科学、艺术与建筑

第一讲绪论（提纲）

科学、艺术与建筑

科学science

Webster‟s Dictionary: from Lat. Scientia = knowledge 知识

-- possession of knowledge as distinguished from ignorance or misunderstanding; 区别与愚昧和无知的拥有知识；

-- a branch or department of systematized knowledge that is or can be made a specific object of study; some thing that may be studied or learned like systematized knowledge ; 系统性的知识，可通过“学习、研究” 获取；

-- accumulated and accepted knowledge that has been systematized and formulated with reference to the discovery of general truths or the operating of general laws。和普遍性真理和普遍规律有关的系统化了的和规则化了的知识积累。

五四运动时，中国的知识精英呼唤“德先生”（民主）和“赛先生”（科学），这个“赛先生”就是上面的第一条释义。

牛津字典:

knowledge arranged in orderly manner, especially knowledge obtained by observation and testing of facts.

大英百科全书History of science 条目:

On the simplest level, science is knowledge of the world of nature . Science, then is to be considered in this article as knowledge of natural regularities, that is subjected to some degree of skeptical rigor and explained by rational courses;

哥伦比亚百科全书:

For many the term science refers to the organized body of knowledge concerning the physical world, both animate and inanimate.

Science may be roughly divided into the natural science and social science.

在英国，通常science是指自然科学；而美国有时也把社会科学包括在内。

《辞海》:

关于自然、社会和思维的知识体系。

科学的任务是揭示事物发展的客观规律、探求客观真理, 作为人们改造世界的指南。

艺术art

Webster‟s Dictionary: from Lat. ars = skill，技能、技艺

-- skill in the adaptation of things in the natural world to the uses of human life; 对自然之物进行加工以适合人类生活之用的技能；

-- application of skill and taste to production according to aesthetic principles; 按照美学原理应用技能与感觉（品味）于生产（创作）；

-- one of the humanities, traditionally including history , philosophy,

literature, language and fine art; 人文学科的一种，传统上包括历史、哲学、文学、语言、和美术。

牛津字典:

-- the work of man, human skill; 人工之物，人的技能、技艺；

-- the creation or expression of what is beautiful; 美的创造和表达；

-- something in which skill and practice are needed as well as knowledge, especially the academic branches as distinguished from the scientific branches.

除了知识之外，还需要技能和实践的事，尤其是区别于科学的那些学科；

大英百科全书:

the use of skill and imagination in creation of aesthetic object, environments, or experiences that can be shared with others.

Traditionally, the arts are divided into the fine arts and the liberal arts.

《辞海》:

通过塑造形象具体地反映社会生活、表现作者思想感情的一种社会意识形态。艺术通常分为: 表演艺术(音乐、舞蹈), 造型艺术(绘画、雕塑), 语言艺术(文学)和综合艺术(戏剧、电影) 。

科学science

knowledge, systematized, universal truths, general laws, rational, logical, study, learn, observation, test, discover, “what is this and why is it this?”……

艺术art

skill, taste, ability, training, experience, imagination, creation, activity, expression, individual, personal…...

福楼拜尔:

越往前进，艺术越要科学化，同时科学也要艺术化，两者从基底分手，回头又在塔尖结合。

在古典时代科学和艺术处于一种混沌的统一；

十八世纪后期直到二十世纪，科学与艺术逐步分离。科学受机械论、进化论和因果决定论的控制，在征服自然、改造自然的思想下，对未来充满乐观，“知识就是力量！”

二十世纪初，随着相对论、量子力学、测不准理论、弗洛伊德精神分析说等的发现，机械论的经典科学向现代科学转变，科学的对象越来越不能用人的直观感觉来了解；同时，艺术也摆脱了直接和忠实地描绘对象，从具象走向抽象，从表现客观走向宣泄情感。

爱因斯坦：

想象比知识更为重要。