(完整版)齿轮英语文献

Helical, Worm and Bevel GearsGears are machine elements that transmit motion by means of successively engaging teeth. Gears transmit motion from one rotating shaft to another, or to a rack that translates. Numerous applications exist in which constant angular velocity ratio (or constant torque ratio) must be transmitted between shafts. Based on the variety of gear types available, there is no restriction that the input and the output shafts need be either in-line or parallel. Nonlinear angular velocity ratios are also available by using noncircular gears. In order to maintain a constant angular velocity, the individual tooth profile must obey the fundamental law of gearing: for a pair of gears to transmit a constant angular velocity ratio, the shape of their contacting profiles must be such that the common normal passes through a fixed point on the line of the centers.Any two mating tooth profiles that satisfy the fundamental law of gearing are called conjugate profiles. Although there are many tooth shapes possible in which a mating tooth could be designed to satisfy the fundamental law, only two are in general use: the cycloidal and involute profiles. The involute has important advantages: it is easy to manufacture and the center distance between a pair of involute gears can be varied without changing the velocity ratio. Thus close tolerances between shafts are not required when utilizing the involute profile.There are several standard gear types. For applications with parallel shafts, straight spur gear, parallel helical, or herringbone gears are usually used. In the case of interesting shafts, straight bevel or spiral bevel gears are employed. For nonintersecting and nonparallel shafts, crossed helical, worm, face, skew bevel or hypoid gears would be acceptable choices. For spur gears, the pitch circles of mating gears are tangent to each other. They roll on one another without sliding. The addendum is the height by which a tooth projects beyond the pitch circle (also the radial distance between the pitch circle and the addendum circle). The clearance is the amount by which the dedendum (tooth height below the pitch circle) in a given gear exceeds the addendum of its mating gear. The tooth thickness is the distance across the tooth along the arc of the pitch circle while the tooth space is the distance between adjacent teeth along the arc of the pitch circle. The backlash is the amount by which the width of the tooth space exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth at the pitchcircle.The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point，which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation;in helical gears，the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual engagement of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft，the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load.Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears .The pinlon or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears.Worm gearing are either single-or double-enveloping. A single-enveloping is one in which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm. A gearing in each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of double-enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and gear of a set have the same hand of helix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angle are usually quiet different. The helix angle on the worm is generally quiet large, and that on the gear very small. Because of this, it is usual tospecify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 90-deg.shaft angle.When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shafts, some form of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gears are usually made for a shaft angle of 90 deg., they may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of the teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact that the teeth are tapered.Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of spur gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity. In these cases it is often good design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of the helical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered.It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears.斜齿轮，蜗杆和圆锥齿轮齿轮是通过轮齿连续啮合的方式传递运动的机器零件。