雅思阅读讲义2016年6月14日
雅思阅读讲义
5
Summarizing
能够快速领悟 出一个段落或一个句子核心信息
2
IELTS Reading
6. Reading techniques recommended
1 用半分钟浏览三篇文章的标题以及其后的题目
2 先看题目，再看文章
3 一定要阅读每个题目的指令（如阅读范围，答案词数要求）
4 找到题目中的关键词：时间，人名，地名，数字，斜体字，大写字，黑体字，括 号，引号，划线部分，以及一些较长或者拼写比较特别的词
This is a very interesting story.
2. 代词短语（ pronominal phrase ） Between you and me, he is rather stupid.
Waves rushed upon him one after another.
3. 动词短语 （ verb phrase） We study English every day.
2 –3 short passages 2 passages of medium
length 1 passage of 800-1000
words
2. Scores (on a scale of 1 - 9)
分数 9 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4
A 类答对题数 39 - 40 37 - 38 35 - 36 33 - 34 30 - 32 27 - 29 23 - 26 20 - 22 16 - 19 13 - 15 10 - 12
8. 剑桥系列习题集的使用 剑桥雅思系列的每一篇阅读文章起码要做够 三遍 第一遍，严格限时做题， 进行模考演练， 既能测试自己的水平， 又能保持好的临战状态。 第二遍，放松时间严格按照正确的步骤方法做题， 并将每个题在文章中的依据标示出来，
雅思阅读教材完整版
阅读 20 课时课程框架1- 2英语基本概念+从句判断3- 4配对题----heading题5- 6配对题----which paragraph题+sentence ending 题7-8 配对题 ----detail matching 题+classify 题9-10 判断题 111-12 判断题 213-14 摘要题 +填空题15-16 选择题17-18 简答题19-20 平行阅读法英语基本概念(一 ) 十大词性：八大句子成分：(二 )句子核心：句子主干举例：长得乖巧的常被邻居夸奖但今天却被妈妈骂了的小明不开心地看似有点想不开的步履蹒跚地走过了这条五年前由他爸爸主持修建的桥。
主干：句子能称为句子，一定是有动词的。
造句练习：1.他造了一座桥。
2.他和我在一起。
1.2.五大基本句型 3.4.5.区分下列句式：(1)Xiaoming finds food bitter.(2)Xiaoming finds food bitterly.(3)Xiaoming finds his little sister some bitter food.造句并说明句型1.汽车使交通变得方便。
2.我给你找了个房子。
3.人们认为猴子很奇怪。
(三 )长难句：1.加入复杂修饰成分：形容词，介词短语等2.加入复杂结构：插入语等3.合并多个句子：并列句& 主从句(四 ) 从句概念：八大句子成分中，除谓语动词和补语外，当一个句子充当某成分时，该从句就叫做某某从句。
如一个句子做主语，则该从句叫主语从句。
1. ________ 从句 +动词2. 实义动词 +________ 从句主干性从句(五 ) 六大从句判断标准 3. 系动词 +________ 从句4. 具体名词 +________ 从句5. 抽象名词 +________ 从句修饰性从句6.______从句，去掉不影响句子完整度(六 ) 六大从句共同特点： 1.有连词（可省略）且置于从句句首2.连词在句中做成分，有意思（that 除外）3.从句用陈述语序（让步状语从句例外）验证：他住在哪里？我不知道他住在哪里。
2016年6月雅思真题回忆及解析
2016年6月雅思真题回忆及解析所有的成功都来自于行动，只有付诸行动，才能一步步走向成功。
无忧考网搜集整理了2016年6月雅思真题回忆及解析，希望对大家有所帮助。
2016年6月举行了4场考试，时间分别为6月4日、6月16日、6月18日、6月25日。
以下内容仅供参考。
6月4日雅思口语真题回忆：Part 1考题总结考题总结：House & ApartmentStudy & workHometownMusic & singingEvening activities/eventsStay at homeCountryPlant / flowersNoiseWalkingHatsArt/paintingCommunicatingGiftSunny daysBirthdayAdvertisement PatienceHandcraftSciencePublic transport DancingBicyclesComputersWeekendsParkMoviesColorEmails and letters Outdoor activities MuseumTeamworkMagazine or newspaper TVSnackPart 2&3考题总结考题总结：PeopleDescribe one of your best friendsDescribe a person who has apologized to youDescribe a family member that you mostly close toDescribe a person who likes to travel by planeDescribe a person who just moved to live with youDescribe a creative person that you admireDescribe a leader who you admireDescribe a person you enjoy spending time withDescribe an old person who you admireDescribe a family that you likeObjectDescribe something that you shared with othersDescribe a piece of clothes that was given by someoneDescribe something you bought that pleasing youDescribe a program or app in your computer or phoneDescribe an old thing that you have kept for a long timeDescribe a childhood toy you likedPlaceDescribe a place you visited that has been affected by pollutionDescribe a place near water (such as a river, lake or the ocean) that you enjoy visitingDescribe an interesting public place that you like to visitDescribe a favorite park in your city (hometown)EventDescribe an activity that you do in your schoolDescribe a piece of good news that you receivedDescribe a short journey that you dislikedDescribe a wedding you have been toDescribe a situation that you got angryDescribe a mistake that you once madeDescribe an occasion that you ate a kind of food for the first time Describe a time that you had to get up earlyDescribe an happy family event from your childhoodDescribe a dinner that you had with your friendsDescribe a difficult decision that you once madeDescribe a situation (or a time) when you helped someone.Describe a recent happy event that you hadDescribe a special trip you would like to go on in the future Describe the first time you talked with someone in a foreign language Describe a time when bad weather changed your planMediaDescribe an interesting local news people are interested inDescribe an interesting story from a TV programDescribe an article that you read from a newspaper or magazineDescribe a story or a novel that was particularly interesting to you Describe a photo of yourself you have takenDescribe a song that means something special to youDescribe a photo you like in your familyOthersDescribe a big company you are interested in/want to work inDescribe an activity that you do to keep fitDescribe a perfect job that you want to have in the futureDescribe a new skill you want to learnDescribe a goal you want to achieve in the futureDescribe an interesting animalDescribe a positive change you have hadDescribe a method that helps you save moneyDescribe an interesting tradition in your countryDescribe your favorite season or time of the yearDescribe a course that you want to learnDescribe an important skill that you learned when you were a child Describe a character or personality of yoursDescribe a sport you like to try for the first time/you want to learn 雅思口语趋势分析和备考指导本次考试为6月份首次考试，本次回顾将分析例题——省钱的方法。
2016年6月第二套
Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension(25 minutes)Section ADirections：In this section，you will hear three news reports.At the end of each news report,you will hear two or three questions.Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question，you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A，B，C and D.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet l with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.◆1.A.The International Labour Organization’s key objective.B.The basic social protection for the most vulnerable.C.Rising unemployment worldwide.D.Global economic recovery.◆2.A.Many countries have not taken measures to create enough jobs.B.Few countries know how to address the current economic crisis.C.Few countries have realised the seriousness of the current crisis.D.Many countries need support to improve their people’s livelihood.Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.◆3.A.Serve standardised food nationwide.B.Put calorie information on the menu.C.Increase protein content in the food.D.Offer convenient food to customers.◆4.A.They will be fined.B.They will be closed.C.They will get a warning.D.They will lose customers.Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.◆5.A.Inability to implement their business plans.B.Inability to keep turning out novel products.ck of a successful business model of their own.D.Failure to integrate innovation into their business.◆6.A.It is the secret to business success.B.It is the creation of something newC.It is a magic tool to bring big rewards.D.It is an essential part of business culture◆7.A.Its hardworking employees.B.Its flexible promotion strategy.C.Its innovation culture.D.Its willingness to make investments.Directions：In this section，you will hear two long conversations.At the end of each conversation，you will hear four questions.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question，you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A，B，C and D.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.◆8.A.He’s got addicted to technology.B.He is not very good at socializingC.He is crazy about text—messaging.D.He does not talk long on the phone.◆9.A.Talk big.B.Talk at length.C.Gossip a lot.D.Forget herself.◆10.A. He thought it was cool.B.He needed the practice.C.He wanted to stay connected with them，D.He had an urgent message to send.◆11.A.It poses a challenge to seniors.B.It saves both time and money.C.It is childish and u NPR ofessional.D.It is cool and convenient.Questions l2 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.◆12.A.He wants to change his job assignment.B.He is unhappy with his department managerC.He thinks he deserves extra pay for overtime.D.He is often singled out for criticism by his boss◆13.A.His workload was much too heavy.B.His immediate boss did not trust himC.His colleagues often refused to cooperate.D.His salary was too low for his responsibility◆14.A.He never knows how to refuse.B.He is always ready to help othersC.His boss has a lot of trust in him.D.His boss has no sense of fairness.◆15.A.Put all his complaints in writing.B.Wait and see what happens next.C.Learn to say no when necessary.D.Talk to his boss in person first.Directions：In this section，you will hear three passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear three or four questions。
WORD版-雅思系列-剑14阅读TEST 1, PASSAGE 1 中英文文本大师带你读
剑14 TEST 1 READING PASSAGE 1篇章背景：这篇文章和C4T2R3 Play Is a Serious Business的主题相似，都是关于小孩“玩耍”对大脑和身体机能的发育，以及对学习和社会能力促进的重要作用。
文章难度属于初级，所配题型是note填空题和判断题这两种比较典型的顺序题型，并且呈现“前后分割”的情况，也就是说，前一个题型对应文章的前半部分，后一个题型对应文章的后半部分，非常有利于确定原文依据的位置。
重点词汇：1.Regulate: v. 管理，控制（control）2.Underpin：v. 巩固，支持，构成……的基础（s upport or form the basis for…）3.Curtail：v. 缩减，限制（reduce or limit）4.Scarce：adj. 缺乏的，不足的（not enough，insufficient）5.Extol：v. 赞美，颂扬（praise）6.Virtue：n. 优点（advantage）7.Impact：n. 影响（effect or influence）8.Undertake：v. 从事，承担（start to do sth.）9.Facilitate：v. 促进，帮助，使容易（promote，make an action or a process easier）10.Clue：n. 线索，提示（cue）11.Diagnosis：n. 诊断（the act of identifying the exact cause of an illness）12.Disorder：n. 不适，疾病（disease，medical problem）13.Previous：adj. 以前的（former）14.Trivial：adj. 不重要的，琐碎的（unimportant，not serious or valuable ）问题解析：1.信号词：magical kingdom，help第1题是在讲儿童玩耍的作用之一：搭建“魔法王国”可以帮助建立……；可以确定出题位置在第一段，第一句和第二句在讲玩什么游戏，怎样想象。
雅思剑桥14t4p2阅读
雅思剑桥14t4p2阅读《剑桥雅思14》是一本备考雅思阅读的教材，其中的第4篇文章（Test 4, Passage 2）是一个阅读材料。
以下是对该篇阅读材料的多角度全面回答。
本篇阅读材料的主题是关于气候变化和全球变暖的。
文章主要探讨了全球变暖对南极洲冰盖的影响，以及对全球海平面上升的潜在威胁。
从科学角度来看，全球变暖导致南极洲冰盖的融化。
文章引用了科学家的研究结果，解释了全球变暖导致南极洲冰盖融化的原因，包括气温升高、海洋温度上升以及冰川流动加速等。
这些因素导致冰盖融化，进而导致全球海平面上升。
从环境角度来看，全球变暖对生态系统和物种多样性产生了负面影响。
文章提到，南极洲的冰盖融化会破坏栖息地，威胁到一些特定的动植物物种。
例如，一些依赖冰盖的动物，如企鹅和海豹，可能会受到影响。
这对于生态平衡和物种多样性是一个严重的挑战。
从经济角度来看，全球变暖对人类社会和经济发展也带来了一系列问题和挑战。
文章提到，全球变暖导致海平面上升可能会淹没沿海地区，给人类社会和经济造成巨大的损失。
沿海城市和人口稠密地区可能需要采取适当的措施来应对这一挑战，如建设防洪设施、迁移人口等。
从政策角度来看，全球变暖需要国际社会共同应对。
文章提到了一些国际组织和政策倡议，如联合国气候变化框架公约和巴黎协定，旨在减缓全球变暖并应对其影响。
国际社会需要加强合作，制定更严格的减排政策和措施，以减缓全球变暖的速度。
综上所述，雅思剑桥14的第4篇文章阐述了全球变暖对南极洲冰盖和全球海平面的影响。
从科学、环境、经济和政策的多个角度来看，全球变暖都带来了重大的挑战和问题。
我们需要加强环保意识，采取积极的行动来减缓全球变暖的趋势，并保护我们的地球。
【7A文】暑期雅思阅读课讲义完整版
王晓春雅思阅读课讲义IELTS Reading Lecture Notes by Spring Wang（版权所有严禁翻印）目录第一章雅思阅读考试基本情况介绍第二章雅思阅读考试词汇学习第三章雅思阅读与英语句子第四章雅思阅读与英语段落结构第五章雅思阅读核心解题技能第六章List of Headings 题注意事项和解题方法第七章Summary题注意事项和解题方法第八章TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN题注意事项和解题方法第九章Matching题注意事项和解题方法第十章Multiple Choice题注意事项和解题方法第十一章Sentence Completion题注意事项和解题方法第十二章Short Answer Question题注意事项和解题方法第十三章Table/Diagram/Flow Chart题注意事项和解题方法第十四章最新仿真阅读材料附录第一章雅思阅读考试基本情况介绍雅思考试（IELTS）考试的全称是：International English Language Testing System（国际英语语言测试系统）。
它是由剑桥大学地方考试委员会，英国文化委员会和澳大利亚教育国际开发署共同举办的国际英语考试。
考题主要是由剑桥大学地方考试委员会出，英国文化委员会和澳大利亚教育国际开发署主要负责一些考务管理方面的事情。
雅思考试是针对去英语国家留学或移民人员的一种语言能力的测试。
接受雅思成绩的国家以前是以英联邦和欧洲为主。
而现在北美也越来越多地接受雅思成绩。
雅思考试分为Academic Module（学术类考试，简称A类考试）和General Training Module（普通培训类考试，简称G类考试）。
A类主要是为留学，G类主要是为移民。
两类考试的听力和口语部分完全一致，但在阅读和写作部分有所区别。
A类阅读考试●考试时间为60分钟。
要特别注意的是：听力部分的考试会在结束后专门提供10分钟的时间用于誊写答案。
雅思 剑桥 16 阅读
雅思剑桥 16 阅读雅思剑桥16阅读部分包括了三篇文章，主要涉及人文类、自然科学以及社会科学方面的内容。
本次阅读中，我印象最深的是一篇讲述了古代玛雅文明的文章。
本文将对这篇文章进行分析。
首先，文章简要地介绍了玛雅文明的发展历程。
玛雅人是一支古老的中美洲人种，早在公元前2500年左右就开始在现今的墨西哥和其他地区进行农业生产，并发展出了一种复杂的天文学和数学体系。
在公元前300年至公元600年期间，玛雅文明达到了高峰，并在城市规划、声音与图形表达、数学和天文学方面做出了重要的贡献。
随后，文章详细介绍了玛雅文明的一些特点和成就。
其中最令人印象深刻的莫过于玛雅人在天文学方面的成就。
他们精密的天文观测器材，如星历台、观测井等，使得他们在太阳、月亮、星星等宇宙现象的预测方面达到了惊人的准确度。
他们主张“时间是个循环”，因此开发出了一种十分精密的日历，称为“长计时历”，可准确地匹配天文周期和自然事件。
值得一提的是，玛雅文明的“长计时历”能够覆盖几千年甚至几万年的时间，这在当时是一项极其复杂而出色的技术成就。
然后，文章对玛雅文明的衰落进行了分析和解释。
在公元前1000年及以前，玛雅文明逐渐兴起，城市越来越多，社会经济文化发展迅速，并出现了许多宗教和贵族统治者。
然而，到了公元1000年左右，玛雅文明却开始迅速衰落，原因一直没有确切的官方记录。
有学者认为这可能是由于自然灾害引发的衰落，如饥荒、干旱、风暴等；还有学者则认为这可能是因为玛雅统治者和贵族阶层之间发生了内部斗争，引发了社会动荡和政治混乱。
最后，文章提到了有关玛雅文化遗产保护的一些问题。
近年来，随着文明的发展，许多重要的玛雅文物和城市遗址开始遭到破坏和掠夺，这给我们认识和保护这个宝贵的文化财富带来了很大的挑战。
为了保护玛雅文化遗产的完整性和多样性，国际社会和相关组织开始推动加强保护和修复工作，以保护这个国宝级文化遗产，让更多的人来欣赏、学习和传承。
总的来说，本文通过介绍玛雅文明的发展和成就，揭示了古代玛雅人在数学和天文学领域的重大贡献，以及他们在其他领域的文化和社会成就。
剑桥雅思16test2阅读
剑桥雅思16test2阅读
首先，关于《人类视觉系统的发展》这篇文章，它主要讲述了
人类视觉系统的演化过程。
文章提到了人类视觉系统的发展历程，
从早期的单细胞生物到现代人类的复杂视觉系统。
它还介绍了人类
视觉系统的特点和功能，例如眼睛的结构和视网膜的作用等。
此外，文章还提到了人类视觉系统与其他动物的视觉系统之间的差异和相
似之处。
其次，关于《旅行与旅游》这篇文章，它主要探讨了旅行和旅
游对个人和社会的影响。
文章指出旅行和旅游可以带来身心放松、
文化交流、经济发展等多方面的好处。
它还提到了旅行和旅游的不
同类型，如探险旅行、文化旅游等，并分析了它们对个人和社会的
影响。
此外，文章还探讨了旅行和旅游业的发展趋势以及可持续旅
游的重要性。
最后，关于《城市鸟类行为》这篇文章，它主要讲述了城市环
境对鸟类行为的影响。
文章提到了城市化对鸟类栖息地和食物资源
的影响，以及鸟类对城市环境的适应和变化。
它还介绍了一些城市
鸟类的行为特点，如觅食行为、繁殖行为等，并解释了这些行为与
城市环境之间的关系。
此外，文章还讨论了城市鸟类保护的重要性
和一些保护措施。
综上所述，剑桥雅思16test2阅读部分的三篇文章涵盖了人类
视觉系统的发展、旅行与旅游以及城市鸟类行为等不同主题。
这些
文章从多个角度深入探讨了相关话题，并提供了丰富的信息和观点。
阅读这些文章有助于扩展我们的知识和理解，同时也提供了雅思考
试中可能出现的题材和题型的练习机会。
IELTS阅读讲义
快速阅读阅读的四个层次：词雅思基础阅读精讲班第2讲讲义SECTION 1定位词（查找细节）SECTION 1 Questions 1-14Questions 1-4There are six job advertisements A-F on the opposite page.Answer the questions below by writing the letters of the appropriate advertisements in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.Questions 5-10Read the page from a UK telephone directory on the opposite page.Answer the questions below by writing the appropriate telephone number in boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet.What should you dial if ….Operator Services 101The operator is there to help you if you have difficulty making a call or if you want to use any of our special call services. These include: ALARM CALLS * ADVICE OF DURATION CHARGE * CREDIT CARD CALLS * FIXED TIME CALLS * FREEFONE CALLS * PERSONAL CALLS * TRANSFERRED CHARGE CALLS * SUBSCRIBER CONTROLLED TRANSFER. For details of charges see our free leaflet. Dial 101 and ask for financial services.International Operator 123See Section 3 (international) for details.Directory Enquiries 142Tell the operator the town you require. Have paper and pencil ready.International Directory Enquiries 130Emergency 010Tell the operator what service you want.Faults 166Any fault should be reported to the local fault repair service.Sales 170Telemessage 190If you have something special to say and prefer to say it in writing.International Telemessage 191International Telegrams 192You can send a telegram to most other countries.Maritime Service 200SHIP’S TELEGRAM SERVICE * SHIP’S TELEPHONE SERVICE * INMARSAT SATELLITE SERVICE (DIAL 177). You can call or send a message to someone aboard ship by using our Maritime Services. For telephone calls to ships quote the name of the Coast Radio Station if known. For INMARSAT (Maritime Satellite) service dial 178. Give the ship’s name, its identification number and ocean region, if known. International Directory Enquiries, code 130, can say if a ship is equipped for satellite service and provide the number.Any Other Call Enquiries 111Questions 11-14划定位词顺序：1 数字和大写字母优先（原词重现）2 独特名词>独特动词>独特形容词或副词3 不能作为定位词：常用词（student ）、文章主题词（job advertisements ）、同一题型内部重复出现的词（telephone ）Read the following notice.Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage answer the questions below. Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Example AnswerWhich job is in a travel agent’s? D 1Which job is in a hotel?2Which job is for someone to look after a child?3Which TWO advertisements are for waiters?4Which TWO jobs would particularly like a German speaker?Example Answeryou want to speak to the International Operator? 1235there is something wrong with your telephone?6there has been an accident and you want to call an ambulance?7you want to find out a number in a foreign country?8you want to know how much telephone calls cost?9you want to purchase an answer-phone machine?10you want to use a credit card to pay for a telephone call?FIRE NOTICEIn the event of fire, the ALARM will ring. On hearing the fire alarm, all those in the West Wing should evacuate the building by staircase J. Rooms 1 to 199 are in the West Wing. All others should use staircase A. The assembly area for occupants of the West Wing is the staff car park at the rear of the building. All others assemble in the front courtyard.Evacuate the building even if the alarm stops.If you discover a fire, shout “FIRE” and operate the nearest fire alarm. Attack the fire with an extinguisher but do not take any risks. Inform reception by dialing 3333.Example AnswerWhere is room 1? the West Wing 11You are in room 101. Which staircase should you use to evacuate the building?12You are in room 201. Where should you wait outside after evacuating the building?13What should you do if the alarm stops?14Who should you contact if you discover a fire?SECTION 2SECTION 2 Questions 15-27Questions 15-20Read “Information for New Students” below and answer the questions that follow.Write your answers in boxes 15-20 on your answer sheet.Questions 21-27Read the passage below about a college in the city of Bath, written in 1985, and answer the questions that follow.The CollegeThe college uses buildings in five different places. Where are the following things located?In boxes 21-27 on your answer sheet writeHILTON ENGLISH LANGUAGE CENTREINFORMATION FOR NEW STUDENTSCLASS TIMES9.00 am –10.30am 11.00am –12.30pm 13.0pm –3.00pmThe Language Centre is open Monday to Friday. Each class has one afternoon free per week. On the first day go to the lecture hall to check your timetable.SELF-ACCESSThe language laboratory (Room 1110) is open Monday to Friday from 3.15pm to 5.00pm for all full-time students. You can learn how to use the computers for language games or word-processing.There are cassettes for students to borrow to practise their English. Go in and ask the teacher to show you.If you plan to take public examinations, there are dictation and listening comprehension cassettes for you to practise with. There are cloze exercises on the computers. Ask your class teacher for a list of past exam essays. Students can borrow cassettes to take home but they must be returned after two days.ATTENDANCEAll students on student visas are expected to attend classes regularly. Students who do not attend classes will be reported to OSS. Eighty per cent attendance is required for students to receive their certificate on completion of their course. It is also required by OSS for an extension to your visa.BOOKSIf students are given course books, the books are their responsibility.If a book is lost, the student will be expected to pay for it. If students wish to buy books, there is a bookshop in the college specializing in English books (Room 3520). 15When do classes begin and end on a full day ？16How many afternoons does a class meet each week?17Where are the timetables displayed?18Who can use the language laboratory after classes?19Who is available in the self-access center to help the students?20How much of a course must you attend according to visa restrictions?NP if something is located in N ewton P ark C if something is located in C orsham SH if something is located in S ion H illSC if something is located in S omerset C rescent SP if something is located in S ydney P laceExample Answer A landscaped garden SH21Central Administration 22Home Economics Block 23Art and Design Foundation Course 24Art and Design Degree Course after 198625Post-graduate Residences 26Sports Hall 27Music Block保打 印 关闭The college has the advantage of location in one of the most attractive cities in the country. Within the city of Bath it occupies modern buildings in a landscaped garden on Sion Hill, Lansdown and an adjacent Georgian Crescent, Somerset Crescent, which includes teaching and residential accommodation for post-graduate studies. It also occupies three houses in Sydney Place, which are used for studio and workshop accommodation for part-time courses in the Visual Arts and for the Foundation Course in Art and Design.The Newton Park site is situated four miles west of Bath between the villages of Newton St Loe and Corston. Within the grounds are a Georgian mansion, where the college’s central administration is located, an Elizabethan dairy, stables and the tower of a medieval manor house; all these older buildings have been adapted to present-day use. A new purpose-built Home Economics block was opened in January 1985. During 1986 a new Sports Hall will be completed and new residential blocks are under construction to be completed ready for the start of the academic year in September 1986; a new Music Block will be completed in 1987.The Art and Design degree courses which are currently accommodated at Corsham, about nine miles east of Bath, will be moved to the Sion Hill site in Bath by September 1986 thus reinforcing Faculty and Course links.The college courses are designed to take advantage of the special opportunities and circumstances provided by itsenvironment. Students have available such resources as the Costume and Fashion Research Centre, the Royal Photographic Centre and the Museum of American Domestic Life at Claverton. Concerts and recitals, including some given by staff and students, take place throughout the year in the Assembly Rooms.保 存 打 印 关 闭雅思基础阅读精讲班第3讲讲义复习《定位词》复习第一讲《定位词》Questions 32-40Read the Useful Hints for using a gas cooker on page 53, and answer the following questions. 32If you want to cook food rapidly, which burner should you use?33If the flame is too high.A gas is wastedB the pan is placed centrallyC the worktop is scorchedD it produces deposits34 A ‘moderate’ oven is … a ‘warm’ oven.A not as hot asB the equivalent ofC hotter thanD at the same time as35How long does it take the oven to become ‘very hot’?36When grilling food, the grill doorA must be kept openB must be set to ‘MAX’C must not overhang the sideD must be removed37Various dishes … be cooked at the same time in the oven.A mustB canC cannotD need to38What kind of utensils should not be kept in the storage drawer?39Which system of temperature is used on the oven control knob?40Cooking utensils may be made of a range of materials, but they must beA flammableB preheatedC steadyD ceramicUSING YOUR SCORPIO COOKER: USEFUL HINTSFollow these useful hints to obtain the best results when using your new SCORPIO cooker.Choice of burnerUse large burner to bring liquids to the boil quickly, brown meat and generally for all food that is cooked rapidly. Use small burners for stewed dishes and sauces.To conserve gas, place the pan centrally over the burner and adjust the flame so that it does not extend past the edges of the pan.Do not boil food too rapidly. A strong boil does not cook any faster but violently shakes up the food, which may then lose its taste.WRONG CORRECTflame too high – wastes gas f lame not past edges of pan – conserves gasUtensilsAll normally available utensils (aluminium, stainless steel, cast iron, ceramic, etc.) may be used on your new gas cooker, but ensure that they are steady, in order to avoid dangerous spill-over of hot liquids.Caution: Large UtensilsWhen a cooker is installed close to a worktop, ensure that whenever large utensils are used, they are placed so that they do not overhang the side of the hotplate, as this may cause scorching or charring of the worktop surface.Warning: Asbestos MatsDo not use asbestos mats as they tend to cause a temperature build-up which can damage the enamel.GrillerThe grill burner has variable settings, the high setting being denoted by ‘MAX’ and the low setting by ‘MIN’ on the griller control knob.Note: The grill door should be left open during grilling.OvenWhen using recipes that refer to temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit, the conversion scale located on the splashback will provide a ready means of finding the equivalent in degrees Celsius so that the oven control knob can readily be set to the correct temperature. This is the temperature on the second雅思基础阅读精讲班第6讲讲义段落主旨段落主旨掌握主旨：What ：主旨=主题+方向+关系词（无词阅读法三要素）How ：变速阅读=精读首句（主题+方向），浏览全段（关系词）图A ：汉语族人的思维方式 图B ：英语族人的思维方式Save the best for the last Say what you want to say, then say why基础阅读教材70页 Questions 13-18Look at the welcome letter to students. The text has 7 sections (1-7).Choose the most suitable heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers (i-x ) in boxes 13-18 on your answer sheet. Note: There are more headings than sections so you will not use all of them. Example Answer Section 1 vi13Section 214Section 315Section 416Section 517Section 618Section 7List of headingsclass. Arrange for a ‘study buddy’ to collect materials for you if you are absent. to develop the ability to work independently and to organise your time.fail.Students who pass the course will receive a certificate of achievement.v Financial5Paragraph Eassistancevi Special6Paragraph Fconsiderationvii University by-lawsviii Identificationix Study skillsworkshopsA There are two formal examination periods each year; first semester period beginning in June and the secondsemester period beginning in November. Additionally, individual departments may examine at other times aby various methods such as ‘take-home’ exams, assignments, orally, practical work and so on.B If you feel your performance in an examination has been adversely affected by illness or misadventure, youshould talk to the course Co-ordinator in your department and complete an appropriate form. Each case isconsidered on its own merits.C The University has arrangements with universities throughout the United States, Canada, Europe and Asiaschemes are open to undergraduate and postgraduate students and allow you to complete a semester or a yeayour degree overseas. The results you gain are credited towards your degree at this university. This offers anexciting and challenging way of broadening your horizons and enriching your academic experience in adifferent environment and culture.D Youth Allowance may be available to full-time students. Reimbursement of travel costs may also be availablin some cases. Postgra, duate research funds are offered for full-time study towards Masters by Research orPhD degrees. These are competitive and the closing date for applications is 31 October in the year prior to thone for which the funds are sought.E Your student card, obtained on completion of enrolment, is proof that you are enrolled. Please take special caof it and carry it with you when you’re at the university. You may be asked to show it to staff at any time. Thcard is also your discount card and access card for the Students’ Union as well as allowing you access to thelibrary.F The Union provides opportunities for a wide range of activities, from the production of films and plays, toconcerts and magazines, and even art and photo exhibitions. If you have a creative idea in mind, pick up a fofrom ACCESS on Level 3, Wandsworth Building.保 存 打 印 关 闭保 存 打 印 关 闭 雅思基础阅读精讲班第9讲讲义掌握段落主旨（三）巩固掌握段落主旨的两种方法复习前两讲掌握段落主旨的两种方法方法一：段落结构法1.总分——总分总2.分总——分总分3.对比——并列 优势：普遍性 劣势：没有简便性方法二：重复出现法 1.原词重复 2.同类词重复 3.指代重复 优势：简便性 劣势：没有普遍性Questions 1-9 基础阅读教材96页1 Paragraph B2 Paragraph C3 Paragraph D4 Paragraph E5 Paragraph FChanging our Understanding of HealthA The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups. These meanings of health have also changed over time. This change is no more evident than in Western society today, when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways.B For much of recent Western history, health has been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in thismachine. Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms. According to this view, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or prevent disease and illness. During this period, there was an emphasis on providing clean water, improved sanitation and housing.C In the late 1940s the World Health Organisation challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health. They stated that ’health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease’ (WHO, 1946). Health and the person were seen more holistically (mind/ body/ spirit) and not just in physical terms.D The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasising the importance of the lifestyle and behaviour of the individual. Specific behaviours which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviours and lifestyles. While thisList of Headingsi Ottawa International Conference on Health Promotion ii Holistic approach to healthiii The primary importance of environmental factors iv Healthy lifestyles approach to healthv Changes in concepts of health in Western society vi Prevention of diseases and illness vii Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion viii Definition of health in medical terms ix Socio-ecological view of health Example Answer Paragraph A vG with relentless and cool-headed determination by an able and cohesive Government and civil service, and education has been at the heart of this.This has not only meant developing the skills needed by a fast-expanding company, it has also meant forming a cohesive, motivated citizenry out of an extremely multi-ethnic and multilingual population. In both these objectives, Singapore has been very successful. It is one of the fastest-growing economies and is ranked fourth in the world in gross domestic product per capita.H Policy-makers cannot hope to take policies from Singapore and make them work in Britain. However, two things can be learned. One is that, in certain environments at least, concerted and long-term planning can pay dividends. The other is that education is about more than improving economic competitiveness. Forming skills and forming citizens can go hand-in-hand.保 存 打 印 关 闭age profile.Section (iv)Overall, female students outnumbered male students in the survey. However, there were more males than females from four countries: Iran, Indonesia, Korea, and, to a lesser extent, China. Females accounted for 60% of students from Taiwan, Switzerland, and Japan. Gender differences concerning the responses to questions were noticed, but varied widely according to nationality.Section (v)A very high proportion (87%) of students had completed senior high school or better. Just under one-third had completed a university degree, and 5% had completed a postgraduate degree. Over a third had at least completed high school, and over 20% had completed a technical diploma or junior college.Students with a maximum middle school education formed less than 7% of all respondents, and came predominantly from Hong Kong, Indonesia, and Taiwan. Iranian students were among the highest educated, with more than half having already completed a postgraduate degree.Koreans. Thais. and Chinese were also particularly well educated, with over 60% of each national group having completed at least a first a university degree. Almost half of the Japanese and more than half of the Swiss respondents had completed education to senior high school level or less.Section (vi)While student visa holders took either 10-29 week or 40 week courses, most students on working holiday and tourist visas took courses of less than 10 weeks, or from 10 to 19 weeks in length.More than 50% of all students were taking courses of between 10 and 29 weeks, with the proportion fairly evenly divided between the 10-19 week and 20-29 week ranges. A large proportion of students were taking courses of at least 40 weeks in length, and only a few students indicated enrolment in courses shorter than 10 weeks.There were noticeable differences between nationalities, with Koreans, Japanese, and Taiwanese taking longer courses than other nationalities, and Swiss and other European students taking much shorter courses.Section (vii)Interest in further education differed significantly from country to country. Students from Iran (94.8%), Hong Kong (88.7%), China (88.4%), Thailand (88.3%), and Indonesia (85.4%) registered high levels of interest, whereas lower interest was shown by respondents from JapanThe Nature of DisputesTo resolve a dispute means to turn opposing positions into a single outcome. The two parties may choose to focus their attention on one or more of three basic factors. They may seek to (1) reconcile their interests, (2) determine who is right, and/or (3) determine who is more powerful.Section AInterests are needs, desires, concerns, fears – the things one cares about or wants. They provide the foundation for a person’s or an organisation’s position in a dispute. In a dispute, not only do the interests of one party not coincide with those of the other party, but they are in conflict. For example, the director of sales for an electronics company gets into a dispute with the director of manufacturing over the number of TV models to produce. The director of sales wants to produce more models because her interest is in selling TV sets; more models mean more choice for consumers and hence increased sales. The director of manufacturing, however, wants to produce fewer models. His interest is in decreasing manufacturing costs and more models mean higher costs. Section BReconciling such interests is not easy. It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative solutions, and making trade-offs and compromises where interests are opposed. The most common procedure for doing this is negotiation, the act of communication intended to reach agreement. Another interests-based procedure is mediation, in which a third party assists the disputants, the two sides in the dispute, in reaching agreement.Section CBy no means do all negotiations (or mediations) focus on reconciling interests. Some negotiations focus on determining who is right, such as when two lawyers argue about whose case has the greater merit. Other negotiations focus on determining who is more powerful, such as when quarrelling neighbours or nations exchange threats and counter threats. Often negotiations involve a mix of all three – some attempts to satisfy interests, some discussion of rights, and some references to relative power.Section DIt is often complicated to attempt to determine who is right in a dispute. Although it is usually straightforward where rights are formalised in law, other rights take the form of unwritten but socially accepted standards of behaviour, such as reciprocity, precedent, equality, and seniority.There are often different – and sometimes contradictory – standards that apply to rights, Reaching agreement on rights, where the outcome will determine who gets what, can often be so difficult that the parties frequently turn to a third party to determine who is right. The most typical rights procedure is adjudication, in which disputants present evidence and arguments to a neutral third party who has the power to make a decisioncreating works of art. ‘I didn’t sell a piece of glass until 1975,’ Dale Chihuly said, smiling, for in the 18 years since the end of the dry spell, he has become one of the most financially successful artists of the 20th century. He now has a newcommission – a glass sculpture for the headquarters building of a pizza company – for which his fee is half a million dollars.D But not all the glass technology that touches our lives is ultra-modern. Consider thesimple light bulb; at the turn of the century most light bulbs were hand blown, and the cost of one was equivalent to half a day’s pay for the average worker. In effect, the invention of the ribbon machine by Corning in the 1920s lighted a nation. The price of a bulb plunged. Small wonder that the machine has been called one of the great mechanical achievements of all time. Yet it is very simple: a narrow ribbon of molten glass travels over a moving belt of steel in which there are holes. The glass sags through the holes and into waiting moulds. Puffs of compressed air then shape the glass. In this way, the envelope of a light bulb is made by a single machine at the rate of 66,000 an hour, as compared with 1,200 a day produced by a team of four glassblowers.E The secret of the versatility of glass lies in its interior structure. Although it is rigid,and thus like a solid, the atoms are arranged in a random disordered fashion,characteristic of a liquid. In the melting process, the atoms in the raw materials are disturbed from their normal position in the molecular structure; before they can find their way back to crystalline arrangements the glass cools. This looseness inmolecular structure gives the material what engineers call tremendous ‘formability’ which allows technicians to tailor glass to whatever they need.F Today, scientists continue to experiment with new glass mixtures and buildingdesigners test their imaginations with applications of special types of glass. ALondon architect, Mike Davies, sees even more dramatic buildings using molecular chemistry. ‘Glass is the great building material of the future, the “dynamic skin”, ’he said. ‘Think of glass that has been treated to react to electric currents goingthrough it, glass that will change from clear to opaque at the push of a button, that gives you instant curtains. Think of how the tall buildings in New York couldperform a symphony of colours as the glass in them is made to change coloursinstantly.’ Glass as instant curtains is available now, but the cost is exorbitant. As for the glass changing colours instantly, that may come true. Mike Davies’s vision may indeed be on the way to fulfillmentAdapted from ‘Glass:Capturing the Dance of Light’by William S. Elis,National Geographic。
16-4-2剑桥雅思解析
16-4-2剑桥雅思解析《剑桥雅思解析》是一套备受推崇的雅思考试辅导材料，主要针对雅思考试的听力、阅读、写作和口语四个模块进行详细解析和讲解。
下面我将从多个角度来回答你关于《剑桥雅思解析》的问题。
1. 内容概述，《剑桥雅思解析》分为多本书，每本书针对不同的雅思考试模块。
其中包括《剑桥雅思听力解析》、《剑桥雅思阅读解析》、《剑桥雅思写作解析》和《剑桥雅思口语解析》。
每本书都包含了大量的练习题和真实的考试样题，以及详细的解析和答案。
2. 结构和特点，每本书都按照雅思考试的要求和难度进行编排。
在每个模块的解析中，书中会提供各种类型的题目，包括选择题、填空题、匹配题等，以帮助考生更好地理解和掌握考试技巧。
此外，书中还会给出一些考试中常见的陷阱和解题技巧，帮助考生提高答题准确性和效率。
3. 解析方法和策略，《剑桥雅思解析》通过详细的解析，帮助考生理解每个题目的出题意图和解题思路。
解析中会给出正确答案的解释，并指导考生如何在有限的时间内找到正确答案。
此外，书中还会提供一些解题策略和技巧，帮助考生在考试中更好地应对各种情况。
4. 实用性和可靠性，《剑桥雅思解析》是由剑桥大学出版社出版的，具有较高的可靠性和权威性。
书中的练习题和样题都是根据真实的考试题目编写的，能够帮助考生更好地了解考试的难度和题型。
同时，书中的解析内容详细全面，能够帮助考生理解每个题目的解题思路和技巧。
总结起来，《剑桥雅思解析》是一套权威可靠的雅思考试辅导材料，通过详细的解析和答案，帮助考生更好地理解和掌握雅思考试的各个模块。
它的内容全面，结构清晰，解析方法和策略实用，对于备考雅思的考生来说是一本非常有价值的参考书籍。
雅思阅读讲义ppt课件
阅读的词汇量要求最大，熟 练度较低
3
雅思阅读考试与题型分析
听力结束后开始，1小时时间 阅读量：3篇文章，共2000-2750词 文章来源：报纸，书籍，杂志，学术期刊。至少一篇议论文 假设口语速度为125 Words/分钟，仅仅看完以上3篇文章就需要20
分钟+，所以没有必要把文章读完再做题。
雅思阅读—模板法
Lesson 1 简介
1
目录
雅思阅读考试与题型分析 试题拆解与攻略 试题常见陷阱与分析2雅思阅读考试与题型分析
雅思14test3阅读
雅思14test3阅读雅思阅读考试是雅思考试的一部分，考察考生在阅读理解方面的能力。
在雅思14test3阅读部分，考生需要阅读三篇文章，并回答与文章相关的问题。
本文将分别对三篇文章的主题、内容和考点进行详细介绍。
第一篇文章：《玻璃的历史及制作》这篇文章主要介绍了玻璃的历史和制作过程。
文章开头先介绍了玻璃的起源，从最早的天然玻璃发展到人工制造玻璃。
接着详细介绍了玻璃的制作过程，包括原料的选择、熔炼、成型等步骤。
文章还提到了玻璃制造的相关技术，如玻璃纤维和玻璃钢等。
最后，文章总结了玻璃在人类社会中的广泛应用，包括建筑、家具、容器等方面。
第二篇文章：《植物的食肉性》这篇文章主要介绍了植物的食肉性。
文章首先介绍了植物的基本特点和主要获取营养的途径，然后详细介绍了几种食肉植物的特点和捕食方式。
文章还讨论了植物捕食昆虫的原因和进化过程，以及植物如何适应土壤贫瘠条件下的食肉生活。
最后，文章提到了目前人们对植物的食肉性研究的意义和价值。
第三篇文章：《人类的社交本能》这篇文章主要介绍了人类的社交本能。
文章首先探讨了人类社交的重要性和人类社交行为的基本类型，如合作、交流等。
接着介绍了人类社交行为的起源和进化过程，以及人类大脑中与社交相关的神经系统。
文章还讨论了社交行为对个人和社会的影响，包括心理健康、社会认同等方面。
最后，文章呼吁人们关注和加强社交能力的培养，以促进社会和谐与发展。
以上是对雅思14test3阅读部分三篇文章的主题、内容和考点的详细介绍。
在备考阅读部分时，考生需要对每篇文章的主题和重点进行理解和分析，掌握文章的关键信息和逻辑结构。
同时，练习做题，提高阅读理解能力和答题技巧，如快速定位信息、理解词汇和句子的含义、推理判断等。
通过持续的练习和积累，提高自己的阅读理解水平，为雅思考试取得好成绩打下坚实的基础。
雅思阅读Unit14答案
雅思阅读Unit14答案READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1—13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.The life and work of Marie CurieMarie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in , she is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She wasthe first woman to win a Nobel Prize.From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Becauseher father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. Form her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronia’s medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn,later help her to get an education.In this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to studyat the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. She came first in the examination in the physical sciences in , and in was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until the spring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie.Their marriage in marked the start of a partnership that was soon to achieve results of world significance. Following Henri Becquerel’s discoveryin of a new phenomenon, which Marie later called ‘‘radioactivity’, Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was true for thorium.Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work that she had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himselfchiefly to the physical study of the new radiations, Marie Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic state. This was achieved with the help of the chemist Andre-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curie’s pupils. Based on the results of this research, Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science, andin Marie and Pierre shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of radioactivity.The births of Marie’s two daughters, lrène a nd Eve, in and failed to interrupt her scientific work. She was appointed lecturer in physics at the Ecole Normale Supérieure for girls in Sèvres, France (), and introduced a method of teaching based on experimental demonstrations. In December she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie.The sudden death of her husband in was a bitter blow to Marie Curie, but was also a turning point in her career: henceforth she was to devote all her energy to completing alone the scientific work that they had undertaken. On May 13, , she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husband’s death, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. In she was awarded the Noble Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of radium.During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her daughter Irène, devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units which came to be known as ‘Little Curies’, used for thetre atment of wounded soldiers. In the Radium Institute, whose staff Irène had joined, began to operate in earnest, and became a centre for nuclear physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at the highest point of her fame and, from , a member of the Academy of Medicine, researched the chemistry of radioactive substances and their medical applications.In , accompanied by her two daughters, Marie Curie made a triumphant journey to the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Women there presented her with a gram of radium for her campaign. Marie also gave lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia and, in addition, had the satisfaction of seeing the development of the Curie Foundation in Paris, and the inauguration in in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became director.One of Marie Curie’s outstanding achievements was to have understood the need to accumulate intense radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research. The existence in Paris atthe Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around . This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in by lrène and Frédéric Joliot Curie of artificial radioactivity. A few months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation. She had often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the pretty blue-green light they gave off.Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work,the importance of which had been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes, but because of her influence on subsequent generations of nuclear physicists and chemists.Questions 1—6Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1—6 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 Marie Curie’s husband was a joint winner of both Marie’s Nobel Prizes.2 Marie became interested in science when she was a child.3 Marie was able to attend the Sorbonne because of her sister’s financial contribution.4 Marie stopped doing research for several years when her children were born.5 Marie took over the teaching position her husband had held.6 Marie’s sister Bronia studied the medical uses of radioactivity.Questions 7—13Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 7—13 on your answer sheet.Marie Curie’s research on radioactivityWhen uranium was discovered to be radioactive, Marie Curie found that the element called 7______ had the same property.? Marie and Pierre Curie’s research into the radioactivity of the mineral known as 8_______ led to the discovery of two elements.In , Marie Curie received recognition for her work on the element9_______? Marie and lrène Curie developed X-radiography which was used as a medical technique for 10 ______Marie Curie saw the importance of collecting radioactive material both for research and for cases of 11 ______.The radioactive material stocked in Paris contributed to the discoveries in the s of the 12 ______ and of what was know as artificial radioactivity.During her research, Marie Curie was exposed to radiation and as aresult she suffered from 13 ______.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14—26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Young children’s sense of identityA. A sense of self develops in young children by degrees. The process can usefully be thought of in terms of the gradual emergence of two somewhat separate features: the self as a subject, and the self as an object. William James introduced the distinction in , and contemporaries of his, such as Charles Cooley, added to the developing debate. Ever since then psychologists have continued building on the theory.B. According to James, a child’s first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists. This is an aspect of the self that he labeled ‘self-as-subject’, and he gave it various elements. These included an awareness of one’s own agency (i.e. one’s power to act), and an awareness of one’s distin ctiveness from other people. Thesefeatures gradually emerge as infants explore their world and interact with caregivers. Cooley () suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise power. He proposed that the earliest examples of this are an infant’s attempts to control physical objects, such as toys or his or her own limbs. This is followed by attempts to affect the behaviour of other people. For example, infants learn that when they cry or smile someone responds to them.C. Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them. Many parents spend a lot of time, particularly in the early months, copying their infant’s vocalizations and expressions. In addition, young children enjoy looking in mirrors, where the movements they can see are dependent upon their own movements. This is not to say that infants recognize the reflection as their own image (a later development). However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn () suggest that infants’ developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people. This is because they, and only they, can change the reflection in the mirror.D. This understanding that children gain of themselves as active agent continues to develop in their attempts to co-operate with others in play. Dunn () points out that it is in such day-to –day relationships and interactions that the child’s understanding of his-or herself emerges. Empirical investigations of the self-as-subject in young children are, however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication: even if young infants can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of the self directly.E. Once children have acquired a certain level of self-awareness, they begin to place themselves in whole series of categories, which together play such an important part in defining them uniquely as ‘themselves’. This second step in the development of a full sense of self is what James called the ‘self-as-object’. This has been seen by many to be the aspect of theself which is most influenced by social elements, since it is made up ofsocial roles (such as student, brother, colleague) and characteristics which derive their meaning from comparison or interaction with other people (such as trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability).F. Cooley and other researchers suggested a close connection between a person’s own understanding of their identity and other people’sunderstanding of it. Cooley believed that people build up their sense ofidentity form the reactions of others to them, and form the view they believe others have of them. He called the self-as-object the ‘looking-glass self’, since people come to see themselves as they are reflected in others. Mead () went even further and saw the self and the social world as inextricably bound together: ‘The self is essentially a social structure, and it arises insocial experience… it is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience.’G. Lewis and Brooks-Gunn argued that an important developmental milestoneis reached when children become able to recognize themselves visually without the support of seeing contingent movement. This recognition occurs aroundtheir second birthday. In one experiment, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn () dabbed some red powder on the noses of children who were playing in front of a mirror, and then observed how often they touched their noses. The psychologists reasoned that if the children knew what they usually looked like, they would besurprised by the unusual red mark and would start touching it. On the other hand, they found that children of 15 to 18 months are generally not able to recognize themselves unless other cues such as movement are present.H. Finally, perhaps the most graphic expressions of self-awareness in general can be seen in the displays of rage which are most common from 18 months to 3 years of age. In a longitudinal study of groups of three or four children, Bronson () found that the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2 years. Often, the children’s disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it. Although it may beless marked in other societies, the link between the sense of ‘self’ and of‘ownership’ is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies.Questions 14—19Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A—H.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A—H, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.14 an account of the method used by researchers in a particular study15 the role of imitation in developing a sense of identity16 the age at which children can usually identify a static image of themselves17 a reason for the limitations of scientific research into ‘self-as-subject’18 reference to a possible link between culture and a particular form of behaviour19 examples of the wide range of features that contribute to the sense of ‘self-as-object’Questions 20—23Look at the following findings (Questions 20—23) and the list of researchers below.Match each finding with the correct researcher or researchers, A—E.Write the correct letter, A—E, in boxes 20—23 on your answer sheet.20 A sense of identity can never be formed without relationships with other people.21 A child’s awareness of self is related to a sense of mastery over things and people.22 At a certain age, children’s sense of identity leads to aggressiv e behaviour.23 Observing their own reflection contributes to children’s self awareness.List of ResearchersA JamesB CooleyC Lewis and Brooks-GunnD MeadE BronsonQuestions 24—26Complete the summary below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 24—26 on your answers sheet.How children acquire a sense of identityFirst, children come to realize that they can have an effect on the world around them,for example by handling objects, or causing the image to move when they face a 24 ______. This aspect of self-awareness is difficult to research directly, because of 25______ problems.Secondly, children start to become aware of how they are viewed by others. One important stage in this process is the visual recognition of themselves which usually occurs when they reach the age of two. In Western societies at least, the development of self awareness is often linked to a sense of 26______, and can lead to disputes.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.Questions 27-30Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A—F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B—E from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i—vii, in boxes 27—30 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Commercial pressures on people in chargeii Mixed views on current changes to museumsiii Interpreting the facts to meet visitor expectationsiv The international dimensionv Collections of factual evidencevi Fewer differences between public attractionsvii Current reviews and suggestionsExample AnswerParagraph A v27 Paragraph B28 Paragraph C29 Paragraph D30 Paragraph EThe Development of MuseumsA. The conviction that historical relics provide infallible testimonyabout the past is rooted in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when science was regarded as objective and value free. As one writer observes:‘Although it is now evident that artefacts are as easily altered as chronicles, public faith in their veracity endures: a tangible relic seemsipso facto real’. Such conviction was, until recently, reflected in museum displays. Museums used to look — and some still do — much like storage rooms of objects packed together in showcases: good for scholars who wanted to study the subtle differences in design, but not for the ordinary visitor, to whom it all looked alike. Similarly, the information accompanying the objects often made little sense to the lay visitor. The content and format of explanations dated back to a time when the museum was the exclusive domain of thescientific researcher.B. Recently, however, attitudes towards history and the way it should be presented have altered. The key word in heritage display is now ‘experience’, the more exciting the better and, if possible, involving all the senses. Good examples of this approach in the UK are the Jorvik Centre in York; theNational Museum of Photography, Film and Television in Bradford; and the Imperial War Museum in London. In the US the trend emerged much earlier: Williamsburg has been a prototype for many heritage developments in otherparts of the world. No one can predict where the process will end. On so-called heritage sites the re-enactment of historical events is increasinglypopular, and computers will soon provide virtual reality experiences, which will present visitors with a vivid image of the period of their choice, in which they themselves can act as if part of the historical environment. Such developments have been criticized as an intolerable vulgarization, but the success of many historical theme parks and similar locations suggests that the majority of the public does not share this opinion.C. In a related development, the sharp distinction between museum and heritage sites on the one hand, and theme parks on the other, is gradually evaporating. They already borrow ideas and concepts from one another. For example, museums have adopted story lines for exhibitions, sites have accepted ‘theming’ as a relevant tool, and theme parks are moving towards more authenticity and research-based presentations. In zoos, animals are no longer kept in cages, but in great spaces, either in the open air or in enormous greenhouses, such as the jungle and desert environments in Burgers’ Zoo in Holland. This particular trend is regarded as one of the major developments in the presentation of natural history in the twentieth century.D. Theme parks are undergoing other changes, too, as they try to present more serious social and cultural issues, and move away from fantasy. This development is a response to market forces and, although museums and heritage sites have a special, rather distinct, role to fulfil, they are also operating in a very competitive environment, where visitors make choices on how and where to spend their free time. Heritage and museum experts do not have to invent stories and recreate historical environments to attract their visitors: their assets are already in place. However, exhibits must be both based on artefacts and facts as we know them, and attractively presented. Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus indifficult position, as they must steer a narrow course between the demands of ‘evidence’ and ‘attractiveness’, especially given the increasing need in the heritage industry for income-generating activities.E. It could be claimed that in order to make everything in heritage more ‘real’, historical accuracy must be increasingly altered. For example, Pithecanthropus erectus is depicted in an Indonesian museum with Malay facial features, because this corresponds to public perceptions. Similarly, in the Museum of Natural History in Washington, Neanderthal man is shown making a dominant gesture to his wife. Such presentations tell us more about contemporary perceptions of the world than about our ancestors. There is one compensation, however, for the professionals who make these interpretations:if they did not provide the interpretation, visitors would do it for themselves, based on their own ideas, misconceptions and prejudices. And no matter how exciting the result, it would contain a lot more bias than the presentations provided by experts.F. Human bias is inevitable, but another source of bias in the representation of history has to do with the transitory nature of the materials themselves. The simple fact is that not everything from history survives the historical process. Castles, palaces and cathedrals have a longer lifespan than the dwellings of ordinary people. The same applies to the furnishing and other contents of the premises. In a town like Leyden in Holland, which in the seventeenth century was occupied by approximately the same number of inhabitants as today, people lived within the walled town, an area more than five times smaller than modern Leyden. In most of the houses several families lived together in circumstances beyond our imagination. Yet in museums, fine period rooms give only an image of the lifestyle of the upper class of that era. No wonder that people who stroll around exhibitions are filled with nostalgia; the evidence in museums indicates that life was so much better in past. This notion is induced by the bias in its representation in museums and heritage centres.Questions 31—36Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet.31 Compared with today’s museums, those of the past.A did not present history in a detailed way.B were not primarily intended for the public.C were more clearly organised.D preserved items with greater care.32 According to the writer, current trends in the heritage industryA emphasise personal involvement.B have their origins in York and London.C rely on computer images.D reflect minority tastes.33 The writer says that museums, heritage sites and theme parksA often work in close partnership.B try to preserve separate identities.C have similar exhibits.D are less easy to distinguish than before.34 The writer says that in preparing exhibits for museums, expertsA should pursue a single objective.B have to do a certain amount of language translation.C should be free from commercial constraints.D have to balance conflicting priorities.35 In paragraph E, the writer suggests that some museum exhibitsA fail to match visitor expectations.B are based on the false assumptions of professionals.C reveal more about present beliefs than about the past.D allow visitors to make more use of their imagination.36 The passage ends by noting that our view of history is biased becauseA we fail to use our imagination.B only very durable objects remain from the past.C we tend to ignore things that displease us.D museum exhibits focus too much on the local area.Questions 37—40Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 37—40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this37 Consumers prefer theme parks which avoid serious issues.38 More people visit museums than theme parks.39 The boundaries of Leyden have changed little since the seventeenth century.40 Museums can give a false impression of how life used to be.Passage 1参考译文：加利福尼亚州的空难事件火灾干旱，房屋的大量扩建，易燃物的过度供给导致美国西部发生更大更热的火灾。
2016雅思小作文真题汇总
2016 年1 月9 日雅思写作真题之雅思小作文TASK1男女同学在课外参加体育运动的时常比例。
difference in the percentage of sports in outdoor school hours2016 年1 月14 日雅思写作真题之雅思小作文TASK1 The number of people taking part in a wildlife survey in Britain between 2001 and 2009.2016 年1 月23 日雅思写作真题之雅思小作文TASK1 The three pie charts below show the production, consumptionof coffee and where the profit goes around the world.( 数据仅供参考)2016 年1 月30 日雅思写作真题之雅思小作文TASK1 Task 1The diagram shows how an office building looks at present and the plan for its future development.2016 年2 月18 日雅思写作真题之雅思小作文TASK1Changes of average monthly salary and prices of black and white TV inJapanese Yen from 1953 to 19732016 年2 月20 日雅思写作真题之雅思小作文TASK1The chart and graph show the categories of workforce in Australia and the unemployment within 3 groups.2016 年2 月27 日雅思写作真题之雅思小作文TASK1Task 1The graph below shows the unemployment rate in Ireland and the number ofpeople leaving the country between 1998 and 2008.2016 年3 月5 日雅思写作真题之雅思小作文TASK1The graph shows the size of the Ozone layer hole in Antarctic and three productions of damaged gases to the Antarctic Ozone from 1980 to 2000.2016 年3 月12 日雅思写作真题之雅思小作文TASK1The table below shows the information of the employment of students from four countries in UK after their first courses in 2001 。
2016年6月16日朗阁雅思阅读考题回顾.doc
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心方晓静考试日期2016年6月16日station at Gombe-the first of its kind-is more famous, but Nishida‟s site at Mahale is the second oldest chimpanzee research site in the world. )D In these initial studies, as the chimpanzees became accustomed to close observation, the remarkable discoveries began. Researchers witnessed a range of unexpected behaviors, including fashioning and using tools, hunting, meat eating, food sharing and lethal fights between members of neighboring communities.E As early as 1973, Goodall recorded 13 forms of tool use as well as eight social activities that appeared to differ between the Gombe chimpanzees and chimpanzee populations elsewhere. She ventured that some variations had what she termed a cultural origin. But what exactly did Goodall mean by "culture"? According to the Oxford Encyclopedic English Dictionary, culture is defined as "the customs . . . and achievements of a particular time or people. "The diversity of human cultures extends from technological variations to marriage rituals, from culinary habits to myths and legends. Animals do not have myths and legends, of course. But they do have the capacity to pass on behavioral traits from generation to generation, not through their genes but bylearning. For biologists, this is the fundamental criterion for a cultural trait: it must be something that can be learned by observing the established skills of others and thus passed on to future generationsF What of the implications for chimpanzees themselves? We must highlight the tragic loss of chimpanzees, whose populations are being decimated just when we are at last coming to appreciate these astonishing animals more completely. Populations have plummeted in the past century and continue to fall as a result of illegal trapping, logging and, most recently, the bushmeat trade. The latter is particularly alarming: logging has driven roadways into the forests that are now used to ship wild-animal meat-including chimpanzee meat-to consumers as far afield as Europe. Such destruction threatens not only the animals themselves but also a host of fascinatingly different ape cultures.G Perhaps the cultural richness of the ape may yet help in its salvation, however. Some conservation efforts have already altered the attitudes of some local people. A few organizations have begun to show videotapes illustrating the cognitive prowess of chimpanzees.One Zairian viewer was heard to exclaim, "Ah, this ape is so like me, I can no longer eat him. "H How an international team of chimpanzee experts conducted the most comprehensive survey of the animals ever attempted. Scientists have been investigating chimpanzee culture for several decades, but too often their studies contained a crucial flaw. Most attempts to document cultural diversity among chimpanzees have relied solely on officially published accounts of the behaviors recorded at each research site. But this approach probably overlooks a good deal of cultural variation for three reasons. First, scientists typically don‟t publish an extensive list of all the activities they do not see at a particular location. Yet this is exactly what we need to know-which behaviors were and were not observed at each site. Second, many reports describe chimpanzee behaviors without saying how common they are; with- out thisinformation, we can‟t determine whether a particular action was a once-in-a-lifetime aberration or a routine event that should be considered part of the animals‟ culture. Finally, researchers‟ descriptions of potentially significant chimpanzee behaviors frequently lack sufficient detail, making it difficult for scientists working at other spots to record the presence or absence of the activities.J To remedy these problems, the two of us decided to take a new approach. We asked field researchers at each site for a list of all the behaviors they suspected were local traditions. With this information in hand, we pulled together a comprehensive list of 65 candidates for cultural behaviors.K Then we distributed our list to the team leaders at each site. In consultation with their colleagues, they classified each behavior in terms of its occurrence or absence in the chimpanzee community studied. The key categories were customary behavior (occurs in most or all of the able-bodied members of at least one age or sex class, such as all adult males), habitual (less common than customary but occurs repeatedly in several individuals), present (seen at the site but not habitual), absent (never seen), and unknown.。
雅思考试阅读全面解析及答案(7)
雅思考试阅读全面解析及答案(7)Time to cool itFrom The Economist print edition1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology: solid, reliable and j ust a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century, but th en they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it, and t hen dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This meth od of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigera tors' main jobs were preserving food and, as air conditioners, cooling building s. Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pump s are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them an d they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array o f tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by, for exam ple, a person, and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be us ed to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists, however. Apply an appropriate cur rent to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko, of Cambr idge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his col leagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosi ty to something with commercial applications.4 As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little ha zy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. T he real money, though, may be in cooling computers.5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long ti me. One consequence of Moore's Law, which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months, is that the amount of heat produced d oubles as well. In fact, it more than doubles, because besides increasing in nu mber, the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore' s company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃, they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium box es designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fa ns that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from sing le-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two, and then four, subunits, in order to spread the thermal load, also seems to hav e the end of the road in sight.7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon, the ther moelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelect rics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in whi ch electrons can flow freely, but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice, this t rick is hard to pull off, and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or, at least, than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nev ertheless, Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Caro lina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. Ali Shakouri, of the University o f California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.9 The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less t echy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple l aunched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through lit tle channels in the processor, and thence to a radiator, where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat e xchange takes place. In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels a nd either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old, as it were, hand in hand with the new.(830 words)Questions 1-5Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company nam e from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.A. AppleB. IBMC. IntelD. Alex MischenkoE. Ali ShakouriF. Rama Venkatasubramanian1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the marke t to produce cooling.2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of co mputer chips by 10℃.4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a co mputer chip.5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to make sure maximum heat exchange.Questions 6-9Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage6. Paraelectric materials can generate a current when electrodes are attach ed to them.7. Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manuf acturing more efficient referigerators.8. Doubling the frequency of logical operations inside a microprocessor dou bles the heat output.9. IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.Question 10Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.10. Which method of disposing heat in computers may have a bright prospect?A. Tweaking the processors?heat sinks.B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor抯 heat sinks.C. Shifting from single-core processors to systems of subunits.D. None of the above.Questions 11-14Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present, scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration, especiall y in computer microprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate tem perature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect h as also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A minia ture version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer c ooling in the future.Key and Explanations:1. DSee Paragraph 3: ...Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commerci ally available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperat ure drops...2. CSee Paragraph 5: The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second.3. FSee Paragraph 8: ...Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can si t on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃.4. ESee Paragraph 8: Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller梥o small that they can go inside the chip.5. BSee Paragraph 9: To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exch ange takes place.6. TRUESee Paragraph 2: ...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when t hey undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.7. FALSESee Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laborat ory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He ha s, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his disco very to use in more efficient domestic fridges?8. FALSESee Paragraph 5: Heat is released every time a logical operation is perform ed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it ge nerates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.9. NOT GIVENSee Paragraph 9: In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels a nd either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.10. DSee Paragraph 6: Tweaking the processor's heat sinks ?has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems?also seems to have the end of the road in sight.11. heatSee Paragraph 1: Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrig eration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.12. paraelectricSee Paragraph 3: Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previou sly recorded.13. thermoelectricSee Paragraph 7: ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an ele ctrical source. Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is alre ady working on it.14. radiatorSee Paragraph 9: The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a sys tem even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.。
【图文】雅思阅读讲义
试题常见陷阱与分析介词的替换：将题目中的介词替换成其他的介词，实意动词或短语。
常见于填空题：题目中以介词+空格出现，但文中不出现介词。
题干：原文：… suggests that the Egyptians might have been developing ideas of flight for a long.试题常见陷阱与分析表示原因：可以替换成其他的因果关系或名词。
表示目的：可以替换成不定式表示目的状语，可以替换成表示目的的名词（purpose, aim, goal）表示方法手段：替换成其他表示方法的介词（with, through）；替换成表示“使用”的实意动词（use, adopt, utilize）表示被动语态：可以替换成主动语态的表达形式试题常见陷阱与分析表示从属关系：替换成代词的所有格表示属于：belong, in替换成形容词表示使用的方法手段：同表示“和，一起”：可以替换成拥有的实意动词（have, available, possess）试题常见陷阱与分析自我否定：原文中用和题干几乎一样的文字表示肯定，后面使用否定形式驳倒一切，再出现真正的答案。
题干：Although Lozanov’s method has become quite well known, the results of most other teachers using this m原文：While suggestopedia has gained some notoriety through success in the teaching of modern languages, few teachers are able to emulate the spectacular results of Lozanov and his associates.。
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TRUE/YES 和 FALSE/NO 的判断标准
STEP 1：定位，找出题目在原文中的出处。
STEP 2：判断，根据下列原则和规律，确定正确答案。
二． True/YES 的判断原则 第一种情况：题目是原文的_________________。通常用_________。 例1
原文：Frogs are losing the ecological battle for survival, and biologists are at a loss to explain their demise.
雅思阅读讲义
Unit 1 Overview 概述
Number of questions
Passage length
40 11-15 for each passage
40 11-15 for each section
800-1000 words per passage averagely
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3
物学，医学，建筑学，教育学，女性主义研究等
人类历史发展中的重要事件，重 人类历史上的重大发明（如电视，电话，计算机等）
要人物及重要标志性产品
和表明人类文明辉煌成就的重大事件（如登录月球）
1
4. Question Type 题型
雅思阅读讲义
List of headings 1
标题匹配
要求根据段落内容找出与其相匹配的标题，每个段落只 有一个标题
过程，加强答对题的思维和感觉。 第三遍，把雅思阅读文章作为单词书使用，也就是把每篇文章里的高频核心动词和主题词汇总出来，这同时也
是分析长难句的过程，经过这个分析句子―理解记忆单词的过程，这个过程可以重复多遍，这样你的雅思阅读能力 才会有实质性的提高！
练习：划出下列题目的定位词。
3
雅思阅读讲义
一、解题步骤
分类匹配 4
学者与其主要观点相配，错误观点 misconception 与反驳 错误观点的论据 counterargument 相配, 事件与发生的时
间相配，原因与结果相配，新产品与发明家或发明时间
相配，等等
Multiple-choice 5 选择题
四选一，六选三或七选三 题目中通常会说明正确答案的数目，所以审题很重要
1. Format of the reading module Time: 60 minutes Content:
Type
Academic (A) study abroad
General Training (G) immigration
Reading task
3 reading passages
3 sections
8. 剑桥系列习题集的使用 剑桥雅思系列的每一篇阅读文章起码要做够三遍 第一遍，严格限时做题，进行模考演练，既能测试自己的水平，又能保持好的临战状态。 第二遍，放松时间严格按照正确的步骤方法做题，并将每个题在文章中的依据标示出来，对于第一遍做错的题
思考为什么做错，找出原因，思考以后如何改进做题方法；对于做对的题，也要思考自己做题是的判断依据和思考
2 – 3 short passages 2 passages of medium
length 1 passage of 800-1000
words
2. Scores (on a scale of 1 - 9)
分数
A 类答对题数
G 类答对题数
9
39 - 40
40
8.5
37 - 38
38 - 39
8
35 - 36
例 2 原文：There is now enormous potential for PVA to assist wildlife management in Australia's forests. 题目：PVA has been used in Australia for many years.
Short-answer questions 题目指令对答案词数有要求，一般要求是 NO MORE
6 简答
THAN THREE WORDS. 答案必须出自原文
Completion task 7 补全信息
题目要求补全句子，表格，示意图或流程图中缺失的信 息。答案不超过三个单词，要出自原文
5. Reading skills (test purpose) skills
概述总结
文字，其中留出五到六个空格，由考生根据文章内容，
3
按照题目要求的词数在空格中填词；另一种是在第一种
形式的基础上在文字下方给出 word bank, 考生只能选择
其中的词来进行填空
Matching/
要求考生根据所读文章内容把两组信息进行配对，包括
classification
论点与论据相配，概念与解释相配，信息与段落相配，
1 Previewing 2 Anticipating 3 Skimming
4 Scanning
5 Summarizing
What are you supposed to do? 迅速浏览文章的标题，副标题，小标题及大致结构，从而对文章 有个总体感觉；快速辨认题型类别 阅读时不应仅仅停留在当前所阅读的内容上，而应该对后面的信 息进行预测和判断 为了抓住文章的中心思想或段落的主题，不需要逐词逐句地读， 而要重点阅读起始段落和结束段落，每一段的第一个句子，以及 段落中的关联词 如何能快速在文章中找到需要的信息取决与关键词的寻找。确定 关键词后，要迅速扫描文章，搜索关键词，而不必完全理解所读 内容。一旦找到关键词，要仔细阅读其前后的信息，达到正确理 解。 能够快速领悟出一个段落或一个句子核心信息
True/False/Not Given 题目是数个陈述句，考生必须根据文章内容判断。如果
判断题 2
题目内容与原文内容一致，选 true;如果题目内容与文章 内容相抵触，选 false;如果题目内容在原文中没有提到，
则选 Not Given
Summary
பைடு நூலகம்
两种出题方式：1）从文章的某几段中选取内容组成一段
2
6. Reading techniques recommended
雅思阅读讲义
1 用半分钟浏览三篇文章的标题以及其后的题目 2 先看题目，再看文章 3 一定要阅读每个题目的指令（如阅读范围，答案词数要求） 4 找到题目中的定位词：____、____、____、____、____、____、____、____、____、
例 3 原文：
题目：
第三种情况：题目因果关系_______或_________ 例1 原文：
题目：
4
雅思阅读讲义
NOTICE 1． 一定要依据原文，不能凭皆自己的知识。 原文是判断的唯一根据。所以，无论你对文章内容或背景多么熟悉，或者你的知识多么丰富，都不能凭借自
己的知识来确定答案。 例1 原文：His aim was to bring together, once every four years, athletes from all countries on the friendly fields of amateur sport. 题目：Only amateur athletes are allowed to compete in the modern Olympics.
Topic
Example
地球，自然界的现象及地理现象 全球气候变暖，厄尔尼诺，地球灾难，火山，地震，
森林大火，生物灭绝
人类社会发展，经济状况及文化 世界范围内的就业状况，教育状况，工农业状况，经
交流
济发展状况，粮食。能源危机，人口爆炸及居住问题，
城市化及相关问题
热门学科
某些热门学科信的研究动向，如语言学，考古学，生
____、划线部分，以及一些较长或者拼写比较特别的词 5 在文章中寻找关键词 6 仔细阅读包含关键词的句子以及其前后的句子，通常答案就在附近 7 按照题目的先后顺序在文章中顺次寻找答案（matching 题除外）
7. How to prepare for IELTS Reading Module 1) Vocabulary: 不需要把大部分时间放在背单词上，更没必要死记硬背很多偏难怪的词。应该集中精力突破雅 思阅读核心高频动词和主题高频词。 2) Reading technique: 非常重要，一定要遵循技巧勤加练习 3) Practice：每次做完题后一定要花时间做分析总结 4) Read, read, read
2． 可以依据原文做适当的推断，但不能做无根据的自行推断或过度推断。 有些题目需要根据原文做适当的推断，才能确定正确答案，但必须是根据原文来做推断，不能做毫无根据的 推理。而且一般来讲，即使有推理，也只推一步，不要推得很深。有些阅读水平好的同学，如果不掌握前面的规律 和方法，做这种题型反而错得更多，主要原因就是想得太多，或推理得太多和太深。 3． 要注意题目要求答什么。 同是是非题，有时题目要求考生答 TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN，有时又要求考生答 YES/NO/NOT GIVEN，必须按照 要求去做，否则，本来判断正确，因为不符合要求而失分，很可惜。避免答错的一个方法是：在平常练习中就按照 题目的要求去答，而不是随心所欲。 4． 题目中若出现 must、only、all 及 always，答案一般不会是 Ture。 题目中出现这些词很常见，95%的答案都不是 Ture。笔者只遇到过一次题目中出现了 must 而答案为 TRUE 的 情况。题目中出现上述这些词，答案 FALSE 是还是 NOT GIVEN，就不一定，需要根据上面讲的规律再做判断，一般 答案是 False 的比例更大一些。不看原文，下面几个题目的答案都是 False。 i. Europeans learned all of what they knew of edible, wild plants from Aborigines. ii. Before the dry plate process short exposures could only be achieved with cameras held in the hand. 5． 答案选择有一定的规律。 A． 题目数目在 5 个或 5 个以上时，三种答案都要出现。题目数目在 5 个以下时，则不一定。 B． 可以连续三题答案都一样，如都是 Ture，但还没有连续四题答案都一样。连续三题都一样的情况也不多 见，笔者只遇到过两次，一次都是 TRUE，一次都是 NOT GIVEN。 6． 要相信自己的第一感觉，不要轻易改答案。 在考试中，除非有特别强的理由，否则不要轻易改答案，人的第一感觉往往是正确的。很多同学都将正确的 答案改错了。 7． 要注意上述规律和方法的运用，不要钻牛角尖。