英语语法思维导图(口诀-讲义-精髓-入门-详解-复习-总结)
第四章数词(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
sixteen
fifty
Five
seventeen
sixty
Six
eighteen
seventy
Seven
nineteen
eighty
Eight
－
ninety
nine
－
－
ten
－
－
eleven
－
－
twelve
－
－
1.1~12 的基数词
100~1,000,000,000 百 a/one hundred 千 one thousand 万 ten thousand 十万 one hundred thousand 百万 one million 千万 ten million 亿 one hundred million 十亿 one billion(美)
点拨
hundred, thousand, million, billion 表示具体数字时,没有复数形式.如有,则表示不定数目(常与 of 连用).如:
hundreds(thousands, millions) of dollars 成百(成千,成百万)美元
thousands and thousands of people 成千上万的人
millions of reasons 许许多多的理由
(二)序数词的表示法
第 1~第 12
第 13~第 19
第 20~第 99
1st
first
13th
thirteenth
20th
twentieth
2nd
second
14th
fourteenth
30th
thirtieth
3rd
第六章副词(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
第六章副词思维导图知识梳理一、副词的定义副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词,主要用作状语,表示时间、地点、程度,方式等概念.二、副词的形式(一)简单副词这类副词本身就是副词,没有特殊的词尾.now, how, there, quite, very, always, too, back, again等.(二)由形容词＋词尾-ly变来的副词这些多数是方式副词.如bravely, quickly, quietly, greatly, carefully, gladly, slowly, deeply, clearly, firmly, simply等.(三)与形容词同形的副词如early, enough, far, fast, long, low, little, high, late, lively等.注意以下副词的不同意义:close 接近closely 仔细地deep深的deeply(表抽象意义)深地,很free免费地,自由地freely 无拘无束地direct 直接地directly 立刻hard努力地hardly几乎不high 高地highly(表抽象意义)高地just正好,恰好justly公正地late迟地,晚地lately 最近most 非常;最mostly 主要地near 接近nearly 差不多wide广阔地;充分地widely 广泛地三、副词的分类(一)时间副词表示动作发生的时间.常见的有now ,then, soon, afterwards, before, lately, presently, early, late, later, immediately, soon, already, recently, still, today, tonight, tomorrow, yesterday, ago, yet等.(二)地点副词表示动作发生的地点.常见的有here, there, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, somewhere,nowhere, abroad, away, back, below, down, up, on, under, over, out, outside, backwards等.(三)方式副词表示动作发生的方式,这类副词数量最多,大多数以形容词加-ly构成.常见的有anxiously, awkwardly, angrily, absurdly, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, carelessly, patiently, politely, proudly, properly, quickly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, willingly, warmly等.(四)程度副词有时又叫强调副词,有的从程度上强调,用来回答how much这类问题,可用来修饰形容词、副词,有的还可用来修饰动词、介词短语、名词、代词和从句等.常见的有a bit, very, quite, rather, much, too, pretty, so, awfully, almost, entirely, nearly, never, partially, wholly, especially, even, exactly, just, only, simply等.这类副词一般位于它所修饰的词的前面.(五)频度副词描绘一定时间内动作发生的频率的副词.常见的有always, ever, frequently, never, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, usually, unusually等.(六)疑问副词(一般用于特殊问句句首)主要用来构成特殊疑问句.常见的有how, when, where, why, what等.(七)句子副词这类副词往往和整个句子具有松散的语法关系,而并非修饰某个动词,actually, by all(no)means, decidedly, evidently, generally, frankly, indeed, in my opinion, unexpectedly, no , now, obviously, yes ,undoubtedly, luckily, seriously等.(八)连接副词用来连接句子、分句或从句,表示各种关系.1.表示结果therefore因此, accordingly从而2.表示添补besides此外, moreover再者3.表示对比however不管怎样, nevertheless然而4.表示条件otherwise否则5.表示时间then然后, lastly最后(九)解释副词常用来举例或列举,e.g.(=for example) 例如,for example 例如,i.e.(=that is)那就是.(十)关系副词常用来引导定语从句的有when, where, why等.各类副词举例如下:The bus arrived early.这趟车到得早.If you don't try, you will never succeed.你如果不尝试,就决不会成功.When and Where did you see him?你何时何地见到他的?I often write to her mother.我经常给她妈妈写信.How well he looks!他看起来多么健康啊！四、副词的句法功能副词在句中主要用作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句等;有时也用作表语、定语.(一)作状语This is a fairly useful tool.这是一件相当有用的工具.She usually wears belt-bag that round her middle when she goes out.她外出时,经常在腰间系上腰包.(二)作表语The train is off.火车开了.I must be off.我该走了.School is over.放学了.(三)作定语Life here is full of joy.这儿的生活充满了欢乐.Everyone there can speak English.那里的每个人都可以讲英语.(四)用作宾语补足语或主语补足语I saw him out with a girl.我看见他和一个女孩出去了.He was called in.他被叫了进来.五、副词的位置(一)频度副词频度副词的位置一般是置于be动词或助动词之后,若是其他动词则可置于之前.They sometimes stay up all night.他们有时整夜不睡觉.He can never understand.他永远也不会懂.有些频度副词,如:sometimes, yet, soon, once, often等也可放在动词后面(句尾);有些频度副词如:sometimes, usually, always, often, soon等需要强调时,也可放在句首.They'll be back soon.他们很快就回来.Usually I'm very careful.通常我是非常小心的.(二)程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词、副词的前面,修饰动词时则取决于句中的位置.She is a very good student.她是个非常好的学生.The story is quite instructive.这故事很有教育意义.特别强调时,也可将程度副词放在句尾.例如:I've forgotten it completely.我把这事全给忘了.enough用作副词,一般放在所修饰的词后面.He didn't run quickly enough.他跑得不够快.The house isn't big enough for us.这房子对我们来说不够大.通常放在句尾,也可放在句首,一般不用于句中.We heard her singing an English song outside.我们听见她正在外面唱一首英文歌.Here you can find whatever kinds of books you want.在这里你可以找到各种你想要的书.(四)时间副词表示确定时间的时间副词一般放在句尾,有时放在句首.Tomorrow they are leaving for Beijing.明天他们要去北京.Yesterday she was late for class.昨天她上学迟到了.(五)方式副词方式副词在句中的位置比较灵活.She drives too fast.她开车开得太快.He hurriedly finished his supper and went out.他匆忙地吃完晚饭就出去了.点拨及物动词和副词如:down, off, in, out, up等组成的动词词组,其宾语如果是名词,该名词一般放在副词之后,但也可放在副词之前:若是代词,该代词要放在副词之前.Take off your coat.(或:Take your coat off./Take them of)脱掉你的外套.Turn off the radio.(或:Turn the radio off./Turn it off.)关上收音机.(六)疑问副词、连接副词通常放在句子(或从句)的开头.Where are they going?他们去哪儿?What are you going to do when you grow up?长大后,你打算干什么?How shall we do it?我们该怎么做呢?(七)副词的排列顺序若句子存在几个副词时,一般按方式副词－地点副词－时间副词的顺序排列.六、副词比较级和最高级的构成及其用法同形容词一样,副词也有三个比较等级:原级、比较级和最高级.(一)副词比较级、最高级的构成1.规则变化构成方法原级比较级最高级单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加-er或-estfasthardnearfasterhardernearerfastesthardestnearest 以字母e结尾的副词加-r或-st late later latest 以辅音字母y结尾的副词,先变i,再加-er或-estearly earlier earliest多音节词和部分双音节词在副词前加more或mostquickly more quickly most quicklycarefully more carefully most carefully原级比较级最高级Well better bestBadly worse worstLittle less leastMuch more mostLate later较迟,后来(指时间) latest最近(指时间) latter后来(针对前者而言) last最后(指顺序) Far farther较远farthest最远further进一步furthest最远,最大程度上1.原级常用于as+副词原级＋as和not so/as+副词原级＋as结构as...as常用于肯定句,表示“······和······一样”;not so/as...as用于否定句,表示“不如”.We must arrange everything as well as we can.我们要把一切尽可能安排好.You didn't know so(as) much about that as I do.关于那件事,你了解得没有我这么多.2.比较级常用于“比较级＋than”结构,有时than引导的比较状语从句可以省略,当than前后所使用的动词相同时,通常用助动词来代替原有的动词,而且该助动词也可以省略比较级前可用much, far, a bit, a little, a great(deal),a lot, completely, even, still, yet等表示程度的状语.She answered the question more clearly than her classmates did.她回答问题比她的同学回答得清楚.It rains more often in the south than in the north.南方比北方雨多.Li Ping jumped farther than Jim (did).李平跳得比吉姆远.3.副词的最高级表示三者或三者以上(人或物)的比较,其中有一个在某方面超过其他几个时,要用最高级副词的最高级前面可以加定冠词the,也可以不加.句中一般可带in和of引导短语来说明比较的范围.如: The longest I can stay is three hours.我最多只能呆三小时.Tom came to school(the)latest in his class.汤姆是班上到校最晚的.4.可用“the+比较级·····,the+比较级······”结构,表示“越······就越······”的意思The higher you climb, the farther you will see.你爬得越高,就看得越远.The harder she studied, the more progress she made.她学习越努力,进步越大.5.可用“比较级＋and+比较级”结构(两个同义副词比较级,后面不接than从句)表示“越来越·····”的意思Jim runs faster and faster.吉姆跑得越来越快.The students study harder and harder.学生们学习越来越努力.七、常用副词的用法比较(一)already, yet, stillalready用于肯定句,表示“已经”.yet用于否定句作“还”解,用于疑问句作“已经”解.still主要用于肯定句,放在be动词或情态动词后实义动词前,表示动作或状态的持续,作“仍然”解.He had already left when I called.我打电话时,他已经走了.It's already ten o'clock. Who is still washing there?已经10点钟了,谁还在那儿洗衣服?Have you found your ruler yet?你找到你的尺子了吗?点拨(1)already在疑问句中有表示惊奇等感情的功能,但它通常被用来表示因事情进展迅速而吃惊,而still则表示因事情进展缓慢而吃惊.如:Have you done it already?你已经做完了?Are you still reading the book?你还在读那本书吗?(2)yet和still可用于比较级前,表示程度Tom sings well but Jim sings still better.汤姆唱得好,但吉姆唱得更好.The manager has yet more important things to do.经理还有更重要的事要做.(二)so, neither, nor三个词都能表示后者和前者情况相似.so用于肯定句,用句型:so+助动词(系动词或情态动词)＋主语.neither和nor用于否定句,用句型:neither(nor)+助动词(系动词或情态动词)＋主语.She likes dancing. So does he.她喜欢跳舞,他也一样.Jack didn't like the play. Nor did we.杰克不喜欢这出戏,我们也不喜欢.(三)too, also, either这三个词作副词用时都含有“也”的意思,但用法是不同的.1.too和also不能用于否定句,只能用于肯定句中.too用于句末,also用于句子中间I enjoy swimming and like football, too.我喜欢游泳,也喜欢踢足球.I'm tired, and hungry, too.我累了,(肚子)也饿了.2.either只能用于否定句中,放在句末.too或either前面可以用逗号,也可以不用Kate didn't go to the cinema and Lucy didn't go, either.凯特没去看电影,露西也没去看电影.It's not easy, but it's not difficult, either.它不容易,但也不难.(四)enough...to, too...to1.enough to do sth.足以能够做某事The window is low enough for him to touch.窗很低,他碰得到.You are old enough to do the work alone.你已经大了,可以独立做这项工作了.He is tall enough to reach the apple.他的个子高,能够着那个苹果.2.too...to(do)太······以致不能The milk is too hot to drink.牛奶太烫了,不能喝.She's too young to get married.她太小不能结婚.They spoke English too quickly for us to understand.他们讲英语太快,我们听不明白.(五)now, just, just now1.now与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用时,意为“现在”Where does he live now?他现在住在哪里?They are now doing some washing.她们正在洗衣服.2.just常与现在完成时、过去完成时连用,表示“刚······”We have just seen the film.我们刚看过那部电影.He said he had just bought a dictionary.他说他刚买了一本字典.3.just now和过去时连用,表示“刚才”(＝a moment ago)He was here just now.他刚才在这.4.和一般现在时或现在进行时连用时,just now与“just at the moment”同义,有加强now(此时)的语气的作用We are very busy just now.我们此时很忙.She is doing her homework just now.她此时正在做作业.(六)ago, beforeago表示以现在为起点的“以前”,它必须和一些表示时间概念的词组搭配使用,常在一般过去时态的句子中修饰动词.before是指以过去或将来的某时刻“以前”,也可泛指以前,常和现在完成时、过去完成时和一般过去时连用.I saw him ten minutes ago.10分钟前我见过他.He told me that he had seen the film (two days)before.他告诉我他(两天)以前看过这部电影.I never saw him before(=I have never seen him before.)我以前从来没见过他.(七)although, though一般情况下,although和though可互换使用,但在语言具体使用过程中,要特别注意以下几点:1.although有增强语气的作用,比though的语气稍重,常用于各种正式文体;而非正式的口语或书面语中,though用得较为普遍2.though常与even连用,表示强调.但不能说even although(八)nearly, almost都可译为“差不多,几乎”,常可通用.其区别:1.nearly可以用在not后,意思是“远远不(够)”,而almost不能I'm not nearly ready.我完全没有准备好.I have £ 20,but that isn't nearly enough for the travel.我有20英镑,但那远远不够旅行的费用.2.almost可以用在any, no, nobody, nothing, none, never前,而nearly不能Almost no one believes her.几乎没人相信她.I almost never saw him.我几乎没见过他.3.though引导的让步状语从句可用部分倒装的形式(注意:倒装后位于句首的名词之前不用冠词),但although一般不这样用.Young though she is, she has travelled to many countries.她尽管年轻,但已到过很多国家.Hard though they tried, they couldn't make her change her mind.尽管他们做了很大努力,却没法让她改变主意.(九)sometimes, sometime, some time1.sometimes的意思是“有时,往往,不时地”Sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are not.有时我们忙,有时我们不忙.I sometimes have letters from him.我不时地收到他的信.2.sometime的意思是“某个时候”,可指将来,也可指过去We'll take our holiday sometime in May.我们将在五月份的某个时候休假.Let's have dinner together sometime next week.下星期找个时间咱们一起吃顿饭.3.some time的意思是“一段时间”,可以是几分钟、几小时、几天甚至几年The fire went on for some time before it was brought under control.火灾持续了一段时间以后才得到了控制.He stayed in Beijing for some time and then began to move on.他在北京住了些日子又继续搬迁.(十)finally, at last, in the end都有“最后”“最终”之意,常可互换,但用法不完全一样.finally通常在讲最后一个内容时用.Finally I'd like to thank all of you for coming to the party.最后我想向所有出席这次聚会的人表示感谢.at last有强烈的感情色彩,表示经过曲折“终于”.He looked for it everywhere. At last he found it.他到处找,最后终于找到了它.在表示将来的“最终”“终于”时,只能用in the end.We believe that he will become a famous writer in the end.我们相信他最终将成为一名名作家.(十一)maybe, perhaps, possibly和probably都可译为“可能”“也许”.其区别:probably的可能性最大,可译为“十有八九”“很可能”.maybe和perhaps的可能性通常是50%.possibly可能性最小,可能性不超过30%.好题精练一、写出下列副词的比较级和最高级形式1.fast________ ________2.early________ ________3.well________ ________4.little________ ________te________ ________6.hard________ ________7.much________ ________ 8.correctly________ ________9.quickly________ ________ 10.carefully________ ________答案：1.faster,fastest2.earlier,earliest3.better,best4.less,leastter,latest6.harder,hardest7.more,most 8.more correctly, most correctly9.more quickly, most quickly 10.more carefully, most carefully二、根据句意,给下列句子填上适当的词1.He doesn't run________ fast as I do.2.My sister doesn't speak English as fluently(流利) ________ my brother.3.The baby cried harder and________.4.Does it rain________ often in summer in Shanghai than in Beijing?5.I'm________ hungrier now.答案：1.so/as2.as3.harder4.more5.a little/much三、选择括号中适当的词填空1.This boy is________ clever but________ lazy.(rather, quite)2.I like Tom and Mary. They are________ nice people.(such, so)3.There's________ anything in the bridge.(hardly, hard)4.The piano is________ heavy to move.(too, enough)5.Don't go now. It is________ raining hard.(yet, still)6.He is ________ ready to help people. We like him.(always, never)7.George is always________ .Now he is driving along the narrow road.(carefully, careful)8.Our holiday was too short. The time passed very________ (quickly, quick)答案：1.quite,rather2.such3.hardly4.too5.still6.always7.careful,carefully8.quickly四、选择填空1.Wu Dong learns English________.A. goodB. niceC. wellD. fine2.-How________ is it from your school to the post office?-Only a few kilometres.A. longB. oftenC. soonD. far3.My brother is good at drawing, I am good at it, ________.A. tooB. eitherC. neitherD. also4.- ________ did you go last weekend?-I went to the Great Wall.A. WhatB. WhereC. WhenD. Who5.Who runs________ in your class?A. fastB. fasterC. fastestD. more fast6.Which do you like________, bread, rice or noodles?A. betterB. bestC. wellD. much7.Have you ever seen________ big panda before?A. a suchB. such a C .so a D. a so8.He eats________ food, so he is________ fat.A. much too; too muchB. much too; too manyC. too much; much tooD. too much; many too9.Have you received a letter from Jim________?A. yetB. justC. neverD. ever10.I don't feel very________ today.A. goodB. wellC. betterD. nice答案：1-5CDABC 6-10BBCAB五、用括号内词的适当形式填空1.Tom studies________ (hard) than you.2.He sang________ (badly) than any other boy in the group. His elder sister sang________ (well) of all.3.She speaks English quite________ (well),but she doesn't speak as________ (well) as Mary.4.I cannot run as________ (fast) as you. You run________ (fast) than me.5.He writes________ (carefully) than she does. He doesn't write as________ (carefully) as she does.6.Black swims________ (well) than I do, but he doesn't swim as________ (well)as my brother.7.They all finished the work two hours________ (early) than usual.8.I walk________ (slowly) than my sister.答案：1.harder2.worse,best3.well,well4.fast,faster5.more carefully, carefully6.better,well7.earlier 8.more slowly。
第十四章助动词和情态动词(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
第十四章助动词和情态动词思维导图知识梳理一、助动词(一)概说助动词不能单独作谓语,本身没有词义,也不表示动作,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语,表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其他语法关系.助动词的分类及其变化形式:助动词变化形式Be am,are,is;was,were;been,beingHave has,had,havingDo does,did;done,doingShall shouldWill would(二)助动词的用法1.助动词be有八种形式肯定式缩略肯定式否定式缩略否定式原形be－－－现在式第一人称单数I am‘m am not‘m not 现在式第三人称单数he,she,it is‘s is not isn't/'s not现在式第二人称单、复数和第一、三人称复数are‘re are not aren't/'re not you,we,they过去式第一、三人称单数I,he,she,it－was was not wasn't过去式第二人称单、复数和第一、三人称复数were－were not weren't you,we,they现在分词being－not being－过去分词been－not been－(1)与现在分词构成各种进行时态以及与have和现在分词构成完成进行时态.You are working hard today.你们今天干得很努力.Is Su Ming working this week?本周苏明上班了吗?What have you been doing these days?这几天来你在干什么?(2)与过去分词构成被动语态.A new computer has been bought by the office.办公室已购买了一台新电脑.He was been invited to teach at a university there.他被邀请在那儿的一所大学任教.Such books are written for children.这种书是为儿童写的.(3)与形容词、名词、代词、从句等构成“系＋表”结构.My job is very interesting and I like it very much.But sometimes it's boring.我的工作很有趣,我非常喜欢它,可有时候也令人烦.(4)与动词不定式构成谓语.The new text seems to be easy,but actually,it is rather difficult.这篇新课文好像很容易,其实相当难. These books are not to be taken out of the room.这些书不得带出室外.2.助动词have有五种形式肯定式缩略肯定式否定式缩略否定式原形have‘ve haven't/'ve not have not现在式第三人称单数has‘s has not hasn't/'s not 过去式had‘d had not hadn't/'d not 现在分词having－not having－过去分词had－－－(1)与过去分词构成各种完成时.We've known each other since1987.我们从1987年起就互相熟悉了.He's been to Shanghai.他去过上海.We have not seen each other since I left Beijing.自从我离开北京,我们就没见过面.By the end of last month,we had studied English for two years.到上月底,我们已经学习了两年英语了.(2)和动词不定式连用构成谓语,表示因客观环境促使不得不做的事.The bus has left,and if we want to catch the train,we'll have to take a taxi.公交车开走了,假如想赶上那趟火车,我们不得不打的.点拨have还可用作实义动词,表示“有”“吃”等含义.Would you like to have some beer?你想喝点啤酒吗?We're having breakfast.我们正在吃早饭.3.助动词do有三种形式肯定式否定式缩略否定式原形do do not don't现在式第三人称单数does does not doesn't 过去式did did not didn't(1)构成一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句.Do you know what they are talking about?你知道他们在谈论什么吗?What question did he ask you?他问你什么问题?(2)构成一般现在时和一般过去时的否定句.He doesn't want to go there,neither do they.他不想去那儿,他们也不想.He didn't come to school last Monday.上星期一他没来上学.(3)代替前面刚出现的动词,以避免重复.-Do you learn English?你学习英语吗?-Yes,I do.是的,我学习英语.This material looks nice.So does that one.这料子看来很好.那种也很好.(4)用于加强语气,表示强调(多用于肯定式中).Do come and join us.一定要来参加我们的活动.I do think you are right.我的确认为你是对的.I do like you.我真的喜欢你.点拨do还可用作实义动词,表示“做、干”等含义.(1)They went out to do some shopping.他们外出买东西去了.(2)Would you please do me a favour?你愿帮我一个忙吗?4.助动词shall(过去式should)和will(过去式would)有下列几种形式肯定式缩略肯定式否定式缩略否定式Shall‘11shall not shan'tShould‘d should not shouldn'tWill‘11will not won't/'ll notwould‘d would not Wouldn’t/’d not(1)“shall/will+动词原形”,构成一般将来时,表示将来意义.shall用于单复数第一人称,will可用于所有人称.在今日英语中,shall常被will替代.Will you close the door,please?请关上门好吗?Shall I open the door?It's stuffy in the room.我打开门好吗?房间里很闷.When will Mike arrive here tomorrow?迈克明天什么时候到达这里?He will arrive here at three o'clock tomorrow.他明天三点钟到达这里.(2)“should/would+动词原形”,构成过去将来时.should作为“shall”的过去形式,用于单复数第一人称;would 作为“will”的过去式,可用于各人称.They said that they would finish it soon.他们说很快就要做完了.Did you ask Kate when they would return?你问没问凯特他们什么时候返回来?点拔will可表示某种倾向或习惯性动作The door won't shut.门关不上.Fish will die out of water.鱼离开水不能活.二、情态动词(一)概说情态动词表示说话人的语气和观点.情态动词有一定的词义,但不能单独作谓语,它必须和表示动作或状态的不带to的不定式(ought除外)连用,构成复合谓语.情态动词只有情态意义,即它表示说话人对动作的观点,如需要、可能、意愿或怀疑等.情态动词主要有:can(could),may(might),must,ought to,need,dare(dared),have to(had to).此外shall,will,should,would在一定场合下也可用作情态动词.(二)情态动词具有以下特征1.在形式上,情态动词没有实义动词的各种变化,只有could,would,had to,might,should等几个过去式.其他如must,ought to等的过去式皆与现在式同形,且在各种人称后都用同样的形式2.在意义上,大多数情态动词有多个意义.如can可表示“能够”“可能”“允许”等,may可表示“可能”“允许”“目的”“让步”等3.在用法上,情态动词(除ought跟不定式外)与助动词一样,须后接动词原形,而构成谓语动词(三)情态动词的用法1.can的用法(1)表示能力“会、能”等.The hall can hold at least2000people.这个大厅至少能容纳2000人.Can you drive a car?你会开车吗?点拨(1)can和be able to都可表示“能力”,意思上相同.但can只有现在式和过去式(could)两种形式,如需用其他时态,用be able to代替.He can still be alive.他可能还活着.He can't be poor.他不可能贫穷.He has not been able to finish the work in time.他没能及时完成工作.I'll be able to see you tomorrow,我明天将能去看你.(2)如果我们要表示一个动作成功地完成了,那么必须使用was able to,而不能用could.He was able to leave Europe before the war began.他设法在战前离开了欧洲.He was able to go to Paris yesterday and he enjoyed himself very much.他昨天设法去了巴黎,而且他玩得非常高兴.(3)在否定句中could与be able to两者意思一样.I could nor swim to the other side of the river.I wasn't able to swim to the other side of the river.我没能游到河的对岸去.(4)can/could不应与be able to同时使用.(2)表示“建议”或“请求”,可用can I...或can you...等结构,语气比较客气.Can I go swimming today,please,Mum?妈妈,我今天可以去游泳吗?Can I borrow your bike?我可以借你的自行车用一下吗?(3)表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度(主要用于否定句和疑问句).No,no,this can't be true.不,不,这不可能是真的.How can you be so careless?你怎么能这样粗心呢?(4)表示“允许”或“请求允许”,其意思相当于may(可以),但can比may用得更广泛,can不仅表示说话人同意、允许,还可表示客观条件的许可.may通常表示说话人的许可.No one can smoke in the office.在办公室里任何人都不能吸烟.That sort of thing can't go on like this.那样的事不能再这样继续下去.2.could的用法(1)could是can的过去式,表示过去有能力及过去存在的可能性.He couldn't go that day.那天他不可能去.(可能性)I could drive a car before I left school.毕业前我就会开车了.(能力)(2)用于现在时和将来时,代替can;表示更为客气、婉转地提出请求或陈述看法,有时则表示可能性不大.Could you tell me where I can change some money?你能告诉我在哪儿能换钱吗?Could you sign here please,Sir?先生,请在这儿签字好吗?3.may的用法(1)表示客气或委婉的请求时用may,回答时也用may就会显得冷淡、不客气,所以最好避之而改用热情、客气的答语.-May I come in?我可以进来吗?-Yes,please.可以,请进.-May I borrow your bicycle?我可以借用一下你的自行车吗?-Certainly.当然可以.(2)表示“可以”即表示说话人同意、许可,或在疑问句中,征询对方的许可.其否定式可用may not.但在表示“不可以”“不许”“禁止”“阻止”等意思时,常用must not(mustn't)代替may not.-May I take this book out of the reading-room?这本书我可以带出阅览室吗?-No,you mustn't.不可以.(3)表示可能.用来表示一件事或许会发生,或是某种情况可能会存在.通常只用于肯定或否定陈述句中,而不用于疑问句中.It may rain today.今天可能下雨.You may have another cake.你可以再吃一块蛋糕.She may not go to the concert tonight.今晚她可能不去听音乐会了.(4)表示祝愿.May you succeed!祝你成功！May all your dreams come true!愿你的理想都成为现实！4.might的用法(1)作为may的过去式,用来表示过去的“可能”和“允许”,多用于间接引语.He said that the news might be true.他说这消息可能是真的.She asked if she might have my bike.她问是否可以借用我的自行车.(2)代替may,表示可以做的事或可能发生的事.也可用于有礼貌地提出建议或请求,意为“可以”,在这种情况下,may和might无时间上的差别,只是更客气或更婉转些.They might have a lot of work to do.他们可能有很多事要做.Might I have a word with you?我可以同你说句话吗?5.must的用法(1)表示“必须”“应当”.用第一人称时,表示说话人认为有义务、有必要做某事.用第二、三人称时,表示说话人命令或要求别人做某事;在疑问句中,表示询问对方的意图.We must love our country.我们要爱国.I must take a day off tomorrow.我明天必须请假一天.Soldiers must obey orders.士兵必须服从命令.(2)must的否定式(mustn't)表示“不应该”“不许可”“不准”“禁止”等,语气比较强烈.You mustn't speak loudly in the library.不许在图书馆大声喧哗.We mustn't waste our time.我们不应该浪费我们的时间.点拨对must问句的否定回答,需要用;need not(needn't)不需要,或don't have to不必.-Must I do my homework now?我现在必须做作业吗?-Yes,you must.是的,你非做不可.-No,you needn't(need not)./don't have to.不,你不必现在做.(3)表示肯定的揣测(只用于肯定句):一定、准是、必定.The lady must be a doctor.那个女人一定是个医生.He hasn't come yet.He must be ill.他还没来,准是病了.Miss Gao must be in the office.高老师一定在办公室里.This must be Wang Hai's book.这一定是王海的书.点拨(1)表示现在对已发生过的事情的推测,一般用“must+have+过去分词”结构,意思是“想必是”“(过去)一定”.If you were at the party,you must have seen Mary.你如果参加了这次聚会,准保看见了玛丽.(2)表示对现在某个动作或即将发生的事情的推测,可以用“must be+-ing”结构,意思是“一定”“准是”.You must be joking!你一定是在开玩笑！6.have to的用法(1)表示“不得不”“必须”的意思,与must在这个意思上很接近.must强调说话者的主观看法,意为“必须”;have to强调客观的需要,意为“不得不”.I missed the train,so I had to take a taxi.我误了火车,所以我得乘出租车.must仅用于表示现在和将来的义务,讲述过去,要用had to.I had to leave early because I wasn't feeling well.我不得不早点儿离开,因为我觉得不舒服.(2)have to也可用来表示“推测”,意思是“定是”“必定是”.She has to be(=must be)sick.She looks pale.她一定是生病了,脸色看来很苍白.点拨在口语中,可用have got to代替have to.Sorry I have got to go(=have to go)now.抱歉,我现在非走不可了.7.need的用法(1)need表示“需要”“必须”.作为情态动词主要用于否定句和疑问句,无时态、人称变化,后面跟动词原形.其否定式为:need not(needn't).You needn't try to explain.你不需要解释.She needn't come tomorrow.她明天不必来.点拨needn't后面跟“have+过去分词”结构,表示“过去已做了(但)没有必要做的事情”.The question needn't have been discussed.此问题本来不需讨论的.(2)need用作及物动词,主要用于肯定句,有人称、时态和数的变化,后接带to的不定式.其否定形式要借助于don't,doesn't或didn't;疑问形式要借助于do,does或did.He needs to know it.他需要知道这件事.Do you need any help?你需要帮助吗?I don't need things like that.我不需要那样的东西.8.dare的用法dare作为情态动词,主要用于否定句和疑问句,表示“敢于”,本身无变化(各人称都用dare),后面跟不带to的不定式,过去时用dared,其否定式为:dare not/daren't,dared not.How dare they do such a thing?他们怎么敢做出这样的事?Dare he say so?他敢这样说吗?She knows he was wrong but she daren't tell him.她知道他错了,却不敢告诉他.点拨dare用作及物动词的时候更多一些.这时dare后可以跟动词不定式,用于各种结构中.Do I dare to ask her?我敢问她吗?He didn't dare to go.他不敢去.She did not dare to tell them the truth.她不敢对他们说真话.9.ought to表示“应该”做某事,常可与should互换.You ought to be punctual.你应该守时.Students ought not to be late for class.学生上课不应该迟到.Ought we to answer this question now?我们应当现在就回答这个问题吗?点拨ought to后面跟“have+过去分词”结构,表示对过去该做而未做之事的责难、后悔或遗憾的心情.You ought to have helped her.你本该帮助她的.(却没有帮助她)He ought to have returned these books to the library last week.他上星期就应该把这些书还给图书馆.(却没有还书)10.shall的用法(1)shall作为情态动词,用于陈述句的第二、三人称,表示说话人的强烈意愿和决心,有“允诺”“警告”“命令”等含义,意思是“必须”.You shall come whenever you are wanted.什么时候叫你就要什么时候到.(强制)You shall not leave your post.你不得离开岗位.(警告)He shall get the answer tomorrow.他明天可以得到答复.(允诺)(2)shall作为情态动词,在疑问句中可用于第一、三人称,表示征询对方意见或请求,意思是“要不要”“好不好”.Shall he come to see you?要不要他来看你?Shall we go for walk?我们去散散步好吗?Shall I turn on the light?我要开灯吗?11.will的用法(1)表示“意志”“意愿”,可用于多种人称.He'll help you if you ask him.如果你请他帮忙,他是愿意帮忙的.Will you give him a message when you see him?见到他时,请你通知他一下好吗?(2)will还可用来表示一种习惯性动作或状态,有“总是”“惯于”等意思.Fish will die out of water.鱼儿离开水会死去.He will talk for hours if you give him the chance.如果你给他机会,他会滔滔不绝地谈上几个钟头.12.should的用法(1)表示“义务或责任”,意思是“应该”.I should speak and write English every day.我应该天天说、写英语.We should learn from each other and help each other.我们应该互相学习,互相帮助.(2)表示推测、预期.They should be here by now.他们现在该到了.Tom should know her address.估计汤姆知道她的住址.(3)should后面跟“have+过去分词”结构,其肯定句,表示过去应该做而未做的事,其否定句则表示过去不该做但做了的事情.He looks very tired.He should have had a good rest at home.他看上去很累了,本应该待在家里好好休息.As an adult,he shouldn't have misunderstood it.作为成人,他本来就不应该误解这件事.13.would(1)would作为情态动词will的过去式,表示过去时间的“意志”“愿望”或“决心”等,可用于各人称.I said I would do anything for him.我说过,我愿意为他做任何事.He said he would get up earlier the next morning.他说第二天早上要早点起床.(2)would可用来表示人的意愿、个人想法.在疑问句中用于第二人称,表示有礼貌、较婉转的请求.如:Would you like to have a glass of tea?你要喝一杯茶吗?Would you mind closing the door?请关上门好吗?I would like to buy a silk scarf for my wife.我想给妻子买一条丝巾.(3)would与动词连用,可表示过去反复发生的动作,相当于汉语中的“常常”“总是”等意思.如:The old retired worker would often go to the park to play chess.这位退休老工人常常到公园去下棋.When I was a student,I would take a walk along the country road after class.当学生时,放学后我常常沿着乡间小路散步.好题精练一、用适当的助动词和情态动词填空1.His father_________not a lawyer.2.He_________two sisters and a brother.3.I_________never met him before I heard his speech.4.The visitors_________given a warm welcome.5.Excuse me,_________I have a look at the photo?6._________you work out(算出)this difficult problem without any help?7.This is a reading room.You_________sing here.8._________I speak to the headmaster,please?9._________you like a sandwich?10.I_________love a cup of tea.11.You_________not drink and drive.12.We_________buy a new lock for the front door.13.You_________to knock at door before you come in.14.He_________to pass an examination before he can start work.15._________you guess the answer?Sorry,I can't.16.May I come in?No,you_________.17.Your father is free now.You_________ask him to tell you a story.18._________we hand in the exercises today?No,you needn't.You_________hand them tomorrow.答案:1.is2.has3.had4.are5.may6.Can7.mustn't8.Could9.Would10.would11.should12.should13.have14.has15.Can16.mustn't17.may18.Must,may二、选择填空1.-What_________it be?-It_________be a mail box,for it is moving.It_________be a car.A.can;can't;mustB.can;can;mustC.can;mustn't;mustD.must;mustn't;can2.My mother is out.I_________look after my little brother.A.have toB.canC.has toD.may not3.At that time she_________sit here like that for hours.A.willB.wouldC.had toD.shall4.The radio says it is sunny today.You_________take a raincoat with you.A.can'tB.needn'tC.mustn'tD.can5.I_________like Chinese tea with nothing in it.A.wouldB.mustC.needD.can't6.-_________we go out for a walk?-Good idea.What time shall we meet?A.ShallB.LetC.WillD.Must7.He_________to go there when he was young.edn'tB.didn't useC.is usedD.both A and B8.-Must we finish our homework now,Mrs.Read?-Oh no,you_________.A.mustn'tB.can'tC.won'tD.needn't9.These useful dictionaries_________good care of.A.must takeB.must be takeC.must be takenD.must to take10.Don't be late again.You_________be here on time.A.mustB.canC.mayD.needn't11.Tom,don't worry,you_________get the book next morning.A.shallB.willC.mayD.can12._________you swim in the river?A.CanB.MustC.MayD.Need13.Chinese must have the largest number of speakers,_________?A.mustn't theyB.haven't theyC.don't theyD.doesn't it14.You did not go to the party yesterday,or I_________you.A.would seeB.could meetC.might have seenD.might see15.-Is the boy by the window your brother?-It_________him.A.maybeB.may beC.would beD.need be16.What_________you like for breakfast?A.mayB.willC.wouldD.can17.-_________you like some drink?-Yes,please.A.WouldB.WillC.CouldD.Can18.-May I throw a frisbee in the street?-No,you_________.A.may notB.mustn'tC.needn'tD.don't19.-Can you mend a TV set?-No,I_________.A.mustn'tB.can'tC.may notD.needn't20.-Please don't make a noise.-_________.I'll be as quiet as a mouse.A.Yes,I won'tB.No,I won'tC.No,I willD.Yes,I will21.The traffic_________stop when lights are red.A.mustB.mayC.canD.mustn't22.-_________I ask you a question,please?-Yes,please.A.MayB.MustC.NeedD.Will23.Go and ask Mr.Wu.He_________tell you1how to use the dictionary.A.mayB.shouldC.wouldD.could24._________you please tell me the way to the station?A.ShallB.WouldC.MayD.Might25._________I open the window?It's hot here.A.MustB.WillC.ShallD.Would 答案:1-5AABBA6-10ADDCA11-15BADCB16-20CABBB21-25AAABC。
第十一章动词的语态(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
第十一章动词的语态思维导图知识梳理一、语态概述英语动词除了有时态之外,还有语态,表示主语和谓语的不同关系.如果主语是动作的执行者,谓语动词用主动语态;如果主语是动作的对象,谓语动词则用被动语态.动作的执行者用“by”引导的短语表示,但往往被省略;动作的对象则充当了被动语态句中的主语.汉语中常用“挨”“被”“受”等词来表示这个意思.The boy broke the window.那个男孩把玻璃窗打碎了.(主动语态)The window was broken by the boy.这扇玻璃窗被那个男孩打碎了.(被动语态)They watched the children sing that morning.那天早上他们看着孩子们唱歌.(主动语态)The children were watched to sing that morning.那天早上,孩子们被观看唱歌.(被动语态)二、被动语态的构成“助动词be+(及物动词的)过去分词”构成动词被动语态的形式.助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为系动词的变化完全一样.现以动词ask为例,列表如下:方式(一)一般现在时This kind of TV set is made in Guangzhou.这种电视是广州制造的.Chinese is spoken by the largest number of people in the world.汉语是世界上最多人讲的语言.(二)一般过去时The thief was arrested.小偷被抓住了.These pictures were taken on the Great Wall.这些照片是在长城拍摄的.(三)一般将来时Your watch will be repaired.你的表将会被修理好.The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon.班会下周六下午召开.(四)现在进行时A new road is being built outside my house.我们家门口正在修一条新路.The watch is being repaired.这只表正在修理.(五)过去进行时The bridge was being repaired when we passed it.我们过桥时,桥正在修.While the supper was being prepared,the light suddenly went out.正在做晚饭时,电灯突然灭了.(六)过去将来时They decided that invitations would not be sent out unless they were carefully checked.他们决定除非经过仔细校对,否则请柬不会发送出去.(七)现在完成时Your wallet has been found.你的钱夹已经找到了.Enough has been said here of this question.关于这个问题,这里已经谈得不少了.(八)过去完成时By1972a cooperative medical system had been set up in this area.到1972年这个地区已建立了合作医疗制度.When the anthem had been played,the Congress began.奏完国歌后,大会开始.四、被动语态的用法(一)不知道谁是动作的执行者,用被动语态My watch was stolen.我的手表被窃了.This jacket is made of cotton.这件夹克是棉制的.Her son was killed in World War II.她的儿子在第二次世界大战中战死.(二)没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者,用被动语态The children have been very well looked after.孩子们得到很好的照顾.A big building has been put up in my home town.我家乡已经建起一座大楼.Many thousands of trees must be planted every year.每年必须种很多树.This hat was made in China.这顶帽子是中国制作的.The bicycles must not be put here.这儿不准放车.(三)强调或突出动作的承受者时,用被动语态The letter was posted.信发了.She was asked to sing a song.她被要求唱支歌.He cannot be relied on.他不可靠.A liar is looked down upon.说谎的人被人看不起.(四)出于礼貌措辞等原因不愿说出动作的执行者Anyone who sees the lion is asked to telephone the zoo and the police.有谁看见这只狮子,请给动物园和警方打电话.You are wished to do it more carefully.希望你认真一点做.(五)为使句子结构简练、紧凑,上下连贯,也即出于行文的需要When he was still a young man,he was forced to leave his home land for political reasons.他年轻时,就由于政治原因被迫离开了祖国.Lenin often talked to his comrades and was always listened to attentively.列宁经常和同志们谈话,同志们总是留心听他说.(六)在文章标题、广告、新闻等中常用省略助动词be的被动语态Telephone call placed.(TCP)电话接通了.(省略了has been)Girls Wanted.招女工.(广告用语,省略了are)Road Blocked.道路堵塞.(新闻报道,省略了is)五、含有情态动词的被动语态情态动词的被动语态,其结构是:情态动词＋be+过去分词.Young trees cannot be cut down.小树不可以砍伐.The exercises must be done in class.练习必须在课堂上做.This dictionary must be taken good care of.这本词典必须保管好.The time in class must be made good use of.上课的时间必须好好地利用.六、主动形式表示被动意(一)某些由及物动词转化来的不及物动词read,write,clean,wash,iron,burn,draw,cook,keep,cut,open,blow,peel,sell,act等,常和副词well,easily, smoothly等连用,且通常用主动结构表示被动含义.The pen writes well.这支笔很好写.(二)动词need,require,want,deserve,be worth后接v.-ing的主动结构常表被动含义This film is really worth seeing.这部电影的确值得看.The car needs cleaning.这辆汽车需要清扫了.(三)有些动词如:cook,print,do等,常用主动结构的进行时表被动含义The lunch is cooking.午饭正在烧.(四)某些系动词如feel,prove,smell,taste,sound等加上形容词,也可用主动语态表示被动意义.如:The food tastes delicious.这食物味道很美.七、主动语态变为被动语态的方法把主动语态的结构变为被动语态结构时,要做如下的变动:(一)主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语(二)主动结构的谓语动词由主动语态变为被动语态结构的谓语动词(be+动词的过去分词)(三)主动结构的主语变为介词“by”的宾语,组成介词短语,放在被动结构中谓语动词之后.若动作的执行者无须说明或不必强调时,by组成的短语就可以省略(四)主动语态变被动语态时,时态要保持一致(五)含有直接宾语和间接宾语的主动结构,变为被动结构时,可以将其中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语,另一个不动.一般是将主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语,这样句子显得自然一些Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn't be taken away.阅览室的书和报纸都不能带走.This kind of bike is not made in our factory.这种自行车不是我们厂生产的.This picture can't have been drawn by him.这张画不可能是他画的.When was that book published?那本书是什么时候出版的?Shall we be asked to attend the opening ceremony?会邀请我们参加开幕式吗?点拨(1)带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态时,既可以将间接宾语转化成主语,也可以将直接宾语转化成主语.若将间接宾语转化成主语,则保留直接宾语;若将直接宾语转化成主语,则保留间接宾语,且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for.常见的能接双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的词有:give,show,bring,lend,send(送,寄)等,这些词与介词to 搭配.还有buy,make,draw(画画)等,这些词与介词for搭配.We gave them some books.我们给了他们一些书.They were given some books.(变间接宾语为主语)Some books were given(to)them.(变直接宾语为主语)(2)含有宾语补足语的句子,宾语变为主语后,宾语补足语改为主语补足语,原来的位置一般不变.但如果宾语补足语是不带to的动词不定式,句子变成被动语态后则要加to,以便将两个动词隔开.We keep food cold in the fridge.=→Food is kept cold in the fridge.我们用电冰箱保鲜食品.Every day the tiger makes one of the smaller animals bring him something to eat.＝→Every day one of the smaller animals was made to bring the tiger something to eat.老虎每天强迫一个小动物给他带吃的东西来.(3)短语动词的被动语态短语动词在主动结构中是一个不可分割的词组,在被动结构中也是如此,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词.The nurse takes good care of the children.阿姨很好地照顾小孩.The children are taken good care of by the nurse.孩子们受到保姆很好的照顾.八、系表结构和被动语态的区别(一)系表结构通常只用于一般现在时或一般过去时,而被动结构可用于多种时态(二)系表结构中的过去分词常常有其固定的介词搭配,被动结构则没有(三)系表结构中的过去分词可被very等副词修饰;被动结构中的过去分词可用much修饰.比较:The husband was very agitated about his wife's health.丈夫为他妻子的健康状况深感不安.(系表结构)Milk,meat,eggs and vegetables are produced in the farm.这个农场盛产牛奶、肉,鸡蛋和各种蔬菜.(被动结构)They were asked to speak at the meeting.他们被邀请在会议上讲话.(被动结构)He was puzzled about it.他为那件事感到困惑.(系表结构)九、不能使用被动语态的情况(一)某些表示状态的及物动词作谓语时常见的表示状态的及物动词有have(有),fit(适合),suit(适合),hold(容纳),cost(花费)等.The room can hold100people.这个房间能容纳100人.(二)宾语是反身代词或相互代词、表示地点或处所的名词时,不可用于被动语态在黑暗中我们几乎看不到对方.We could hardly see each other in the dark.(✓)Each other could hardly be seen in the dark.(x)(三)宾语是不定式短语或动名词时汤姆喜欢听音乐.Tom enjoys listening to music.(✓)Listening to music is enjoyed by Tom.(x)好题精练一、将下列句子变为被动语态1.Everybody respects the brave old man.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.We elected Comrade Li head of our workshop.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.She can translate the difficult sentence into English.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.We are turning China into a powerful industrial country.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.They asked her to tell a story.____________________________________________________________________________________________答案:1.The brave old man is respected by everybody.rade Li was elected head of our workshop(by us).3.The difficult sentence can be translated into English by her.4.China is being turned into a powerful industrial country(by us).5.She was asked to tell a story.二、将下列句子变成主动语态1.We were told an interesting story by our teacher yesterday afternoon.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.A kite is being made(by us)now.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.What was said by you at the meeting?____________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Our homework must be finished first.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.A hole should be dug for the young tree.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Will the trees be watered every day?____________________________________________________________________________________________答案:1.Our teacher told us an interesting story yesterday afternoon.2.We are making a kite now.3.What did you say at the meeting?4.We must finish our homework first.5.We should dig a hole for the young tree.6.Shall we water the trees every day?三、选择填空1.The lost boy_________this early morning.A.foundB.was foundC.is foundD.are found2.That factory_________in1970.A.builtB.was builtC.is builtD.were built3.This medicine_________before dinner.A.should have tookB.ought have takenC.should have been eatenD.should have been taken4.When the speaker entered the hall,all the listeners_________.A.had seatedB.were seatedC.seatedD.were seating5.Many trees_________in spring every year.A.plantB.plantedC.are plantedD.be planted6.The People's Republic of China_________on Oct.1,1949.A.was foundingB.was foundedC.was foundD.finded7.Our classroom_________every day.A.cleansB.be cleanedC.cleanedD.is cleaned8.A radio_________in everyday life.eB.is usedC.are usedD.was used9.Children in China_________since1949.A.are taken good careB.have taken care ofC.took good care ofD.have been taken good care of10.The patient is well_________.A.took care ofB.taken care ofC.taken careD.take care of11.The room was_________smoke.A.filled withB.filledC.fill withD.is filled with12.His new book_________next month.A.will be publishedB.is publishingC.is being publishedD.has been published13.The sun_________at night as usual.A.can be seenB.can't be seenC.can't seeD.doesn't see14.A strange sound_________last night.A.was heardB.hearsC.heardD.is heard15.The door_________.Better have it repaired.A.isn't shutB.hasn't been shutC.isn't be shutD.won't shut答案:1-5BBDBC6-10BDBDB11-15AABAD四、翻译下列句子1.应该在春天种树.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.我的家乡将要建造许多大楼.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.教室必须每天清扫.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.这种书是为儿童写的.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.来信收到.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.这件外衣是棉的还是羊毛的?____________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.你的收音机三天内可以修好.8.黑板上的那匹马不可能是林涛画的.____________________________________________________________________________________________答案:1.Trees should be planted in spring.2.Many buildings will be built in my home town.3.The classroom must be cleaned every day.4.Such books are written for children.5.Your letter has been received.6.Is this coat made of cotton or wool?7.Your radio can be mended within three days.8.The hore on the blackboard can't be drawn by Lin Tao.。
第十三章动词-ing形式(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
第十三章动词-ing形式思维导图知识梳理一、动名词的定义动词-ing形式分为两类:动名词和现在分词.动名词在句中起名词作用,现在分词在句中起形容词或副词作用.动名词是一种动词的非谓语形式,它兼有动词和名词的特征,由动词原形加词尾-ing而成,其构成法与现在分词一样.动名词有时态和语态的变化.(以do为例)从性质上讲,动词的-ing形式相当于名词、形容词、副词.因此,它在句中可用作主语、表语、定语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语.(一)作主语动词-ing形式作主语通常表示一种抽象的动作概念,即泛指某种行为或动作.Eating too much is bad for your health.吃得太多对身体健康有害.Is playing basketball after lunch good or bad for your health?吃完午饭就打篮球对身体健康有益还是有害?Travelling abroad can widen one's outlook.出国旅行会扩大人们的视野.点拨(1)动词-ing形式短语作主语,通常有两种位置:一是放在句首,如上述例句所示;一是用it作形式主语,而将-ing分词短语移到谓语部分之后,以避免句子结构头重脚轻.Having his brother here will make him happier.It will make him happier having his brother here.让他的兄弟待在这里将会使他高兴一些.Swimming in this river is dangerous.It is dangerous swimming in this river.在这条河中游泳很危险.(2)动词-ing形式作主语还可以用于“There is no+-ing形式”(····是不可能的)结构.There is no smoking here.这里不许吸烟.There is no joking about such matters.这件事开不得玩笑.(二)作表语动词-ing形式(短语)作表语有时起名词作用,泛指动作,有时起形容词作用,指主语的性质、状态.His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮.The news is exciting.这消息令人兴奋.The food smells inviting.这道菜香味怡人.My favourite sport is playing table tennis.我最喜欢的运动是乒乓球.The only thing she is interested in is dancing.她唯一感兴趣的就是跳舞.点拨不要把作表语的-ing形式与进行时态相混淆.-ing形式作表语表示主语的某种特征,而进行时态则表示正在进行的动作.试比较:Her job is teaching.她的工作是教书.(teaching是表语)She is teaching there now.她正在那儿上课.(is teaching是现在进行时态)(三)作定语动词-ing形式作定语只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等,置于被修饰词之前.a working method工作方法a dining car餐车a swimming pool游泳池building materials建材(四)作宾语在某些动词:suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can't help,mind(在乎),admit,advise,consider,deny,enjoy,require, postpone,delay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,miss(错过)等后面不能用不定式,而必须用动名词作为宾语.I can't help laughing.我禁不住笑了起来.Return the book to the library as soon as you finish reading it.你一看完这本书就还回图书馆.He enjoys watching TV plays.他喜欢看电视剧.点拨有些动词后既可用动名词,也可用不定式.在动词love,like,begin,start,continue等后,既可用动名词作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语,有时两种结构的意义差别不大.(五)作宾语补足语动词的-ing形式用作宾语补足语,常用在:see,hear,notice,watch,keep,find,feel,get,have等动词之后,与一个名词或代词构成复合宾语;其中宾语和宾语补足语是主谓关系.I saw him walking across the street.我看见他穿过街道.He kept me waiting for a long time.他让我等了很长时间.We watched the army marching down the street towards the park.我们观看部队沿街道朝公园行走.I heard her playing the piano.我听见她在弹钢琴.点拨在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词之后,既可用动词-ing形式也可用(不带to的)动词不定式作宾语补足语:如用动词-ing形式,通常表示动作正在进行;用动词不定式,则表示(或强调)动作从开始到结束的全过程.(六)作状语动词的-ing形式短语作状语时,通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作,用来对谓语动词表示的动作加以修饰或作为陪衬,它可表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随动作,相当于相对应的状语从句.Seeing the teacher entering the room,the students stood up.=When the students saw the teacher entering the room,they stood up.学生(们)看见老师进房间,都站了起来.(两个动作同时发生)Being ill,I went home.=Because I was ill,I went home.由于生病,我回家了.The snow lasted a week,resulting in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area.=The snow lasted a week,so it resulted in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area.雪下了一个星期,造成整个地方的严重交通混乱.Be careful when crossing the street.过马路时,要小心.The students walked out of the classroom,laughing and talking.学生们有说有笑走出教室.点拨动名词也可以和about,against,at,before,after,by,besides,for,from,in,on,upon,without等介词构成短语,作状语用.Without saying good-bye,she left him.未告别,她就离开了他.After reading the passage twice,he began to do the exercises.这段文章看了两遍后,他就开始做练习了.Upon returning from Beijing,he went to visit his friend.从北京一回来,他马上就去拜访朋友.三、-ing分词的否定式-ing分词是动词的一种非限定形式,其否定式是一律在其前面加否定词“not”或“never”构成.如:I think it will do you a lot of good not going.我觉得不去对你会有好处的.I left at noon,not staying for lunch.我是中午走的,没有留下来吃午饭.I'm sorry for not having informed you of the meeting.抱歉没通知你开会.I regret not having gone together with her.我后悔没有跟她一起去.四、-ing分词常用于下列句型中It's no use...It's no good...Having difficulty/trouble...There is no...It's no use doing experiments but not considering the results.不考虑结果做实验没有用.It's no good not combining theory with practice.不把理论和实践结合就没有用.I have trouble running a long distance.我跑长跑有困难.There is no denying the fact that we are still backward.不容否认,我们仍然落后.五、动名词的独立主格结构-ing分词也可以用于独立主格结构,由“主格名词或代词＋-ing分词”构成,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等.The clock striking eight,they began working.时钟敲了8响,他们就开始工作了.(表示时间)The weather being fine,we went for a walk.由于天气好,我们出去散散步.(表示原因)Time permitting,we'll come to see you.如果时间允许,我们就来看你.(表示条件)也可由“with/without+宾语＋-ing分词”构成独立主格结构,表示伴随情况.如:You must not sit with your feet pointing at another person.坐着时不要把脚朝着别人.六、动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语含义不同部分动词可加动名词作宾语,也可加动词不定式作宾语,但意思不同,如:(一)remember doing sth.表示“记得过去做过的一件事”,remember to do sth.表示“记得要去做某事”I remember seeing him once somewhere.我记得在哪里见过他一次.Remember to see him before he goes away.记住在他离开之前看他.(二)regret doing sth.表示“对过去做过的事情后悔”,regret to do sth.表示“对还没做或将要做的事情表示遗憾”I regret telling you the bad news.我后悔把这个坏消息告诉你.I regret to say I'm unable to help you.很抱歉我不能帮助你.(三)stop doing sth.表示“停止正在做的事情”,stop to do sth.表示“停止什么,然后去做另一件事情”Let's stop talking about it.咱们停止谈论这件事情吧.We stopped to see what happened.我们停下来去看发生了什么事情.(四)forget doing sth.表示“忘记曾做过某事”,forget to do sth.表示“忘记去做某事”I forgot giving the letter to her.我忘了,已经把信给她了.I forgot to post the letter.我忘记发信了.(五)try doing sth.表示“尝试着做某事”,try to do sth.表示“设法做某事”Let's try doing the work some other way.我们用别的方法做这工作试试.We must try to get everything done in time.我们必须设法及时把一切搞好.(六)mean doing sth.表示“意味着,意思是”,mean to do sth.表示“打算、想要”This means helping you.这意味着帮助你.I mean to help him with it.我打算帮助他做这件事情.七、一些与动词-ing形式有关的短语(一)表示有目的、有意识地进行练习或训练某项技能:do+(some)+v.-ingdo some reading读读书do some running跑跑步do some writing练练字This year I am going to do more speaking.今年我要多练口语.(二)表示做一些笼统、不具体指明的事:do+(some)+v.-ingdo some shopping去商店买东西(不指明买哪样具体的东西)do some washing洗东西do some cooking做饭do some cleaning扫除do some sewing缝纫(三)“go+v.-ing形式”大部分表示从事运动、消遣或娱乐活动go dancing去跳舞go swimming去游泳go skating去滑冰go skiing去滑雪go shooting去射击go boating去划船go fishing去钓鱼go hunting去打猎go riding去骑马go walking去散步go running去跑步go sailing去航海八、-ing分词时态及语态(一)-ing分词的特点:-ing分词的时态分为一般式和完成式.一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作往往同时发生.完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前.He insisted on finishing the work before going home.他坚持在回家前一定要先完成工作.He didn't mention having met me.他没提及已见到了我.I still remember having ever worked together with him.我还记得曾经与他一起共过事.(二)-ing分词的语态-ing分词的被动语态也有一般式和完成式两种.The large house being built near the factory is a new hospital.工厂附近正在施工的大楼是一座新的医院.Having been sent to the wrong address,the letter did not reach her.那封信投错了地址,她没有收到.好题精练选择填空1.Taking pictures_________very interesting.A.isB.areC.to beD.be2._________the bad news made him cry.A.HearB.HeardC.HearingD.Is hearing3._________a desert had always been a risk adventure.A.being crossed.Having crossed C.Crossing D.To have crossed4.Before he came,I'd finished_________the whole book.A.to readB.to have readC.readingD.read5.I always enjoy_________to popular music at night.A.to listenB.listeningC.that I can listenD.if I can listen6.We are considering_________a trip around the island.A.takeB.to takeC.to be takingD.taking7.I hope you don't mind_________at your newspaper.A.I lookB.my lookingC.I lookingD.my to look8.When a man's heart stops_________,he dies.A.to beatB.beatingC.beatD.beaten9.I can't help_________he is still alive.A.thinkingB.thinkC.to thinkD.thought of10.So far as I am concerned,I prefer readingA.than meatB.for joyC.instead of sleeping D to drinking11.It goes without_________that knowledge is important.A.talkingB.tellingC.sayingD.mentioning12.we are looking forward_________our friends next week.A.to seeB.to seeingC.to be seeingD.shall see13.He spent a lot of money_________books and magazines.A.buyB.buyingC.to buyD.bought14.The silkworm is an insect worth_________.A.to knowB.knowingC.to be knownD.being known15.She went out without_________good-bye to us.A.sayB.to sayC.sayingD.being said16.The curious student kept on_________questions.A.asksB.askingC.to askD.asked17.He is such a strange person;there's_________what he'll do next.A.no knowingB.not to knowC.not knownD.being unknown18.When she heard the bad news,she burst_________.A.into cryingB.out to tearsC.cryingD.out crying19.You must never cross the street without_________the light to turn green.A.waitingB.to waitC.waiting forD.to wait for20.Scientists succeed_________protein out of old newspapers.A.to makeB.at makingC.makingD.in making21.I became_________after watching too much television.A.boredB.boringC.boreD.bores22.I felt_________by his interest in my new invention.A.encourage B to encourage C.was encouraged D.encouraged23.He sat there_________a novel.A.readB.readingC.readsD.had read24.Don't wake up the_________child.A.sleepB.sleptC.sleepingD.sleepy25.A proverb goes:"A_________stone gathers no moss”.A.rollB.rollingC.rolledD.rolls26.The heavy rain kept us_________for two hours.A.waitB.waitedC.waitingD.to wait27.I found a dog_________over by a car on the road.A.to runB.runC.ranD.running28.We found the baby_________on the floor.A.sleptB.sleepC.asleepD.sleeping29.Jack saw a woman_________near the dog,so he walked up to her.A.stoodB.standsC.to standD.standing30.They got their ca_________at the garage.A.be washedB.washedC.being washedD.to have been washed 31_________with his report,I told him to write it all over again.A.DissatisfactoryB.Not being satisfiedC.Having not satisfiedD.Dissatisfying32._________our shoes in our hands,we crossed the stream.A.To carryB.CarryingC.CarriedD.Carry33._________my homework,I went home.A.Having finishedB.FinishedC.Being finishedD.Finish34._________the door unlocked,I went in.A.FindingB.FoundC.Had foundD.Have found35._________a careless fellow,he forget all about it.A.IsB.BeC.BeingD.Was答案:1-5ACCCB6-10DBBAD11-15CBBBC16-20BADCD 21-25ADBCB26-30CBCDB 31-35BBAAC。
河南省中职英语上册1-10单元语法复习思维导图(1)
河南省中职英语语法复习思维导图（1）
《英语》（基础模块）上册
Unit 1 1．“主—系—表”句型2．There be…句型
Unit 2 代词（人称、物主、指示、疑问）
Unit 3 1. 词类2．名词（名词的数和名词所有格）
Unit 4 数词（基数词、序数词、分数表示法、时刻表示法）
Unit 5 冠词（定冠词、不定冠词、零冠词的用法）
Unit 6 形容词、副词的三个比较等级
Unit 7. 部分介词用法小结（表示时间的常用介词、表示地点、位置的常用介词、表示方式的常用介词、其他常用介词）
Unit 8 句子种类（陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句）
Unit 9 谓语动词的时态Ⅰ（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时）Unit 10 谓语动词时态Ⅱ（现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时）。
第十五章句子的成分(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
第十五章句子的成分思维导图知识梳理一、句子成分概说句子的各个组成部分,叫做句子成分.英语的句子成分有:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等.此外有些句子还带有呼唤语、感叹语、插入语,它们在句法上与句子的其他成分不发生关系,叫做独立成分.句子的成分一般由实词担任.实词有名词、代词、形容词、数词、动词和副词.虚词在句子中只起辅助和联系作用,不能做句子成分.虚词有冠词、介词、连词、助动词等.二、句子成分(一)主语主语是一句话的主题,是说话人要说明的对象,表示所谈的是“谁”或是“什么”.主语一般在谓语之前.英语里可担任主语的有名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式(短语)、－ing分词(短语)、从句等.Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都.(名词作主语)They have lived in Beijing since 2019.自2019年以来,他们就住在北京.(代词作主语)Ten is a very important number.10是一个重要数字.(数词作主语)The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. 富者愈富,贫者愈贫.(名词化的形容词作主语) To read in the sun is bad for your eyes.太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好.(不定式“短语”作主语)Smoking is bad for you.吸烟对你有害.(-ing分词作主语)Whenever you are ready will be fine.你不论什么时候准备好都行.(从句作主语)(二)谓语1.概说谓语是说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或者“怎么样”.谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)用动词.动词常分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词以及助动词.情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语,它们必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.实义动词包括及物动词和不及物动词,及物动词后面要带宾语.通常情况下,谓语位于主语之后.谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致.谓语有简单谓语和复合谓语之分.(1)简单谓语.简单谓语由一个动词或短语动词构成.它有时态、语态、语气等.She likes drawing.她喜欢画画.I had finished my homework before 9 o'clock.在9点前我已完成我的家庭作业.(2)复合谓语.①由“连系动词＋表语”构成复合谓语.The game is very boring.这场比赛真没劲.②由“情态动词＋动词原形”构成复合谓语.She can swim very fast.她游泳游得很快.2.谓语和主语的一致一个句子的谓语动词与主语必须在人称和数上保持一致,规则如下:(1)主语是单数必须跟单数形式的动词,主语是复数必须跟复数形式的动词.He is a friend of mine.他是我的一个朋友.(2)两个或两个以上的单数名词由and连接起来作并列主语时,谓语动词用复数.You,he and I arr all students.我、你和他都是学生.He and I like green tea.我和他都喜欢绿茶.点拨(1)用and连接的两个名词如果表示一个整体,谓语动词仍用单数形式.Bacon and eggs was served.火腿和蛋端了上来.Fork and knife was used instead of chopsticks.用刀叉而不是用筷子.(2)有every或each修饰的单数名词并列时,谓语动词用单数形式.第二个every或each可省略.Every hour and(every)minute is important.每一小时,每一分钟都很重要.Each man and(each)woman has a seat.每位男士和女士都就座了.(3)主语是单数,后面有其他干扰的成分如with,together with,along with,aswell as,no less than,like,but,except等短语时,仍和单数形式的谓语动词连用.The teacher,as well as the pupils,is doing morning exercises.老师和学生在做早操.A woman with a baby is coming to the hospital.一个妇女抱着一个婴儿正向医院走来.(4)当两个主语由or,either...or,neither...nor或not only...but also等连接时,谓语动词应和最邻近的主语一致.His parents or his sister often helps him.要么是他父母要么是他姐姐(妹妹)常帮助他.Either Tim or hs brothers have to tidy the room.不是蒂姆,就得是他的兄弟们去打扫房间.Neither the teacher nor the students know the answer.老师和学生都不知道答案.Not only the pupils but also the teacher is going to the cinema.不但学生们,而且连老师也要去看电影.(5)有些集体名词,如:people,police,youth,cattle等用作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式.The police are looking for the missing child.警察在寻找失踪的儿童.People standing there are talking about the bad news.站在那边的人正在议论那个坏消息.Catle arr also kept.还养牛.点拨但people作“民族”解时,作单数用.The Chinese people is a great people.中华民族是一个伟大的民族.(6)有些名词以“s”结尾,但却是单数.如:news,physics,maths,politics等.所以谓语动词应用单数形式.What's the news?这消息是什么?Physics is not very easy to learn.物理不很容易学.Maths is not easy to learn.数学不容易学.(7)在由here和there引起的句子中,如有两个或两个以上的主语,谓语动词通常和最邻近be的那个名词一致.Here are some envelopes and paper for you.这儿有几个信封和纸给你.There is a pen and three books on the desk.书桌上有一支钢笔,三本书.(8)集体名词作主语时,如作为整体看待,谓语动词用单数;如作为个体看待,则用复数.这类集体名词有audience(观众,听众),class(班级),committee(委员会),couple(夫妇),family(家庭),government(政府),group(小组),team(队),army(部队)等.My family is a small one.我的家庭是个小家庭.My family are listening to the radio.我家里人正在听广播.(9)each和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,在意义上属于单数.它们作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.Each day is better than the one before.一天比一天好.Every student must be here on time.每个学生必须按时到这里来.(10)Chinese,French,English,Japanese等名词作主语表示语言时,用单数动词;表示人时,用复数动词.English is spoken in many countries.许许多国家讲英语.The Chinese are very friendly.中国人很友好.(11)表示时间、重量、价值、长度、距离等的复数名词作主语时,把它视作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式.Fifty years is not a short period.50年并不是一个短时期.Twenty miles is a long way to walk.走二十英里路可是很长的一段路程.(12)a number of与the number of作主语.“a number of+复数可数名词”表示“一些”“许多”的意思,谓语动词用复数;“t he number of+复数可数名词”表示“······的数目、数量”,谓语动词用单数.A number of books are missing from the library.图书馆丢了许多书.The number of workers in this factory is increasing.这家工厂的工人数目正在增加.(三)表语是指跟在连系动词be,seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell,become等词后面的词语或从句,用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态.由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、动词不定式、介词短语、-ing分词、过去分词(短语)、从句等充当.You are a student.I am a student,too.你是学生,我也是学生.(名词作表语)-Who is it?是谁呀?-It's me/I.是我.(代词作表语)当人称代词作表语时,在口语中常用宾格,在正式文体中用主格.The girl is quite pretty.这个姑娘长得相当漂亮.(形容词作表语)Five plus seven is twelve.5加7是12.(数词作表语)The meeting is over.会议结束了.(副词作表语)My books are on the desk.我的书在书桌上.(介词短语作表语)My wish is to be an artist.我的愿望是成为一名艺术家.(动词不定式短语作表语)What he likes is reading novels.他的喜好是读小说.(-ing分词短语作表语)Are you excited about your new job?你对你的新工作感到高兴吗?(过去分词作表语)The question is what we should do first.问题是我们先干什么.(从句作表语)(四)宾语1.直接宾语宾语表示动作的对象或行为的承受者,用在及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语动词之后.可以作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式(短语)、名词化的形容词、-ing分词(短语)、从句等.(1)名词作宾语.She is playing the piano now.她正在弹钢琴.Please open the door.请把门打开.(2)代词作宾语.She often helps us with our study.她常常帮助我们学习.We should keep these in mind.我们应该记住这些.(3)数词作宾语.I can give two.我可以给两个.I like the first.我喜欢第一个.(4)不定式(短语)作宾语.He tried to catch up with his dassmates.他设法赶上他的同学.I hate to sing.我不喜欢唱歌.(5)名词化的形容词作宾语.We should respect the old.我们应尊敬老人.The scientists may find out the unknown.科学家们可以发现未知的事物.(6)-ing分词(短语)作宾语.Return the book to the library as soon as you finish reading it.你一看完这本书就还回图书馆.He enjoys wvatching TV plays.他喜欢看电视剧.(7)从句作宾语.She said that she was busy.她说她很忙.The mother asked how her daughter was.母亲问她的女儿身体如何.2.间接宾语在英语中,有些及物动词,如bring,give,send,show,tell,teach,lend,pass等,可以有两个宾语,一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫做间接宾语,指物的叫做直接宾语,间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前.Can you give me any information on this matter?你能给我提供这些事的任何信息吗?Write me a letter every month,please.请每月给我写封信.Please make her a model plane.请给她做个飞机模型.有时,也可以在间接宾语之前加介词to或for,构成介词短语,并把这个短语放在直接宾语之后.Mother bought the handkerchieffor you, not for me.母亲是给你,而不是给我买的手帕.I took it to the policeman on duty.我把它交给了值勤的警察.(五)定语定语是修饰名词或代词的.定语有前置定语和后置定语之分.一般来说,形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格等作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之前作前置定语;而副词、介词短语、不定式短语、-ing分词短语、-ed分词短语、从句作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之后作后置定语.He said he had an important meeting to attend.他说他有一个重要会议要出席.(形容词作前置定语)This is my friend,Li Da.这是我的朋友,李达.(代词作前置定语)When I sat down, a fourth man rose to speak.我坐下后第4个人又起来发言.(数词作前置定语)We should follow the doctor's advice.我们应该听医生的嘱咐.(名词所有格作前置定语)Who is the man over there?那边的男人是谁?(副词作后置定语)A college in London had agreed to take me.最后伦敦的一所院校同意接受我.(介词短语作后置定语)Can you give me some work to do?你能给我些活儿干吗?(不定式短语作后置定语)Who is the boy dancing over there?在那儿跳舞的少年是谁呀?(-ing分词短语作后置定语)There is a little difference between written English and spoken English.书面英语和口头英语有些不同.(过去分词词组作后置定语)I hate to see letters written in pencil.我讨厌看用铅笔写的信.(-ed分词短语作后置定语)The car that's parked outside is mine.停在外面的汽车是我的.(限制性从句作后置定语)Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one.我在外面看见你的汽车了,它被另一辆车撞了.(非限制性从句作后置定语)(六)状语1.状语的表现形式状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分.可用作状语的有副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、-ing分词、从句等.This is even better than that.这个比那个更好.(副词作状语)The coat costs 40 dollars.这件上衣值40美元.(名词作状语)She will arrive on Monday.她将于星期一到达.(介词短语作状语)To kill bugs,spray the area regularly.为了杀死臭虫,这地方要经常喷洒.(不定式作状语)They entered the room,talking and laughing.他们又说又笑地走进房间.(-ing分词作状语)She has lived alone since her husband died.自丈夫去世后她一直独自生活.(从句作状语)2.状语的分类状语按照内容可以分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、条件状语、让步状语、方式状语、程度状语、频度状语、伴随状语.What were you doing at ten last night?昨晚十点钟你在干什么?(时间状语)I met Professor Wu at the library.我在图书馆遇见了吴教授.(地点状语)Having no money,he could not buy the TV set.因为没有钱,他不能买电视机.(原因状语)In order to get into a good school, he studies hard day and night.为了考入一个好的学校,他夜以继日地苦读.(目的状语)The wind blew with such force that people could harly stand up against it.风很大,人们几乎站不住.(结果状语)I can't do it without your help.没有你的帮助,我做不成这件事.(条件状语)Whatever/No matter what I said,he refused to go.不论我说什么他都不愿走.(让步状语)He knew the country around as he knewv his own house.他了解那儿的乡村一如他了解自己的房舍.(方式状语)They are now at breakfast, talking about the plan for their trip.他们正在吃早餐,谈论着旅行计划.(伴随状语)We are very busy.我们很忙.(程度状语)作频度状语的副词always,often,usually,seldom,ever,never等一般放在实义动词之前,连系动词之后.They can hardly stay at home alone.他们几乎不单独在家.(频度状语)They are always late for school.他们总是上学迟到.(频度状语)(七)宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词,除了要有一个直接宾语外,还要带上宾语补足语,句子的意思才能完整.宾语和宾语补足语(简称宾补)一起构成复合宾语,二者之间有逻辑上的主谓关系.可以作宾补的有形容词、副词、名词、不定式(短语)、-ing分词(短语)、-ed分词(短语)、介词短语等.I made the room beautiful.我把房子拾掇得漂漂亮亮的.(形容词作宾语补足语)Keep the lights on while you are out.你不在家时,请让灯开着.(副词作宾语补足语)They named the child John.他们给孩子取名约翰.(名词作宾语补足语)What do you want me to do?你希望我为你做些什么事?(不定式短语作宾语补足语)I saw him coming last night.我昨天晚上看见他来了.(-ing分词“短语”作宾语补足语)I had my watch mended in town.我在城里修的表.(叫别人修的表)(-ed分词“短语”作宾语补足语)You should put your things in order.你应该把你的东西摆整齐.(介词短语作宾语补足语)三、独立成分(一)呼唤语称呼人的用语,称为呼语.它可位于句首,也可位于句末或句中.Hurry up,children! or we'll be late.赶快吧,孩子们！否则我们要迟到了.Shylock,how can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none?夏洛克,如果你不宽恕别人,你自己怎能希望得到别人的宽恕呢?(二)感叹语感叹语表示喜怒哀乐等感情.它多位于句首,也可放在句中或句末.常用作感叹语的感叹词有:hello,oh,well,why,alas,ch等.Here!Don'tcry!好了！别哭了！Oh,what a beautiful garden this is!啊！这是多么美丽的花园！Well,well.Here's Jack.啊唷,杰克来了.Why,it is past noon.哎呀,已经过中午了.Ah!I have never heard of such things before!啊！我以前从未听说过这种事情！点拨(1)其他词类的词也可用作感叹词,表示突然的情绪.Fire! Fire! Water! Quick! The house is on fire.着火了！着火了！水！快！房子着火了！(2)yes和no在句子里也是一种独立成分.-Do yo know Tom?你认识汤姆吗?-Yes,I do是的,我认识.(三)插入语在叙事中途往往插入一些词语,对一句话作一些附加的解释.这类词语称为插入语.它可位于句首,句中或句尾.常用的插入语有:Ithink我想,I believe我相信,I suppose 我猜想,I must admit我必须承认,in my opinion 依我看,as far as I know 据我所知,as...is concerned 就······来说,to tell you the truth 说真的,to be frank 坦率地说,in other words 换句话说,after all毕竟,of course 当然,if you don't mind 如果你不介意的话,if I may say so 如果我可以这样说的话,等.By the way,do you know the young man's name?顺便问一下,你知道那个年轻人的名字吗?That's the cheapest suit we have,I'm afraid.恐怕那是我们最便宜的西服了.I say,let's go out for a drive next Sunday.我说,咱们下星期天开车出去兜兜风吧.To be frank, I don't think you are right.坦率地说,我认为你是错的.The cross-talk,I think,was both interesting and instructive.那个相声,我觉得既有趣又能教育人.Honestly,that is all the money I have.老实说,我所有的钱就是这些.好题精练一、从下列对话中划出独立成分1.Wife:First,we need money; second,we need another baby.Husband: Sad to say,I can't trust a woman any more.2.Tom:Fire!Be quick!Bob:Nonsense(胡说)！Tom,you are dreaming!Father:Silence! Mother is sleeping. Tom: No,mother is fighting the fire!Father: Oh, my poor Tom,what a dream you've got!答案:1.First;second; Sad to say2.Fire; Nonsense; Silence; No;Oh二、用动词的适当形式填空1.His family_________ (is,are) a happy one.2.The United States_________ (are,is) to the south of Canada.3.Fifty miles_________ (is,are)a long way to walk.4.Everyone_________ (think,thinks) they are right.5.Here_________ (is,are) the news.6.John andI_________ (work,works)together.7.There_________ (is,are) five pupils in the room.8.My class_________ (are,is)going to the park.9.French_________ (are,is) spoken in many countries.10.Neither James nor Tom_________ (was,were)at home.答案:1.is2.is3.is4.thinks5.is6.work7.are8.are9.is 10.was三、翻译下列句子1.我母亲是一位医生.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _2.天空变得越来越暗了.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _3.我们要使学校变得更美丽.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _4.我发觉那本书很有趣.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _5.别再弄出噪音了.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _6.你吃过午饭了吗?___________________________________________________________________________________________ _7.她给我买了一本词典.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _8.请递给我那张纸.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _答案:1.My mother is a doctor.2.The sky is becoming darker and darker.3.We'll make our school more beautiful.4.I find the book very interesting.5.Stop making a noise.6.Have you had lunch yet?7.She bought me a dictionary/ She bought a dictionary for me.8.Please pass me the paper.。
第十二章动词不定式(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
第十二章动词不定式思维导图知识梳理一、不定式概述动词不定式的基本形式是:“to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to.不带to的不定式与动词原形同形,但它不是原形,而是一种语法形式.除基本助动词do和情态动词外,英语动词都有不定式形式.动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语,但可以担任除谓语外的任何成分－主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语.动词不定式和它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语.不定式有时态、语态变化(以do为例):主动语态被动语态一般式to do to be done进行式to be doing-完成式to have done to have been done 完成进行式to have been doing-动词不定式的句法作用(一)作主语用作主语的动词不定式通常表示一种具体的、特定的行为,其谓语动词用第三人称单数形式.To obey the laws is everyone's duty.服从法律是每个人的职责.How to use the computer is a question.怎么使用计算机是一个问题.How to get there is not decided yet.怎样去那里还没决定下来.点拨(1)在很多情况下,常用it作形式主语,而把真实主语不定式放在谓语之后.It was difficult to sell my car.我的车很难卖掉.It's not known where to stay for the night.在哪里过夜还不知道.(2)如果要表示不定式的动作是谁做的,一般在不定式前加一个for短语.It will be a regret for us not to help him.我们没有帮助他是个遗憾.(3)在某些形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless, considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前常可加一个以of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况.It would be rude of us to refuse their invitation.(我们)拒绝他们的邀请,会显得无礼.(二)作表语作表语,一般紧跟在系动词,如:be,seem,get等后面,用以说明主语.The question is when to start.问题是什么时候启程.You seem to have lost weight.你好像减肥了.What we have to do first is to find a solution.我们得做的第一件事是找出一个解决办法.点拨当不定式所作的表语仅用来说明主语的内容时,这个不定式只作单纯的表语,而不具有未来的含义.(三)作宾语能以不定式作宾语的动词很多,常见的有:agree,begin,decide,expect,forget,hope,learn,like,manage, pretend,start,try,want,wish等.Do you wish to see the manager?你想见经理吗?They decided to learn English hard.他们决定好好学英语.Don't forget to meet me at6:00.别忘了六点钟和我见面.有些动词,如:tell,advise,show,teach,know,forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear, find out,explain,decide,discuss等后面,常用带疑问词的不定式作宾语.We don't know who(whom)to ask.我们不知道问谁.We asked how to get to the station.我们问怎么到达车站.Have you decided where to go for your holidays?你们决定到哪儿度假了吗?I don't know whether to apply for the job or not?那份工作我不知道申请还是不申请?(四)作定语I have no time to waste.我没有时间可浪费.Let me find a place to park.我来找个停车的地方.He is always the first to come to work and the last to leave.他总是第一个来上班,最后一个走.点拨不定式修饰something,anything,nothing时,放在它们的后面.如果something,anything,nothing有形容词来修饰,词序是something(nothing...)+形容词＋不定式.My father had something to do.我父亲有事要办.Have you got anything important to buy?你有什么重要的东西要买吗?(五)作状语不定式常可用作状语,修饰动词,表示行为的目的、结果、原因等.一般放在被修饰词之后,但在表示目的时,为了强调也可放在句首.1.作目的状语为加强语气在否定式前还可加上in order或so as组成词组(即:in order to...,so as to...),作状语表示目的.To live a long and healthy life,we must learn to have a balanced diet.为了能过长寿而健康的生活,我们必须懂得吃均衡的食品.I stayed there so as to see what would happen.我留在那儿,为的是想看看会发生什么事.In order to help him,we would do everything we can.为了帮助他,我们愿意尽一切力量.2.作结果状语表结果,其逻辑主语通常亦是全句的主语.在“so...as to...”“such...as to..“enough to...”“only to...”以及“too...to...”等结构中的不定式皆表示结果.She is old enough to go to school.她已到了可以上学的年龄了.He was too drunk to drive home.他酩酊大醉,没法开车回家.3.作原因状语She trembled to think of the terrible accident.想到那可怕的车祸,她就不寒而栗.We jumped with joy to hear the news.听到这消息,我们都高兴地跳了起来.(六)宾语补足语1、有很多动词的后面都可以有不定式作宾语补足语常见的这类动词有:advise,ask,tell,help,wish,want, expect,forbid,persuade,press,request,teach,warn等.She asked her grandfather to play game with her.她请爷爷跟她一起做游戏.Mother told me to cook the meal.妈妈叫我做饭.2.有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to,这种动词有两类:一类是感觉动词,另一类是使役动词感觉动词:如feel,see,hear,watch,notice等.使役动词:如make,let,have等.Let me do it for you.让我来替你做.Don't let her go out.别让她出去.I made him work hard.我迫使他加劲干.(1)动词help之后,复合宾语中的不定式可带to,亦可不带to.在上述动词转换为被动结构时,其后的不定式必须带to.He was seen to enter the theatre.有人看见他走进了剧院.I was made to do my homework the whole night.我被迫整晚做作业.Can you help me(to)move this table?你能帮我移动一下这张桌子吗?(2)感官动词的宾语补足语有两种形式:不带to的不定式和动词-ing形式.I heard Meimei singing in her room when I went past.我路过的时候听见梅梅在房间里唱歌.(路过的瞬间正在唱,所以用singing)We often hear Meimei sing in her room.我们经常听见梅梅在房间里唱歌.(经常听见,用不定式)I saw him come in.I saw him coming in.两句话的意思都一样:我看见他进来.用不定式着重于动作的全过程,用动词-ing形式则是强调当时动作的进行情况.3.当谓语动词为think,make,find,consider,feel,regard等词,作宾语的不定式后面有宾语补足语时,常用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放在补足语的后面I find it easy to learn English well.我发现要把英语学好很容易.三、不定式的主要句型及注意事项(一)不定式的否定式不定式的否定式:not+不定式,经常和ask(tell)sb.to do sth.句型连用.She asked me not to drive him to the station.她要我不要开车送他到车站.Try not to be late.争取不要迟到.Mary asked me not to give my pen to Jimmy.玛丽让我别把笔给吉米.She decided not to come here again.她决定不再到这儿来.点拨不定式的否定式和否定句的区别:I asked him not to open the door.我让他别把门打开.I didn't ask him to open the door.我没让他把门打开.(二)不定式的进行时态进行式:表示在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态发生时正在进行.It's nice to be sitting here with you.在这儿陪你坐着是非常愉快的.It is unwise for him to be talking that topic all the time.他老是谈论这件事,很不明智.(三)不定式的完成时态完成式表示在谓语动词的动作或状态发生时已经完成.She said she was sorry to have missed you.她说她没见到你很遗憾.He seemed to have visited our factory.他好像参观过我们的工厂.They appeared to have met before.他们看来以前见过面.(四)动词不定式的被动语态表示被动意义I didn't want to be told about it.我不想被告知这件事.Nothing seems to have been forgotten.似乎什么也没有被遗忘.The building is said to have been destroyed in a fire two years ago.据说这幢大楼两年前已毁于一场大火.在以某些形容词,如kind,good,silly,honest,bad,stupid,bold,clever,cruel,courteous,nice,rude,sensible, tactful,wise,wrong等作表语时,后面需用以“of+名词(或代词宾格)＋不定式”结构,以说明不定式所表示的动作的执行者是谁(即of短语是不定式的逻辑主语).It's very good of you to come.谢谢你的光临.How silly of you(it is)to make such a mistake!你出了这样的差错,多傻啊！It's very kind of you to say so.多谢你这么说.在had better,had best,would rather,would rather...than,would sooner,would sooner...than,cannot but,do nothing but等结构后面的不定式要省略“to”.You had better write it in English.你最好用英文写.I would rather stay at home.我宁愿待在家里.好题精练一、用-ing形式或不定式的适当形式完成句子1.Do you enjoy_________football?(play)2.Fred didn't have any money,so he decided_________a job.(take)3.We're going out for dinner,Would you like_________us?(join)4.The teacher reminded the students_________their test paper on time.(finish)5.When I was tired,I enjoyed_________TV.(watch)6.It was a nice day,so the old man agreed_________for a walk.(go)7.I'm not in a hurry,I don't mind_________.(wait)答案:1.playing2.to take3.to join4.to finish5.watching6.to go7.waiting二、选择括号内所给词组完成句子,注意括号内“go+v.-ing形式”构成固定搭配的用法(go boating;go fishing;go dancing;go running;go skating;go hunting;go singing)1.She's a good dancer.She always_________on Saturday.2.I've got a gun.I'll_________with that strong hunter next weekend.3.“Where is Tim?”“He has._________He always runs in the morning.”4.We have enough fish to eat.Our father_________every day.答案:1.goes dancing2.go hunting3.gone running4.goes fishing三、仿照示例改写下列句子示例:It is very interesting to play baseball.→To play baseball is very interesting.1.lt was not polite to speak that way before Mr.Lee.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.It can be quite easy to travel by air.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.lt will be no problem to arrive there before noon.____________________________________________________________________________________________4.To make those strangers believe us was so difficult.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.To help Tom speak Chinese well is not at all easy.____________________________________________________________________________________________答案:1.To speak that way before Mr.Lee was not polite.2.To travel by air can be quite easy.3.To arrive there before noon will be no problem.4.It was so difficult to make those strangers believe us.5.It is not at all easy to help Tom(to)speak Chinese well.四、选择填空1._________the bookstore,he stopped_________a few books.A.Passing;buyingB.Passing;to buyC.To pass;buyingD.Having passed;to buy2.Bruce,look at your dirty shoes,You'd better_________them right now.A.washedB.washingC.washD.to wash3._________the room,I found the computer_________.A.Entering;stealingB.Entering;stolenC.To enter;stealD.To enter;stealing4.We've worked hard for nearly one hour.Let's stop_________a rest now.A.haveB.to haveC.havingD.have had5.My mother always tells me not_________to the net bars(网吧)．A.goB.to goC.goesD.going6.The teacher asked us_________English for half an hour in the morning.A.reads B reading C.to read D.read7.You will have to get up early tomorrow.Stop_________TV,Peter.A.watchesB.watchC.to watchD.watching8.I find it hard_________English well.A.learnB.learningC.to learnD.learns9.The teacher asked John_________a short talk in our class meeting.A.giveB.to giveC.gaveD.giving10.The girl was too poor_________a houseA.to buy;to live inB.to buy;to liveC.buy;to liveD.buying;living in11.It was very late at night,but Mr.Brown still went on_________.A.worksB.workedC.workingD.work12.Remember_________him about it before he goes away.A.tellB.to tellC.tellingD.to telling13.Lin Tao is strong enough_________the big box.A.carryB.to carryC.carryingD.carries14.Her mother told her_________in bed.A.not readB.not to readC.don't readD.to not read15.When class began,we stopped_________to the teacher carefully.A.listeningB.listenC.listensD.to listen16.You'd better_________the cinema by bus.A.don't goB.to goC.to go toD.go to17.What did the manager_________you to_________at the meeting?A.tell;sayB.ask;speakC.tell;speakD.ask;talk18.Tom was let_________in the gate house.A.waitB.to waitC.waitingD.to have waited19.Mr.Hu has enough time_________the job in two days.A.finishB.to finishC.finishingD.finished20.Look,the building_________is our library.A.is repairedB.being repairedC.repairingD.to be repairing21._________no money,I could not buy this coat.A.HaveB.HavingC.To haveD.Have had22.The teacher has something important_________us.A.to tellB.tellsC.tellingD.told23.Li Ming didn't know_________next.A.to do whatB.what to doC.how to doD.what do24.I'd love_________to your birthday party.eB.cameC.to comees25.It took me two hours_________by bus.A.to get thereB.to get to thereC.get thereD.get to there答案:1-5BCBBB6-10CDCBA11-15CBBBD16-20DABBB21-25BABCA五、改正下列句子的错误1.He seems to not hear from her.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.I hope see you soon.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.I made them to give the money back.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.The scientist gave us some advice on how learning English.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.No one noticed him to leave the room.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Have you given up to smoke?____________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.We found him waited at the school gate.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Why not to turn off the light?____________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.She didn't want me go.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.I don't know to swim.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.China is a developed country belonging to the third world.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.It's getting dark.We have to find a hotel to live.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 13.He said he had an important meeting to attended.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 14.They don't allow that people smoke.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.It's difficult sell my car.____________________________________________________________________________________________答案:1.He seems not to...2.I hope to see...3.I made them give...4....how to learn...5....him leave...6....given up smoking?7...him waiting...8.Why not turn off...9.She didn't want me to go.10.I don't know how to swim.11....a developing...12....to live in13....to attend.14....people to smoke.15...to sell my car.。
第二章代词(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
第二章代词思维导图一、代词的定义代词是用来代替名词或名词词组的,它的主要作用是在句子中避免名词的重复.因此,代词的使用必须和它所代替的名词在人称、数、性、格上一致.二、代词的分类在初中英语中常见的代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词和不定代词等.(一)人称代词1.人称代词的分类人称代词是指人的代词,表示“我”“你”“他”“她”“它”“我们”“你们”或“他们”等.人称代词有人称、数和格的变化.2.人称代词的句法功能(1)主格人称代词在句中作主语.She is as intelligent as he(is).她像他一样聪明.(2)宾格人称代词在句中作动词宾语或介词宾语.We often go to see her on Saturdays.我们常在星期六去看她.It is a waste of time your talking to him.跟他谈话是白白浪费时间.(3)人称代词作表语时一般用宾格,但在比较正式的场合用主格.-Who is it?谁呀?-It's me.是我.(非正式)-It is I.是我.(正式)(4)人称代词用于as和than之后,如果as和than用作介词,往往用宾格;如果as和than用作连词,则往往用主格.She reads faster than he.她读得比他快些.I am a good student as him.我和他一样是个好学生.(5)we, you, they有时可用来泛指一般人.We/You should keep calm even when we/you are in danger.即使在危急时刻也要保持冷静.They say there is going to be trouble.人们说要有麻烦了.点拨(6)it的用法.①用来指代上文提到过的事物.-What do you think of the movie?你觉得这部电影怎么样?-Great! I like it very much.棒极了！我非常喜欢它.②用来指代时间、地点、距离、天气、温度等.It's eight o'clock now.(指时间)现在是8点钟.③用来指代婴儿或不明确的人.The baby is crying. It might be hungry.宝宝在哭,它可能饿了.④作形式主语或形式宾语Did you find it very interesting to play football?你有没有发现踢足球很有趣?3.人称代词的排列顺序几个人称代词同时作主语时,排列次序一般为:you and I; you and he(she); you, she(he) and I; we and you; we and they; we, you and they.You, he and I should help each other.我、你、他应该互相帮助.She and I are of the same age.我和她同岁.但在承认错误时,I放在其他人前面表示勇于承认错误.I and my brother made the mistake.我和兄弟犯了这个错误.(二)物主代词1.物主代词的分类表示所有关系的代词称为物主代词,物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种.2.形容词性物主代词的用法(1)形容词性物主代词具有形容词的特征,在句中用作定语,后面接名词.Our school is not far from here.我们学校离这儿不远.(2)英语中表示身体所有的或随身携带的物主代词一般不可省略,而汉语中有时可以省略.He put on his hat and left.他戴上帽子就走了.(3)形容词性物主代词与own连用时表示强调.I saw it with my own eyes.那是我亲眼看见的.(4)下面结构中,必须要用定冠词the代替形容词性物主代词(不可用物主代词).touch sb. on the head 摸某人的头hit sb. on the head 打某人的头hit sb. on the nose打某人的鼻子strike/hit sb. in the face/chest 打某人的脸／胸部take/catch/pull/sb. by the head/arm抓住某人的头／手3.名词性物主代词的用法名词性物主代词具有名词的特征,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语.它还可以构成“a/an/this/that/some/no+名词＋of+名词性物主代词”句型,在这个句型中,名词性物主代词在句中作定语.(1)作主语.Ours is the best team in the league.我们的队在联赛中是最强的队.Our room is on the first floor and yours(theirs) is on the second.我们的房间在一楼,你们的(他们的)在二楼.(2)作表语.The books over there are not mine. They are hers.那边的书不是我的,是她的.Whose jacket is this? It's hers.这是谁的上衣?这是她的.(3)作宾语.You may have my pen, I'll have his.你可以用我的钢笔,我用他的.I have lost my dictionary. Please lend me yours.我的字典丢了,请把你的借给我.(4)名词性物主代词与of连用可做定语.That son of hers is very naughty.她的那个儿子很淘气.This painting of his is well painted.他的这幅画画得很好.(三)指示代词英语中用来表示“这个”“那个”“这些”“那些”等指示概念的代词称为指示代词.常见的指示代词有this, that, these, those, such, same等.1.this,that,these,those的用法;在句中可作主语、宾语、定语或表语(1)作主语.This is my doll. That is Mary's.这是我的洋娃娃,那是玛丽的.Those are his books.那些是他的书.(2)作宾语.Do you like these?你喜欢这些吗?We should always keep this in mind.我们应当永远记住这一点.(3)作定语.I want this radio.我要这台收音机.We are busy these days,这些日子我们很忙.This magazine is about Chinese poetry.这本杂志是关于中国诗歌的.(4)作表语.Oh, it's not that.噢,不是那样的.What I want is this(that).我要的是这个(那个).2.this(these)和that(those)的用法区别(1)this(的复数形式是these),是指时间上或空间上离说话人较近的人或物. that(复数形式是those),是指在时间上或空间上离说话人较远的人或物.This is Mr. Smith and that is Mr. Black.这位是史密斯先生,那位是布莱克先生.These are jeeps. Those are trucks.这些是吉普车,那些是卡车.(2)that/those有时用来代替前面说过的名词,以避免重复.The weather in Shanghai is not so cold as that(=the weather) in Beijing.上海的天气没有北京那么冷.City people stand closer than those who live in the country.城里人比那些住在乡村的人彼此站得更靠近.(3)that/those指前面讲过的事物,this/these指下面要讲的事物.I had a bad cold. That's why I didn't come.我得了重感冒,所以没来.This is the latest news from the United States.下面是来自美国的最新消息.3.such的用法指示代词such表示“如此的,如此的事物”,具有名词和形容词的性质,在句子中可用作主语、定语、表语、宾语等.(1)作主语.Such is life.生活就是这样.Such is our study plan.这就是我们的学习计划.Such were his words.这就是他讲的话.(2)作定语.I don't like such a book.我不喜欢这样的书.Such water is quite clean.这样的水很干净.点拨such作定语时,它所修饰的名词之前如有不定冠词,这个不定冠词应放在such之后.如:such a play, such a book(3)作表语.The birds were such as I never saw before.这样的鸟,我从未见过.The problems are such that we can't solve by ourselves.这样的问题,我们自己是解决不了的.(4)作宾语Take from the drawer such as you need.你需要什么,就从抽屉里拿吧.If you act like a child, you will be treated as such.你要是这样孩子气,人家就把你当孩子看待了.4.same的用法same(同样的)也是指示代词,使用时same之前必须用定冠词the.它也具有名词和形容词的性质,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等.(1)作主语.The same can be said of the other article.另一篇文章也是同样情况.The same happened to me.我也发生了同样的情况.(2)作宾语.She went to swim and I did the same.她去游泳,我也去了.Whatever I did, he tried to do the same.无论我做什么,他也想跟着做什么.(3)作表语.His name and mine are the same.他和我同名.Our ideas are exactly the same.我们的想法完全一个样.(4)作定语.The students are doing the same thing.学生们在做同样的事情.(5)作状语.Thank you all the same.我还是要谢谢你.(四)反身代词1.反身代词的分类反身代词是表示动作回到其执行者本身或是强调代词或名词的一组代词.反身代词是由人称代词第一人称和第二人称的形容词性物主代词和第三人称的宾格加“-self”或“-selves”构成.列表如下:2.反身代词的用法(1)作表语.She will be herself again in no time.她很快就会好的.That poor boy was myself.那可怜的孩子就是我.(2)作宾语.Did they enjoy themselves last Sunday?他们上个星期天玩得高兴吗?Make yourself at home.别客气,就像在家一样.(3)作主语或宾语的同位语.在作同位语时,反身代词多可译为“本人”(或“本身”).但有时为了加强语气,常译为“自己”或“亲自”.起强调作用时,反身代词可以放在被强调词之后,也可以放在句末.Nobody taught him drawing. He learned it himself. 没有人教他绘画,他是自学的.You'd better ask the teacher yourself (himself).你最好亲自问老师.(你最好问老师本人.)Our guide buys some food from the villagers and we cook it ourselves.我们的向导从村民那里买来一些食物,我们自己烹调.3.反身代词的用法(1)反身代词用来加强语气.反身代词用于强调时,经常做主语或者宾语的同位语,一般放在所强调的名词或代词后面,如果不影响理解,做同位语的反身代词的位置也可以灵活处理.Peter himself closed the window.(=Peter closed the window himself.)彼得亲自关上了窗户.(2)反身代词用于固定搭配中.in oneself本身,本质上of oneself 独自to oneself供自己用between ourselves 私下说的话(不可告诉别人)for oneself替自己,为自己amuse oneself自娱excuse oneself自我辩解call oneself自称help oneself to 随便吃enjoy oneself过得很快活teach oneself自学speak to oneself自言自语devote oneself to 献身于lose oneself=lose one's way 迷路make oneself understood 让别人懂自己的意思seat oneself=sit down=be seated坐下(五)相互代词1.用来表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词英语中相互代词只有each other和one another两个,意为“相互,互相”.each other主要用于两者之间,one another主要用于三者或三者以上之间.但在现代英语中常可通用.宾格所有格each other 相互each other's相互的one another 相互one another's相互的2.相互代词的用法(1)作动词的宾语.The two girls help each other in their lessons.这两个女孩在功课上互相帮助.They saw each other every day.他们每天相见.(2)作介词的宾语.They looked at each other.他们互相看着.You two should learn from each other.你们两人应互相学习.(3)相互代词的所有格形式只能作定语.They looked into each other's (one another's) eyes for a long time.他们彼此对视了很长时间.They know each other's parents.他们都认识对方的父母.(六)疑问代词1.疑问代词是指用来构成特殊疑问句的代词常见的有who, whom, whose, what, which. who常用作主语和表语,whom作宾语,whose, what, which可用作主语、表语、宾语或定语.疑问代词还可用来引导主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句,所以它们又可称为连接代词.疑问代词有格的变化,还有指人和指物的区别.2.疑问代词的用法(1)who ,whom的用法.who只能指人,常作主语和表语,只有名词性质.在非正式英文和口语中,who可以代替whom,但介词后面要用whom; whom也指人,常用作宾语,也只有名词性质.Who would you like to go with?你想和谁一起去?Who are you looking for?你在找谁?By whom was the house built?这房子是谁建的?Who(Whom)are you waiting for?你在等谁?Who (Whom) did you go to the movie with?你同谁一起去看电影的?(2)whose的用法.whose和物主代词一样,具有名词和形容词的性质,可作主语、宾语、表语和定语.Whose is better?谁的好一些?Whose is this?这是谁的?Whose are you going to borrow?你准备借谁的?Whose room is this?这是谁的房间?(3)what的用法.what表示“什么(人或物)”,可用作单数和复数,具有名词和形容词性质,作主语、宾语、表语和定语等.What is happening now?发生什么事了?What do you usually do on Sundays?你星期天通常做什么?What would you like to buy?你想买点什么东西?What's your father?你父亲是干什么的?What time do you usually get up?你通常几点钟起床?点拨what可用来指人的职业;what可用于感叹句;what与like连用表示“······怎么样”如:What is your sister? She is a doctor.你姐姐是干什么的?她是一名医生.What does your father do? He is an engineer.你父亲是做什么工作的?他是一名工程师.What a fine day today!今天天气真好啊！What a pretty girl she is!她真是个美丽的女孩！What is the weather like today?今天天气如何?(4)which的用法.which表示“在一定范围内的哪一个(哪一些)人或物”,可用作单数和复数,具有名词和形容词的性质,用作主语、定语、宾语等.Which is yours?哪一个是你的?(主语)Which sport do you like best?你最喜欢哪一项运动?(定语)Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?你喜欢哪种,茶还是咖啡?(宾语)点拨(1)who, what, which作表语(指人)时的区别:who问人的身份,多指姓名、关系.what问人的职业.which问在一定范围内的人群中特指的人.(2)what和which作定语时的区别:what指“什么”“哪种”,不限制范围.which指在相当数目中的人或物中进行选择,限制在一定范围内.(3)疑问代词作主语时,后面的谓语动词可以用单数形式,也可以用复数形式,主要看代表的人或物是单数还是复数.(七)不定代词不是指明代替任何特定名词(或形容词)的代词叫做不定代词.不定代词有:some一些(可数或不可数) somebody某人someone某人something某物,某事any一些,任何anybody任何人anyone任何人anything任何事物no无nobody无人no one无一人nothing无物all全体,全部both两个neither两者都不none没有人或物either(两者中)任何一个each每个every每个everybody每人,大家,人人everyone每人everything每一个事物,一切other(s)另一个(些) another另外一个,又一个much很多(不可数) many很多(可数) few很少(可数)a few一些,几个(可数) little很少(不可数) a little一些(不可数)one一个(人或物)不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some, any, no, every 和-thing,-body,-one构成的复合不定代词(如somebody等)只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语.1.some的用法(1)some通常指不定数量“一些”,修饰或代替可数名词复数或不可数名词,既可指人,又可指物.常用在肯定句中.There are some animals on the island.这个岛上有一些动物.Give me some water, please.请给我一些水.(2)some也可用在“请求、建议、反问”等含义的疑问句中,以期得到肯定的回答.Didn't he give you some books?难道他没有给你一些书?(3)some有时可修饰可数名词单数,表示“某个”.This morning, some boy asked for you.今天上午,有个男孩要求见你.(4)some也可修饰数词,表示“大约”.It took me some twenty days to get there.我大约花了20天时间才到达那里.2.any的用法(1)不定代词any和some一样表示不定数量“一些”,修饰和代替可数名词复数和不可数名词,既可指人又可指物.但一般用在否定句、疑问句、条件从句中.Do you have any questions? If you have any, don't hesitate to ask me.你有什么问题吗?如果你有问题的话,尽管问我好了.There isn't any tea left. I'll go and make some for you.没有茶了,我去给你泡一些.(2)用于肯定句中,表示“任何一个”,修饰可数名词单数和不可数名词.You can buy this book at any bookstore in our city.你可以在我们市里任何一家书店买到这本书.Any child can answer that question.任何一个小孩都能回答那个问题.3.no的用法(1)不定代词no只有形容词性质,一般作定语来构成否定句,表示“不是”“没有”.She knows no English.(=She doesn't know English at all.)她根本不懂英语.He has no brothers.(=He doesn't have any brothers.)他没有兄弟.(no等于not any)(2)用于警告、命令等.No Parking!禁止停车！(3)修饰表语时,有特殊的意思.试比较:I am no teacher.我不善于教书.I am not a teacher.我不是教师.4.none的用法none只具有名词性质,可以代替人和事物,表示“三者(以上)都不”“没有一个人(一件事物)······”.作主语时,如果谈到的是所有人的情况,动词多用复数形式;如果谈每个人的状况,则多用单数形式.None of us are/is afraid of difficulties.我们谁也不怕困难.None of them has a bike.他们谁也没有自行车.None of the machines is/are working.这些机器都不能工作.We none of us can sing this song.我们中没人能唱这支歌.点拨5.both的用法both表示“两者都”,具有名词和形容词的性质,可作主语、宾语、同位语和定语.作主语时谓语动词用复数.Both would like to have a try.两人都想试一试.(作主语)We asked both to put forward their suggestions.我们要两人都提出建议.(作宾语)Give us some bread. We both want to try a bit.给我们一些面包.我们俩都想尝尝.(同位语)Both men were interested in the job.两个人都对这项工作感兴趣.(作定语)点拨(1)both后常跟短语,其后用复数名词或代词,后接复数名词时of常省略,后接复数代词时of则不省略. Both(of)the films were very good.两部电影都很好.点拨(2)相当于名词时,在句中还用作同位语,与复数名词或复数代词同位.在句中的位置取决于谓语动词的形式.作主语同位语时,如谓语为完全动词(包括用作完全动词的have),both位于主语之后、谓语动词之前.We both had a haircut.我俩都理了发.(3)如谓语部分为系表结构,both则位于连系动词之后和表语之前.The children were both too young.这两个孩子都太小了.(4)如谓语是含有助动词或情态动词的动词短语,both则位于助动词或情态动词之后.My parents have both been invited.我父母都受到了邀请.You must both come over some evening.你俩一定要找个晚上过来坐车.(5)作宾语同位语时,位于宾语之后.They told us both to wait.他们告诉我俩都等一等.I've met them both before.我以前见过他俩.6.all的用法(1)当all作主语时,代表三个以上的人,谓语动词用复数形式;指事物或情况时,往往表示“一切”“所有的”的意思,常被看作单数,谓语动词用单数形式.当all作定语时,既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词.all具有名词和形容词性质,常表示“全体”“所有的”“一切”的意思;在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语或状语.All are here.大家都到了.(主语,all指人)All is known.一切都明白了.(主语,all指事物,不可数)She has told me all about it.她把一切都告诉我了.(作宾语)Is that all you can help me?这就是你能帮助我做的事吗?(表语)All the apples in that box are rotten.那箱子里所有的苹果都烂了.(定语)They have all gone to America.他们全都到美国去了.(同位语)He is all excited.他非常激动.(作状语,加强语气)(2)当all用作主语时,如果后面跟有人称代词,须在它们之间加上of;如果后面跟的是名词,它们之间可加of,也可不加.All of them are from Beijing.他们全都是北京人.(them为人称代词,of不能省略)All(of)the books are here.所有的书都在这儿.(books为名词,of可省略)(3)当all作同位语时,它在句中的位置随谓语动词而定.当谓语动词是实义动词时,all放在动词前面;谓语动词是be时,all放在be后面;谓语动词是由情态动词或助动词加实义动词组成时,all放在它们之间.They all know the answer.他们都知道这答案.They are all students.他们都是学生.You can all go home.你们都可以回家了.(4)当all用作人称代词宾语的同位语时,all放在宾语后面.如:you all, them all, us all.I'll have to think them all again.我得将它们重新考虑一次.7.each的用法each具有名词和形容词性质,指每个人或事物的个别情况,相当于汉语的“各个”.在句中可用作主语、定语、宾语和同位语.Each of the boys has a bike.每个男孩都有一辆自行车.(作主语,强调个体,每一个).There are flowers on each side of the river.河两岸都是花.(作定语)Two men came and I gave a book to each.两个人来了,我给他们每人一本书.(作宾语) The teacher gave the pupils four textbooks each.教师给每个学生四本教科书.(作同位语) We each have a new schoolbag now.现在我们每人都有一个新书包.(作同位语)好题精练一、用所给的汉语提示填空1.We want__________ (他们)to help us.2.This is__________ (我的)book. That is__________ (你的).3.This doesn't look like__________ (我的)dictionary, it must be__________ (你的).4. __________ (他)often helps__________ (我们)with__________ (我们的)lessons.5.Is this book__________ (你的)?No, it's not__________ (我的).It's__________ (她的).6.I'll work out the problem__________ (我自己)．7.Who are__________ (他们)? __________ (他们)are__________ (我们的)new classmates.8. __________ (她)is very honest. __________ (我们)may depend on__________ (她)9.These books are very important to__________ (我)．10. __________ (我父亲)goes to work by bus every day.答案：1.them2.my,yours3.my,yours4.He,us,our5.yours,mine,hers6.myself7.they,They,our8.She,We,her9.me 10.My father二、选择括号中适当的词填空1. __________ of them knows Japanese.(Neither, Both)2.We study Chinese, English, maths and__________ subjects.(the others, other)3.Don't hurry. There is__________ time left.(little, a little)4.“Is there__________ wrong with your bike?"“Yes, there is__________ wrong with it."(something, anything)5.I don't like this one. Please give me__________.(another, other)6.(He, His, Her)name is Jack. __________ (She, He, His) is a cook.7.He's invited to__________ parties.(a lot of, lots)8.This box is heavier than that__________.(one, ones)9.We must get__________ ready before setting off.(everything, anything)10. __________ of us is afraid of difficulties.(None, All)11.Do you mind if I ask you__________ questions?(few, a few)12.There are many trees on__________ sides of the street in Beijing.(all, both)13.Would you like__________ tea or coffee?(some, any)14.Did they spend__________ money on their trip to Hangzhou?(many, much)15.There's__________ wrong with you, but I'm afraid you're eating too(anything, nothing; many, much)16.Please show__________ (me, I, mine) the way.17.Which of__________ shirts are Tom's?(these, this, that)18.Did__________ ask for me when I was out?(somebody, anybody)19.She's very popular. __________ likes her.(Someone, Everyone)20.“It's going to snow,” the old woman said to__________.(her, herself, hers)答案：1.Neither2.other3.a little4.anything, something5.another6.His,He7.a lot of8.one9.everything 10.None11.a few 12.both 13.some 14.much 15.nothing,much16.me 17.these 18.anybody 19.Everyone 20.herself三、选择填空1. __________ is no use telling him about it.A. TheseB. ThoseC. ItD. They2.We have__________ work to do.A. manyB. a fewC. a lot of D .any3.-How about these two films?-__________ of them are very interesting.A. NeitherB. EitherC. AllD. Both4.The sentence__________ is wrong.A. himselfB. herselfC. itselfD. it5.Is there__________ in today's newspaper?A. anything interestingB. interesting anythingC. something interestingD. interesting something6. __________ like music.A. Both of chem.B. Both of theyC. The both girlsD. Both them7.-What would you like to have, tea or milk?-__________.I'd like to have a glass of water.A. EachB. NeitherC. EitherD. Both8.Mary has made__________ Chinese friends since she came to Beijing.A. a fewB. a littleC. a lotD. lots9. __________ do you like best, bread, rice or noodles?A. WhatB. WhichC. WhoD. Whom10." __________ came to see you yesterday afternoon.”“Who was__________?”A. Somebody; heB. Somebody; sheC. Somebody; itD. Anybody; the one11.I asked her for__________ ink, but she did not have__________.A. any; someB. any; anyC. some; anyD. some; some12. __________ of us went to the Summer Palace except Lin Tao.A. SomeB. EitherC. AllD. Every13.of us has read the story.A. SomeB. BothC. AllD. None14.Our teacher asked us to be strict with__________ in English study.A. oursB. ourC. ourselvesD. oneselves15.Everyone should do__________ best.A. itsB. onesC. theirD. his16. __________ work is heavy, but__________ is heavier than__________A. Our; their; ourB. Our; theirs; oursC. Ours; theirs; ourD. Our; their; ours17.Except Mrs. Lee and__________, no one was old in the waiting room.A. hisB. herC.ID. she18. __________ is a close friend of__________ aunt's.A. She; mineB. Her; mineC. She; myD. Hers; my19.None of us saw how it happened, so we had to ask the boy__________ about his good deeds. But he just gave usa smile.A. himB. himselfC. his ownD. his20.He is a good student. But__________ on hand, he is in poor health.A. otherB. the otherC. other'sD. others 答案：1-5CCDCA 6-10ABABC 11-15CCDCD 16-20BBCBB。
01名词 -高中英语基础语法思维导图点对点讲解(思维导图)
（一）名词的分类
（二）名词的数
1.可数名词
可数名词指所表示的人或事物可以用数来计算,有单、复数两种形式。
2.不可数名词
不可数名词是表示不可以计数的事物的名词。
不可数名词一般不分单数和复数,也不能与a, an 直接连用。
不可数名词主要包括物质名词和抽象名词,一般用单数形式,但以下几点需要注意:
英语中不可数名词比较复杂,有些名词在不同的语境下,会有不同的概念,从而也表现出可数与不可数的不同。
（三）名词的格
所有格表示所有关系,修饰另一名词,作定语。
它有两种形式:一种是在名词词尾加-s构成,第二种是由“介词of+名词”构成。
前者多用于表示有生命的东西,后者多用于表示无生命的东西。
（四）名词的修饰语
名词可以由名词、形容词、个别副词、介词短语、从句、单位词来修饰,使名词的语意更明确、更完整。
这些修饰语大致上可以分为两类:普通修饰语和其他修饰语。
（五）名词的功能。
第五章形容词(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
第五章形容词思维导图知识梳理一、形容词的定义形容词是用来描述或修饰名词的词,表示人或事物的性质和特征,一般放在所修饰名词之前;若修饰不定代词则放其后.二、形容词的构成和特征形容词通常具有自己独特的后缀形式,多数形容词以下列后缀结尾.后缀例词-able, - ible valuable有价值的comfortable 舒服的terrible糟糕的-al, -ical national国家的natural自然地medical医学的-ant pleasant 令人愉快的important重要的assistant辅助的-ary necessary必要的ordinary普通的secondary次要的-ful beautiful漂亮的wonderful精彩的carefu1l细心的-less useless无用的careless粗心的helpless无助的-ly lovely可爱的friendly友好的lively活泼的-ous,-ious dangerous危险的delicious美味的serious严肃的-some handsome英俊的tiresome烦人的troublesome令人烦恼的-y rainy多雨的sunny阳光充足的snowy多雪的三、形容词的分类根据其构成形式,形容词可以分为简单形容词和合成形容词两类:分类构成例词简单形容词adj. -合成形容词num.+“－”＋n.A two-week visit to Pakistan一次对巴基斯坦为期两周的访问num.／adj.+“－”＋n.+edA three-legged desk三条腿的桌子A kind-hearted man一位好心的男子adj.+“－”＋v.-ing An easy-going man一位随和的男子n.+“－”＋v.-ed A man-made wonder一个人造奇观adv.+“－”＋v.-ed A well-known pianist一位著名的钢琴家四、形容词的句法功能(一)作定语It's a beautiful present.这是一件漂亮的礼物.少数形容词,如little, live(活的),elder, eldest等只能作定语,不能作表语.(二)作表语The film is very interesting.这部电影很有趣.You look young for your age.你看起来比实际年纪要年轻.点拨有些形容词在句中只能用作表语.如:alive活的,awake醒着的,asleep睡着的,afraid害怕的,alike相似的,alone单独的,alight燃着的,点燃的,ashamed对······感到羞耻的、惭愧的,drunk 喝醉的,m生病的,sorry难过的,后悔的,unable不能的,worth值得的,well安好的,glad高兴的,sure确信的.(三)作宾语补足语I find it pleasant to work with him.我发现与他共事很愉快.We should keep our hands dean.我们应该保持手的干净.(四)作主语补足语The house was found empty.房子发现是空的.(五)作独立成分Strange to say, he won the first in the race.说也奇怪,他在比赛中竟得了第一名.点拨有些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或东西,这时它接近一个名词,叫做名词化的形容词,它们可充当名词所能充当的主语、宾语等句子成分.这类形容词有blind, deaf, sick, poor, rich, old, young, new, wounded等.(1)泛指一类人,表示复数概念,作主语时谓语动词要用复数形式(2)指抽象事物,作主语时谓语动词要用单数形式The good are happy.善者长乐.(作主语)We should respect the old and love the young.我们应该尊老爱幼.(作宾语)The true is to be distinguished from the false.真伪要辨明.类似的还有:the beautiful美的东西,the good好的东西,the new新的东西,the ordinary普普通通的东西,the unusual 不寻常的东西.五、形容词的位置(一)作定语用的形容词1.作定语用的形容词通常位于所修饰的名词的前面He went a long way.他走了很远.There are many trees in the park.公园里有许多树.点拨形容词的排列顺序有几个形容词修饰一个名词时,它们的排列顺序一般为:限定词(包括冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词等)→数词→描绘形容词(短词在前,长词在后)→表示特征的形容词(包括大小、长度、形状、年龄、新旧等)→表示颜色的形容词→表示类属的形容词(包括国籍、专有形容词和表示材料质地的形容词)→名词定语(包括动名词)→被修饰的名词,如:Jane wore a pretty purple silk dress.珍妮穿着一件漂亮的紫色真丝衣服.a useful big green plastic box 一个实用的大绿色塑料盒子2.但在下列情况下,形容词却放在它所修饰的名词之后(1)当被修饰的词是不定代词something, anything, nothing, somebody等词时,形容词作定语要后置.There is nothing wrong with him.他没有错.Is there anything new in that book?那本书里有什么新东西吗?(2)形容词短语作定语时,要放在所修饰的名词的后面.这些形容词短语多由“形容词＋介词(或不定式)”构成.It's a problem difficult to solve.这是一个难以解决的问题.I think he is a man suitable for the job.我认为他是适合做这项工作的人.(3)当形容词由数词修饰时,形容词要放在所修饰的名词的后面.常见的这种形容词有:long, high, tall, wide, deep, old, young等.This is a river two hundred miles long.这是一条200英里长的河流.It is a bridge eight metres wide.那是一座8米宽的桥梁.(4)enough作形容词修饰名词时,既可后置,也可放在名词的前面.We have enough time/time enough to do the work.我们有足够的时间做这项工作.We haven't got enough money/money enough for that kind of thing.我们没有足够的钱去买那类东西.(5)带后缀-able和-ible的形容词和all, every, only或形容词最高级连用,放在所修饰的名词后面.I think Tom is the best person available.我认为汤姆是现有的最好人选.This is the only solution possible.这是唯一可行的解决方法.(二)作表语用的形容词作表语用的形容词通常放在连系动词:be, become, get, look, turn, keep, seem, grow, fall等词的后面.Generally speaking, it is cold in the north; it is warm in the south.一般来说,北方天气冷,南方天气暖和.The two brothers look quite alike.这兄弟俩长得很相像.六、形容词比较级和最高级的构成形容词可以靠改变形式来表示程度的不同.我们把这种变化形式叫做比较等级.要比较两个或两个以上的人或物时,就必须用形容词的比较级和最高级.形容词有三个级:原级,比较级和最高级.(一)规则变化构成方法原级比较级最高级单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加-er读/ə/,-est读/ɪst/talllongclevertaller/'tɔ:lə/longer/'lɒŋgə/cleverer/'klevərə/tallest/'tɔ:lɪst/longest/'lɒŋgɪst/cleverest/'klevərɪst/ 以字母e结尾加-r或-stnicefinelatenicer/'naɪsə/finer/'faɪnə/later/'leɪtə/nicest/'naɪsɪst/finest/'faɪnɪst/latest/'leɪtɪst/重读闭音节词末只有一个辅音字母应先双写这个辅音字母再加-er, -est.bigthinhotbigger/'bigə/thinner/'θɪnə/hotter/'hɒtə/biggest/'bɪgɪst/thinnest/'θɪnɪst/hottest/'hɒtɪst/ 以辅音字母结尾的双音节词改“y”为i,再加-er或-esteasyearlyhappyeasier/'i:zɪə/earlier/'ɜːlɪə/happier/'hæpɪə/easiest/'i:ziɪst/earliest/'ɜːliɪst/happiest/'hæpiɪst/多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加more或mostdeliciousbeautifulpopularcarefulmore deliciousmore beautifulmore popularmore carefulmost deliciousmost beautifulmost popularmost careful有少数形容词的比较级和最高级形式变化是不规则的,如下表: 原级比较级最高级good好的/well健康的better较好的best最好的bad坏的/ill病的worse较坏的worst最坏的many许多/much许多more较多的most最多的little小的;少的less较小的;较少的least最小的;最少的far远的farther更远的further更进一步farthest最远的furthest最远的;最大程度的old老的;旧的older较老的;较旧的elder较年长的oldest最老的;最旧的eldest最年长的(1)少数单音节词既可加后缀-er,-est,又可用more, most构成比较级和最高级.如:calm, free, fit, fond, huge, true, pale等.(2)下面的形容词既可把y改为i,再加－er,-est,又可以用more, most构成比较级和最高级.如:angry, cloudy, lucky, rainy, sleepy, sunny, unhappy, uneasy, windy, worthy等.七、形容词原级、比较级、最高级的用法(一)原级的用法1.表示双方程度相等,用“as＋形容词原级＋as＂结构,意思是“······和…….一样”.基本句型:主语＋谓语(系动词)＋as+形容词原级＋as+比较对象Mike is as tall as Tom.迈克和汤姆一样高.He is as busy as before.他还是和以前一样忙.2.表示“不如”或“不相等”用“not+ as/so+形容词原级＋as+比较对象”Jack is not so tall as his grandpa.杰克不及爷爷高.Li Lei is not as good at maths as Li Ping.李磊不如李平数学学得好.点拨表示倍数,如“一半／两倍／三倍／四倍／······”等用“half/twice/three/four/...times+ as...as...”结构.I study twice as hard as you.我学习比你努力一倍.We got three times as many people as we expected.来人的数目是我们预期的三倍.(二)比较级的用法1.表示两个人或事物进行比较时,用比较级基本句型:主语＋谓语(系动词)＋形容词比较级＋than＋比较对象He is taller than his father.他比他父亲高.Our classroom is larger than yours.我们的教室比你们的大.2.形容词的比较级前可用much, far, a lot ,still, no, a little, even, any, a great deal等状语来修饰This is even harder than steel.这个东西甚至比铁还硬.I've made a lot more mistakes than you (have).我犯的错误比你犯的多多了.3.可用“比较级＋and+比较级”结构(两个同义形容词比较级,后面不接than从句),表示“越来越······”的意思She became more and more interested in music.她对音乐越来越感兴趣了.When summer comes, the days get longer and longer.夏季到来后,白天越来越长.4.用“the+比较级．．．,the+比较级．．．”,表示“越······,(就)越·····.”The more careful you are, the less mistakes you will make.你越仔细,出错越少.The more exercises you do, the healthier you will become.你越多锻炼,就越健康.点拨如要表示“主语比他或他所在单位的其他人、物都······”,要用“than any other...”,以便把自己排除在外.这个房间比房子里别的房间都大.误:This room is larger than any room in the house.正:This room is larger than any other room in the house.5.more/less than表示“不仅,不止,多过／不到,少于”的意思Hibernation is more than sleep.冬眠不仅仅是睡眠.点拨“not+形容词比较级＋than”和“no+形容词比较级＋than”的区别.试比较:He is not older than 20.他还不到20岁.(言其小)He is no older than 20.他过不了20岁.(也许20岁,也许不到)6.英语里的比较级有时并无具体的含义,这种比较级叫绝对比较级younger generation年轻一代higher education 高等教育senior citizens 老年人superior quality 优质(三)最高级的用法1.表示三个或三个以上的人或事物的比较,其中一个在某方面超过其他几个时,用最高级.最高级前一般要加定冠词the,后面跟带of或in表范围的短语He is the tallest in the class.他是全班中最高的.This is the best film that I have ever seen.这是我所看过的最好的一部电影.2.one of the+最高级,表示“是最······之一”Shanghai is one of the most beautiful cities in China.上海是中国最美丽的城市之一.Our city is one of the safest cities in the world.我们城市是世界上最安全的城市之一.3.“most+复数名词”“most of the+复数名词”或”most of+代词”,表示“大多数,大部分的······”Most of the boys are good.大多数的男孩是好样的.Most of them(his books) were written here.他的大部分书是在这儿写的.4.形容词的最高级前可以有by far, next, second, third, nearly等修饰语Canada is the second largest country in the world.加拿大是世界上面积第二大的国家.点拨(1)形容词最高级前一般都用定冠词,但当形容词最高级前有物主代词时,则不用定冠词.Today is my happiest day.今天是我最高兴的一天.Give my best regards to your family.请代我向你们全家问好.(2)most有时与形容词连用,前面用不定冠词或不用冠词,意为“非常,很,极其”,用来加强语气.这时它不表示最高级的概念.He is a most friendly fellow,他是个极友好的人.八、没有比较等级的形容词有相当数量的形容词是没有比较等级的,只能用原级来表示.主要分为以下几类:(一)以ly结尾的形容词daily(每天的) weekly(每周的) monthly(每月的)yearly(每年的) brotherly(兄弟般的) sisterly(姐妹般的)(二)表示事物性质、材料的成分的形容词wooden(木制的) silken(丝制的)electric(电力的) industrial(工业的)(三)表示时间的形容词present(当今的) past(过去的) future(将来的)then(当时的) once(从前的) previous(以前的)(四)与几何形状相关的形容词vertical(垂直的) round(圆的)cubic(立方形的) triangular(三角形的)(五)表示国籍的形容词Chinese(中国的) American(美国的)Japanese(日本的) Korean(朝鲜的)(六)表示方位的形容词east(东面的) west(西面的) middle(中间的) right(右边的)left(左边的) southern(南方的) northern(北方的)(七)表示某种绝对状态的形容词dead(死的) deaf(聋的) blind(瞎的) dumb(哑的)(八)表示“终极”意义的形容词absolute(绝对的) entire(完全的) whole(全部的)thorough(彻底的) complete(完全的) total(整个的)(九)表示顺序和独一概念的形容词first(第一的) last(最后的) next(下一个的) following(以下的)only(唯一的) unique(独一的) matchless(举世无双的) unprecedented(史无前例的)(十)一些仅用作表语的形容词afraid(害怕的) ashamed(惭愧的) asleep(睡着的)alive(活着的) awake(醒着的)(十一)部分表示数量及不定量含义的形容词twins(双胞胎的) duplicate(双重的) quadruple(四倍的)some(一些) several(几个的) certain(某一的)九、部分形容词的用法比较(一)alone与lonely其区别:alone指“独自一人”或“只有”,而lonely则强调孤单的感觉,指人时,意为“孤独”,指地方时,意为“荒凉的”“无人居住的”.试比较:He likes living alone by himself.他喜欢独自一人居住.Though he was alone in the island, he didn't feel lonely.虽然他独自一人在岛上,但他并不觉得寂寞.(二)all和whole二词都可译为“整个的”“全部的”,其区别:1.修饰单数可数名词或抽象名词时,它们可以互换,但词序不同:all放在the, this, that, my, your等词之前,whole则放在之后She has worked all the afternoon.=She has worked the whole afternoon.她工作了整个下午.All our family went there.=Our whole family went there.我们全家都去那儿了.2.修饰复数可数名词时,all的意义是“所有的”,whole的意义是“整整的”,不可互换All students will go there for a meeting.所有的学生都将去那儿开会.(三)black和dark都可作形容词,也可作名词其区别:black的意思是“黑色(的)”,指颜色,其反义词是white;而dark的意思是“暗、天黑、黑暗”,指无光.All the windows have been painted black.所有的窗户已经漆成黑色.(四)beautiful, pretty和handsome都可译为“美”其区别:beautiful指华而美,不用于男子.pretty 可爱而美,多用于女孩、孩子.handsome指外表英俊的样子,主要用于男子.(五)broad和wide常可互换但是,形容肩、背、胸等的宽阔须用broad;形容口、眼睛的大须用wide.(六)big和large的区别这两个词都是“大”的意思,在许多情况下它们可以互相换用.一般地说,large的“大”,着重在面积、范围上面.big用得比较广泛,除了指体积、重量或容量等方面的“大”外,还可以表示“巨大”“伟大”“重要”的意思.He had a large family to support.他要养活一个人口众多的家庭.There is a big tree in front of his house.他家门前有一棵大树.(七)childish和childlike的区别1.childish一般用于贬义,意思是“幼稚的”“傻气的”,指成年人缺乏控制力和约束力,而且可能有任性、不理智、不耐心和只顾自己之意,人们很少用它来形容孩子I think she is childish.我认为她很幼稚.2.childlike用于褒义,意思是“孩子般天真的”.它也指成年人具有孩子般的稚嫩和诚实,也有天真无邪、无拘无束、热情或殷切之意(八)either, both, neither都含有“两者”的意思either表示“两者中的任何一个”,是单数意思,它后面跟单数名词,作主语时,谓语动单数形式.both表示“两者都”,是复数意思,它后面跟复数名词,作主语时,谓语动词用形式.neither表示“两者中的任何一者都不”,是否定含义,它后面跟单数名词,谓语动词数形式.试比较: Either book is interesting.这两本书(中的任何一本)都很有趣.Both books are interesting.这两本书都很有趣.Neither book is interesting.这两本书(中的任何一本)都没趣.(九)few和little二词都可表示具有否定意义的“很少”“几乎没有”,其区别:few用于可数名词前,反是many; little用于不可数名词前,反义词是much.同样,具有肯定意义的词组a few用来可数名词;a little 用来修饰不可数名词.试比较:A few students came to the meeting.有几个学生参加了会议.There is little water in the glass.杯子里几乎没水了.(十)high和tall二词均可表示“高”,其区别:high通常用于物之高,而tall常用于指人的个子及细长building和pole用high或tall都可以.(十一)sleepy和asleep1.sleepy的意思是“想睡的,困乏的,寂静的”,我们可以说:a sleepy valley(寂静谷),它既可当定语,又可当表语I am so sleepy that I can hardly keep my eyes open.我很困,眼睛几乎都睁不开.2.asleep是“睡觉的,睡熟的”意思,它只能作表语The minute my head touched the pillow I fell asleep.我头一碰枕头就睡着了.好题精练一、写出下列形容词的比较级和最高级1.clean_________ _________2.nice_________ _________3.early_________ _________4.far_________ _________5.careful_________ _________6.low_________ _________7.cheap_________ _________ 8.cool_________ _________9.thin_________ _________ 10.good_________ _________答案：1.cleaner,cleanest2.nicer,nicest3.earlier,earliest4.farther/further, farthest/furthest5.more careful, most careful6.lower,lowest7.cheaper,cheapest 8.cooler,coolest9.thinner,thinnest 10.better,best二、用括号内所给词的适当形式填空1.Tom was so_________ (angry) that he said nothing.2.In summer it's_________ (hot) in Wuhan than in Beijing.3.Which is_________ (difficult),physics or biology?4.This book is_________ (interesting) than the other two. It is_________ (interesting) of the three.5.It's becoming_________ (hard) to find a job in China.6.Tom has only one brother, and his_________ (old)brother is three years. _________ (old) than me. My_________ (young) brother is about two years_________ (young) than me. But he is the_________ (strong) among us.7.Can you show me_________ (near)shop here?8.This bridge is as_________ (long) as that one ,but it is much_________ (wide) than that one.9.My bag seemed to get. _________ (heavy) as I carried it.10.I think English is one of_________ (important) subjects in middle school.11.Tom is_________ (young) child in his family. His parents love him best.12.This part is of the_________ (little) importance of all.答案：1.angry2.hotter3.more difficult4.more interesting, the most interesting5.harder and harder6.elder,older,younger,younger,strongest7.the nearest 8.long,wider9.heavier and heavier 10.the most important11.the youngest 12.least三、选择填空1.He's much_________ today, but she is even_________.A. well; worseB. well; betterC. better; illD. better; worse2.I don't think she is_________ you.A. so old asB. as old soC. as old thanD. better3.Each of us was too tired to go any_________.A. farB. farerC. much fartherD. farther4.Which do you like_________, fish, meat or chicken?A. wellB. betterC. bestD. most5.The Huanghe River is the second_________ river in China.A. longB. longerC. longestD. the longest6.I have_________ money than him, but I am_________ than him.A. less; happierB. fewer; happierC. more; richerD. much; richer7.We have_________ rain this year than last year.A. plentyB. much C .many D. more8.Everybody knows Mount Qomolangma is the_________ mountain in the world.A. higherB. highestC. tallD. tallest9.Sound travels_________ than light.A. more much slowlyB. much more slowly D. more slowerC. much slowly10.The_________ he is, the_________ he feels.A. busier; happier B .busiest; happiest C. busier; happiest D. busiest; happier11.What a_________ watch it is!A. most beautifulB. more beautifulC. the most beautifulD. beautiful12.Tom's picture is_________ than mine, but not_________ my sister's.A. well; betterB. better; as well asC. better; betterD. better; as good as13.Li Ping never makes his mother_________.A. angryB. angrierC. angriestD. the angriest14.Autumn is the_________ season in Beijing.A. goodB. wellC. betterD. best15.Mike is as_________ as a horse.A. angryB. strongC.illD. big16.I hope you're well. You look much_________ than before.A .thin B. thinner C. thinnest D. the thinnest17.The boy is_________ to work out the problem quickly.A. clever enoughB. enough clever C .too clever D .so clever18.When spring comes, days are getting_________.A. long and longB. longer and longerC. longest and longest D .the longest andlongest19.This reading-room is not_________.A. big very muchB. enough a bigC. a big enoughD. big enough20.Jim was just falling_________ when I came into his room quietly.A. asleepB. sleepC. sleptD.bed答案：1-5DADCC 6-10ADBBA11-15DDADB 16-20BABDA四、改正下列句中划线部分的错误1.Lesson One is more easier than Lesson Ten._______________________________________________________________________________ _____________2.He is much tall than his sister._______________________________________________________________________________ _____________3.Have you read interesting anything recently?_______________________________________________________________________________ _____________答案：1.more改为much2.tall改为taller3.interesting anything改为anything interesting。
第八章连词(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
第八章连词思维导图知识梳理一、连词的定义连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分,也不能重读,在句子中只起连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子以及引导从句的作用.二、连词的分类(一)根据连词本身的形式分类根据其构成的形式,连词可以分为4类.1.简单连词and(和) but(但是) or(或者)if(如果) before(在······以前) since(自从,既然)2.关联连词both...and...(既······又······) either...or...(或者······或者······)neither...nor...(既不······又不······) as...as...(和·····样······)not only...but also...(不但······而且······)3.短语连词as if/as though(仿佛) as soon as(······就······) as well as(也,又)so that(以便;结果) in case(假使;以免) in order that(为了······)4.分词连词(它们由动词的分词转变而来)如:supposing (假如), considering(考虑到), provided(只要)等.(二)根据连词的句法功能分类根据连词的句法功能,连词可分为并列连词和从属连词两类.并列连词用来连接,按其作用可分为并列、转折、选择和因果等四大类.(1)并列关系.用来连接两个概念,常见的连词有:and······和······,·····以及······,both...and...既······又······,not only...but also...不但······而且······,neither...nor...既不······又不······,as well as 也,又.①and可用来连接两个或两个以上的词、短语或句子,表示一种对等或顺承关系.My tall friend is handsome, intelligent and strong.我那高个子朋友英俊、聪明、身体又强壮.She sings and dances very well.她唱歌跳舞都很好.You, he and I are good friends.你、我、他都是好朋友.Jim and Li Lei are in the same class.吉姆和李磊在同一个班级.She is beautiful and helpful.她美丽又乐于助人.点拨“祈使句＋and+陈述句”用于代替条件从句.Go ahead and you will see the hospital. = if you go ahead, you will see the hospital.向前走你就会看见医院.②both...and...Both Tom and John came to see me.汤姆和约翰两个都来看我.Mary can both sing and dance.玛丽既会唱歌,又会跳舞.Both teachers and students will go to visit the farm tomorrow.老师和学生明天都去农场参观.点拨连接两个主语,谓语动词要用复数.Both you and I enjoy music.你和我都喜欢音乐.③ not only...but also...Beijing has not only a lot of old houses but also many new buildings.北京不仅有许许多多古建筑,而且还有很多很多的新楼房.This girl is not only pretty but also clever.这女孩不仅漂亮而且聪明.点拨(1)当连接两个主语时,谓语动词应与最近的主语在数上保持一致.Not only he but also I am a teacher.不仅他,我也是个老师.(2)由not only...but also...引导的句子可转换成as well as.She is not only kind but also beautiful.She is kind as well as beautiful.她不但漂亮,而且为人很好.④ neither...nor...Neither animals nor plants can live without air or water.没有空气和水,动植物都不能活.He neither wrote nor telephoned.他既没写信,也没有打电话.点拨当此词组作主语时,谓语动词的用法由nor后面的词而定.Neither you nor I am right.你和我都不对.She is beautiful as well as clever.她漂亮也聪明.I entered for 100-meter-race as well as high jump.我报名参加百米赛跑和跳高.点拨(1)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有as well as引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式.He as well as I is going to the concert.不仅他,我也要去听音乐会.(2)as well as侧重前者,而not only...but also...侧重后者.(2)转折关系.表示两个概念彼此有转折关系,常见的连词有:but但是,yet然而,while而,however可是,然而.如:She is not my girlfriend but my sister.她不是我的女朋友,而是我的妹妹(姐姐).He worked hard, yet he failed.他工作努力,可是他失败了.However, on his arrival in Paris he was recognized as noble and thrown into prison.可是,他一到巴黎就被认出是贵族,被关进了监狱.(3)选择关系.表示两者之间选择其一,常见的连词有:either...or...或者······或者······,不是······就是······,or或者,否则,otherwise 否则,or else否则.Do you speak either English or French?你说英语还是说法语?Either you or she is wrong.不是你错就是她错.He can either go swimming or play tennis.他可去游泳也可以打网球.点拨either...or...连接主语时,谓语动词同后一个主语一致.Either you or I am wrong.不是你错就是我错.Either you or we do the housework.不是你们就是我们做家务.Either the father or his son drives the car.不是那个父亲就是他的儿子开这辆车.Either he or you get it back today.要么他要么你今天去把它取回.说明原因或产生的结果.常见的连词有:for因为,so所以,因此,therefore所以,因而.You'd better put on your sweater, for it's rather cold outside.你最好把毛衣穿上,因为外面相当冷.These buildings were over 50 years old, so they were not strong enough.这些建筑物已有50多年的寿命,因此不够坚固.He broke the rules of the school, therefore he had to leave.他违反了校规,因此只得退学.2.从属连词用来连接主句和名词性从句或状语从句的连词叫从属连词.(1)引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句)的从属连词,有:that(无词义),whether/if.Joe said (that) he would come.乔说过他要来.The trouble is that we are short of money.困难是我们缺少资金.Ask her if she will come with me.请问她是否愿意跟我一起来.(2)引导状语从句的从属连词.①连接时间状语从句的从属连词有:since, until, after, before, when, while, as, as soon asWhere did you study before you came her?你来这儿之前在哪儿学习?As I left the house, I remembered the key.正要离开住所时,我想起了钥匙.I'll go with you as soon as I finish my work.我一完成工作就和你一起去.Let's play football after school.放学后,咱们踢球吧.He has lived in Beijing since he came to China.他来华以来,一直住在北京.Tom watched TV while he was having his supper.汤姆边吃晚饭边看电视.He could swim very well when he was young.他年轻的时候,游泳游得很好.Go on till you see a tall building on your right.往前走,直到在你的右侧看到一所高楼.②引导条件状语从句的有:if, even if, unless, in case, provided that, suppose (supposing) , as long as, on condition thatIf it doesn't rain tomorrow, I'll go to the Great Wall.如果明天不下雨,我就去长城.Even if you fail again, you shouldn't lose heart.就算再次失败你也不应该灰心.He'll go there unless it rains.如果天不下雨,他将到那儿去.You'd better take an umbrella in case it rains.你最好把雨伞带去以防下雨.I'll go with you provided that everyone's going.如果人人都去,我就跟你一起去.Suppose you are right, are you happy?假定你对,你高兴吗?As long as he is alive, he'll work.只要他活着,他就要工作.③引导原因状语从句的有:because, as, since, now that, seeing that, forI must hurry because it's time for class.我必须快点,因为该我上课了.Since he is very busy, I won't trouble him.既然他很忙,我就不打扰他了.Now that the weather is fine, I want to eat out.既然天气好,我想到饭馆里去吃饭.I'm late for class for I got up late.我迟到是因为起晚了.④连接方式状语从句的从属连词有:as, as if(as though)It looks as if it is going to rain.看起来天气似乎要下雨.When in Rome do as the Romans do.入乡随俗.Don't make the same mistake as I did.不要犯和我同样的错误.⑤连接结果状语从句的从属连词有:so...that...,such...that...He is such a good person that we all like him.他是如此好的一个人,以致我们都喜欢他.He worked so hard that he made good progress.他工作得如此努力,以致取得很大进步.⑥连接让步状语从句的从属连词有:although, though, howeverAlthough she was tired, she kept on working.虽然她很累,但仍继续工作.Though he is young, he knows a lot.他虽然年轻,但知道的很多.⑦连接目的状语的从属连词有:so that, in order thatI'll speak slowly so that you can understand me.为了让你们能听懂我的话,我说慢一点.它也向你显示发话人的电话号码,以便你清楚是谁给你打的电话.⑧表示比较的从属连词有:than, as...as...,not as/so...as...The earth is bigger than the moon(is).地球比月球大.She is as tall as Mary.她和玛丽一样高.好题精练一、用适当的连词填空1.I know_________ English is a useful tool.2.We won't go to the park_________ it rains.3.We enjoyed ourselves_________ the weather was bad.4.He asked_________ Mr. Howe had come back.5. _________ I got to school, the rain had stopped.6. _________ he wasn't feeling well, I went there alone.7.Mr. and Mrs. Brown had lived in Boston_________ they moved to Washington.8.Don't listen to the radio_________ you are doing your homework.9.The next day Jenny got up very early_________ went to school without breakfast.10.I have a brother_________ a sister.11.I can swim_________ my sister can't.12.Is this book yours_________ Han Mei's?13.Mary often helps me with my English_________ I often help her with her Chinese.14.Tom_________ Jim are brothers.15.This exercise is long_________ it's easy.16.Take a rest, _________ you'll feel tired,17.My mother went shopping_________ bought nothing.18.Go to see the doctor at once, _________ your cold may get worse.19.I'll give the note to him_________ he comes.20. _________ Jim_________ Kate broke the glass. The cat did.21.Grandma is often ill now. She is not_________ healthy_________ before.22.It was_________ dark_________ we had to feel our way out.23. _________ animals_________ plants can live without air or water.24.This child is only one year old ,he_________ can_________ read write.25. _________ Mary_________ Tom have read this book.答案：1.that2.if3.though4.whether/ if5.When6.As7.before8.while9.but 10.and11.but 12.or 13.and 14.and 15.but16.or 17.but 18.or 19.as soon as 20.Neither...nor21.as...as 22.so...that 23.Neither...nor 24.neither...nor 25.Both...and二、用括号内的连词改写句子___________________________________________________________________________________________ _2.The boy has caught a bad cold, so his mother will take him to the hospital.(because)___________________________________________________________________________________________ _3.I wondered whether it would be fine or not.(if)___________________________________________________________________________________________ _4.We were waiting for an important telephone call. Just then the door bell rang.(when)___________________________________________________________________________________________ _5.The boy saw the dog and hid himself behind the door at once.(as soon as)___________________________________________________________________________________________ _6.Mother was cooking dinner and father was working in the garden.(while)___________________________________________________________________________________________ _7.They moved here in 1995.(since)___________________________________________________________________________________________ _8.When I see him, I'll give him the message.(if)___________________________________________________________________________________________ _9.It was such a heavy parcel that I couldn't lift it.(so...that)___________________________________________________________________________________________ _10.He can not speak English. He can't speak Japanese.(neither...nor)___________________________________________________________________________________________ _答案：1.I don't think that you are right.2.The mother will take the boy to the hospital because he has caught a bad cold.3.I wondered if it would be fine.4.We were waiting for an important telephone call when the door bell rang.5.As soon as the boy saw the dog, he hid himself behind the door.6.Mother was cooking dinner while father was working in the garden.7.They have lived here since 1995.8.I'll give him the message ifI see him.9.The parcel was so heavy that I couldn't lift it.10.He can speak neither English nor Japanese.1.Could you look after my cat_________ I am away?A. untilB. whereC. whileD. since2. _________ he or I am wrong.A. NeitherB. EitherC. BothD.As3.I hear_________ walking on the moon is more difficult.A. ifB. thatC. soD. whether4.Could you tell us_________ it snows in winter in Australia?A. if B that C. after D. before5.What shall we do_________ it rains tomorrow?A. soB. ifC. butD. before6. _________ it rains tomorrow, I'll go by car.A. WhetherB. AfterC. IfD. Before7.Our teacher is very tired, _________ she stops working.A. andB. butC. soD. or8. _________ you_________ your sister can join us. We want just one of you.A. Both; andB. Both; orC. Neither; norD. Either; or9.The nurse is very tired, _________ she is still working very hard.A. butB. andC. orD. if10. _________ you don't know how to read a new word, you'd better look it up in a dictionary.A. BecauseB. IfC. WhyD. What11.Is reading in bed good_________ bad for your eyes?A. asB. andC. orD. but12.I like basketball, football_________ volleyball.A. butB. orC. soD. and13.I was doing my homework_________ my mother got back yesterday.A. whenB. after C .before D. as soon as14.You can_________ stay at home_________ go out to play football.A. both; andB. either; orC. as; asD. so; that15.Do you know_________ she will go to the cinema with us?A. ifB. whereC. thatD. there16.Why not look up the new word in a dictionary_________ you don't know it?A. ifB. thatC. thoughD. whether17.Mr. Li has lived here_________ he moved to the city.A. forB. sinceC. soD. because18.Which is bigger, the sun_________ the moon?A. orB. andC. butD. so19.You'll pass the exam_________ you study with a strong will.A. unlessB. untilC. as long asD. as well as20.Ic was about 600 years ago_________ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.A. thatB. untilC. beforeD. whenA. ifB. thatC. whetherD. before23.If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _________ great it is.A. whatB. howC. howeverD. whatever24.Work harder_________ you'll make greater progress.A. butB. orC. soD. and25.Han Mei didn't go to school_________ she had a bad cold.A. whenB. whileC. ifD. because26.They'll visit the Great Wall_________ it doesn't rain next Sunday.A. sinceB. beforeC. ifD. when27.The reason for his absence is_________ he was ill.A. thatB. why D. forC. because28.Would you like a cup of coffee_________ shall we get down to business right away?A. andB. thenC. orD. otherwise29.I have sent Jack five letters, _________ he hasn't written back.A. soB. orC. andD. but30.He speaks not only French_________ also English.A. andB. butC. orD. that答案：1-5CBBAB 6-10CCDAB 11-15 CDABA16-20 ABACA 21-25DBCDD 26-30 CACDB。
第三章冠词(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
3.用在表示阶级、党派的名词前
the working class 工人阶级
the Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党
4.对前面已提到过的人或事物,第二次提到时加定冠词,用以表示特指
I found a picture in the box. The picture was very beautiful.在箱子里发现一张画.这张画非常漂亮.
(二)定冠词的用法
1.特指某个/些人或事物,或指谈话双方都知道的人或事物
Shut the door, please.请关上门.
Give me the pencil.把那支铅笔给我.
2.用在主要由普通名词构成的专有名词前
the People's Daily《人民日报》
the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国
Once there lived a lion in a forest. Every day the lion went about to look for food.
从前在一片森林里有一只狮子,它每天到处寻找食物.
5.在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾等地理名词前加定冠词
the Pacific(Ocean)太平洋 the Red Sea 红海 the Thames 泰晤士河
第三章 冠词 思维导图
知识梳理
一、冠词的分类
冠词是加在名词前面的一种辅助词,帮助说明这个名词的含义,在句子中不能单独充当句子成分,是一种
虚词.
冠词分为定冠词 the 和不定冠词 a, an 两种.其不用冠词的情况也称零冠词.
(一)不定冠词
不定冠词有 a 和 an 两种形式.a 用在以辅音开头的词前,an 用在以元音开头的词前.判断一个词是以元音