微观经济各种曲线图
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Pe
0
Qe
.
D Q
25
Shortage 短缺
P S
Pe
Excess demand
0
Qe
.
D Q
26
P
Black market price Market Price
0
Price ceiling 價格下限
S
Excess demand
.
Price ceiling
D Q
27
Price floor 價格上限
P MC
AC d=MR=AR=P
AVC
Q
0
Q*
.
4
Profit maximization 利潤最大化
P MC
P
MR=MC (profit maximization)
MR
0
Q
D=AR
.
5
Deadweight loss 無謂損失
P S=MC
Pm Pc
MR
0
Qm Qc
.
D=AR Q
6
Monopoly rent 壟斷租
P MC
AC’ P
AC
MR
0
Q
.
D=AR Q
7
Monopoly 壟斷
P MC
P
MR
0
Q
.
AC D=AR
Q
8
Law of diminishing marginal returns 邊際報酬遞減定律
TP
Slope=MP=AP
TP max.
TP
Law of diminishing marginal returns
0
.
Output
19
First-degree price discrimination 一級價格分歧
P MC
D=MUV=MR
0
.
Q
20
Third-degree price discrimination 三級價格分歧
Market A P
Market B P
Both Markets P
PA P1 PB
WaБайду номын сангаасe rate W1
Surplus
S
Minimum wage
We
W0
0
Q1
D
Labour Q2
.
28
Elastic demand 高彈性需求
P
D
Elastic Demand
M
a 0
b D’ Q
.
29
Inelastic demand 低彈性需求
P
D
M
Inelastic Demand
a 0
b
Q D’
0
AP,MP
MP max.
Variable factor
AP max.
AP
0
MP
Variable factor
.
9
Average product curve 平均生產曲線
TP
Slope=MP=AP
TP max.
TP
0
AP,MP
MP max.
Variable factor
AP max.
AP
0
MP
Variable factor
Output MC=MVC
AC
AVC
AFC MFC=0
0
.
Output
18
Marginal cost 邊際成本
TC,TFC,TVC Slope=MC=AC
TC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC
TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC
Output MC=MVC
AC
AVC
AFC MFC=0
TC,TFC,TVC Slope=MC=AC
TC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC
TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC
Output MC=MVC
AC
AVC
AFC MFC=0
0
.
Output
16
Average variable cost 平均可變成本
TC,TFC,TVC Slope=MC=AC
Output MC=MVC
AC
AVC
AFC MFC=0
0
.
Output
13
Total variable cost 總可變成本
TC,TFC,TVC Slope=MC=AC
TC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC
TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC
Output MC=MVC
AC
AVC
TP max.
TP
0
AP,MP
MP max.
Variable factor
AP max.
AP
0
MP
Variable factor
.
12
Total fixed cost 總固定成本
TC,TFC,TVC Slope=MC=AC
TC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC
TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC
TC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC
TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC
Output MC=MVC
AC
AVC
AFC MFC=0
0
.
Output
17
Average cost 平均成本
TC,TFC,TVC Slope=MC=AC
TC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC
TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC
Total revenue 總收入 TR
TR
0 AR,MR
TR Q
AR
0
MR
Q
.
1
Average revenue 平均收入
TR
0 AR,MR
TR Q
AR
0
MR
Q
.
2
Marginal revenue 邊際收入
TR
0 AR,MR
TR Q
AR
0
MR
Q
.
3
Perfect competition 完全競爭
AFC MFC=0
0
.
Output
14
Total cost 總成本
TC,TFC,TVC Slope=MC=AC
TC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC
TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC
Output MC=MVC
AC
AVC
AFC MFC=0
0
.
Output
15
Average fixed cost 平均固定成本
.
10
Marginal product curve 邊際生產曲線
TP
Slope=MP=AP
TP max.
TP
0
AP,MP
MP max.
Variable factor
AP max.
AP
0
MP
Variable factor
.
11
Total product curve 總生產曲線
TP
Slope=MP=AP
.
30
Perfectly elastic demand 完全彈性需求曲線
P
0
.
D
Q
31
Perfectly inelastic demand 完全無彈性需求曲線
P D
0
.
Q
32
Unitary elastic demand curve 單一彈性需求曲線
P
Gain=Loss
Loss in revenue
MRA DA
Q
QA
0
MRB DB
Q
QB
.
MC
MRA+B Q
DA+B
Q
21
Law of demand 需求定律
P
A B
0
.
D Q
22
Law of supply 供給定律
P
S
B A
0
.
Q
23
Equilibrium Price 均衡價格
P S
Pe
D
0
Q
.
24
Surplus 盈餘
P S
Excess supply
0
Qe
.
D Q
25
Shortage 短缺
P S
Pe
Excess demand
0
Qe
.
D Q
26
P
Black market price Market Price
0
Price ceiling 價格下限
S
Excess demand
.
Price ceiling
D Q
27
Price floor 價格上限
P MC
AC d=MR=AR=P
AVC
Q
0
Q*
.
4
Profit maximization 利潤最大化
P MC
P
MR=MC (profit maximization)
MR
0
Q
D=AR
.
5
Deadweight loss 無謂損失
P S=MC
Pm Pc
MR
0
Qm Qc
.
D=AR Q
6
Monopoly rent 壟斷租
P MC
AC’ P
AC
MR
0
Q
.
D=AR Q
7
Monopoly 壟斷
P MC
P
MR
0
Q
.
AC D=AR
Q
8
Law of diminishing marginal returns 邊際報酬遞減定律
TP
Slope=MP=AP
TP max.
TP
Law of diminishing marginal returns
0
.
Output
19
First-degree price discrimination 一級價格分歧
P MC
D=MUV=MR
0
.
Q
20
Third-degree price discrimination 三級價格分歧
Market A P
Market B P
Both Markets P
PA P1 PB
WaБайду номын сангаасe rate W1
Surplus
S
Minimum wage
We
W0
0
Q1
D
Labour Q2
.
28
Elastic demand 高彈性需求
P
D
Elastic Demand
M
a 0
b D’ Q
.
29
Inelastic demand 低彈性需求
P
D
M
Inelastic Demand
a 0
b
Q D’
0
AP,MP
MP max.
Variable factor
AP max.
AP
0
MP
Variable factor
.
9
Average product curve 平均生產曲線
TP
Slope=MP=AP
TP max.
TP
0
AP,MP
MP max.
Variable factor
AP max.
AP
0
MP
Variable factor
Output MC=MVC
AC
AVC
AFC MFC=0
0
.
Output
18
Marginal cost 邊際成本
TC,TFC,TVC Slope=MC=AC
TC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC
TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC
Output MC=MVC
AC
AVC
AFC MFC=0
TC,TFC,TVC Slope=MC=AC
TC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC
TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC
Output MC=MVC
AC
AVC
AFC MFC=0
0
.
Output
16
Average variable cost 平均可變成本
TC,TFC,TVC Slope=MC=AC
Output MC=MVC
AC
AVC
AFC MFC=0
0
.
Output
13
Total variable cost 總可變成本
TC,TFC,TVC Slope=MC=AC
TC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC
TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC
Output MC=MVC
AC
AVC
TP max.
TP
0
AP,MP
MP max.
Variable factor
AP max.
AP
0
MP
Variable factor
.
12
Total fixed cost 總固定成本
TC,TFC,TVC Slope=MC=AC
TC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC
TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC
TC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC
TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC
Output MC=MVC
AC
AVC
AFC MFC=0
0
.
Output
17
Average cost 平均成本
TC,TFC,TVC Slope=MC=AC
TC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC
TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC
Total revenue 總收入 TR
TR
0 AR,MR
TR Q
AR
0
MR
Q
.
1
Average revenue 平均收入
TR
0 AR,MR
TR Q
AR
0
MR
Q
.
2
Marginal revenue 邊際收入
TR
0 AR,MR
TR Q
AR
0
MR
Q
.
3
Perfect competition 完全競爭
AFC MFC=0
0
.
Output
14
Total cost 總成本
TC,TFC,TVC Slope=MC=AC
TC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC
TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC
Output MC=MVC
AC
AVC
AFC MFC=0
0
.
Output
15
Average fixed cost 平均固定成本
.
10
Marginal product curve 邊際生產曲線
TP
Slope=MP=AP
TP max.
TP
0
AP,MP
MP max.
Variable factor
AP max.
AP
0
MP
Variable factor
.
11
Total product curve 總生產曲線
TP
Slope=MP=AP
.
30
Perfectly elastic demand 完全彈性需求曲線
P
0
.
D
Q
31
Perfectly inelastic demand 完全無彈性需求曲線
P D
0
.
Q
32
Unitary elastic demand curve 單一彈性需求曲線
P
Gain=Loss
Loss in revenue
MRA DA
Q
QA
0
MRB DB
Q
QB
.
MC
MRA+B Q
DA+B
Q
21
Law of demand 需求定律
P
A B
0
.
D Q
22
Law of supply 供給定律
P
S
B A
0
.
Q
23
Equilibrium Price 均衡價格
P S
Pe
D
0
Q
.
24
Surplus 盈餘
P S
Excess supply