭配关系确定词义
如何正确选择词义
这是一位举止得体的姑娘。 这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。 狗经常被认为是人们的忠实朋友。 一位规规矩矩的穆斯林 她需要一双结实的跑鞋。 吃豆子有益于健康。 她儿子一直很乖。
如何正确选择词义
…yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss;… …不过偶尔也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽 骨上的好话。真的是虔诚的教徒，慈爱的父母， 孝顺的儿女，贤良的妻子，尽职的丈夫，他们家 里的人也的确哀思绵绵的追悼他们。……
如何正确选择词义
这个将军被指控犯了叛国罪。 委员会决定让亨利教授负责这项研究工 作。 总攻时间一到，战士们勇猛地向敌人的 阵地冲去。 这家商店将你所买的东西记入账内，让 你以后付款。 电池充电后，他启动了马达。
如何正确选择词义
It was a girl with good manners. These were all labeled as good eggs. Dogs are often regarded as man‟s good friends. A good Muslim She need good shoes for running. Beans are good for your health. Her son is always a good boy.
He does everything with a high hand. 专横，傲慢 As a high official, he is… Speak in a high tone 尖锐的嗓音 Have a high opinion of somebody Highlight最精彩的部分，最显著的部分
词义的概念
（二）从词义角度来看 词义如从社会符号学的角度来看，可分为指称意义、 言内意义和语用意义；如从传统的词汇学角度来讲， 词义包括概念意义和关联意义。所谓概念意义，也叫 外延意义（denotative Meaning）或认知意义 （cognitive Meaning），就是词汇的最基本意义， 是语言符号所代表的事物的基本特征的抽象概括，常 视为词语在字典中的定义或释义。所谓关联意义 (associative meaning)，是隐含于或附加在概念意 义上的意义。社会、群体或个人都可以使一个词具有 关联意义，有时还是很不相同的关联意义。这种差异 既可以存在于两种语言、两种文化之间，也可以存在 于一种语言和一种文化的亚文化之间。
英汉翻译理论实践 词的翻译
——词的翻译
请试译下列句子
1) The play is really a love story. 2) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. 3) Some reporters who were not included in the meeting broke the story. 4) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV. 5) Don't tell stories again, Tom. I don ' t believe your stories. 6) It is quite another story now.
He is the last man to come. 最后一个 He is the last man to do it. 绝不会 He is the last one for such a job.最不配 He should be the last man to blame.怎么 也不该 He is the last man to consult.根本不应该 This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 怎么也没料到
根据上下文及逻辑关系确定词义
Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government , I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.
内涵意义
词的概念意义的属性。 如比喻意义，象征意义，联想意义等
Woman Gold Moon Dragon Dog…
文体意义
中性文体意义
特定文体意义 正式
非正式
标准 口语词
次标准
俚语、俗语、行业用语
感情意义
中性意义
褒义
贬义
如何正确选择词义
This general was charged with treason.. The Committee decided to put Professor Henry in charge of the research work. As soon as the moment for the general offensive arrived, the soldiers charged the enemy position bravely. This store will charge things you buy, and let you pay for them later. Having charged the battery, he set the engine in motion.
根据词性确定词义 雨后空气新鲜。 别老是诉苦。 在机器投入运行前，要先进行试车。 电子计算机系统的复杂网络管理着这个现 代化的炼油厂。 他们正在把走私物品装进船舱。
1）I want my martini dry. 2) There are still some dry states in the United States. 3）She prefers dry bread. 4）The cows are dry. 5）He gave us a dry lecture yesterday. 6）I am sure what he presented was a dry fact.