语言学概论考前深度密押(一)
自考《语言学概论》考前密押卷及答案2
自考《语言学概论》考前密押卷及答案231. 汉语普通话属于:( )A. 共同语。
B. 方言。
C. 书面语。
D. 口语。
32.“桃李不言,下自成蹊”中“言”属于:( )A. 语言系统。
B. 言语行为。
C. 言语作品。
D. 内部语言。
33. 下列说法中错误的一种说法是:( )A.红绿灯是禁止或允许通行的符号。
B.中医把脉的脉象是疾病的符号。
C.上下课的铃声是上下课的符号。
D.裁判员的“黄牌”是警告的符号。
34.甲骨文中“为”的字形是手牵象,说明那时人们就役使象,这反映了语言的:( )A. 交际功能。
B. 思维功能。
C. 认知功能。
D. 文化录传功能35.“他不喜欢打球”中“不”和“打球”( )A.是组合关系。
B.是聚合关系。
C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。
D.既非聚合关系又非组合关系。
36.从古到今,汉语语音系统的简化,导致汉语词汇的双音节化,这反映了语言发展的:( )A. 渐变性。
B. 相关性。
C. 不平衡性。
D.规律性。
37.汉语属于( )A.屈折语。
B.粘着语。
C.词根语。
D.编插语。
38.下列音节中属于开首闭尾音节的是:( )A.[tau]。
B.[ta]。
C.[au]。
D.[ua]。
39.“学校”是“大学”的:( )A. 上义词。
B. 下义词。
C. 总义词。
D. 分义词。
40.“小马吃西瓜。
”中“吃西瓜”从语义学上看是( )A.义丛。
B.表述。
C.谓词。
D.谓项。
41. 被社团作为母语使用和学习的语言是:( )A. 人工语言。
B. 自然语言。
C. 共同语。
D. 世界语。
42.世界语是( )A.一种自然混合语。
B.一种临时混合语。
C.一种国际辅助语。
D.全世界的共同语。
43.根据语言学中“符号”的定义和特征,下面的说法中正确的是:( )A. 绿灯是可以通行的符号。
B. 脉象是疾病的符号。
C. 炊烟是做饭的符号。
D. 眼泪是悲伤的符号。
44.社会方言产生的原因多种多样,但( )不是社会方言产生的原因。
2020年全国高等教育自学考试《语言学概论》00541押题
2020年全国高等教育自学考试《语言学概论》00541押题卷1一、单项选择题(本大题共26小题,每小题1分,共26分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1.“奥林匹克运动会”这个词包含的语素数量是(C )A.2个B.3个C.4个D.7个2.英语“worker”中的“-er”是( A )A.构词语素B.构形语素C.虚词语素D.词根语素3.下列汉语词语中的“儿”不属于词根语素(实义语素)的是(D)A.健儿B.女儿C.少儿D.花儿4.整个语汇系统的核心和基础是( D )A.通用语汇B.常用语汇C.一般语汇D.基本语汇5.一般语汇(非基本语汇)最重要的来源是( C )A.古语词B.方言词C.新造词D.外来词6.语言符号具有可变性的根本原因在于语言符号的( A )A.任意性B.强制性C.离散性D.线性7.音高取决于( B )A.发音体振动的振幅B.发音体振动的频率C.发音体振动的持续时间D.共鸣器的形状8.听觉上最自然、最容易分辨的最小语音单位是( D )A.音素B.音位C.音渡D.音节9.就词重音而言,不能用来区别意义的是(C)A.自由重音B.移动重音C.固定重音D.不固定重音10.北京话“慢”单念时读[man],但“慢慢儿”却有人读做[mai mar],前一音节的语流音变现象是( B )A.同化B.异化C.弱儿D.增音11.词组的聚合关系分类是指把词组分成( A )A.向心词组和离心词组B.联合词组和偏正词组C.基本词组和特殊词组D.简单词组和复杂词组12.把句子分成“单句”和“复句”,这种分类是( D )A.句子的句型类B.句子的句式类C.句子的功能类D.句子的简繁类13.“吓唬”和“恐吓”在非理性意义上的主要差别是( C )A.语气意义不同B.感情色彩不同C.语体色彩不同D.形象色彩不同14.下列关于词的本义和基本义关系的表述中,正确的一项是( C )A.二者总是一致B.二者总是不一致C.基本义比本义更常用D.本义比基本义更常用15.下列各项词义引申中,采用比喻方式的一项是( D )A.“锁”本指一种器具,后引申指凭借这一器具的行为B.“兵”本指兵器,后引申指使用兵器的人C.“南瓜”本指一种植物,后引申指这种植物的果实D.“后台”本指舞台的后面,后引申指在背后操纵、支持的人或集团16.下列关于等义词的表述中,正确的一项是( A )A.等义词是理性意义和非理性意义都完全相同的词B.等义词一般都能够长期并存C.等义词在语言表达上有一定的积极意义D.同义词大多是等义词17.“老王说服了小李”中“老王”是行为的施事,“小李”是行为的受事,这种意义是( B )A.语汇意义B.语法意义C.语境意义D.蕴含意义18.从现有文字史的资料来看,最早出现的字符大多是( D )A.记号B.笔画C.音符D.意符19.世界上最早的表音文字是( B )A.元音文字B.辅音文字C.意音文字D.全音位文字20.语言成分的借用,最常见、最突出的是( A )A.词语的借用B.语音成分的借用C.词缀的借用D.语法结构的借用21.下列几种类型的社会方言中,具有排他性的是( B )A.行话B.黑话C.官腔D.贵族语言22.以下对“思维”的表述中,正确的一项是( A )A.思维既包括思维活动,也包括思维结果B.思维分为感性思维和抽象思维两类C.思维的形式就是概念、判断、推理D.思维必须以语言为工具23.人类开始制造工具这种行为意味着( B )A.人类已经产生了语言B.人类已经产生了思维C.人类已经同时产生了语言和思维D.人类既没有产生语言,也没有产生思维24.患“失语症”是因为( B )A.大脑左、右半球的单侧化功能发生了改变B.大脑左半球的某个部位受到了损伤C.大脑的语言获得机制出现了遗传性障碍D.在语言临界期以前没有接触语言环境25.主要解释某个词语所代表事物的概念知识的一类词典是( D )A.历史词典B.信息词典C.语言词典D.百科词典26.从翻译技术的平面看,机器翻译可以分为四个层级,从低到高的排序是( A )A.单词、句法、语义、语境B.单词、语义、语境、句法C.单词、句法、语境、语义D.单词、语义、句法、语境二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题,每小题2分,共10分)在每小题列出的五个备选项中有二个至五个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
精选全国自考《语言学概论》考前试题和答案精编
2018年10月全国自考《语言学概论》考前试题和答案00541一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分)在每小题列出的四个备选项目中只有一个是符号题目要求的,请将其代码填写的括号内.错选、多选或未选均无分。
第1题[y]是()A. 前高不圆唇元音B. 前高圆唇元音C. 后高不圆唇元音D. 后高圆唇元音【正确答案】 B【你的答案】本题分数1分第2题[u]是()A. 后高不圆唇元音B. 后高圆唇元音C. 后半高圆唇元音D. 后半高不圆唇元音【正确答案】 B【你的答案】本题分数1分第3题下列词中属于单纯词的是()A. 犹豫B. 迟疑C. 怀疑D. 矛盾【正确答案】 A【你的答案】本题分数1分第4题以声音的长短来区别意义的语言单位叫()A. 重位B. 时位C. 调位D. 音质音位【正确答案】 B【你的答案】本题分数1分第5题汉语拼音方案是以()字母为基础制订的。
A. 英语B. 法语C. 拉丁D. 希腊【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数1分第6题下列语言单位中属于固定词组的是()A. 世界地图B. 共产主义青年团C. 快速解冻D. 黑白照片【正确答案】 B【你的答案】本题分数1分第7题英语的“good[gu:d]”(好,原级)→“better”(好,比较级)运用的语法手段是()A. 附加B. 内部屈折C. 异根D. 重叠【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数1分第8题()在语言中处于枢纽地位,一般把它作为分析语法结构的最重要的语法单位。
A. 句子B. 词组C. 词D. 语素【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数1分第9题下列词组中属于介词词组的是()A. 用钢笔(写字)B. 他的书C. 去看医生D. 呆了一会儿【正确答案】 A【你的答案】本题分数1分第10题下列都属于汉语中借词的一组是()A. 镭射足球沙发B. 卡车电话哈达C. 纳粹吉他吉普D. 尼龙朝廷艾滋病【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数1分第11题下列词组属于体词性词组的是()A. 内科医生B. 默默流泪C. 唱山歌D. 很亮堂【正确答案】 A【你的答案】本题分数1分第12题下列各组句子中,具有蕴含关系的一组是()A. (甲)今天中秋节——(乙)今天吃月饼B. (甲)他买了一本小说——(乙)他买了一本书C. (甲)他哥哥在北京上大学——(乙)他有哥哥D. (甲)他们家的电视机坏了——(乙)他们家有电视机【正确答案】 B【你的答案】本题分数1分第13题词根语素保持不变,用增减替换词尾或词缀来造成词形变化的方法叫()A. 附加B. 异根C. 内部屈折D. 语序【正确答案】 A【你的答案】本题分数1分第14题“学校发给我们一人三个口罩”中的变元有()A. 一个B. 两个C. 三个D. 四个【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数1分第15题下列词中属于派生词的是()A. 融化B. 消化C. 化学D. 绿化【正确答案】 D【你的答案】本题分数1分第16题英语动词“去”的原形是“go”,过去时的形式是“went”,这在语法手段的词形变化中叫做()A. 附加B. 屈折C. 异根D. 零形式【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数1分第17题下列成对的词语中,属于相对反义词的一组是()A. 成功—失败B. 合法—非法C. 本地—外地D. 勤劳—懒惰【正确答案】 D【你的答案】本题分数1分第18题关于元音和辅音的区别的描述,()是正确的。
语言学概论复习重点题目(附答案)
Linguistics:I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets1. ( ) The study of language as a whole is often called __________ linguistics.A. particularB. generalC. ordinaryD. generative2. ( ) __________ can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.A. PhonesB. SoundsC. PhonemesD. Speech sounds3. ( ) The two clauses in a __________ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A. simpleB. completeC. complexD. coordinate4. ( ) The goal of __________ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among avariety of speech communities and indifferent social situations.A. psycholinguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. historical linguisticsD. general linguistics5. ( ) A __________ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highestposition.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle6. ( ) The open, back and long vowel is __________.A.[ɑ:]B.[ɔ:]C.[ə:]D.[u:]7. ( ) Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable extent __________.A. regular but not systematicB. irregular and systematicC. regular and systematicD. irregular but systematic8. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on the __________ investigation of language data.A. symbolicB. systemicC. systematicD. system9. ( ) __________ are sometimes called “semivowels”.A. vowelsB. fricativeC. glidesD. nasals10. ( ) __________ is a typical tone language.A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. American English11. ( ) A sentence is considered __________ when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind ofnative speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical12. ( ) The number of the lexical items in the minor lexical categories is __________ and no new membersare allowed for.A. largeB. smallC. limitlessD. fixed13. ( ) Human beings are the only species that learns and acquires language__________ explicit instruction.A. withB. withoutC. withinD. through14. ( ) According to F. de Saussure, __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language15. ( ) Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the __________ properties of the stream of sounds which aspeaker issues.A. oralB. mentalC. physicalD. recorded16. ( ) __________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.A. PhonologyB. PhoneticsC. MorphologyD. Phonemics17. ( ) __________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.A. BroadB. DetailedC. WideD. Narrow18. ( ) The word “motel”is formed via word formation rule of __________.A. clippingB. blendingC. acronymD. coinage19. ( ) If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct”behavior, i.e., to tell people what theyshould say and what they should not say, it is said to be __________.A. productiveB. arbitraryC. prescriptiveD. creative20. ( ) __________, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second elementreceives secondary stress.A. OrthographicallyB. PhoneticallyC. SemanticallyD. Syntactically21. ( ) __________ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. LexicologyD. Coordination22. ( ) __________ is a kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.A. AbbreviationB. AcronymC. ClippingD. Blending23. ( ) Those that affect the syntactic category and the meaning of the root as well are __________.A. stemsB. affixesC. suffixesD. prefixes.24. ( ) __________ refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to theroots, stems, or words.A. DerivationB. CompoundingC. BlendingD. Back formation25. ( ) Since the phonetic contrast between /k/ in the word “kill”and /k/ in the word “coal”is not adistinctive one, the two /k/-s are only __________.A. phonemesB. phonesC. segmentsD. allophones26. ( ) When /p/ and /b/ occur in the same environments and distinguish meaning, they are in __________.A. minimal pairB. minimal setC. phonemic contrastD. complementary distribution27. ( ) __________ at the end of stems can modify the meaning of the original word and in many caseschange its part of speech.A. RootsB. PrefixesC. SuffixesD. Free morphemes28. ( ) As /k/ in the word “came”and /g/ in the word “game”are said to form a distinctive opposition inEnglish, they are __________.A. soundsB. phonemesC. allophonesD. varieties29. ( ) The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are __________ sounds.A. consonantalB. voicedC. vowelD. voiceless30. ( ) __________ are added to an existing form to create a word, which is a very common way to createnew words in English.A. Inflectional affixesB. Free morphemeC. Derivational affixesD. Stems31. ( ) __________ is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires anew, sometimes related meaning.A. Semantic narrowingB. Semantic broadeningC. Semantic borrowingD. Semantic shift32. ( ) __________ studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication.A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. LexicologyD. Phonetics33. ( ) Stress in English is used to __________ semantically important words.A. signalB. stand outC. identifyD. single34. ( ) __________ refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.A. Sound assimilationB. Internal borrowingC. ElaborationD. Rule simplification35. ( ) A compound word consists of __________.A. two or more than two wordsB. two morphemesC. two root morphemesD. two or more morphemes36. ( ) Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords37. ( ) “alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above38. ( )The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. morphemicD. semanticII. Directions: Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.1. English is an i__________ language.2. The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called p__________.3. IPA stands for International Phonetic A__________.4. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s__________ features.5. C__________ is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.6. P__________ studies language in relation to the mind.7. Human capacity for language has a g______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.8. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d__________.9. P__________ is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language.10. F__________ morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.11. B__________ is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.12. An English speaker and Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutuallyintelligible. This is a case of c__________ transmission.13. C__________ distribution means that the allophones of the same phoneme always occur in differentphonetic environments.14. Affixes like “im-”, “il-”, “un-”, “-tion”, “-or”, “-hood”, are called d______ affixes.15. The two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, one s__________ the other.16. Modern linguistics gives priority to the s__________ form of language.17. A bound r__________ can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.18. Language is p_____ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.19. P_________ occur at the beginning of a word and suffixes at the end.20. Historical linguists are concerned with the historical d__________ of languages and the processes involvedin language change.21. Linguistics is generally defined as the s__________ study of language.22. D__________ means that language can be used to refer to things which present or not present, real orimagined matters in the past, present , or future, or in faraway places.23. The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is l__________.24. Lying across the glottis are the v__________ cords, which are not really cords or strings as the nameindicates, but two membranes.25. S_________ is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies the social significance of language variation andlanguage use in different speech communities including regional, ethnic and social groups.26 I__________ affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number,degree, and case.27. A d__________ study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.28. In terms of morphemic analysis, c__________ can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes morethan two words to create new words.29. An acronym is a word created by combining the i__________ letters of a number of words.30 The description of a language as it changes through time is a d__________ study.31. The study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society is known as s__________.32. O__________, a compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen in between, or as twoseparate words.33. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they arecollectively known as i__________.34. The long vowels are all t__________ vowels and the short vowels are l__________ vowels.35. A s__________ community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or aparticular variety of language.36. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in thesame place in the strings, the two words are said to form a m__________ pair.37. Language is a system of a__________ vocal symbols used for human communication.38. Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a f__________ verb or averb phrase.39. Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k__________ of the rules of his language.40. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______________ .41. M_____________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules bywhich words are formed.42. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.43. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.44. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.45. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.46. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.47.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.48. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.49. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.1. ( ) Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, but sometimes prescriptive.2. ( ) Distinctive features are the same to any language.3. ( ) One of the clauses in a coordinate sentence is subordinate to the other.4. ( ) In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct object usuallyprecedes the verb.5. ( ) The most vigorous and on going change in the historical development of a language is the change in itsvocabulary.6. ( ) SLA stands for second language acquisition.7. ( ) The writing system of any language is always a later invention, used to record the speech.8. ( ) Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.9. ( ) The root of a word is the smallest meaningful unit of language.10. ( ) Historical linguistics studies language change.11. ( ) Language is a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.12. ( ) A synchronic study of language is a historical study.13. ( ) The structure of words is not governed by rules.14. ( ) Epenthesis is a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or a vowel sound to the middle of aword.15. ( ) Language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages.16 ( ) Phonology is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all thesounds that occur in the world's languages.17. ( ) Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress andsentence stress.18. ( ) WH movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.19. ( ) Morphology and syntax study the same aspect of language.20. ( ) Stress is a relative notion; only words with two or more syllables can be said to have word stress, andmonosyllabic words can not be said to have word stress.21. ( ) Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.22. ( ) Language change is different from the change in the grammar.23. ( ) An acronym is a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.24. ( ) Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a native language.25. ( ) The ultimate objective of language is to create grammatically well formed sentences.26. ( ) Suffixes, in contrast with prefixes, are added to the end of stems.27. ( ) Sound assimilation refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.28. ( ) It is the property of arbitrariness that provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide rangeof things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.29. ( ) When language users use it to convey information, thoughts and feelings from one person to anotheror as an attempt to control each other's behavior, we think that language is now functioning as a means of intrapersonal communication.30. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.31. ( ) The location of one of the suprasegmental features in English —stress does distinguish meaning.32. ( ) Most English words are closed categories because the number of the lexical items in these categoriesis fixed and no new members are allowed for, so they are known as major lexical categories.33. ( ) Language as the most important tool for human communication is both an open system and a closedsystem as well. It is closed because its forms in terms of sentences are regular, stable and context free.It is open because of its being variable, and context sensitive.34. ( ) What any individual speaker says within the same speech community is known as idiolect.35. ( ) A coordinate sentence contains two clauses which hold unequal status, that is, with one subordinatingthe other.36. ( ) It seems that with the help of language people may “think”better, and here it is believed thatlanguage is exerting its function of interpersonal communication.37. ( ) General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicablein any linguistic study.38. ( ) Languages vary in the order of the subject, the verb and the object.39. ( ) The distinction between Saussure's langue and Chomsky's competence lies in that the former is amatter of social conventions while the latter emphasizes the property of the mind of each individual.40. ( ) Words are the smallest unit of language that can not be broken down into even smaller components.41. ( ) Blending is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.42. ( ) Phonetics deals with how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning.43. ( ) Linguistic performance is essentially a social phenomenon but not a context dependent behavior.44. ( ) There are actually many other communicative systems rather than human language that are also rulegoverned.45. ( ) Morphology is divided into three sub-branches: inflectional morphology, lexical morphology andderivational morphology.46. ( ) In some sense we may use the term diachronic linguistics instead of historical linguistics.47. ( ) The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.48. ( ) Both phonology and phonetics are studies of sound though they have different emphases.49. ( ) Generally speaking, the standard language is more effective in expressing ideas than any other dialectcoexisting with it.50. ( ) Major lexical categories are open categories.51. ( ) The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of gender markings only.52. ( ) In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spokenform for a number of reasons.53. ( ) Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.54. ( ) The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning ofa compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.55. ( ) Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English andAmerican English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.56. ( ) Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic worldof experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.57. ( ) Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.58. ( ) In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physicalworld of experience.IV. Explain the following terms briefly:1. Design feature: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.2. Synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.3. Diachronic: study of a language is carried through the course of its history.4. Prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language use.5. Descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.6. Arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.7. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.8. Displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space, at the moment of communication.9. Creativity(创造性): one design feature of human language ,by creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its reccursiveness.10.C ompetence: competence means the language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.11. Performance: according to Chomsky, performance means the actual use of language in concrete situations.12. Langue: According to Saussure, langue refers to the linguistic competence of the speaker.13. Parole: According to Saussure, parole refers to the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances).14. Consonant: Consonants are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.15.Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds.16.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. 17.Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; while, the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.18. P hone: the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. It’s a phonetic unit or segment.19. Phoneme: A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a phoneme. It’s a basic unit in phonological analysis. It is not any particular sound, but an abstract segment. In actual speech, a phoneme is realized phonetically as a certain phone. (the sound type in the mind) The phoneme is the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit.20. Allophone: the phones which are versions of one phoneme are referred to as the allophones of that phoneme.21. Minimal pairs: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment, which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.22. V owel: are sound segments produced without such obstruction, so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.23. Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.24. Assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. There are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it regressive assimilation; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is know as progressive assimilation.25. Phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages. What it studies includes the organs of speech, transcription, classification of speech sounds etc.26. Intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English, which has four basic types of intonation known as the four tones: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone and the rise-fall tone.27. Suprasegmental: aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principle suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.28. Morpheme: The smallest meaningful components at the lowest level of a word are called morphemes, such as “man”, “-ly”, “teach” “-er”, “dark”, and “-en” in “manly”, “teacher” and “darken”. The meaning morphemes convey may be of two kinds: lexical meaning such as “man”, “-ly”, “teach”, “-er” and grammatical meaning such as “-e s”, “-ed”, and “-ing” in “teaches” “ played” and “raining”.29. Grammatical words: words expressing grammatical meanings, such conjunction, prepositions, articles and pronouns.30. Open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs.31. Affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).32. Root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.33. Compounds: Compounds are compound morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes, such as classroom, blackboard, snow-white, etc.34. Bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to, e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”35. Blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words. 36. Loanword: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in some cases, to the phonological system of the new language that they enter.37. Syntax is the study of how words combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences.38. Constituent: a term used in structural analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit.39. Immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.40. Endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole. Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.41. Eexocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.42. Category: parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate, etc.43. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.44. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de -contextualised.45. Reference:Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience46. Synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.V. Questions:1. What are the major functions of language?Language function means the use of language to communicate, to think, etc. Language functions include informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function.2. Describe the four design features of language with examples.3. State briefly how consonants are classified.Three parameters are involved in classifying a consonant/ Consonants are classified according to the following three parameters:①place of articulation: place in the mouth where obstruction occurs: bi-labial, labio-dental, alveolar, etc②manners of articulation: ways in which articulation can be accomplished: plosive, fricative, nasal, etc③state of vocal cords: if the vocal cords vibrate or not: voiced and voiceless consonants.3. How are simple vowels classified?There are four ways to classify simple vowels:① According to the height of tongue raising: high, middle, low②According to the position of the highest part of the tongue: front, central, back③According to the shape of the lips (the degree of lip-rounding): rounded, unrounded。
语言学概论期末复习资料(第一章)
语言学概论期末复习资料(第一章)第一章绪论授课教师:李青苗整理:何丽敏参考:《语言学概论》(胡晓研/主编)名词解释1.语言学:语言学就是专门以语言为研究对象的一门独立的科学。
语言学的任务就是研究语言的性质、功能、结构及其运用等问题,揭示语言存在和发展的规律,使人们理解并掌握语言的理性知识。
(P1)2.语文学:在语文学成为一门独立的学科之前,人们对于语言的学习和研究只是为了给古代经典文献作注释,我们称那段时期的语言研究为语文学。
语文学是从文献角度研究语言文字学科的总称。
它以文献评审为主,目的在于解释、注疏和考订。
(P3)3.青年语法学派:青年语法学派出现在19世纪末叶的德国,又称为19“新语法学派”。
青年语法学派认为语言之间的语音对应规律没有例外,所谓例外是由于不同规律交叉运用或其它因素造成的。
青年语法学派还认为语言和形态的变化是由于类推所起的作用。
他们强调对现代语言及其方言的研究,他们的观点及其研究推动了语言学研究方法的发展,并对同时代学者及后人有很大影响。
代表人物及主要成果有:雷斯琴《斯拉夫语、波罗的语和日耳曼语名词词形变化研究》、狄兹《罗曼族语语法》、辉特尼《语言和语言研究》。
不足:该学派夸大了语音规律的绝对性,没有意识到语言和方言在地域和结构上的相对统一性;在语言学的研究中孤立地研究语言现象,缺乏系统性。
研究的重点是语言的个人因素,忽略了语言的社会因素。
所以对语言的本体研究很难继续深入下去。
(P15-16)4.索绪尔:瑞士语言学家,被誉为“现代语言学之父”,代表作是《普通语言学教程》,《普通语言学教程》是现代语言学的奠基之作。
索绪尔的语言学思想和19世纪以前的语文学最根本的区别在于:把语言看成由各个符号之间的关系组成的有价值的结构系统。
索绪尔区分了语言和言语,语言属于全社会,是抽象的,言语属于个人,是具体的。
索绪尔认为语言是符号系统,“是一个纯粹的价值系统”。
每个符号是由能指和所指构成的,所指和能指之间的关系任意的。
自考《语言学概论》考前密押卷及答案3
自考《语言学概论》考前密押卷及答案351. 属于人工语言的是:( )A. 英语。
B. 世界语。
C. 体态语。
D. 文字。
52. 人说话的动作属于:( )A. 语言。
B. 言语。
C. 言语行为。
D. 言语作品。
53.下列说法正确的一项是( )。
A.语言材料是无限的,组织语言材料的规则也是无限的。
B.工人阶级与资产阶级没有共同语言,可见语言是有阶级性的。
C.语言材料是无限的,组织材料的规则是有限的。
D.语言规则是约定俗成的,个人不一定非要遵守这些规则。
54.反映符号和符号所指之间的关系的是( )A.中医诊脉断病。
B. 见炊烟而知家中有人。
C.燃烽火而知有敌情。
D. 动物表现异常而知要发地震。
55. “他不是老师”中“不”和“老师”:( )A. 是聚合关系。
B. 是组合关系。
C. 既是聚合关系又是组合关系。
D. 既非聚合关系又非组合关系。
56.下列说法中正确的说法是:( )A.语言是一种制度文化。
B. 语言是一种精神文化。
C. 语言是一种物质文化。
D. 语言不是一种文化。
57. 满清放弃满语改说汉语,这属于( )A. 强迫同化。
B. 非强迫同化。
C. 语言接触。
D. 语言混合。
58.法语属于( )A.屈折语。
B.粘着语。
C.词根语。
D.编插语。
59.双唇、不送气、清、塞音是:( )A. [f]B. [d]C. [b]D.[p]60.“匕首”是“武器”的:( )A. 上义词。
B. 下义词。
C. 总义词。
D. 分义词。
二、填空:(每空1分,共20分)1.根据研究对象的范围,语言学可分为语言学和语言学。
2.思维可以分为思维、思维和思维。
3.“手枪”是“枪”的词,“袖子”是“衣服”的词。
4.构词或造句时位置固定的是语素,位置不固定的是语素。
5.英语属于语系中语族语支。
6.结构主义语言学的创始人是(国别)的,其代表作是。
7.儿童语言发展的三个阶段是阶段、和阶段。
8.既不同于,又不同于的结构系统称为中介语。
自考《语言学概论》考前试题和答案
2018 年 10 月全国自考《语言学概论》考前试题和答案00541一、单项选择题 ( 本大题共 20 小题 , 每题 1 分 , 共 20 分 ) 在每题列出的四个备选项目中只有一个是符号题目要求的 , 请将其代码填写的括号内 . 错选、多项选择或未选均无分。
第 1 题[y]是()A. 前高不圆唇元音B.前高圆唇元音C.后高不圆唇元音D.后高圆唇元音【正确答案】 B【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 2 题[u]是()A. 后高不圆唇元音B.后高圆唇元音 C. 后半高圆唇元音 D. 后半高不圆唇元音【正确答案】 B【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 3 题以下词中属于纯真词的是()A. 踌躇B. 狐疑C. 思疑D. 矛盾【正确答案】 A【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 4 题以声音的长短来差异意义的语言单位叫()A. 重位B.时位C.调位D.音质音位【正确答案】 B【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 5 题汉语拼音方案是以()字母为基础制定的。
A. 英语B. 法语C. 拉丁D. 希腊【正确答案】 C【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 6 题以下语言单位中属于固定词组的是()A. 世界地图B.共产主义青年团C.迅速解冻D.黑白照片【正确答案】 B【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 7 题英语的“ good[ gu:d ]”(好,原级)→“ better ”(好,比较级)运用的语法手段是()A.附带B.内部屈折C.异根D.重叠【正确答案】 C【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 8 题()在语言中处于枢纽地位,一般把它作为剖析语法构造的最重要的语法单位。
A. 句子B. 词组C. 词D. 语素【正确答案】 C【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 9 题以下词组中属于介词词组的是()A. 用钢笔(写字)B. 他的书C.D.呆了一会儿【正确答案】 A【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 10 题以下都属于汉语中借词的一组是()A. 镭射足球沙发B. 卡车电话哈达C.纳粹吉他吉普 D.尼龙朝廷艾滋病【正确答案】 C【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 11 题以下词组属于体词性词组的是()A. 内科医生B. 静静哭泣C. 唱山歌D.很亮堂【正确答案】 A【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 12 题以下各组句子中,拥有包含关系的一组是()A. ( 甲) 今日中秋节—— ( 乙) 今日吃月饼B. ( 甲) 他买了一本小说—— ( 乙) 他买了一本书C. ( 甲) 他哥哥在北京上大学——( 乙) 他有哥哥D. ( 甲) 他们家的电视机坏了——( 乙) 他们家有电视机【正确答案】 B【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 13 题词根语素保持不变,用增减替代词尾或词缀来造成词形变化的方法叫()A. 附带B.异根C.内部屈折D.语序【正确答案】 A【你的答案】此题分数 1 分A.一个B.两个C.三个D.四个【正确答案】 C【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 15 题以下词中属于派生词的是()A. 消融B. 消化C.化学D.绿化【正确答案】 D【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 16 题英语动词“去”的原形是“ go”,过去时的形式是“ went”,这在语法手段的词形变化中叫做 ()A. 附带B. 屈折C. 异根D. 零形式【正确答案】 C【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 17 题以下成对的词语中,属于相对反义词的一组是()A. 成功—失败B. 合法—非法C. 当地—外处D. 勤奋—懒散【正确答案】 D【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 18 题对于元音和辅音的区其他描绘,()是正确的。
2023年10月自考00541语言学概论真题及答案(回忆版)
2023年10月自考00541语言学概论真题及答案(回忆版)二、名词解释题:本大题共4小题,每小题4分,共16分。
21、语言符号的所指(乐昇学教育2023年10月自考00541语言学概论考前密训班考点4)乐昇学教育建议答案:语言符号的所指是语言符号中特定声音表示的意义。
由索绪尔提出。
22、基础方言(乐昇学教育2023年10月自考00541语言学概论考前密训班考点96)乐昇学教育建议答案:一种语言的共同语并不是凭空产生的,而是在某一个方言的基础上形成的,这种作为共同语基础的方言叫做基础方言。
23、负迁移(乐昇学教育2023年10月自考00541语言学概论考前密训班考点103)乐昇学教育建议答案:负迁移:二语学习时母语的语言规则对二语学习产生的消极影响,被称为负迁移。
24、语音识别(乐昇学教育2023年10月自考00541语言学概论考前密训班考点117)乐昇学教育建议答案:让计算机模拟人的听觉器官的反应来接受语言信号并做出回应动作或给以语言答复,让计算机听懂人说话。
三、分析题:本大题共2小题,每小题7分,共14分。
25、分析下面句子的蕴含义和预设义他妹妹在老家工作。
(乐昇学教育2023年10月自考00541语言学概论考前密训班考点75)乐昇学教育建议答案:蕴含义:他妹妹在老家。
预设义:他有妹妹。
26.找出下面诗句中包含的形声字。
日照香炉生紫烟,遥看瀑布挂前川。
乐昇学教育建议答案:照、炉、紫、烟、遥、瀑、布、挂、前四、简答题:本大题共2小题,每小题10分,共20分。
27、简要说明普通话上声变调的情况(乐昇学教育2023年10月自考00541语言学概论考前密训班考点24)乐昇学教育建议答案:“上声变调”分两种情况。
第一种情况是“上声+上声”,前一音节的声调会变成类似于普通话中阳平调的[35],比如“有水”读起来就像“油水”,再如“美景/煤井”“土改/涂改”“雨水/鱼水”“粉场/坟场“等,光靠读音很难分辨。
00541《语言学概论》知识点复习(一).docx
00541《语言学概论》知识点复习(一)第一章语言和语言学第一节认识人类的语言一、语言的性质和类型(一)只有人类才有语言1、语言的概念:语言是一种符号系统,是由语音和语义构成的符号系统,是人类进行社会交际和思维认知的工具。
2、,语言,是人类所独有的,语言能力是人跟动物的最重要区别。
其显著特点有:(1),内容更多,人在各种场合说话、用各种方式说话、说这种话都离不开语言。
(2), 用处更大'人类语言有多种功能,包括:交际功能、记录功能、思维功能、认知功能等。
(3),能够创造,人类的语言是由严密灵巧的规则构造出来的,具有极强的生成和运转能力。
注意:只有人类才有语言人类具有语言能力,是人跟其他动物区别的最重要的标志。
(二)语言和民族、国家的关系1、语言是识别民族和国家的标志一一,相互能够听懂’ (欧洲国家)多数情况下一个民族、一个国家使用同一种语言。
2、语言并非识别民族和国家的标志(欧洲以外的国家)一个民族的成员可以使用不同的语言,不同民族的成员也可以使用同一种语言。
3、西方学界的双重标准——,相互能够听懂’:弱国——用语言识别民族;对,汉语’的看法。
强国一一不用语言识别民族,美国、英国、澳大利亚和加拿大(三)语言特点和语言类型1、不同的语言有自己的特点,各种语言在语音、词汇、语法方面差距显著。
根据语言的特点,把语言进行分类,主要有,语言的谱系分类,和,语言的形态分类'2、从语言的,历时,角度划分,谱系分类是一个层级系统:语系一语族一(语支)一语群一语言一方言一次方言(土语)。
3、形态分类主要分为两种:形态语(综合性语言)和孤立语(分析性语言)——汉语。
(1)形态语(综合语):通过词的形态变化来体现各种结构意义的语言,主要有屈折语(词的形态变化丰富,如德语、俄语)、黏着语(词的形态变化为前后词缀, 如维吾尔语、日语)(2)孤立语(分析语)——汉语:语法手段无需谓词词形变化表现,时、体、态’;无需名词词形变化的,性、数、格',突出语序和虚词;词类与句法成分不对应。
《语言学概论》期末复习重点难点
《语言学概论》期末复习重点难点语言学概论第一章语言的本质语言与言语的关系1.言语是指说话这一行为以及说出来的话;语言是指说话时使用的材料和规则。
2.语言是一个封闭的系统,而言语是开放的;语言具有有限性,言语具有无限性。
语言材料和规则都是有限的。
但使用这些词和语法规则能造出多少汉语的句子确实无法计数的。
3.语言属于社会全体成员,言语属于讲话者个人。
不同的人在不同的语境、根据不同的意图讲出的每句话都已经具有了即时即地的色彩。
因此,语言属于个人。
但不同人所使用的语言材料和规则却属于讲这种语言的社会全体成员。
4.语言存在于言语之中,言语是对语言的具体运用;语言规则和材料是一种抽象的体系,人所听到的是具体的言语。
语言符号有哪些符号属性每种属性用一句话说明要点。
1.任意性(根本属性)。
人们选择哪一个具体语音形式和哪一个具体语义内容所结合成一个语言符号是完全任意的,是无可论证的。
2.线条性。
语言符号在使用中必须按时间先后顺次排列出现,人们不可能同事使用或说出多个符号。
3.相对稳定性。
语言不是一成不变的,它还是会发生变化的,只不过这种变化的过程是非常缓慢的,因此具有相对稳定的特点总结(语言的组成要素)两种说法的出发点不同,认识问题的角度不同。
语音、词汇、语法三要素的说法是从组织语言的角度出发的;语音、语义、语法三要素的说法是从分析语言的角度出发的。
两种说法在理论上都有纠结的方面。
1.前一种说法的问题主要在语音与词汇两个因素之间有交叉,因为词的构成的一个方面就是语音;2.后一种说法的问题主要在语法同语义之间有交叉,因为语法内容中包括语法范畴,而语法范畴是由一定语法形式表达的语法意义,比如books中的-s表示复数的语法意义,而语法意义也是语义中的一种。
语言的几层体系的特点(从底层到上层的变化特点)1.语言是由语音、语义、语法三要素组成的系统。
这个系统可以再分为两个层级:帝层和上层。
底层是由一套音位组成的,构成语言的形式系统,不涉及语义。
2310【自考考前压轴卷】语言学概论
2310-全国-语言学概论-压轴卷(一)总分:100一、单项选择题:本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分。
1.下面各项中属于屈折语的是( )A.土耳其语B.德语C.汉语D.日语2.周代称“翁婿”为“舅甥”,反映出远古存在的( )A.族外婚制度B.族内婚制度C.群婚制度D.一夫多妻制度3.“名无固宜,约之以命,约定俗成谓之宜”这句话出自( )A.《论语》B.《墨子》C.《荀子》D.《老子》4.“硬币正悄然退休”采用的修辞手法是( )A.仿拟B.排比C.夸张D.比拟5.存在语音对应关系的语言,可能有( )A.社会关系B.地域关系C.亲属关系D.民族关系6.下面各项中采用了夸张修辞手法的是( )A.当官不与民做主,不如回家卖红薯B.危楼高百尺,手可摘星辰C.天空好像一盏乏了油的灯D.东边日出西边雨7.萨丕尔和沃尔夫主张的观点是( )A.语言不同但思维方式可以相同B.思维决定语言C.语言与思维无关D.语言决定思维8.下面各项中属于惯用语的是( )A.并蒂莲B.大花脸C.一线天D.主心骨9.隐语是一种特殊的社会方言,其最突出的特征是( )A.具有排他性B.发音特殊C.没有书写形式D.不出声10.下面各项中属于中国传统“小学”的是( )A.音系学B.音韵学C.音响学D.音位学11.论文属于书面语体中的( )A.宣传体B.应用体C.科学体D.文学体12.发生语言转用必然经历的阶段是( )A.克里奥尔阶段B.语言混同阶段C.双语阶段D.洋泾浜阶段13.我国第一部完备的字典是( )A.《说文解字》B.《玉篇》C.《康熙字典》D.《释名》14.在秦简.汉印等文献中,“医”字写作“醫”,字形从“酉”(盛酒器),这表明古代( )A.生病与喝酒有关B.酒由医生酿制C.医生好酒D.药与酒有关15.下面各项中属于借词的是( )A.葡萄B.给力C.红粉D.萌宠16.“客人来了”中的“客人”的指称类型是( )A.不定指B.定指C.无指D.任指17.吃饭时如果筷子掉落,人们往往会说“筷落,快乐,快快乐乐”。
2023年自考专业(汉语言文学)《语言学概论》考试全真模拟易错、难点精编⑴(答案参考)试卷号:6
2023年自考专业(汉语言文学)《语言学概论》考试全真模拟易错、难点精编⑴(答案参考)(图片大小可自由调整)一.全考点综合测验(共50题)1.【填空题】语言学的三大发源地是_____、_____和______。
正确答案:中国,印度,希腊-罗马。
2.【问答题】谈谈什么是“语言转用”以及语言转用的条件和过程。
正确答案:(1)“语言转用”的定义:①“语言转用”指的是一个民族的全体或部分成员放弃使用本民族语言而换用另一民族语言。
②语言转用是几种不同的语言统一为一种语言的主要方式。
(2)“语言转用”的条件:①语言转用与民族的融合密切相关。
在民族融合的过程中,征服者往往强迫被征服民族放弃本民族的语言而改用征服者的语言,但民族融合也能够不依靠强迫的手段二发生,伴随着这种民族的融合过程,语言的转用也能够自然地发生。
②同数量占优势的民族生活在同一地区,形成杂居局面,并在一个较长的时期内保持密切的联系,只有在这种条件下,语言转用才可能发生。
③在民族融合过程中,哪一种语言能够替代其它语言而成为不同民族共同的交际工具,主要取决于语言使用者在经济、文化发展水平和人口数量上的优势,政治上的统治地位并不是决定因素。
(3)“语言转用”的过程:语言转用是一个从单语到双语,再由双语到新的单语的过程,一般要经历相当长的时间才能完成。
语言转用必然要经过一个双语阶段,没有这个阶段,语言转用就不可能实现。
3.【单选题】区分“语言”和“言语”的主要目的是()A.强调在社会环境中研究语言B.强调研究言语的个人特色C.明确语言学的研究对象D.更好地研究书面语正确答案:C4.【填空题】语言系统二层性的一大特点是_______层的最小单位一定大大少于_______层的最小单位。
正确答案:形式,符号5.【问答题】名词解释:元辅音分析法正确答案:(1)元辅音分析法是以元辅音为基本分析单位的一种音节结构分析方法。
(2)音节结构可氛围V、C-V、V-C、C-V-C等四种不同结构类型。
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第一部分选择题(30分)一、单项选择题(本大题共20 小题,每小题1 分,共20 分。
在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内,错选、多选或来选均无分。
)1. 语言的客观存在形式首先呢表现为【】A . 书面语 B. 文字 C. 口语 D. 体态2 .语音与其他声音的本质区别表现在【】A. 物理属性B. 生理属性C. 心理属性D. 社会属性3. 下列辅音都是浊辅音的一组是【】A. [m,l]B. [b,k]C. [n,t]D. [s,f]4 . 下列汉子读音,声母、韵头、韵腹、韵尾俱全的一组是【】A.张家庄B. 霍阁沟C.姜皇庙D.马驿店5. unkindness 是【】A. 前缀+词根B. 前缀+词根+后缀C. 词根+后缀D. 词根6. 下列关于一般语汇总体特点的表述中,正确的一项是【】A. 构词能力强B.适用范围窄C.产生历史长D.大多很稳定7. 从构词方式上说,下列各词属于偏正复合词的是【】A.雪白B.清楚C.心疼D.月亮8. 词组的聚合关系分类是指可将词组分成【】A.向心词组和离心词组B.联合同组和偏正词组C.基本词组和特殊词组D.简单同组和复杂词组9. “吓唬”和“恐吓”在非理性意义上的主要差别是【】A.语气意义不同B.感情色彩不同C.语体色彩不同D.形象色彩不同10. 下列英语词语中,含有异根这一语法手段的一项是【】A. foot一feetB. work—worksC.good—betterD. get—got11. 把现代汉语第三人称代词写成“他”、“她”【】A. 表示性范畴B. 表示格范畴C. 表示人称范畴D. 什么语法范畴都不表示12.下面关于语义模糊性的表述不正确...的一项是【】A. 词义反映的对象只有一个大致的范围B. 词义的中心是明确的C. 有不少词的词义是精确的D. 模糊性影响了人们的交际,所以要多造一些专有名词13. 下列关于反义词的表述,正确的一项是【】A.理性意义上的细微差别可以构成反义词B.附加色彩上的贬褒对立可以构成反义词C.一个词可以和几个不同的词互为反义词D.不同语言的词之间可以构成反义14. 下列各句,语义结构属于复合述谓结构的是【】A.我去打电话。
B.接电话的是他。
C.他去比较好。
D.他希望你来。
15. 下列文字中属于表音文字的是【】A. 纳西族东巴文B. 汉字C.日文D.古埃及圣书文16. 下列汉字,属于象形字的是【】A. 上B.井C.末D.旦17. 提出“遗传机制”假设的是【】A. 苏联学者马尔B. 瑞士语言学家索绪尔C. 美国语言学家乔姆斯基D. 美国人类学家萨丕尔18. 音乐、舞蹈是人类哪种思维的表现形式【】A. 感性思维B. 抽象思维C. 发散思维D. 理性思维19. 克里奥尔语是指【】A. 用于特殊场合的混合语B. 只有口语形式的混合语C. 用于特殊场合的洋泾滨语D. 成为人们母语的洋泾滨语20. 词典最常见的分类是【】A.语言词典和历史词典B.描写词典和历史词典C.百科词典和历史词典D.百科词典和语言词典二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题,每小题2分,共10分。
在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内,错选、多选、少选或未选均无分。
)21. 划分语言和方言的标准是【】A.有误共同的历史文化传统B.有误民族认同感C.语法是否一致D.相互理解程度E.口音是否一致22. 下列语言片断中,汉语名词“书”具有“有定”语法意义的有【】A. 动词前面的光杆名词:书看完了B. 动词后面的光杆名词:喜欢看书C. 加上指示代词的名词:那书挺好D. 介词"把”后的名词:把书丢了E. 前面加数量词的名词:买一本书23.下列词中,处于同一个语义场的词是【】A. 芹菜B. 西红柿C. 黄瓜D. 茄子E. 苹果24.下列语言中属于汉藏语系的有【】A. 壮语B. 苗语C. 维吾尔语D. 傣语E. 日语25. “民族语言政策”所包含的内容主要有【】A. 关于民族语言教育的政策B. 关于官方语言的选择问题C. 关于一个国家内部主体民族语言的政策D. 关于一个国家内部少数民族语言的政策E. 关于少数民族语言文字的法律地位问题第二部分非选择题(70分)三、名词解释题(本大题共4小题,每小题4分,共16分.每一名词解释都须举例。
)26.语流音变27.蕴含28.他源文字29.语言迁移四、简答题(本大题共3小题,每小题6分,共18分)30.在现代汉语普通话中,边[pian55]、帮[pɑŋ55]和八[pA55]这三个音节中的[a]、[ɑ]和[A]三个音素,用同一个音位/a/来表示,请用音位的相关知识解释这一现象。
31.为什么说在述谓结构中谓词是处于支配地位的核心成分?32.“修路”、“老人可以接待”都是歧义结构,试从语义角色的角度加以说明。
五、分析题(本大题共2小题,每小题6分,共12分)33. 在下列词语后的括号内填写词语所包含的语素数量,并根据构词方式将词语分别填人下列各项中:奥林匹克[ ] 黑咕隆咚[ ] 小孩儿[ ]黑板[ ] radar(雷达)[ ] books(书)[ ](1)直接成词(2)转化成词(3)语汇构词(4)语法构词34. 下面都是“动词(着)+形容词”构成的词组,试从结构形式(A)和语义指向关系(B)进行分类,分别填人各项中:坐着挺好显着不髙兴看着伤心透着轻浮躺着不合适听着刺耳走着累闻着臭、吃着香A1主谓词组:A2动宾词组:A3连动词组:B1形容词陈述指向动词,或动词支配指向形容词:B2形容词说明指向动词的施事:B 3形容词说明指向动同的受事:六、论述题(本大题共2小题,每小题14分,共28分。
)35. 举例说明语言符号的“能指”和“所指”以及二者关系的特性。
36. 语言发展为什么具有渐变性?参考答案一、单项选择题1—5 CDACB 6—10 BAACC 11—15 DDCAC 16—20 BCCDD二、多项选择题21.AB 22.ACD 23.ABCD 24.ABD 25.ADE三、名词解释题26. 语流音变:在连续的语流中,一个音可能由于邻近音的影响,或自身所处地位的不同,或说话的快慢、高低、强弱的不同而在发音上产生一些变化,这种现象就叫“语流音变”。
例如:汉语中“辛苦”(xTn kǔ),在语流中读成(xTng kǔ),舌尖中音[n]被舌根音[k‘]同化为舌根鼻音[ŋ]。
27. 蕴含:就话语本身所表达的意义而言,如果有句义甲就必然有句义乙,甲就蕴含乙,可以用公式表示为“甲→乙”。
例如“他买了萝卜→他买了菜”,“他踢了小张的腿→他踢了小张”。
28. 他源文字:在已有的其他文字的基础上创制的文字叫“他源文字”。
“他源文字”的特点是音符一般跟语言单位的意义没有联系。
例如,希腊文字和拉丁文字都是他源文字。
29. 语言迁移:在外语学习过程中,作为来源语的母语对作为目标语的外语所产生的影响叫做语言迁移。
其中积极的影响叫做正迁移,消极的影响叫做负迁移。
语言迁移包括语言上的影响,如语音、语汇、语法、语义等方面的影响,也包括语言之外的一些因素的影响,如思维模式、文化传统、社会历史等方面的影响四、简答题30. 根据归并音位的原则,即互补原则和语音相似原则来看,几个有各自的出现环境而从不在相同的语音环境出现的音,彼此间的差别不能起区别意义的作用,当它们在语音上又相近时,就可以将它们归入同一音位。
我们来看[pian55] [pɑŋ55]和[pA55]这三个音节,[a]出现在舌尖鼻音[n]前,[ɑ]出现在舌根鼻音[ŋ]前,[A]则出现在只有韵腹的音节中,它们三个出现的环境不同,在读音上,也没有明显的差别,所以将[a][ɑ]和[A]划为同一音位/a/。
31. 一个述谓结构可以有多少变元以及可以有何种性质的变元,都是由谓词的语义决定的《比如“睡觉”的意思是“进人睡眠状态”,在这种行为中,只有行为发出者,而不会有另外的涉及对象,因而“睡觉”作为谓词就只能带一个表示行为发出者的变元。
而“喝”作为谓词就可以带两个变元,即行为的发出者和这一行为所涉及的客体。
因为谓词语义规定了述谓结构的内容,从而也就规定了句子的语义框架,有了这个语义框架,再用符合谓词语义要求的变元把这个框架填满,就产生了句子的命题。
因此,我们说,在述谓结构中,谓词是处于支配地位的核心成分。
32. “修路”有两个意思,一个是通过“修”这个动作,使之有了“路”,另一个是原本就有“路”,但“路”有问题,通过“修”使之好。
“老人可以接待”也有两个意思,一个是“可以接待老人”,另一个是“老人可以接待别人”。
根据谓词和变元之间的语义关系可以把变元分为不同的类型,这些类型就叫语义角色。
常见的语义角色有施事、受事、与事、结果、工具、处所等等。
语义角色不同,常常造成歧义。
“修路”的第一个意思中,变元“路”的语义角色是结果。
第二个意思中,变元“路”的语义角色是受事。
“老人可以接待”的两个意思中,变元“老人”的语义角色分别是受事和施事。
五、分析题33.奥林匹克[I] 黑咕隆咚[2] 小孩儿[3]黑板[2] radar(雷达)[1] books(书)[2](1)直接成词:奥林匹克(2)转化成词:radar(3)语汇构词:黑咕隆咚小孩儿黑板(4)语法构词:books34.A1:坐着挺好躺着不合适A2:透着轻浮显着不高兴A3:者着伤心走着累闻着臭、吃着香听着刺耳B1:透若轻浮显着不高兴坐着挺好躺着不合适B2;看着伤心走着累B3:听着刺耳闻着臭、吃着香六、论述题35.(1)语言符号的“能指”是指能够表示某种意义的物质实体,即符号的语音形式所指”是指“能指成分”,即特定的物质实体——语音形式所表示的意义内容;语言符号是“能指”和“所指”的统一,二者不可分割。
(2)语言符号的“能指”和“所指”之间的关联具有任意性,是约定俗成的,二者之间并没有必然的理据关系但任意性只是就单纯的初始符号而言的,复合符号则是由单纯的初始符号按照一定规律组合而成,所以原则上又是有理据的。
(3)语言符号的“能指”和“所指”之间的关联具有强制性,任何人都不得随意改变“能指”和“所指”之间的特定关联,否则语言就会丧失社会交际工具的作用。
(4)语言符号的“能指"和“所指”之间的关联具有可变性,这种关联有可能随着时间的推移和社会的变化而发生改变。
例如,新中国成立后,“太太”改称“爱人”。
36. 这是由语言本身的性质和特点所决定的。
具体来说,即:第一,作为交际工具的性质,决定了语言不可能有突变。
语言是社会的每个成员无时无刻不在使用的交际工具,是在千百年的历史中才逐步形成、丰富和完善起来的。
要在一个极为短暂的时间内对它人为地实行突变,既不可能,也不允许。