高考英语中的省略

高考中的省略

在英语中，有时为了避免结构上或内容上的重复，并使上下文紧密连接；有时因为语法的客观要求，句子中的一个或几个成分不需要表达出来，这种现象称为省略。英语中的省略要求不破坏语法结构，要保持句子意义的准确无误。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，还有一种替代省略。省略部分的成分和含义可从上下文或具体语言环境中找到而且是有章可循的，英语的省略大致有以下几种情况：

一、简单句中的省略

1）感叹句中常省略主语和谓语，如：What a hot day !

How wonderful!

2）在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分，如：Anything else ?

—Are you feeling better now ? —Much better . This way, please.

二、并列句中的省略

1）如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的部分，如：John must have been playing basketball and Mary doing her homework.

2）主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都可以省略，如：His advice made John happy, but Mary angry.

3）主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语，如：He gave up drinking for several days, but soon returned to his old ways.

4）在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其它一些成分与第一个并列句相同，that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分，如：Jack will danceat the party, but I know Tom won't .

三、复合句中的省略

I）名词性从句中的省略

（1）作宾语的what从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同，则what从句可以省略谓语，甚至主语，如：Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who .

He has gone, but no one knows where.

（2）引导宾语从句的连词that在口语中常常省略,或并列的宾语从句中的第一个连词that 也能省略，如:

He said he had arrived here two days before and that he had lived in a hotel.

（3）在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。这些句子一般包含如下动词一及其派生词：一个坚持(insist)，二个命令(order, command)，三建议(suggest, propose, advise )，四要求(demand, require, request, ask) ，如：It's important that we speak to the old politely.

Jane's pale face suggested that she was ill and her parents suggested that she have a medical examination.

(4) It is necessary(important, impossible, strange, natural, a pity, no wonder) that...主语从句中，如: It is necessary that the problem be solved at once.

(5)有时也可以根据说话的情景来省略主句中的一些成分，如：Sorry I've kept you waiting so long.

II）定语从句中的省略

（1）在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that, which, who (whom)常可以省略，如：The man I saw is called Tom.

Where is the pen I bought this morning?

（2）关系副词when, where, why及that在the time when, the place where, the reason why, the way that结构中引导限制性定语从句时，在非正式场合下，可以省略关系副词when, where, why和that等，如：I shall never forget the day we first met.

The reason he came so early is his own affair.

I don't like the way you speak to yourmother.

III）状语从句中的省略

（1）当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，或状语从句中的主语是it，并且又含有be 动词时，常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词，如：He did as told. Though tired, they went on working.

You shouldn't come to his party unless invited.

He paused as if expecting her to speak.

(2)虚拟条件句中,含助动词,情态动词,动词be或have等,若将它们提到句首,则需省略if，如: Should it rain tomorrow ,we would have to put off the visit till next week.

（3）在as(so)... as..., than引导的比较状语从句中，如：I know you can do better than Peter . This car doesn't run as fast as that one .

（4）在as引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的单数名词提前时，不定冠词要省略，如：Child as he is, he knows a lot.

四、动词不定式中的省略

1）有些动词，如：believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结构to be + n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略，如：I consider him stupid.

His mother found him a clever boy.

2）感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等以及使役动词let, make, have后作宾补的动词不定式中的不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结构时，to必须保留，如：They made the boy go to bed early.

The boy was made to go to bed early.

3) 动词不定式在like, love，care，want，hope，wish，expect，prefer，refuse，decide, mean, intend, try，promis等动词后作宾语时，为了避免重复,常承前省略不定式后的内容,但要保留不定式符号to，如: I have asked her to come，but she does not want to．

---Are you and Jane getting married？---We hope to．

注意：want，like用在when，if ,what，as 引导的从句中，其后的to也常可省略，如：I've decided to do what I like．

I'll teach you if you like．

I would do it for you, but I don't know how to

4）在can not but, can not choose but, do nothing but..., can't help but..., prefer to do rather than do ...., would do... rather than... 之后的动词不定式一般不带to；but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do, does, did, done 而且其宾语是something，nothing，anything和everything 等不定代词时，也不带to, 否则要带to，如：We have nothing to do now but wait.

I can not but admire his courage.