专业英语之物理化学2013

•Extensive property （广度性质）
volume weight heat capacity （热容） internal energy (内能)
•Intensive property （强度性质）
temperature pressure density viscosity （粘度）
Process （过程） Isothermal process （等温~） Isobaric process （等压~ ） Isochoric process （等容~ ） Adiabatic process （绝热~ ） Reversible process （可逆~ ） Irreversible procesbs （不可逆~ ） Spontaneous process （自发~ ） Nonspotaneous process （非自发~）
System （系统）
Equilibrium system （平衡~） Nonequilibrium system （非平衡~） Homogeneous system （均相~） Heterogeneous system （非均相~） Open system （敞开~） Closed system （封闭~） Isolated system （弧立~） Adiabatic system （绝热~） One-compound system （单组分~
The second law of thermodynamics
Clausius statement: It is not possible to construct a device
that operates in a cycle and whose sole effect is to transfer
heat from a colder body to a hotter body. Kevin-Planck statement: It is impossible to construct a device operating in a cycle that results in no effect other than the production of work by transferring heat from a single body.
Structure chemistry: It concerns about the relation between matter properties and its microstructures.
Branches and related topics
Thermochemistry Chemical kinetics Quantum chemistry Electrochemistry Photochemistry Surface chemistry Solid-state chemistry Spectroscopy Biophysical chemistry Materials science Physical organic chemistry Micromeritics[maɪkrəʊmɪ'rɪtɪks]微晶学
Other concepts: enthalpy, heat capacity, isochoric(等体 积） , isobaric（恒压）, …
Processes: reversible, irreversible
Isothermal（恒温）, adiabatic（绝热）, cyclic, free expansion
Entropy （熵） Δ S=SB-SA=(Q/T)R a measure of disorder. The disorder in a system is called its entropy, S. A crystal lattice at 0 K has perfect order and therefore zero entropy. The hotter it gets, the more kinetic energy the particles in it have and the more options they have for arranging themselves.
•Enthalpy （焓 ） H=U+pV
p is the pressure of the system and V is its volume. As U, p and V are all state functions, the enthalpy is also a state function. The change of enthalpy, ΔH, between any pair of initial and final states is independent of the path between them.
Some Important professional Terms
21. Homogeneous Catalysis均相催化剂 22. Heterogeneous Catalysis非均相催化剂 23. Enzymes酶 24. catalyst 催化剂 25. The Equilibrium Constant平衡常数
2014-7-19
College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
3
The first law of thermodynamics
*Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may change in forms. *Internal energy, work and heat in a closed system dU = dW +dQ
Work: work is 百度文库one when an object is moved
against an opposing force. Heat: when the energy of a system changes as a result of a temperature difference between it and its surroundings, we say that energy has been transferred as heat. Energy: the energy of a system is its capacity to do work.
The third law of thermodynamics
*The entropies of all substances in the perfect
crystalline or the perfect liquid state are zero at the
absolute zero of temperature (0 K). * It is impossible to attain a temperature of absolute zero.
Contents of physical chemistry
Chemical thermodynamics: It concerns with energy
change: the routine of energy change, the change
trend of equilibrium, and the equilibrium state. Chemical kinetics: It focuses on the rate of matter change: reaction rate, reaction mechanisms, reactor, and reactor scale-up.
Physical Chemistry
物理化学
Questions? 1. What is physical chemistry?
2. What is the first law of thermodynamics? 3. What is the second law of thermodynamics? 4. What are the state function and path function?
Some Important professional Terms
1. Ideal-Gas Equation 理想气体状态方程 2. spontanelty 自发性 3. System and Surroundings系统与环境 4. open system- closed system 5. isolated system 6. State and State Functions状态与状态函数 7. Process过程 8. Law of conservation of energy （能量守恒定律） 9. The First Law of Thermodynamics热力学第一定律 10. The Second Law of Thermodynamics热力学第二定律
Some Important professional Terms
11. Chemical equilibrium 化学平衡 12. Enthalpy 焓 13. Enthalpies of Reactions反应热 14. Enthalpies of Formation生成焓 15. Reaction Rates反应速率 16. Reaction Order反应级数 17. Reaction Mechanisms反应机理 18. Activation Energy活化能 19. Rate Constants速率常数 20. Endothermic and Exothermic Processes吸热与发热过程
What is Physical chemistry?
Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic （宏观） , atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of physical laws and concepts. It applies the principles, practices and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics and dynamics.
catalysis
Definition: changing the rate of reactions by adding a substance which does not get used up.
Type:homogenous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis Aautocatalysis. Homogeneous catalysis: Here the catalyst and the reactants are in the same phase. Heterogeneous catalysis The effect of the surface is often so profound that it may be difficult to remember that this effect is of hastening the approach to an equilibrium state.
26. the Direction of Reaction反应方向 27. Effects of Volume, Pressure, Temperature Changes and Catalysts 体积，压力，温度变化以及催化剂的影响 28. Spontaneous Processes自发过程 29. Entropy (Standard Entropy)熵（标准熵） 30. Entropy Changes熵变