现代英语发展史

现代英语（1500-- 2011）

在早期现代英语时期，对英语词汇影响最大的是文艺复兴运动．文艺复兴运动是14世纪在意大利开始的，在16世纪以后的两个世纪对英国的影响很大，莎士比亚就是英国文艺复兴时期的杰出代表．（In the early modern English period, the greatest influence on English vocabulary is the Renaissance. The Renaissance began in Italy in Fourteenth Century, impact on the UK's two centuries later in sixteenth Century, Shakespeare is an outstanding representative of the English Renaissance.）

莎士比亚的作品不仅是文学名著，更重要的是他把外来语和本族语巧妙的结合起来，大大丰富了英语的词汇，增强了英语的表现能力，据统计，他一共运用2万－2.5万个词．以他的<麦可白>中的一小段独白为例："Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand? No,this my hand will rat her, The multitudinous seas incarnadine,Making the green one red." 大洋里所有的水，能够洗净我手上的血迹吗？不，恐怕是我这一手的血，倒要把一碧无垠的海水染成一片殷红呢．这里形容词multitudinous 和动词incarnadine 都是外来语，动词make和形容词green,red 都是本族语词．外来语和本族语相辅相成，造成了生动的艺术效果．莎士比亚的创作显示了英语特有的灵活性和适应性．（Shakespeare's work is not only a literary masterpiece, more important is he in the foreign language and native language combined skillfully, greatly enriched the English vocabulary, enhance the English expression ability, according to statistics, he used a total of 20000 - 25000 words. In a short monologue his < Maikebai > as an example: "Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rat her, The multitudinous seas incarnadine Making the green, all the water in the ocean," one red. to wash my hands of blood? No, I'm afraid this my hand blood, down to one blue expanse of waters are red. Here multitudinous adjective and verb incarnadine are foreign words, verbs and adjectives make green, red are native words. Foreign language and native complement each other, causing the artistic effect of Shakespeare. Writing English unique flexibility and adaptability.）

到中古英语末期，英语已经确立了作为英国国语的地位。乔叟的作品证明，英语已成为一种成熟的文学语言。英语语法的简单化过程已大体完成，拼写走向固定，基本词汇也已形成。总之，现代英语的基础也已经奠定。如果说阅读中古英语以前的英语仿佛是在读另外一种语言，那么十六世纪以后的英语与当代的英

语的差别也就不那么明显了。（To the end of the Middle English, English has established itself as the British language status. Proof of Chaucer's works, English has become a mature literary language. Simple English grammar process has been largely completed, spelling into a fixed, basic vocabulary has also been formed. In short, modern English has also laid. If the read Middle English former English seems to be read in another language, so English English and contemporary after sixteenth Century is not so obvious.）由于现代英语的使用范围极为广泛，不可避免地出现了各种地区性变体。有的英语专家已经不再把伦敦或英国上层人士的英语作为唯一的标准英语，而把它作为地区英语之一来看待。除英式英语外，最值得注意的是美式英语。美国在18世纪建国之后，本土语言仍以英语为宗，美国学者最初称它为“在美国的英语”。（Due to the use of modern English is extremely extensive, inevitably appear various regional variants. Some experts have no longer regard as the only standard English London or upper-class English English, and take it as one of the areas of English at. In British English, most notably in American english. The United States in eighteenth Century after the founding of the PRC, the native language is English, American scholars initially called it "in American english".）