研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译4
研究生英语课文翻译paraphrase
Unit 1●翻译：（黑体的汉字表示与教师用书不同，斜体的汉字表示重点翻译不要遗漏）pass ion, wisdom, altruis m, insight, creativ ity—sometim es only the trialsof adversitycan fosterthese qualities, because sometim es only drastic situations can force us to take on the painful process of change. (Para.6)慈悲、智慧、无私、洞察力及创造力——有时只有经历逆境的考验才能培育这些品质，因为有时只有极端的情形才能迫使我们去承受痛苦的改变过程。
2.In that moment, our sense of invulne rabili ty is pierced, and the self-protect ive mentalarmorthat normall y standsbetween us and our percept ions of the world is torn away. (Para.12) 在事情发生的那一瞬间，我们的安全感被冲破了，平时处于我们与我们对世界的种种看法之间的自我保护的精神盔甲被剥离了。
3.They say that materia l ambitio ns suddenly seem silly and the pleasur es of friends and familyparamou nt—and that the crisisallowed them to recognize in line with their new priorit ies.(Para.14)他们说物质追求突然间变得很无聊，而朋友和家庭带来的快乐变得极为重要，他们还说危机使他们能够按照这些新的优先之事来重新认识生活。
研究生英语阅读教程中高级本 unit4 翻译
Is One Successful by Chance or by Fate?一个人的成功靠机遇还是命运？In the scientific world of controlled experiment, chance is seldom acknowledged as a contributing factor in important discoveries. There are, however, rare exceptions. In 1945 three men shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for the discovery and isolation of penicillin. How rare was this serendipitous event and was the discovery of penicillin really the result of an unexpected chance observation by a single researcher?在控制试验的领域，机遇很少时候会被认为是重大发现的主要原因。
但是，却也有例外。
1945年，三名科学家由于发现并提取青霉素而获得诺贝尔生理学或医学家奖。
这个偶然发现的事件是多么难得，青霉素的发现真是由一个研究者在不可预料的情形下偶然发现的观察结果吗？The scientific method is typically noted for its orderliness and control; In fact, we are taught that without these characteristics, experimental research may yield invalid results. Therefore, chance should play little or no role in the process of the scientific method. But what is chance? When is chance truly an accident and when is it foreseeable? Historically, some chance discoveries have led to startling new ideas that eventually directed important further scientific investigation of natural phenomena.科学方法通常以规律性与可操作性而著称；事实上，如果我们没有这些要素的引导，试验性研究就可能得到无效的结果。
《科技英语阅读教程》陈勇版课文翻译(可编辑修改word版)
核电与核辐射1986 年4 月26 日，切尔诺贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，将相当于400 颗广岛原子弹的放射性尘降物散布到整个北半球。
在此之前，科学家对辐射对植物和野生动物的影响几乎一无所知。
这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，尤其是在这个被称为禁区的1100平方英里的区域。
1994 年，德州理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切瑟和罗伯特·贝克是首批获准完全进入该区域的美国科学家之一。
“我们抓了一群田鼠，它们看起来和野草一样健康。
我们对此非常着迷。
”贝克回忆说。
当Baker 和Chesser 对田鼠的DNA 进行测序时，他们没有发现异常的突变率。
他们还注意到狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在这片区域游荡，仿佛这里是原子野生动物保护区。
2003 年由一组联合国机构建立的切尔诺贝利论坛发表了声明一份关于灾难20 周年的报告证实了这一观点，称“环境条件对该地区的生物群落产生了积极影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。
五年前，贝克和切塞尔在这片区域搜寻田鼠。
Mousseau 到切尔诺贝利去数鸟，发现了与之相矛盾的证据。
穆萨乌是南卡罗莱纳大学的生物学教授，他的合作者安德斯·佩普·穆勒现在是巴黎南方大学生态、系统学和进化实验室的研究主任。
他们发现该地区家燕的数量要少得多，而那些存活下来的家燕则遭受着寿命缩短、(雄性)生育能力下降、大脑变小、肿瘤、部分白化病(一种基因突变)以及白内障发病率更高的痛苦。
在过去13 年发表的60多篇论文中，Mousseau 和Moller 指出，暴露在低水平辐射下对该区域的整个生物圈产生了负面影响，从微生物到哺乳动物，从昆虫到鸟类。
包括贝克在内的批评人士对穆萨和穆勒持批评态度。
贝克在2006 年与切塞尔合著的《美国科学家》(American Scientist)文章中指出，该区域“实际上已成为一个保护区”，穆萨和穆勒的“令人难以置信的结论只得到了间接证据的支持”。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译8
Why We're Fat1 So why is obesity happening? The obvious, clichéd-but-true answer is that we eat too much high-calorie food and don't burn it off with enough exercise. If only we had more willpower, the problem would go away. But it isn't that easy.为什么会有肥胖症？一个明显、老生常谈但又真实的答案就是我们吃太多高热量食物并且没有进行足够的运动消耗它。
要是我们的意志力更强大，这个问题便迎刃而解了。
但是，问题并不是那么简单。
2 When warned about the dangers of overeating, we get briefly spooked and try to do better. Then we're offered a plateful of pancakes smothered in maple syrup, our appetite overpowers our reason, and before we know it, we're at it again. Just why is appetite such a powerful driver of behavior, and, more important, how can we tame it? 当我们被警告说吃得太多的时候，一时总会被吓倒并努力做好一些。
然后一碟涂满槭糖浆的煎饼摆在面前，我们的食欲战胜了我们的理智，等到我们意识到它的时候，我们又重蹈覆辙了。
到底为什么食欲具有如此强大的推动力？更重要的是，我们怎么才能够控制它？3 Within the past few years, science has linked our ravenous appetites to genes and hormones. Among the hormones that fuel these urges are ghrelin and leptin, known as the "hunger hormones." Ghrelin is produced mostly by cells in the stomach lining. Its job is to make you feel hungry by affecting the hypothalamus, which governs metabolism. Ghrelin levels rise in dieters who lose weight and then try to keep it off. It's almost as if their bodies are trying to regain the lost fat. This is one reason why it's hard to lose weight and maintain the loss.近几年来，科学将我们迫不及待要吃的食欲跟基因和激素联系起来。
研究生科技英语阅读翻译
英⽂写作翻译频道为⼤家整理的研究⽣科技英语阅读翻译，供⼤家参考:)Group: Number 1 Members: Yu Zhehua Yang Jing Rong Wei Wangxiaoqiao Li Ni Liu Qian2011-12-231.What is it that makes mathematics mathematics?Mathematics n. 数学，数学运算，数学应⽤译：是什么使数学成为数学？是什么使数学成为数学？成为数学2.What are the precise characteristics that make mathematics into a discipline that is so central to every advanced civilization, especially our own?Precise adj. 精确的，准确的译：到底是数学的哪些特性使得数学成为对每⼀种⾼等⽂明，数学成为对每⼀种⾼等⽂明，尤其是对我们现在的⽂明如此重要的学科？3.Many explanations have been attempted.对此，译：（对此，）我们已经试着做出了⼀些解释。
解释。
4.One of these sees mathematics as the ultimate in rational expression; in fact, the expression “the light of reason” could be used to refer to mathematics.Ultimate In fact Refer to n.终极，顶点事实上，实际上把…归因（于），认为…起源（于）译：有⼀种解释认为数学是⼀种终极的理性表达⽅式；⽽实际上，极的理性表达⽅式；⽽实际上，我们可以⽤“ 理性之光”们可以⽤ “ 理性之光 ” 这个说法来形容数学。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1-10).
Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。
对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。
特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。
In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。
《科技英语阅读教程》陈勇版课文翻译
核电与核辐射1986年4月26日，切尔诺贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，将相当于400颗广岛原子弹的放射性尘降物散布到整个北半球。
在此之前，科学家对辐射对植物和野生动物的影响几乎一无所知。
这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，尤其是在这个被称为禁区的1100平方英里的区域。
1994年，德州理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切瑟和罗伯特·贝克是首批获准完全进入该区域的美国科学家之一。
“我们抓了一群田鼠，它们看起来和野草一样健康。
我们对此非常着迷。
”贝克回忆说。
当Baker和Chesser对田鼠的DNA进行测序时，他们没有发现异常的突变率。
他们还注意到狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在这片区域游荡，仿佛这里是原子野生动物保护区。
2003年由一组联合国机构建立的切尔诺贝利论坛发表了声明一份关于灾难20周年的报告证实了这一观点，称“环境条件对该地区的生物群落产生了积极影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。
五年前，贝克和切塞尔在这片区域搜寻田鼠。
Mousseau到切尔诺贝利去数鸟，发现了与之相矛盾的证据。
穆萨乌是南卡罗莱纳大学的生物学教授，他的合作者安德斯·佩普·穆勒现在是巴黎南方大学生态、系统学和进化实验室的研究主任。
他们发现该地区家燕的数量要少得多，而那些存活下来的家燕则遭受着寿命缩短、(雄性)生育能力下降、大脑变小、肿瘤、部分白化病(一种基因突变)以及白内障发病率更高的痛苦。
在过去13年发表的60多篇论文中，Mousseau和Moller指出，暴露在低水平辐射下对该区域的整个生物圈产生了负面影响，从微生物到哺乳动物，从昆虫到鸟类。
包括贝克在内的批评人士对穆萨和穆勒持批评态度。
贝克在2006年与切塞尔合著的《美国科学家》(American Scientist)文章中指出，该区域“实际上已成为一个保护区”，穆萨和穆勒的“令人难以置信的结论只得到了间接证据的支持”。
我们所知道的关于电离辐射对健康影响的几乎所有信息都来自于一项正在进行的对原子弹幸存者的研究，该研究被称为寿命研究，简称LSS。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1、2、4、8、10)
Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。
对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。
特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。
In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译10
1 Playing video games before bedtime may give people an unusual level of awareness and control in their dreams, LiveScience has learned.LiveScience网站获悉，在睡觉之前玩视频游戏可以让人们有一种不寻常的清醒做梦和控制梦的水平。
2 That ability to shape the alternate reality of dream worlds might not match mind-bending Hollywood films such as "The Matrix," but it could provide an edge when fighting nightmares or even mental trauma.尽管这种塑造现实品梦境的能力与让令人费神才能理解的好莱坞电影《黑客帝国》不同，但它还是能为与噩梦和心理创伤斗争的提供一点优势。
3 Dreams and video games both represent alternate realities, according to Jayne Gackenbach, a psychologist at Grant MacEwan University in Canada. But she pointed out that dreams arise biologically from the human mind, while video games are technologically driven by computers and gaming consoles.据加拿大Grant MacEwan大学的心理学家Jayne Gackenbach说，梦和视频游戏都代表另一种现实。
研究生英语阅读教程课文全文参考译文
研究生英语阅读教程（提高级）第三版课文全文参考译文第一课漏油经济：低估风险回想起来，模式似乎很清楚。
早在深水地平线钻机自爆前的很多年，BP 作为一家石油公司为了省钱甘冒安全的风险就已经声名狼藉。
2005 年得克萨斯州炼油厂爆炸中有15 名工人丧生。
联邦监管机构和前国务卿詹姆斯·贝克领导的专门小组认为，削减成本是事故的部分原因。
第二年，阿拉斯加腐蚀的管道将石油漏入普拉德霍湾。
就连乔·巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度，来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP 管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心。
”这种冷漠大部分源于对利润的过度追求，不管出现什么情况。
但似乎也还有另一个因素在起作用，一个更普遍的人性的因素。
BP 的管理人员在估计似乎不太可能发生、但一旦发生却会带来巨大损失的事件真正会发生的机会时，犯了一个可怕的错误。
也许理解这一点最简单的方法就是思考一下BP 高管们如今的想法。
显然，考虑到清理费用和对BP 声誉的影响，高管们真希望可以回到过去，多花些钱让深水地平线更安全。
他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。
尽管针对BP 高管的所有批评可能都是他们应得的，但是他们绝不是唯一艰难应对这种低概率、高成本事件的人。
几乎每个人都会如此。
“这些正是我们人类处理时很难做出合理反应的一类事件。
”哈佛大学环境经济学家罗伯特·斯塔文说。
我们经常犯两种基本且性质相反的错误。
当一件事情是很难想象的，我们往往会低估它的可能性。
这就是众所周知的黑天鹅（稀有之物）。
大多数在深水地平线工作的人可能从未经历过钻井平台爆炸。
因此他们认为这不会发生，至少不会发生在他们身上。
同样，不久以前，伯南克和格林斯潘也喜欢称全国房地产市场没有泡沫，因为以前从未有过泡沫。
华尔街交易员也持同样观点，他们建立的数学模型根本不存在房价下降的可能性。
许多购房者签订了负担不起的抵押贷款，相信一旦其价格上涨，他们可以再融资或卖掉房子。
研究生英语科技英语阅读与翻译Academic Journal(部分)
LOGO
Sentence 10（P13L1）:
The Internet has revolutionized the production of ,and access to, academic journals, with their contents available online via services subscribed to by academic libraries. 注释：revolutionize v.使彻底变革 译：互联网已经彻底改变了学术期刊的发表和访问， 其内容可在网上通过学术图书库进行订阅。
LOGO www.themegal LOGO
EST Reading and Translation
—————Academic
Journal
Sentence 1(P9L1):
LOGO www.themegal LOGO
注释：Anglo-American adj. 英美的
译： 在英美人文中，没有给予期刊影响因素的
惯例（正如在科学中一样），该因素能够用于 建立一个期刊的影响力，不管这种做法是否正 确。
www.themegalleryபைடு நூலகம்com
LOGO
Sentence 5(P10L3):
Perhaps a key reason for this is the relative unimportance of academic journals in these subjects, in contrast with the importance of academic monographs. 注释：in contrast with: 与…相比
blog n. 博客
科技英语阅读课文翻译最新修订版
科技英语阅读1-9单元译文：Unit 1罗素悖论的提出是基于这样的一个事例：设想有这样一群理发师，他们只给不给自己理发的人理发。
假设其中一个理发师符合上述的条件，不给自己理发；然而按照要求，他必须要给自己理发。
但是在这个集合中没有人会给自己理发。
（如果这样的话，这个理发师必定是给别人理发还要给自己理发）1901年，伯特兰·罗素悖论的发现打击了他其中的一个数学家同事。
在19世纪后期，弗雷格尝试发展一个基本原理以便数学上能使用符号逻辑。
他确立了形式表达式（如：x =2）和数学特性（如偶数）之间的联系。
按照弗雷格理论的发展，我们能自由的用一个特性去定义更多更深远的特性。
1903年，发表在《数学原理》上的罗素悖论从根本上揭示了弗雷格这种集合系统的局限性。
就现在而言，这种类型的集合系统能很好的用俗称集的结构式来描述。
例如，我们可以用 x代表整数，通过n来表示并且n大于3小于7，来表示4，5,6这样一个集合。
这种集合的书写形势就是：x={n：n是整数，3<n<7}。
集合中的对象并不一定是数字。
我们也可让y={x：x是美国的一个男性居民}。
表面上看，似乎任何一个关于x的描述都有一个符合要求的空间。
但是，罗素（和策梅洛一起）发现x={a：a不再a中}导致一个矛盾，就像对一群理发师的描述一样。
x它本身是在x的集合中吗？否定的答案导致了矛盾的出现。
当罗素发现了悖论，弗雷格立即就发现悖论对他的理论有致命的打击。
尽管这样，他还不能解决这个问题,并且上世纪有很多的尝试，去解决这个问题（但没有成功）。
罗素自己对这个悖论的回答促进了类型理论的形成。
他解释说，悖论的问题在于我们混淆了数集和数集的集合。
所以，罗素介绍了对象的分级系统：数、数集、数集的集合等等。
这个系统为形式化数学的形成奠定了基础，至今它还应用于哲学研究和计算机科学分支。
策梅洛对于罗素悖论的解决方法用新的公理：对于任意公式A（x）和任意集合b，都会有一个集合满足y={x：x既在b中又满足A（x）}取代了以前的公理：对于任意公式A（x），都会有一个集合满足y={x：x满足A（x）}。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译10教学文案
1 Playing video games before bedtime may give people an unusual level of awareness and control in their dreams, LiveScience has learned.LiveScience网站获悉，在睡觉之前玩视频游戏可以让人们有一种不寻常的清醒做梦和控制梦的水平。
2 That ability to shape the alternate reality of dream worlds might not match mind-bending Hollywood films such as "The Matrix," but it could provide an edge when fighting nightmares or even mental trauma.尽管这种塑造现实品梦境的能力与让令人费神才能理解的好莱坞电影《黑客帝国》不同，但它还是能为与噩梦和心理创伤斗争的提供一点优势。
3 Dreams and video games both represent alternate realities, according to Jayne Gackenbach, a psychologist at Grant MacEwan University in Canada. But she pointed out that dreams arise biologically from the human mind, while video games are technologically driven by computers and gaming consoles.据加拿大Grant MacEwan大学的心理学家Jayne Gackenbach说，梦和视频游戏都代表另一种现实。
科技英语阅读课文翻译
脸谱网有一个重要的隐私人员，但是我怀疑他将从现在存在10年。
那不是因为脸谱不顾一切去掉隐私保护，但由于脸谱和其他社交网站的普及促进了共享个人的一切事物，消除了从公共分离出私事的结点。
由于共享的个人信息的范围扩展到，几个朋友一起归入脸谱的许多杂项的个人的“朋友”标签中，披露的事情成为很常态和私人的事情变得古怪和不合时宜。
脸谱的年轻成员，是那些高中生或者大学生，以及脸谱开始出现在校园里的时候那些舒适共享任何东西分应届毕业生。
它的老成员是仅仅在2006年打开网络工作场所后加入的。
任何人都调整到一个新的善于自我表达超过沉默的价值体系。
脸谱表示它有1.75亿会员，是世界上最大的社会网络。
但在美国，大多数成员都还比较年轻。
脸谱提供广告给 5440万成员的目标，且不分年龄人人共享。
但是，如果广告客户想缩小它的目标观众到那些25岁或更老的，数量就会下降到2880万。
它缩小到30或以上岁数的人，脸谱只有仅仅提供2030万。
许多超过30 岁的人尚未注册，因此脸谱有一个惊人的增长机会。
每个星期，新成员是在美国以百万和全球范围内以5百万增加的。
30岁以上的群体是其增长最快的人口。
成员也都变得更合群。
根据该公司的发言人，在12月，每名成员的“朋友”，在全球范围内，平均人数为100。
如今，它已跃升至120。
在成员之间，一部和蔼包容性的法律似乎是在揭示：随着时间的推移，许多最简单的途径是，定期接受“好友请求”决定。
当一个成员的旨在作为另一个脸谱网的朋友，是完成一个结果的开始。
换句话说，他们简单地定义“朋友”为：去成为传达希望的脸谱会员。
会员和个人网络的增长，似乎不受公司在其短暂的五年历史的失态的影响。
其中的一个实例是在二月，当它与它的服务条款拨弄时。
新的语言似乎断言脸谱“不可撤销”的权利是去保留和使用一个成员的个人信息。
即使成员已经关闭了他或她的脸谱帐户，也应该多一点编辑。
这个强烈抗议是大声的，仅仅一些成员需要增加他们的声音去创建一个喧嚣声，然后脸谱恢复旧的语言。
(整理)中科院博士研究生英语精读教材翻译4-6课.
第四课科学的事实：如何与基督徒的信仰协调？Scientific Facts: Compatible with Christian Faith?有人会认为，科学与基督教之间不必要的争斗已在很久之前完满结束。
然而，科学家及神学家近年的言论显示他们并不认同这看法。
例如， Richard Dawkins ——一位敢言的无神论者——认为「达尔文使成为知性上完满的无神论者变得可能」。
在神学界方面，一个基要派的基督徒组织 Institute of Creation Research (ICR) 不断出版反进化论的刊物，其中提及「……爬虫类动物进化成哺乳类动物，是科学上不能接纳的主张」。
有趣的是，正如 ICR 过去的出版物都有瑕疵一样，这些言论在科学界比起反基督教的科学家在神学界更广为人知。
科学与基督教争斗的原因可追溯至三个错误。
首先，双方的支持者都无法介定「进化」一词。
此外，双方都不能接受科学是基督徒世界观的一种产物。
最后，双方对科学与神学的限制都产生混淆。
甚么是进化？The American Scientific Affiliation 出版了一本超卓的著作，名为Teaching Science in a Climate of Controversy ，对象是任教高中科学的老师。
书中对「进化」有五个解释。
微观进化 ( 即在繁殖项目中产生杂交品种，或因适应环境而产生轻微变化的品种 ) 经常发生。
宏观进化 ( 即假设人类从单细胞或无机混合物进化而来 ) 的学说并不明显，争议性亦较高。
最后，「进化」有时被视为自然主义者的富宗教色彩的信念，认为「人类是无目的及自然过程中的产物」。
只有少数人 ( 如果有的话 ) 会否认，随着时间的过去，植物界及动物界会有轻微的变化。
相反地，只有少数人会认为人类 ( 以及宇宙中其余的生物 ) 只是随机而来的产物。
当一些生物学家把宏观进化论的假设指为「事实」时，他们会歪曲证据或掩饰事情的真相。
《新交际英语阅读教程4》参考译文U4 Science and Technology 文章翻译
第四单元译文Part B社会已死我们已经推入i-世界安德鲁·沙利文1 上星期我去纽约时，注意到了我从未想谈的这个城市的某一方面。
是的，夜生活已然死去(我绝不是第一个注意到这点的人）。
白天里你所熟知地不休叫喊，嘈杂，和无序地忙乱，这些纽约城的兴奋剂也和以前有所不同了，它变得安静了。
2 曼哈顿市中心现在是一串迪士尼似的购物中心，河畔公园和美丽的中上等阶级的居住区。
但还有一些其它的什么东西，我看了人行道后便知道了是怎么回事。
3 有一条白色的电线从每个人的耳朵上垂下来，或是塞在口袋或书包里，他们的眼睛有些空无。
每人都在自己的音乐世界里，踏自己的音乐声道，做自己音乐视频中的明星，对外界世界几乎漠视。
他们是Ipod一族4 甚至没有那条白色电线你也能知道是他们。
他们走在街上，沉浸在MP3 的卵裹中，身体彼此碰撞，对微小的社交信号充耳不闻，把每一位不属于他们圈子的人关在门外。
5 时不时的还有人无心的放出跑调的怪音，像是收音机坏了的声音，手指打着响指，手臂随着那奇怪的听不到节奏摆动。
当他人说“劳驾”的时候，他们毫无反应。
说“你好”时也是如此。
在这么多人中却什么也没听到，然而每个人自己却听到了很多，这让人感觉怪怪的。
6 是的，我得坦白我也是他们的中的一份子。
我见证了从我的眼球中看到的纽约景观。
我的白色电线从我的耳朵中探出来，我几年前就加入了这个邪教般的圈子：白色小盒子崇拜教。
7 时不时地我还去礼拜一下---去那个巨大的灯火通明的苹果店。
坐在店铺后边的店员们穿着肃穆的制服都在忙碌着或是坐在“天才吧”般的柜台后,像等着听忏悔的牧师。
8 其他人也如一般我开始于walkman（随身听）,然后是笨笨的MP3播放器。
但IPod 的妙处征服了我。
它的特点是，可以瞬间把我所有音乐都整理了，装在我的口袋里。
9 曾经是偶然的音乐娱乐，现在成了随时可尽享的娱乐。
现在我的I-世界里有了苹果电脑并装了数字媒体播放应用程序，还有便携式多功能数字多媒体播放器。
研究生英语阅读教程(提高级 第三版)课文全翻译
课文全文参考译文第一课漏油经济：低估风险戴维伦哈特[1] 回想起来，模式似乎很清楚。
早在“深水地平线”钻机自爆前的很多年，BP 石油公司为了省钱甘冒安全的风险就已经声名狼藉。
2005 年得克萨斯州炼油厂爆炸中有15 名工人丧生。
联邦监管机构和前国务卿詹姆斯·贝克三世领导的专门小组认为，削减成本是事故的部分原因。
第二年，阿拉斯加腐蚀的管道将石油漏入普拉德霍湾。
就连乔·巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度、来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP 管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心”。
[2] 这种冷漠大部分源于对利润的过度追求，不管出现什么情况。
但似乎也还有另一个因素在起作用，一个更普遍的人性的因素。
BP 的管理人员在估计似乎不太可能发生但一旦发生就会带来巨大损失的事件真正会发生的可能性时，犯了一个可怕的错误。
[3] 也许理解这一点最简单的方法就是思考一下BP 高管们如今的想法。
显然，考虑到清理费用和对BP 声誉的影响，高管们真希望可以回到过去，多花些钱让“深水地平线”更安全。
他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。
[4] 尽管针对BP 高管的所有批评可能都是他们应得的，但是他们绝不是唯一艰难应对这种低概率、高成本事件的人。
几乎每个人都会如此。
“这些正是我们人类处理时很难做出合理反应的一类事件，”哈佛大学环境经济学家罗伯特·斯塔文斯说。
我们经常犯两种基本且性质相反的错误。
当一件事情是很难想象的，我们往往会低估它的可能性。
这就是众所周知的黑天鹅（稀有之物）现象。
大多数在“深水地平线”工作的人可能从未经历过钻井平台爆炸。
因此他们认为这不会发生，至少不会发生在他们身上。
[5] 同样，不久以前，本·伯南克和艾伦·格林斯潘也喜欢称全国房地产市场没有泡沫，因为以前从未有过泡沫。
华尔街交易员也持同样观点，他们建立的数学模型根本不存在房价下降的可能性。
研究生科技英语阅读课文及译文第四章
In Namibia, about one-quarter of children have stunted growth related to poor nutrition; about 120,000 children have lost one or both parents, predominantly to HIV/AIDS, and 26% of all women aged 15 to 49 have had at least one child die."Living more sanitarily may have increased asthma, but in terms of scale and impact, that's tiny compared with the benefit of not dying from disease for lack of hygiene," says Michael Bell, an infectious disease specialist and deputy director of Healthcare Quality Promotion at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Some scientists are searching for ways to harness the immune-priming effects of microorganisms without the fatal diseases. Parasitic worms known as helminthes are leading the way.Clinical trials are under way in the U.S. and Europe testing Trichuris Suis Ova (TSO)—-a species of pig whipworm—as a treatment for peanut allergies, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and MS. A study is being designed to test it with asthma. It's also being tested with adults who have autism, which some researchers believe could be related to immunological function.Enlarge ImageCloseChina Photos/Getty ImagesA vendor's baby sits amid the chickens at a market in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.Preliminary studies seem promising: In one, when 29 patients with Crohn's disease, a disorder of the digestive tract, were given TSO every three weeks for six months, symptoms improved in 21 of them with no adverse side effects.The ova are suspended in a liquid, invisible to the naked eye. "There's no taste, nothing to feel," says Dr. Weinstock, one of the early developers who could share in the proceeds if TSO proves successful. The microscopic eggs hatch into microscopic whipworms in the gastrointestinal tract, which interact with the host's immune system and can dampen an overactive immune response, he explains. To date, there have been few side effects, he says. "As far as we know, this agent doesn't cause diarrhea," he adds. "Nothing crawls out of you."For those who fear the "ick" factor, Dr. Weinstock notes that even under normal conditions, people are teeming with microorganisms, which outnumber human cells by about 10 to 1, many of which are necessary for human health. Many foods—from yogurt to cheese to bread—also contain live bacteria and fungi.Some daily products now widely advertise that they contain probiotics, or good bacteria. But most immunologists say that those in food products have not been sufficiently studied or standardized to draw scientific conclusions about what health benefits they provide.Scientists are still working on ways to separate good germs from bad ones; in the meantime, they have a few insights: Studies have shown that children who grow up with household pets have fewer allergies and less asthma than those who don't.The CDC's Dr. Bell says that people should be vigilant about wound care since bacteria can cause problems if it gets into the blood stream, and he still advocates hand-washing. "If you're not doing it 10 times a day, you're probably not doing it enough," he says. But he and other experts say that regular soap and water are fine in most cases. Sterilizing hands iscritical mainly for health-care workers and in hospitals, where disease-causing germs are prevalent and can easily spread.Many experts advise common sense. "We don't want to say to children, 'OK, play by the dirty river bank and catch whatever you can,' " says Dr. Weinstock. "But we can say there's nothing wrong with kids playing in the dirt. They don't have to live in total sanitation, and they won't die from eating something off the floor. It's probably more healthy than not."All you need is a wormhole, the Large Hadron Collider or a rocket that goes really, really fast1 Hello. My name is Stephen Hawking. Physicist, cosmologist and something of a dreamer. Although I cannot move and I have to speak through a computer, in my mind I am free. Free to explore the universe and ask the big questions, such as: is time travel possible? Can we open a portal to the past or find a shortcut to the future? Can we ultimately use the laws of nature to become masters of time itself?1' Time travel was once considered scientific heresy. I used to avoid talking about it for fear of being labelled a crank. But these days I'm not so cautious. In fact, I'm more like the people who built Stonehenge. I'm obsessed by time. If I had a time machine I'd visit Marilyn Monroe in her prime or drop in on Galileo as he turned his telescope to the heavens. Perhaps I'd even travel to the end of the universe to find out how our whole cosmic story ends.2 To see how this might be possible, we need to look at time as physicists do - at the fourth dimension. It's not as hard as it sounds. Every attentive schoolchild knows that all physical objects, even me in my chair, exist in three dimensions. Everything has a width and a height and a length.3 But there is another kind of length, a length in time. While a human may survive for 80 years, the stones at Stonehenge, for instance, have stood around for thousands of years. And the solar system will last for billions of years. Everything has a length in time as well as space. Travelling in time means travelling through this fourth dimension.4 To see what that means, let's imagine we're doing a bit of normal, everyday car travel. Drive in a straight line and you're travelling in one dimension. Turn right or left and you add the second dimension. Drive up or down a twisty mountain road and that adds height, so that's travelling in all three dimensions. But how on Earth do we travel in time? How do we find a path through the fourth dimension?5 Let's indulge in a little science fiction for a moment. Time travel movies often feature a vast, energy-hungry machine. The machine creates a path through the fourth dimension, a tunnel through time. A time traveller, a brave, perhaps foolhardy individual, prepared for who knows what, steps into the time tunnel and emerges who knows when. The concept may be far-fetched, and the reality may be very different from this, but the idea itself is not so crazy.6 Physicists have been thinking about tunnels in time too, but we come at it from a different angle. We wonder if portals to the past or the future could ever be possible within the laws of nature. As it turns out, we think they are. What's more, we've even given them a name: wormholes. The truth is that wormholes are all around us, only they're too small to see. Wormholes are very tiny. They occur in nooks and crannies in space and time. You might find it a tough concept, but stay with me.6' A wormhole is a theoretical 'tunnel' or shortcut, predicted by Einstein's theory of relativity, that links two places in space-time - visualised above as the contours of a 3-D map, where negative energy pulls space and time into the mouth of a tunnel, emerging in another universe. They remain only hypothetical, as obviously nobody has ever seen one, but have been used infilms as conduits for time travel - in Stargate (1994), for example, involving gated tunnels between universes, and in Time Bandits (1981), where their locations are shown on a celestial map7 Nothing is flat or solid. If you look closely enough at anything you'll find holes and wrinkles in it. It's a basic physical principle, and it even applies to time. Even something as smooth as a pool ball has tiny crevices, wrinkles and voids. Now it's easy to show that this is true in the first three dimensions. But trust me, it's also true of the fourth dimension. There are tiny crevices, wrinkles and voids in time. Down at the smallest of scales, smaller even than molecules, smaller than atoms, we get to a place called the quantum foam. This is where wormholes exist. Tiny tunnels or shortcuts through space and time constantly form, disappear, and reform within this quantum world. And they actually link two separate places and two different times.8 Unfortunately, these real-life time tunnels are just a billion-trillion-trillionths of a centimetre across. Way too small for a human to pass through - but here's where the notion of wormhole time machines is leading. Some scientists think it may be possible to capture a wormhole and enlarge it many trillions of times to make it big enough for a human or even a spaceship to enter.9 Given enough power and advanced technology, perhaps a giant wormhole could even be constructed in space. I'm not saying it can be done, but if it could be, it would be a truly remarkable device. One end could be here near Earth, and the other far, far away, near some distant planet.10 Theoretically, a time tunnel or wormhole could do even more than take us to other planets. If both ends were in the same place, and separated by time instead of distance, a ship could fly in and come out still near Earth, but in the distant past. Maybe dinosaurs would witness the ship coming in for a landing.11 The fastest manned vehicle in history was Apollo 10. It reached 25,000mph. But to travel in time we'll have to go more than 2,000 times faster12 Now, I realise that thinking in four dimensions is not easy, and that wormholes are a tricky concept to wrap your head around, but hang in there. I've thought up a simple experiment that could reveal if human time travel through a wormhole is possible now, or even in the future. I like simple experiments, and champagne.12' So I've combined two of my favourite things to see if time travel from the future to the past is possible.Let's imagine I'm throwing a party, a welcome reception for future time travellers. But there's a twist. I'm not letting anyone know about it until after the party has happened. I've drawn up an invitation giving the exact coordinates in time and space. I am hoping copies of it, in one form or another, will be around for many thousands of years. Maybe one day someone living in the future will find the information on the invitation and use a wormhole time machine to come back to my party, proving that time travel will, one day, be possible.In the meantime, my time traveller guests should be arriving any moment now. Five, four, three, two, one. But as I say this, no one has arrived. What a shame. I was hoping at least a future Miss Universe was going to step through the door. So why didn't the experiment work? One of the reasons might be because of a well-known problem with time travel to the past, the problem of what we call paradoxes.Paradoxes are fun to think about. The most famous one is usually called the Grandfather paradox. I have a new, simpler version I call the Mad Scientist paradox.13 I don't like the way scientists in movies are often described as mad, but in this case, it's true. This chap is determined to create a paradox, even if it costs him his life. Imagine, somehow, he's built a wormhole, a time tunnel that stretches just one minute into the past. Hawking in a scene from Star Trek with dinner guests from the past, and future: (from left) Albert Einstein, Data and Isaac Newton14 Through the wormhole, the scientist can see himself as he was one minute ago. But what if our scientist uses the wormhole to shoot his earlier self? He's now dead. So who fired the shot? It's a paradox. It just doesn't make sense. It's the sort of situation that gives cosmologists nightmares.15 This kind of time machine would violate a fundamental rule that governs the entire universe - that causes happen before effects, and never the other way around. I believe things can't make themselves impossible. If they could then there'd be nothing to stop the whole universe from descending into chaos. So I think something will always happen that prevents the paradox. Somehow there must be a reason why our scientist will never find himself in a situation where he could shoot himself. And in this case, I'm sorry to say, the wormhole itself is the problem.16 In the end, I think a wormhole like this one can't exist. And the reason for that is feedback. If you've ever been to a rock gig, you'll probably recognise this screeching noise. It's feedback. What causes it is simple. Sound enters the microphone. It's transmitted along the wires, made louder by the amplifier, and comes out at the speakers. But if too much of the sound from the speakers goes back into the mic it goes around and around in a loop getting louder each time. If no one stops it, feedback can destroy the sound system.17 The same thing will happen with a wormhole, only with radiation instead of sound. As soon as the wormhole expands, natural radiation will enter it, and end up in a loop. The feedback will become so strong it destroys the wormhole. So although tiny wormholes do exist, and it may be possible to inflate one some day, it won't last long enough to be of use asa time machine. That's the real reason no one could come back in time to my party.18 Any kind of time travel to the past through wormholes or any other method is probably impossible, otherwise paradoxes would occur. So sadly, it looks like time travel to the past is never going to happen. A disappointment for dinosaur hunters and a relief for historians.虫洞是根据爱因斯坦相对论预测的连接时空中两个不同地点的假想“隧道”或捷径，上面的三维图轮廓集中呈现了这一点：负能量将时间和空间拖入一条隧道入口，并在另一个宇宙出现。
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1 Hello. My name is Stephen Hawking. Physicist, cosmologist and something of a dreamer. Although I cannot move and I have to speak through a computer, in my mind I am free. Free to explore the universe and ask the big questions, such as: is time travel possible? Can we open a portal to the past or find a shortcut to the future? Can we ultimately use the laws of nature to become masters of time itself?大家好，我是斯蒂芬-霍金，是物理学家、宇宙学家及梦想家，尽管身体不能活动，只能通过电脑与大家交流，但从内心中我是自由的，自由地探索宇宙，思考以下重大问题：时间旅行是否可行？能否打开一个回到过去的通道，或找到通向未来的捷径？我们最终能否利用自然规律成为掌控时间的主人？2 To see how this might be possible, we need to look at time as physicists do - at the fourth dimension. It's not as hard as it sounds. Every attentive schoolchild knows that all physical objects, even me in my chair, exist in three dimensions. Everything has a width and a height and a length.为了让这一切从虚幻变成现实，我们应以物理学家的角度来重新审视时间——即第四维。
这个问题没有听上去那么晦涩难懂。
每个好学的孩子都知道，任何物体都以三维形式存在，包括坐在轮椅上的我。
一切物体都有宽度、高度和长度。
3 But there is another kind of length, a length in time. While a human may survive for 80 years, the stones at Stonehenge, for instance, have stood around for thousands of years. And the solar system will last for billions of years. Everything has a length in time as well as space. Travelling in time means travelling through this fourth dimension.此外，还有一种长度——时间的长度。
例如，虽然一个人可能活了80岁，但巨石阵的石头却数千年屹立不倒。
太阳系的运行将持续数十亿年。
一切物体都有时间以及空间的长度。
时间旅行意味着我们要经过第四维。
4 To see what that means, let's imagine we're doing a bit of normal, everyday car travel. Drive in a straight line and you're travelling in one dimension. Turn right or left and you add the second dimension. Drive up or down a twisty mountain road and that adds height, so that's travelling in all three dimensions. But how on Earth do we travel in time? How do we find a path through the fourth dimension?要想搞明白这一点，我们可以想象正在从事一种日常活动，比如开车。
开车沿直线行驶，是在一维中旅行。
向左转或是向右转，则是二维旅行。
驱车上下山路意味着又多增加了高度，所以是在三维空间内。
那么我们怎样才能实现时间旅行？怎样才能发现穿越第四维的通道呢？5 Let's indulge in a little science fiction for a moment. Time travel movies often feature a vast, energy-hungry machine. The machine creates a path through the fourth dimension, a tunnel through time. A time traveller, a brave, perhaps foolhardy individual, prepared for who knows what, steps into the time tunnel and emerges who knows when. The concept may be far-fetched, and the reality may be very differentfrom this, but the idea itself is not so crazy.让我们暂时从科幻电影中寻找答案吧。
在此类电影中，通常会有一台巨大而高能耗的时间机器，这台机器产生通往第四维的通道——“时光隧道”。
时光旅行者——勇敢但可能有些鲁莽的人，做好我们大家所知道的准备，然后走进时光隧道，来到一个他们想要到达的时间里。
这一概念可能有些牵强，事实可能与之存在着天壤之别，但该想法本身不是那么的疯狂。
6 Physicists have been thinking about tunnels in time too, but we come at it from a different angle. We wonder if portals to the past or the future could ever be possible within the laws of nature. As it turns out, we think they are. What's more, we've even given them a name: wormholes. The truth is that wormholes are all around us, only they're too small to see. Wormholes are very tiny. They occur in nooks and crannies in space and time. You might find it a tough concept, but stay with me.物理学家们也在思考时光隧道，但我们的角度不同。
我们想搞清过去或未来的通道是否存在于自然规律中？事实证明，我们认为确实是这样的。
而且，我们还给它们起了一个名字：虫洞。
其实，虫洞无处不在，只是因为太小，我们肉眼看不到罢了。
虫洞非常小，存在于时空的隐蔽处和缝隙里。
你或许认为这是一个难以理解的概念，请耐心听我继续解释吧。
7 Nothing is flat or solid. If you look closely enough at anything you'll find holes and wrinkles in it. It's a basic physical principle, and it even applies to time. Even something as smooth as a pool ball has tiny crevices, wrinkles and voids. Now it's easy to show that this is true in the first three dimensions. But trust me, it's also true of the fourth dimension. There are tiny crevices, wrinkles and voids in time. Down at the smallest of scales, smaller even than molecules, smaller than atoms, we get to a place called the quantum foam. This is where wormholes exist. Tiny tunnels or shortcuts through space and time constantly form, disappear, and reform within this quantum world. And they actually link two separate places and two different times.任何物质都不是平整无暇和实心的，如果仔细观察，会发现它们上面都存在小孔和裂缝，这是一个基本的物理原理，同样适用于时间。
即便是像台球一样的东西，上面也有裂缝、褶皱或空洞。
现在容易说明这种情况也存在于第一个三维中。
相信我，这一原理同样适用于第四维。
时间也存在许多微小的裂缝、褶皱和空洞。
在最小的刻度下——比分子甚至原子都小，我们来到一个称为量子泡沫(quantum foam)的地方，这是虫洞存在之处。
时空中的微小隧道或捷径不停地在这个量子世界中形成、消失和重新形成。
它们可以连接两个隔离的空间以及两个不同的时间。
8 Unfortunately, these real-life time tunnels are just a billion-trillion-trillionths of a centimetre across. Way too small for a human to pass through - but here's where the notion of wormhole time machines is leading. Some scientists think it may be possible to capture a wormhole and enlarge it many trillions of times to make it big enough for a human or even a spaceship to enter.不幸的是，现实生活中这种时光隧道非常狭小，即使发现了它们，我们也不能从这个缝隙穿过——可这正是“虫洞时间机器”概念的前进方向。