美国文学总结

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美国文学总结

The romantic age (1815-1865)Romanticism: It is aassociated with imagination and creation of individuality. Romantic writers attach importance to the portrayal of figures of distinctive charactersOne of the characteristics: it took a predominantly philosophical toneI. BackgroundA. At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, romanticism occurred and developed in Europe.B. American Puritanism清教Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They are a group of highly religious and serious people. They are Self-disciplined, sobriety, hard work, thrift, piety without any earthly joy and extravagancy.C. American was striving for争取political, economic, and cultural independence from Britain, radical 彻底的changes took place: Development of industrialism, great immigration, westward expansion, etc. The buoyant令人鼓舞的mood of the nation called for a new literary expression, and romanticism answered the call.D. The European influence.II. Features of the romantic literature.1.Expressiveness:Wordsworth华滋华斯: ―all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow洋溢of powerful feeling‖The romanticists held that the writers should express their emotions, feelings, impressions. 印象, instinct直觉, intuition直觉, or their beliefs in their works instead of the imitation模仿of the classical writers.2. Imagination3. Worship崇拜of nature4. Simplicity简单: turned to the humble低下的people and the everyday life，adopted the everyday languageRomanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。

美国文学总结

美国文学总结美国文学作为世界文学的重要组成部分，以其丰富多样的文体和深刻的思想内涵，对人类文明的发展作出了重要贡献。

本文将从不同的角度来总结美国文学的特点和影响，希望读者能够对美国文学有一个更深入的了解。

一、多元文化的交融和反映美国是一个多元文化的国家，这种多元化的文化背景也深刻地反映在了美国文学中。

不同民族、不同种族、不同宗教信仰的交融，使得美国文学具有丰富多样的题材和内容。

例如，非裔作家托尼·莫里森的作品《宠儿》以及拉斯姆斯·沙迪的作品《千万次的告别》都深入地反映了非洲裔美国人的生活经历和种族歧视问题。

同时，美国文学中也出现了很多关于移民和流亡的作品，如海明威的《老人与海》、耶尔·玛特基的《侍女的故事》等，这些作品都以独特而真实的方式表达了来自不同国家和地区的人们的痛苦和奋斗。

二、对人性的思考和揭示美国文学有着对人性的深刻思考和揭示，呈现了人类内心世界的复杂性和矛盾性。

在美国文学的经典作品中，我们可以看到人性的种种弱点和缺点，比如弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的小说《了不起的盖茨比》中描述了个人欲望和贪婪的堕落，约瑟夫·康拉德的小说《黑暗之心》中探讨了人性中的野蛮和暴力倾向。

但是，美国文学也揭示了人性中那些令人感动和崇敬的品质，如荣格的《舞人木偶之死》中展现了人类对友谊和爱的渴望，哈珀·李的小说《杀死一只知更鸟》中讲述了一个女孩成长的故事，提倡了宽容和正义。

三、对历史和社会的反思和批判美国文学不仅仅是对个人内心世界的深入思考，还对历史和社会进行了深刻的反思和批判。

在美国的历史中，有许多黑暗的时刻，比如对土著人、非洲裔美国人和女性的歧视等。

文学作为一个重要的社会反思工具，呈现出了对这些社会问题和历史事件的批判。

例如，马克·吐温的小说《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》通过一个贫穷少年的目光，展示了奴隶制度和社会不公的丑恶。

美国文学部分内容小结

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin作者，本杰明富兰克林。

是启蒙主义代表人物（The Literature of Reason and Revolution）。

杰明富兰克林，美国著名的思想家、政治家、外交家、科学家和实业家。

出生于波士顿一个皂烛制造商家庭，但他通过在空闲时间刻苦学习，通晓了法语、意大利语、西班牙语和拉丁语，还大量阅读了欧洲各国的历史、哲学、文学著作，对自然科学和政治经济学也有很深的研究。

这些努力使他成为18世纪的佼佼者，并领导美国人民打赢了独立战争。

他在20多岁时就提出了以十三项美德来完善自己的人格修养，鞭策自己在为人处世、待人接物方面臻于完美。

这一举动改变了富兰克林的人生轨迹，使他成为后人仰慕的楷模。

1706,born in Boston.He only spent two years in the local school because of lack of money. 1718,an apprentice with brother James in printing shop.only to be allowed Journeyman’s wages 1728,opened printing office in Philadelphia,PA1729,becomes sole owner and publisher of Pennsylvania Gazette.1730,married.1731,found first public library.1732,began to issue Poor Richard’ s Almance(an annual collection of proverbs,first spreed his reputation,the most of book of its kind,largely because of Franklin’ s shrewd humor)1736,lost one son and retired from printing1744,invented stove（炉）.1748,sold his business to get leisure（空闲）1752,Kite experiment.lightning Rod1757,be sent to England to protest against the influence of the Penns in the government of the colony.1760,i nvented Armonica（口琴）1764,was again dispatched to England as agent for the colony.This time to petition(向。

美国文学总结

Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林P1Poor Richard’s Almanac 《格言历书》The Autobiography 《自传》Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡P10Tamerlane and Other Poems《帖木尔》Al Araaf《艾尔·阿拉夫》Poems《诗集》The Raven and Other Poems 《乌鸦及其他诗篇》Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 《述异集》Tales 《故事集》The Fall of the House of Usher 《厄舍古厦的倒塌》The Masque of the Red Death 《红色死亡假面舞会》Ligeia 《莉盖亚》The Black Cat 《黑猫》The Cask of Amontillado《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》Murders in the Rue Morgue 《莫格街谋杀案》The Purloined Letter 《被窃的信件》The Gold Bug 《金甲虫》The Philosophy of Composition 《创作哲学》The Poetic Principle 《诗歌原理》Ralph Wal Emerson 拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生P18 Nature 《论自然》Self-Reliance 《论自助》The American Scholar《论美国学者》The Divinity School Address 《神学院致辞》Essays: First Series《论文集》Essays: Second Series《论文集：第二辑》Representative Men《人类代表》English Traits《英国特征》Poems《诗集》May-Day and Other Pieces《五月节》Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑P26Twice-told Tales 《故事重述》Mosses from an Old Manse 《古宅青苔》The Scarlet Letter 《红字》The House of the Seven Gables 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun 《玉石雕像》19th-century American PoetsHenry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗P53 V oices of the Night 《夜吟》Ballads and Other Poems 《歌谣及其他》Evangeline 《伊凡杰林》The Song of Hiawatha 《海伊华沙之歌》I Shot an Arrow…《我射出一支箭……》A Psalm of Life 《人生颂》Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡P57Annabel Lee 《安娜贝尔·李》The Raven 《乌鸦》Sonnet ——To Science 《十四行诗——致科学》To Helen 《致海伦》Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼P60Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》One’s Self I Sing 《我歌唱自我》O Captain! My Captain! 《奥，船长！我的船长！》Emily Dickinson 埃米莉·狄金森P63To Make a Prairie …《要描绘一片草原……》Success Is Counted Sweetest 《最美妙的胜利感觉》I’m Nobody! 《我是无名之辈》Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩P102Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 《街头女郎麦姬》The Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》The Open Boat 《海上扁舟》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky 《新娘来到黄天镇》The Blue Hotel 《蓝色旅店》Katherine Anne Porter 凯萨琳·安·波特P142The Flowering Judas 《开花的紫荆树》Pale Horse, Pale Rider 《灰色骑士灰色马》The Leaning Tower 《斜塔》The Old Order 《旧秩序》Old Mortality 《修墓老人》A Ship of Fools 《愚人船》The Jilting of Granny Weatherall 《被背弃的老祖母》F·Scott Fitzgerald 弗·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德P151The Side of Paradise 《人间天堂》The Beautiful and the Damned 《漂亮的冤家》Flappers and Philosophers 《姑娘们与哲学家们》Tales of the Jazz Age 《爵士乐时代的故事》The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》Tender is the Night 《夜色温柔》The Crack-up 《崩溃》William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳P165The Marble Faun 《大理石牧神》Soldier’s Pay 《士兵的报酬》The Sound and the Fury 《喧嚣与骚动》As I Lay Dying 《我弥留之际》Light in August 《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom! 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Barn Burning 《烧牲口棚》Sartoris 《沙多里斯》The Hamlet 《村子》The Town《小镇》The Mansion 《大宅》Ernest Hemingway 厄内斯特·海明威P180A Farewell to Arms 《永别了，武器》In Our Time 《在我们的时代里》The Sun Also Rises 《太阳照样升起》For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》A Clean, Well-Lighted Place 《一个干净、明亮的地方》20th-Century American PoetsEzra Pound 埃兹拉·庞德P187Exultations 《狂喜》Personae 《人物》Cathay 《中国》Cantos 《诗章》Des Imagistes 《意象派诗选》In A Station of the Metro 《在一个地铁车站》Wallace Stevens 华莱士·斯蒂文斯P188The Necessary Angel 《必要的天使》Anecdote of the Jar 《坛子的轶事》William Carlos Williams 威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯P190 Collected Later Poems 《近期诗集》Collected Early Poems 《早期诗集》Paterson 《佩特森》The Red Wheelbarrow 《红色手推车》Spring and All 《春天和一切》Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗洛斯特P193A Boy’s Will 《一个男孩的意愿》North of Boston 《波士顿的北部》New Hamphshire 《新罕布什尔》Collected Poems 《诗集》A Further Range 《又一片牧场》A Witness Tree 《标记树》Fire and Ice 《火与冰》Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 《雪夜林边驻脚》The Road Not Taken 《未选择的路》Langston Hughes 兰斯顿·休斯P198The Weary Blues 《萎靡的布鲁斯》Fine Clothes to the Jew 《抵押给犹太人的好衣服》The Dream Keeper and Other Poems 《梦乡人》Shakespeare in Harlem 《哈莱姆的莎士比亚》Dreams 《梦想》Me and the Mule 《我与骡子》Border Line 《分界线》Archibald MacLeish 阿奇博尔德·麦克利什P201The Happy Marriage 《幸福的婚姻》The Poet of Earth 《大地诗人》Conquistador 《征服者》Collected Poems 《诗集》J.B.Ars Poetica 《诗艺》Eugene Glastone O’Neil 尤金·格拉斯通·奥尼尔P206 Bound East for Cardiff 《东航加的夫》In the Zone 《在这一带》The Long V oyage Home 《漫长的返航》The Moon of the Caribees 《加勒比的月亮》Emperor Jones 《琼斯皇帝》The Hairy Ape 《毛猿》The Great God Brown 《大神布朗》Strange Interlude 《奇异的插曲》Desire Under the Elms 《榆树下的欲望》Mourning Becomes Electra 《悲悼》The Icemen Cometh 《送冰的人来了》A Touch of the Poet 《诗人的气质》Long Day’s Journey Into Night 《长日终入夜》The Moon for the Misbegotten 《月照不幸人》Hugie 《休依》More Stately Mansions 《更庄严的大厦》Ralph Waldo Ellison 拉尔夫·华尔多·埃利森P241 Invisible Man 《看不见的人》Shadow and Act 《影子与行动》Going to the Territory 《走向领域》Saul Bellow 索尔·贝娄P294Dangling man 《晃来晃去的人》The Victim 《受害者》The Adventures of Augie March 《奥吉·玛琪历险记》Seize the Day 《只争朝夕》Henderson the Rain King 《雨王汉德森》Herzog 《赫尔索格》Mr. Sammler’s Planet 《赛姆勒先生的行星》Humbolt’s Gift 《洪堡的礼物》The Dean’s December 《院长的十二月》More Die of Heartbreak 《更多人死于悲痛》The Theft 《盗窃》The Actual 《真实的》Mosby’s Memories and Other Stories《莫斯比的回忆及其他故事》The Last Analysis 《最后的分析》Looking for Mr. Green 《寻找格林先生》Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒P311Catch-22 《第二十二条军规》We Bombed in New Haven 《我们轰炸了纽黑文》Something Happened 《出了毛病》Good as Gold《像高尔德那样好》God Knows 《天晓得》Toni Morrison 托尼·莫里森P322The Bluest Eye 《最蓝的眼睛》Sula 《秀拉》Song of Solomon 《所罗门之歌》Tar Baby 《柏油娃娃》Beloved 《爱娃》Jazz 《爵士乐》Paradise 《天堂》Recitatif 《宣叙》。

美国文学史期末总结

美国文学史美国文学全书的焦点集中于南太平洋一条名叫莫比·迪克的白鲸,以及捕鲸船皮廓德(Pequod)号的船长阿哈(Ahab)如何对它有不共戴天的仇恨.阿哈在一次航行中被莫比·迪克咬掉一条腿,立志报仇,指挥皮廓德号环航全球追踪,终于发现了它.经过三天放下小艇紧追.虽然刺中了这条白鲸,但它十分顽强狡猾,咬碎了小艇,也撞沉了大船.它拖着捕鲸船游开时,绳子套住阿哈,把他绞死了.全船人尽皆灭顶.只有一个水手借着由棺材改制的救生浮子而逃得性命.整个故事以这个水手伊希梅尔(Ishmael)自述的方式展开.The book focuses on a whale named Moby Dick lived in south pacific and the captain of whaler Pequod—Ahab. Ahab was once bite by Moby Dick and lost a leg, determined to revenge,he commanded whaler pequod do global tracking, and finally found it. After three days of hot pursuit with the skiff,while they stabbed this white whale, but it was very tenacious and cunning, eventually chewed the skiff, also sank the ship. It dragged whaler swimming away, the rope was around Ahab, he was hanged. Almost all of people on the boat drowned, only a sailor called Ishmael survived .。

美国文学总结

美国文学总结Colonial 1607-1765 and Revolutionary 1765-18c末Period （17世纪-18世纪末）一、Colonial writers1. John Smith (约翰·史密斯) “ the first autho r” in American literatureA True Relation of Virginia 关于佛吉尼亚的真实叙述“ the first book” in American literature2. William Bradford the first governor of Plymouth 普利茅斯3. John Winthrop A Model of Christian Charity 基督教之爱清教徒主义作家Anne Bradstreet The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America 最近在美洲出现的第十位缪斯Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defendedThe Nature of True Virtue二、启蒙时期和独立战争时期1. Benjamin Franklin 启蒙运动代表人物one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America Poor Richard’s Almanac ( 格言历书) 代表作：The Autobiography 早期美国梦的反映2. Roger Williams Puritanical dissenter 清教反对者3. Thomas Paine the Father of American Revolution美国独立之父The Common Sense the greatest of the Revolutionary pamphletsThe Age of Reason The Rights of Man支持了法国革命The American Crisis鼓励殖民地抵抗英国军队4.Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺the Father of American Poetry美国诗歌之父a poet of theAmerican Revolution革命诗人The Rising Glory of America美洲光辉的兴起The Wild Honey Suckle 野金银花The Indian Burying Ground印第安人的殡葬地首次创造the Noble Savage 高贵的野蛮人5.Thomas Jefferson 美第三任总统Agrarians 重农主义代表人物Declaration of Independence````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` ````````````````````````````````````````` American Romanticism (提倡个人主义) 美国的文艺复兴18世纪末---19世纪中后期一、早期浪漫主义1. Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文the Father of American Literature美国文学之父indigenous humour The Sketch Book marked the beginning标志美国浪漫主义的开始第一个赢得国际声誉包括：The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷传说Rip Van Winkle The Alhambra等7部A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty纽约外史诙谐杰作2. James Fennimore Cooper 费尼莫尔·库伯西进运动边疆小说Leatherstocking Tale皮袜子故事集5部曲about the frontier life of American settlers包括：The Pioneers拓荒者The Last of Mohicans最后的莫西干人（Natty Bumpoo班波）、The Prairie草原The Pathfinder探路者The Deerslayer杀鹿者The Spy 间谍The Pilot 领航者二、超验主义作家1. Ralph Waldo Emerson New England TranscendentalismNature论自然the manifesto of American Transcendentalism 超验主义宣言超验主义理论的圣经The American Scholar美国学者指出美学者应创造自己的文学风格，不应盲从Self-Reliance论自立2.Henry David Thoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗Walden瓦尔登湖超验主义作品Civil Disobedience论公民之不服从Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑human soul symbolism象征主义大师The Scarlet Letter红字代表作Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇The Marble Faun玉石雕像Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔Moby Dick白鲸Typee泰比Omoo欧穆诗人1. Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼the father of Free VerseLeaves of Grass草叶集(标志浪漫主义截止) American Epic美国史诗Democratic Bible共和圣经Song of Myself自我之歌O Captain！My Captain2.Emily Dickinson 迪金森美国女诗人Because I Could Not Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神I’m Nobody. Who Are You我是无名小卒,你是谁This Is My Letter to the World I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died埃德加·爱伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe 短篇小说大师first writer of detective story侦探小说The Raven乌鸦The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌The Poetic Principle诗歌原理The Philosophy of Composition 创作哲学Murders in the Rue Morgue莫各街谋杀案三、炉边诗人1. William Cullen Bryant 布莱恩特To a Waterfowl致水鸟Thanatopsis死亡随想The Yellow Violet黄色的堇香花2.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 朗佛罗native themesA Psalm of Life人生礼赞The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌Evangeline伊凡吉林````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` ````````````````````````````````````````` Realistic Period 现实主义时期19世纪中期----20世纪初诱因American industrialization 马克·吐温→The Gilded Age镀金年代Gold Rush淘金热Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特·比彻·斯托废奴主义者Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋一、现实主义作家1. William Dean Howells霍威尔斯The Rise of Silas Lapham塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹A Modern Instance一个现代的例证A Hazard of New Fortunes新财富的危害2. Henry James亨利·詹姆斯世态小说novel of mannersThe Potrait of a Lady贵妇人的肖像Daisy Miller黛西·米勒The Ambassadors大使The Wings of the Dove鸽翼The Golden Bowl金碗Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术二、乡土文学作家Local Literature1. Mark Twain马克·吐温(Samuel Longhorne Clemens) critic colloquial style localismThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利?费恩历险记现代美国文学起源The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆?索亚历险记Life on the Mississippi密西西比河上The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记The Gilded Age镀金时代The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿The;A Connecticut Yankee in Kin g Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人Roughing It苦行记2. Hamlin Garland哈姆林·加兰德Main Traveled Road大路条条三、自然主义作家Naturalism自然主义1. Stephen Crane斯蒂芬?克莱恩Magie: A Girl of the Streets 街头女郎梅姬The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章The Open Boat海上扁舟2. Frank Norris弗兰克·诺里斯The Octopus章鱼3. Theodore Dreise r西奥多·德莱塞An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘The Genius天才Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（The Financer金融家The Titan 巨人The Stoic斯多葛）4. Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊The Man Against the Sky 衬托着天空的人5. Jack London杰克·伦敦Marti Eden马丁·伊登The Son of the Wolf狼之子The Sea-wolf海狼The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤White Fang 白獠牙The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们The Iron Heel铁蹄What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么Love of Life热爱生命The Mexican墨西哥人Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下The Law of Life 生活的法则6. Upton Sinclair厄普顿·辛克莱尔The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）Oil石油Spring and Harvest春天与收获;O．Henry (William Sidney Porter) the father of the modern short story美国现代短篇小说之父The Cop and the Anthem警察与赞美诗The Gift of Magi麦琪的礼物The Last Leaf最后一片叶子````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` ````````````````````````````````````````` American Modernism 现代主义时期一、二战前诗歌1. Ezra Pound艾兹拉·庞德The father of modern American poetry美国现代诗歌创始人Imagism意象主义The father of Imagist poetry意象派诗歌之父Cathay华夏集(英译中国诗) The Cantos诗章In a Station of the Metro地铁站里 A Pact协约2. Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特New England poetA Boy’s Wish少年心愿North of Boston波士顿之北Mending Wall修墙Fire and Ice火与冰Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening雪夜林边小驻After Apple-picking摘苹果之后The Road Not taken未选择的道路West-running Brook西流的溪流New Hampshire新罕布什尔3. Wallace Stevens华莱士·史蒂文斯Harmonium风琴The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人Sunday Morning星期天早晨The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦Collected Poems诗集二、二战前小说1. Francis Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德表现一战后年轻一代美国梦的破灭The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比The Side of Paradise人间天堂Tender is the Night夜色温柔The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和该死的Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们The Last Tycoon 最后的巨头The Crack-up崩溃2. Ernest Hemingway海明威(“迷惘的一代”的代表人物) 老人与海获Pulitzer Prize和Noble Prize The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起Farewell to Arms永别了,武器For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣In Our Time在我们的年代里The Torrents of Spring春潮Men Without Women没有女人的男人Death in the Afternoon死在午后3. Sinclair Lewis辛克莱·刘易斯(美国第一个获诺贝尔奖) Main Street大街Babbitt巴比特4. William Faulkner福克纳Soldiers’ Pay兵饷The Sound and the Fury喧嚣与骚动As I lay dying在我弥留之际Light in August八月之光Absalom, Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙The Hamlet村子Go Down, Moses去吧，摩西 A Rose for Emily给艾米丽小姐的玫瑰5. John Steinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄Tortilla Flat煎饼房In Dubious Battle胜负未定The Pearl珍珠Of Mice and Men 鼠和人The Moon is Down月亮下去了6. Sherwood Anderson舍伍德·安德森The Triumph of the Egg 鸡蛋的胜利三、二战前戏剧Eugene O’neil 尤金·奥尼尔Beyond the Horizon天边外The Iceman Cometh送冰的人来了The Long Days Journey Into Night长夜漫漫路迢迢The Hairy Ape毛猿Desire under the Elms榆树下的欲望Pearl S. Buck 赛珍珠The Good Earth大地四、二战后1945后The Beat Generation垮掉的一代Black Humor黑色幽默1. Ralph Ellison拉尔夫·埃里森Invisible Man隐形人2. Saul Bellow索尔·贝娄Dangling Man晃来晃去/挂起来的人Seize the Day勿失良机3. J D Salinger杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格The Cather in the Rye麦田守望者4. John Updike Rabbit Series 兔子系列5. Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒Catch-22第22条军规黑色幽默代表作6. Arthur Miller阿瑟·米勒剧作家The Death of a Salesman推销员之死7. Tennessee Williams 田纳西·威廉姆斯A Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车8. Allen Ginsberg 艾伦·金斯堡Howl嚎叫9. Edward Albee爱德华·阿尔比The Zoo Story动物园的故事Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf10. Jack Kerouac 杰克·克鲁亚克On the Road在路上11. William Styron 威廉·斯泰伦Sophie’s Choice苏菲的选择。

美国文学知识整理

reasoning and revolution代表作家：1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-17901）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。

4）first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。

美国文学史总结

美国文学史总结从第二次世界大战后到新世纪，美国文学还有一个值得一提的发展现象——通俗文学（Popular Literature）日益受到重视，过去以低级杂志（pulps）为阵地的通俗小说有了平装本和精装本，进了图书馆和大学。

战后兴起的后现代主义思潮为研究通俗文学起了推波助澜的作用，学术界和思想界对于通俗文学观念的变化，刺激了通俗文学的进一步发展。

不但许多传统的通俗小说保持强劲的发展势头，而且诞生了许多新型通俗小说。

这些传统型和创新型的小说，很多都进入了《纽约时报》的“畅销书排行榜”（New York Times Best Sellers）。

每一本畅销小说诞生后，都会被改编成电影、电视剧；原创电影、电视剧在走红后也很快派生出同名畅销小说。

畅销小说和火爆的影视剧交相辉映，构成战后美国通俗文学的繁荣景象。

50年代，历史西部小说（Historical Western）占据了通俗文学的主导地位，随后现代犯罪小说（Modern Crime Fiction）迅速崛起，在60年代末和70年代初压倒了其他一切通俗小说。

70、80年代是美国通俗小说大发展时期，诞生了诸如甜蜜野蛮小说（Sweet-Savage Romance）、高科技惊险小说（High-Technical Thriller）之类的新型通俗小说。

此外，传统的女性言情小说（Women's Fiction）、科幻小说（Science Fiction）和恐怖小说（Horror Fiction）也出现有力回潮。

90年代，社会暴露小说（Social Expose Fiction）逐渐成为美国通俗文学领域的主导力量，如此格局一直维持到世纪末。

像马里奥·普佐（Mario Puzo）的《教父》（The Godfather）、斯蒂芬·金（Stephen King）的系列恐怖小说、迈克尔·克莱顿（Michael Crichton）的《侏罗纪公园》（Jurassic Park）和《失落的世界》（The Lost World）、玛格丽特·杜鲁门（Margaret Truman）的“谋杀案”系列政治暴露小说等，都是我国读者较为熟悉的美国通俗文学作品。

美国文学史总结

Part I The Literature of Colonial America（殖民地时期的文学）Chapter 1→John Smith 约翰.史密斯1. A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Sincethe First Planting of That Colony 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》（1608）2. A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》（1612）3.The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles 《弗吉尼亚通史》（1624）Chapter 2→William Bradford （威廉.布拉德福德）→Of Plymouth Plantation 《普利茅斯开发史》（1826）→John Winthrop （约翰.温思罗普）→The History of New England from 1630 to 1649 《新英格兰史》（1856）Chapter 3→John Cotton （约翰.科登）→Roger Williams （罗杰.威廉姆斯）→ A Key into the Language of America 《开启美国语言的钥匙》/《美国新英格兰地区土著居民语言指南》Chapter 4→Anne Bradstreet（安妮.布雷兹特里特）（女性作家）→The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America 《在美洲诞生的第十位缪斯》→Edward Taylor （爱德华.泰勒）（女性作家）→Psalms 《诗篇》Part II The Literature of Reason and Revolution（理性和革命时期文学）Chapter 5→Benjamin Franklin （本杰明.富兰克林）1.Poor Richard ’s Almanac 《穷理查德年鉴》（1732-1758，1729年正式出版）2.The Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》（Franklin & Jefferson 杰弗逊）3.The Autobiography 《自传》4.Collect Works 《作品选集》Chapter 6→Thomas Paine （托马斯.佩因）1.The Case of the Officers of the Excise 《收税官的案子》（1772）（his first pamphlet）mon Sense 《常识》（1776）3.The America Crisis 《美国危机》（1776-1883）（a series of sixteen pamphlets）（signed “CommonSense” ）4.Rights of Man 《人权》（I 1791年，II 1792年）5.The Age of Reason 《理性时代》6.Agrarian Justice 《土地公平》（his last important treatise 他最后一部重要著作）Chapter 7→Thomas Jefferson （托马斯.杰弗逊）The Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》（Benjamin Franklin & Jefferson 杰弗逊）（1776）Chapter 8→Philip Freneau （菲利普.弗瑞诺）1.The Power of Fancy 《想象的力量》（1770）2.The House of Night 《英国囚船》（1781）His earlier poems were collected in The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War这些早期作品后来于1786年一起被收录在《战争后期弗洛诺主要诗歌集》中。

(完整版)美国文学史总结

ⅠColonial America(17th century)殖民主义时期文学1.In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America and he mistook the native people onthe new continent for Indians.Character of colonial literature:a.content: religious, politicalb.form: diary, journal, letters, travel books, sermons, history (personalliterature)c.Style: simple. direct, concised.out of humble originsEarly in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.The earliest settlers in America included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians and Portuguese.The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)2.Captain Town Smith, the first American writer3.Puritan Thoughts: hard work, thrift(节俭), piety(虔诚), sobriety(节制), 这些也成了早期美国作品主导思想.典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William, John Cotton was called “the Patriarch of New England(新英格兰教父)”清教徒采用的文学体裁：narratives(日记) and journals(游记)清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）Their voyage to the new land2）Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3）About dealing with Indians4）Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit4.Private literature: theological, moral, historical, political5.The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of realpoetry. Anne Bradstreet is one of the most interesting of the early poets, 英国最早移民到美国的诗人. The best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor.ⅡReason and Revolution(18th century)理性和革命时期文学1.The War for Independence (1776-1783) ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeoisdemocratic republic - the United States of America.2.Bourgeois Enlightenment3.Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac(穷人理查德的年鉴), an annual collection ofproverbs.The Autobiography, 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传⏹The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a recordof self-examination and self-improvement. The Puritans, as a type, were very much given to self-analysis.⏹The Autobiography shows Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18th-centuryEnlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.⏹It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. The plainness of its style,the homeliness of imagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the obvious features we cannot mistake.⏹Tone: OptimismThe American dream began with the settlement of the American continent –the Promised Land – the Garden of Eden – optimistic about the future4.Thomas Paine: The American Crisis, 极大恢复士气5.Thomas Jefferson:The Declaration of Independence6.Philip Freneau, Father of American Poetry: The Indian Burring Ground(印第安人的坟地)The Wild Honey Suckle(野忍冬花)⏹The poem is an indication of the poet’s dedication to American subjectmatter and the natural scenes on the new continent.⏹Here in this poem Freneau deals with the themes of loveliness and thetransience of life.⏹This poem, well within the melancholy genre, consists of the poet’s pensivemusings on the flower’s story.⏹The first two stanzas picture the advantages of the flower’s country retreat.⏹The next two stanzas unite the theme of the seasons with the thought that allmust die. Death and decay, as well as creation, are so common, so much a part of the universal law.ⅢRomanticism(end of the 18th century——Civil War)浪漫主义文学1.Washington Irving, Father of American literature: Sketch Book(见闻札记, the firstmodern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature, a collection of essays, sketches, and tales)2.James Fenimore Cooper: The Leatherstocking Tales(皮袜子故事集, the AmericanNational Epic) contains of The Deerslayer(杀鹿者), The Last of the Mohicans(最后的莫希干人), The Pathfinder(探路人), The Pioneers(拓荒者), and The Prairie(大草原).3.Edgar Allan Poe: The Raven(乌鸦), Annabel Lee(安娜贝尔·李), The Fall of the House ofUsher(鄂榭府崩溃记)To Helen○Edgar Allan Poe wrote “To Helen” as a reflection on the beauty of Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard, of Richmond, Va., who died in 1824. She was the mother of one of Poe’s school classmates, Robert Stanard. When Robert invited Edgar, then 14, to his home (at 19th and East Grace Streets in Richmond) in 1823, Poe was greatly taken with the 27-year-old woman, who is said to have urged him to write poetry. He was later to write that she was his first real love.○ 1 stanza⏹Helen: An allusion to Helen of Troy in Greek mythology.⏹Nicean: Of or from Nicea (also spelled Nicaea), a city in ancient Bithynia (nowpart of present-day Turkey) near the site of the Trojan War.⏹Barks: small sailing vessels.⏹End rhyme: A, B, A,B, B.○ 2 stanza⏹wont: accustomed to⏹Naiad: Naiads were minor nature goddesses in Greek and Romanmythology. They inhabited and presided over rivers, lakes, streams, and fountains.⏹Naiad airs: Peaceful, gentle breezes or qualities⏹The glory that . . .Rome: These last two lines, beginning with the glorythat was, are among the most frequently quoted lines in world literature.⏹End rhyme: A, B, A, B, A.Half rhyme: Face and Greece○ 3 stanza⏹Psyche: In Greek and Roman mythology, Psyche was a beautifulprincess dear to the god of love, Eros (Cupid), who would visit her in a darkened room ina palace. One night she used an agate lamp to discover his identity. Later, at the urging ofEros, Zeus gave her the gift of immortality. Eros then married her.⏹End rhyme: A, B, B, A, B.⏹from the regions which are Holy Land: from ancient Greece and Rome;from the memory Poe had of Mrs. Stanard○Theme■Beauty, as Poe uses the word in the poem, appears to refer to the woman's soul as well as her body. On the one hand, he represents her as Helen of Troy–the quintessence of physical beauty–at the beginning of the poem. On the other, he represents her as Psyche–the quintessence of soulful beauty–at the end of the poem. In Greek, psyche means soul.4.Transcendentalism(超验主义):❖19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. In their religious quest, the Transcendentalists rejected the conventions of 18th-century thought; and what began in dissatisfaction with Unitarianism developed into a repudiation of the whole established order.❖Representative figures: some 30 men and a couple of women such as Emerson, Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, and Margaret Fuller, most of them teachers or clergymen, radicals against rigid rationalism of Unitarianism.❖Time: 1836-1855❖Essence: “Transcendentalism is idealism” in essence❖Major Features:A.Emphasis on spirit;B.The importance of the individual as the most important element ofsociety;C．N ature as symbolic of the Spirit or GodRalph Waldo Emerson, Father of American Essay, Essayist, poet, philosopher, orator, critic : Nature(the Bible and manifesto(宣言) of the New England Transcendentalism), Self-relianceHenry David Thoreau(The Prophet(提倡者) of Non-Violence Movement, he wasEmerson’s truest disciple, who put into practice many of Emerson’s theories): Walden5.Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter⑴女主角honest, calmly face fault 诚实，坦然的面对罪过。

美国文学精髓总结

美国文学精髓总结I. Freneau as Leader of 18th Century Naturalism1. Fresh interest in nature.2. The belief that nature is a revelation of God.3. Humanitarian sympathy for the humble and oppressed.4. The faith that people are naturally good.5. That they lived idyllic and benevolent lives in a primitive past before the advent of civilization.6. The radical doctrine that the golden age will dawn again when social institutions are modified, since they are responsible for existing evil.II. Aspects of Freneau1. Poet of American Independence: Freneau provides incentive and inspiration to the revolution by writing such poems as "The Rising Glory of America" and "Pictures of Columbus."2. Journalist: Freneau was editor and contributor of The Freeman's Journal (Philadelphia) from 1781-1784. In his writings, he advocated the essence of what is known as Jeffersonian democracy - decentralization of government, equality for the masses, etc.3. Freneau's Religion: Freneau is described as a deist - a believer in nature and humanity but not a pantheist. In deism, religion becomes an attitude of intellectual belief, not a matter of emotional of spiritual ecstasy. Freneau shows interest and sympathy for the humble and the oppressed.4. Freneau as Father of American Poetry: His major themes are death, nature, transition, and the human in nature. All of these themes become important in 19th century writing. His famous poems are "The Wild Honey-Suckle" (1786), "The Indian Burying Ground" (1787), "The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi" (1784), "The Millennium" (1797), "On a Honey Bee" (1809), "To a Caty-Did" (1815), "On the Universality and Other Attributes of the God of Nature," "On the Uniformity and Perfection of Nature," and "On the Religion of Nature" (the last three written in 1815).In the evening of 18 December 1832, at the age of almost 81, Philip Freneau walked home from a meeting of the circulating library in Philadelphia in a snowstorm; he fell, broke his hip, and froze to death. His body was found the next day. His tombstone begins, simply: POET'S GRA VE./english/reuben/home.htmElements of Romanticism1. Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.2. Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.3. Experimentation: in science, in institutions.4. Mingling of races: immigrants in large numbers arrive to the US.5. Growth of industrialization: polarization of north and south; north becomes industrialized, south remains agricultural.Romantic Subject Matter1. The quest for beauty: non-didactic, "pure beauty."2. The use of the far-away and non-normal - antique and fanciful:a. In historical perspective: antiquarianism; antiquing or artificially aging; interest in the past.b. Characterization and mood: grotesque, gothicism, sense of terror, fear; use of the odd and queer.3. Escapism - from American problems.4. Interest in external nature - for itself, for beauty:a. Nature as source for the knowledge of the primitive.b. Nature as refuge.c. Nature as revelation of God to the individual.| Top | Romantic Attitudes1. Appeals to imagination; use of the "willing suspension of disbelief."2. Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, geniality.3. Subjectivity: in form and meaning.Romantic Techniques1. Remoteness of settings in time and space.2. Improbable plots.3. Inadequate or unlikely characterization.4. Authorial subjectivity.5. Socially "harmful morality;" a world of "lies."(Compare the above with Realistic Techniques in Chapter 5 of PAL.)6. Organic principle in writing: form rises out of content, non-formal.7. Experimentation in new forms: picking up and using obsolete patterns.8. Cultivation of the individualized, subjective form of writing.Philosophical Patterns1. Nineteenth century marked by the influence of French revolution of 1789 and its concepts of liberty, fraternity, equality:a. Jacksonian democracy of the frontier. (Andrew Jackson on the Web)b. Intellectual and spiritual revolution - rise of Unitarianism.c. Middle colonies - utopian experiments like New Harmony, Nashoba, Fourierism, and the Icarian community.2. America basically middle-class and English - practicing laissez-faire (live and let live), modified because of geographical expansion and the need for subsidies for setting up industries, building of railroads, and others.3. Institution of slavery in the South - myth of the master and slave - William Gilmore Simms' modified references to Greek democracy (Pericles' Athens which was based on a slave proletariat, but provided order, welfare and security for all) as a way of maintaing slavery.| Top | The Renaissance in or the Flowering of American LiteratureThe decade of 1850-59 is unique in the annals of literary production. For a variety of reasons American authors, both African and European, published remarkable works in such a concentration of time that this feat, it is safe to say, has not been duplicated in this or any other literary tradition. Given below are the details:Works by European American WritersYear Author Title1850 Ralph Waldo Emerson Representative Men1850 Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter1851 Herman Melville Moby-Dick1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin1854 Henry David Thoreau Walden1855 Walt Whitman Leaves of GrassWorks by African American WritersYear Author Title1853 Frederick Douglass Heroic Slave1853 William Wells Brown Clotel: Or, The President's Daughter1857 Frank J. Webb The Garies and Their Friends1859 Martin R. Delany Blake: Or, The Huts of America1859 Harriet E. Wilson Our Nig: Or, Sketches from the Life of a Free Black | Top | Important ideas from: Warren, Robert Penn, Cleanth Brooks, and R.W.B. Lewis. "A National Literature and Romantic Individualism." in Romanticism. eds. James Barbour and Thomas Quirk. NY: Garland, 1986, 3-24.1. Social and political changes - Andrew Jackson's unsuccessful bid for presidency in 1824, when he won the plurality of votes but lost to John Quincy Adams when the election was decided in the House of Representatives. Jackson, a man of common beginnings, was the first candidate of the new states. In 1828 election, Jackson convincingly defeated Adams bringing to an end the domination of the eastern establishment.2. The beginning of industrial and technological developments - key markers were the introduction of steamboats, spinning mills, Eli Whitney's cotton gin, the clipper ships, railroads, and telegraph.3. "The success of northern industry made slavery appear anomalous, and to the free labor of the North slavery became ... repugnant."4. The industrial revolution also raised the issue of the overworked laborers. Influenced by the French philosopher Charles Fourier, Albert Brisbane published The Social Destiny of Men (1840). In it Brisbane states: " ... monotony, uniformity, intellectual inaction, and torpor reign: distrust, isolation, separation, conflict and antagonisms are almost universal. ... Society is spiritually a desert."5. Utopian experiments to counter the industrial revolution - Robert Owen's New Harmony in Indiana; George and Sophia Ripley's Brook Farm; Bronson Alcott's Fruitlands; and many Fourierist colonies.6. Other experiments: Amelia Bloomer's bloomers worn by women in some Fourierist colonies, mesmerism, phrenology, hydropathy, giving up of tobacco or alcohol, the eating of Dr. Graham's bread.7. The major reform movements: abolition of slavery, the rights of women, and the civil war. Reformism was, according to Whittier, "moral steam-enginery" and it was fed by two impulses - the idea of evolution even before Darwin and the idea of the "perfection of the social order."8. Transcendentalism - the philosophical, literary, social, and theological movement - go to Chap.4 in PAL.Study Questions1. Discuss the following statement with reference and relevance to specific literary works: the Puritans were typological, the eighteenth-century writers were logical, but the early-nineteenth-century writers were analogical in their way of knowing and expressing what it means to be an American.2. Discuss changes in the concept of the American self in the early nineteenth century. Locate your discussion within specific works by Emerson, Thoreau, and Hawthorne.3. Cite several fundamental differences between early-nineteenth-century writers and their deist predecessors. Focus on the concept of self-invention and, in specific literary works, discuss the early-nineteenth-century evolution of this concept.4. Research and explain the theory of romantic organicism in Bryant and Poe, at the same time exploring differences between these two poets.5. Consider literary portraits of women engaged in heroic struggle or of escaping slaves portrayed as heroic fugitives. Compare and contrast portraits by Stowe, Fuller, Jacobs, and Douglass with Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter or Thoreau's autobiographical narrator in Walden.6. Read some of Elizabeth Cady Stanton's lectures, addresses, and letters (not anthologized). Then compare and contrast The Declaration of Sentiments (1848, see Appendix) with its model, The Declaration of Independence. Analyze the nineteenth-century document with respect to style, imagery, concepts of nature and authority, and relative political effect.7. Whether or not the earliest American realists wrote in a distinctive and innovative form, they make different choices of language and genre than their contemporaries. Choose to analyze a text by any of the following writers and explore elements of realism in the work: Longstreet, Stowe, Thorpe, Stoddard, and Davis.Major Themes1. Love - usually of a mourning man for his deceased beloved.2. Pride - physical and intellectual.3. Beauty - of a young woman either dying or dead.4. Death - a source of horror.Influence of Poe1. Influenced writers of split personality.2. Influenced literary criticism.3. Influenced writers dealing with the disintegration of personality.Poe's Four Types of Short Stories1. Arabesque - strange; use of the supernatural; symbolic fantasies of the human condition; (Example - "The Fall of the House of Usher").2. Grotesque - heightening of one aspect of a character (Example - "The Man Who Was Used Up").3. Ratiocinative - detective fiction (Example "The Purloined Letter").4. Descriptive (Example - "The Landscape Garden").Poe's Aesthetic Theory of Effect1. "Unity of effect or impression" is of primary importance; the most effective story is one that can be read at a single sitting.2. The short story writer should deliberately subordinate everything in the story - characters, incidents, style, and tone - to bringing out of a single, preconceived effect.3. The prose tale may be made a vehicle for a great variety of these effects than even the short poem.Poe's main concern focused upon matters of design, proportion and composition; his use of effect meant the impact which a short work would make upon a reader. In reviewing Hawthorne's TwiceTold Tales, he pointed out the writer's obligation and reward: "If his very initial sentence tend not to be the outbringing of this effect, then he has failed in his first step. In the whole composition there should be no word written, of which the tendency, direct or indirect, is not to the one pre-established design. And by such means, with such care and skill, a picture is at length painted which leaves in the mind of him who contemplates it with a kindred art, a sense of the fullest satisfaction."Paradoxes in Poe1. His life - basically insecure and highly emotional, but his writing is structured.2. He reflects the paradoxical time - there was the apocalyptic sense of doom combined with the romantic innocence of childhood.3. Poe was a romantic writer, but he emphasized rationality.4. He presents realistic details in gothic settings.5. There is a paradox in Poe's critical thinking - he believed in individual creativity but advocated classical norms - the ideal length of a poem, suggested Poe, is 100 lines.引用回复TOP。

美国文学英语语言文学专业自己总结~（共5篇）

美国文学英语语言文学专业自己总结~（共5篇）第一篇：美国文学英语语言文学专业自己总结~殖民主义时期John Smith美国第一位作家Anne Bradstreet第一位移民诗人Edward Taylor清教徒诗人文艺复兴时期Benjamin Franklin 参与了起草独立宣言成名作《Poor Richard’s Almanack》《Autobiography》Thomas Paine拥护独立宣言成名作《Great Commoner of Mankind》最平凡的人常识理性时代美国危机Thomas Jefferson起草了独立宣言Philip Freneau美国诗歌之父文艺复兴的诗人《the Wild Honey》野金银花浪漫主义时期Irving第一位纯文学作家（belletrist）第一部短篇小说第一位浪漫主义散文体作家（prose stylist）享有国际声誉< a History of New York>第一部诙谐作品Copper开创了海上传奇小说(sea adventure)和边疆传奇(frontier sage)小说Spy>Bryant第一个获得美国主要诗人的称号最完美的短诗Poe现代短故事之父侦探小说之父第一部短篇小说集Emerson超经验主义运动知识分子独立宣言Thoreau成名作Hawthorne象征主义作家Chillingworth, John Wilson)>MelvilleLongfellow19世纪最受爱戴的诗人< a Psalm of Life>第一部印第安人史诗歌唯一被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人现实主义时期Whitman创建了自由体诗歌free verse美国历史上一部史诗Dickson该时期最伟大的女诗人< I Died for Beauty> Stowe该时期唯一的女散文作家< Uncle Tom’s Cabin> Mark Twain现实主义文学代表作Huckleberry Finn>对美国早期幽默文学的总结O.HenryHenry James心理现实主义的开创者Jack London< the People of the Abyss>自传体小说Theodore Dreiser 最成功的小说金钱万能二十世纪文学Pound意象派的创始人< in a Station of Metro>Frost自然派诗人民族诗人Stevens秩序理念Eliot现代主义创始人标志现代主义文学诞生FitzgeraldHemingway推动报告文学的发展强调moment of truthSteinbeck美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家Faulkner心灵与自己冲突是永恒的主题stream of consciousness成名作第二篇：英语语言文学专业排行榜（英语语言文学）全国160所高校排名！1上海外国语大学A+2北京外国语大学A+3北京大学A+4南京大学A+5厦门大学A+6复旦大学A+7南京师范大学A+8山东大学A9大连外国语学院A华东师范大学A四川外语学院A西南大学A 湖南师范大学A北京师范大学A华中科技大学A16河南大学A四川大学A华中师范大学A福建师范大学A苏州大学A广东外语外贸大学A中山大学A浙江大学A清华大学A南开大学A天津外国语学院A中南大学 A西安外国语大学A东北师范大学A 上海大学A北京语言大学AB+等(47个)：上海交通大学、湖南大学、辽宁大学、中国人民大学、中国海洋大学、山东师范大学、四川师范大学、陕西师范大学、北京第二外国语学院、吉林大学、江西师范大学、安徽大学、广西师范大学、河北师范大学、宁波大学、安徽师范大学、东南大学、湘潭大学、黑龙江大学、深圳大学、河北大学、辽宁师范大学、山西大学、宁夏大学、南昌大学、上海师范大学、暨南大学、西北大学、首都师范大学、广西大学、西北师范大学、浙江师范大学、电子科技大学、华南师范大学、新疆大学、南京农业大学、重庆师范大学、中国石油大学、广西师范学院、武汉大学、上海海事大学、郑州大学、武汉理工大学、哈尔滨工程大学、大连海事大学、中国地质大学、上海对外贸易学院B等(47个)：天津理工大学、内蒙古大学、东北农业大学、河海大学、北京航空航天大学、长沙理工大学、广东商学院、聊城大学、合肥工业大学、江南大学、华南理工大学、上海财经大学、燕山大学、广州大学、云南师范大学、中国矿业大学、汕头大学、兰州大学、云南大学、中北大学、哈尔滨师范大学、北京理工大学、河南师范大学、西南科技大学、湖南科技大学、扬州大学、福州大学、华东理工大学、上海理工大学、南京航空航天大学、徐州师范大学、浙江财经大学、华侨大学、曲阜师范大学、华北电力大学、杭州电子科技大学、齐齐哈尔大学、哈尔滨理工大学、天津财经大学、山东科技大学、重庆大学、国际关系学院、北京交通大学、东北大学、贵州师范大学、中国政法大学、南通大学C等(32个)：名单略据《全国高校专业报考指南》显示，目前全国英语专业实力排名前20的院校分别为：北京外国语大学、上海外国语大学、北京大学、南京大学、复旦大学、厦门大学、南开大学、对外经贸大学、广东外语外贸大学、华东师范大学、中山大学、上海交通大学、湖南师范大学、山东大学、洛阳外国语学院、清华大学、北京师范大学、武汉大学、南京师范大学、河南大学。

期末复习-美国文学简史汇总

3) Symbolism: The Puritans’ metaphorical mode of perception brought American literary symbolism into being, a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.
Washington Irving Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Howthorne
6. The 1920s
T.S. Eliot William Faulkner Ernest Hemingway
William Whitman
(Lost Generation)
* Transcendentalism
A
13
Puritanism: Puritan values /Creeds
hard work
thrift
piety
sobriety
Puritans are more
practical, tougher, and
to be ever ready for
any misfortune and
tragic failure.
A
7
The early settlers
❖ Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent in 1492.
❖ Captain John Smith reached Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.
❖ Puritans came to the New England area, by Mayflower in 1620.
4) Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved.

美国文学主义总结

美国文学主义总结1. 简介美国文学主义是20世纪早期美国文学领域的一种文学运动，它强调对现实生活的描写和批判，关注社会问题和人类经验的真实性。

这一运动在20世纪20年代到40年代的美国文学中达到巅峰。

本文将对美国文学主义的定义、特点以及重要代表作进行总结。

2. 美国文学主义的定义和特点美国文学主义的定义可归纳为以下几个关键特点：2.1 现实主义描写美国文学主义注重对现实生活的描述，强调对社会、政治和经济问题的揭示。

作家们以客观、细致和准确的方式描绘人物、场景和事件，试图以真实的方式反映社会现象和人类经验的本质。

2.2 对社会问题的关注美国文学主义作品通常聚焦于社会问题，如贫困、种族歧视、阶级冲突等。

作家们通过刻画人物的生活境遇和内心世界，展现社会问题的深层次影响，呼吁社会关注这些问题并进行改革。

2.3 对人性的探索美国文学主义探索人性的黑暗面和复杂性。

作家们以精细的心理描写和人物性格的分析，展现人性的种种弱点和矛盾，从而呈现出真实世界中人类的复杂性和混乱性。

2.4 反抗传统文学形式美国文学主义作家试图打破传统文学形式的束缚，摒弃浪漫主义的夸张和理想化，追求真实和客观。

他们运用现代主义的写作技巧，如内心独白、流线式叙事和片段化的结构，来表现人类经验的碎片化和复杂性。

3. 美国文学主义的重要代表作3.1 埃尔尼斯特·海明威《老人与海》《老人与海》是海明威的代表作之一，讲述了一个年迈的渔夫桑地亚哥与他的斗鱼的故事。

小说通过描写桑地亚哥孤独和坚韧的斗争，探讨了人生的意义和价值，表达了对人类坚持与尊严的赞美。

3.2 约翰·斯坦贝克《愤怒的葡萄》《愤怒的葡萄》是斯坦贝克的代表作之一，讲述了大萧条时期加利福尼亚的农民家庭的故事。

小说通过描绘贫困和不平等现象，关注人性的善良和坚韧，批判社会中的不公和剥削。

3.3 福克纳《喧哗与骚动》《喧哗与骚动》是福克纳的代表作之一，讲述了南方小镇的家族故事。

大学英专课程《美国文学》的总结

大学英专课程《美国文学》的总结美国文学-Alice总结和整理American LiteratureI, American Literary in Colony （殖民地时期的美国文学）John Smith, who was the first American writer. （John Smith 是美国的第一位作家）II, American Literary of American Revolution and Enlightenment （美国独立战争和启蒙运动时的文学）1，Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790) 本杰明·富兰克林He was one of the most important American thinkers during the revolutionary period. Franklin was also well known as a scientist, natural philosopher, statesman and literary man, one of the members of the committee to draft The Declaration of Independence.富兰克林是美国独立战争时期杰出的思想家之一。

同时他也是一位科学家、哲学家、政治家和散文家，曾参与起草“独立宣言”。

His works are,Poor Richard?s Almanack《穷查理历书》The Way to Wealth《致富之道》The Autobiography《自传》2，Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩Thomas Paine was a literary man and statesman in American revolution.托马斯·潘恩是美国独立革命时期的散文家和政治家、Common Sense 《常识》The Case of the Officers of Excise《税务员问题》American Crisis《美国危机》Rights of Man《人的权利》Downfall of Despotism《专制体制的崩溃》The Age of Reason《理性时代》3，Philip Freneau(1752-1832) 菲利普·弗伦诺Freneau was educated in Princeton, he was the Poet of the American Revolution and the Father of American Poetry.弗伦诺毕业于普林斯顿大学，是革命战争时期的美国诗人，被称为“美国诗歌之父”。

美国文学复习总结

PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790殖民地时期作家。

独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.1．出生于波士顿Boston,曾创办《半岛公报》。

1732-1758出版《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”annual collection of proverbs流行谚语集2．建立一秘密俱乐部the Junto, informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideals.建立可借图书馆，创办宾夕法尼亚大学。

商业上成功，科学上贡献卓越，政治上的贡献也不可磨灭successful in business,renowned in science also served his nation brilliantly.协助杰弗逊起草“独立宣言”aided Jefferson in writing “The Declaration of Independence”.同法国谈判获得援助，后作为议会代表起草美国宪法Constitution.3．其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression,simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic辛辣的.4．他最好作品收录在《自传》“Autobiography”。

美国文学重点总结

I.Benjamin Franklin1.works(1)Autobiography 自传(2)Poor Richard’s Almanac 穷理查德年鉴2.contribution(1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the AmericanPhilosophical Society.(2)He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire(electricity in this case) from h eaven”.(3)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”.Herman Melville thus described him “master of each andmastered by none”.II.Thomas Paine1.works(1)Common Sense(2)American CrisisIII.Thomas Jefferson1.works(1)The declaration of IndependenceIV.Philip Freneau1.works(1)The wild honey suckle(2)The Indian Burying Ground(3)To a Caty-Did2.contribution(1)Poet of the American Revolution(2)Father of American poetry(3)Transitional role of neoclassicism and RomanticismEnlightenment(1)It was an intellectual movement and it originated in Europe in17th C and come to American in 18th C.(2)It stressed the power of human reason, the important ofscientific methods and discoveries.(3)It contributed to freezing American from the limitations ofPuritanism and stimulating.(4)Emphasized independent democratic nation.American Romanticism1.American romanticism is a literary movement swept thoughwestern Europe.2.Emphasized freedom and individualism, like to write sth aboutmoral enthusiasm.3.Interest in medieval literature4.Show love of nature, emphasized mystery and supernatural.I.Washington Irving1.several names attached to Irving(1)first American writer win international fame(2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3)father of American history, write history and biography asliterary entertainment2.works(1)First novel <A History of New York> 纽约外史won him widepopularity(2)<The Sketch Book> 见闻札记 won international fame(3)The Sketch Book :the Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Rip VanWinkle.II.James Fenimore Cooper1.several names attached to Irvingthe first important American novelist began his literary career on dare.2.worksLeatherstocking TaleIII.William cullen BryantThe first American to gain stature of a major poet.1.Thanatopsis” 死亡随想曲2.To the Waterfowl 致水鸟most perfect brief poem in thelanguage.IV.Edgar Allan Poe1.works(1)the fall of the house of Usher(2)to Helen(3)Annabel Lee2.contribution(1)a master of the horror tale(2)first important critics(3)a start of the detective storyTranscendentalism.超验主义1.It is a philosophical and literary movement that flourished inNew England.2.Emphasized intuition, the spirit or the oversoul ,3.Emphasized individualism4.For transcendentalists, nature is a symbol of the spirit or God5.they believe in self-trust and self-reliance6.They appreciated the dignity of manual labor7.represent writer: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry DavidThoreauV.Ralph Waldo Emerson1.works:Nature: Bible of American transcendentalism.2.one of his statement was in The American ScholarVI.Henry David ThoreauWalden 瓦尔登湖VII.Nathaniel HawthorneThe Scarlet Letter 红字Hester Prynne 3A:adultery able angel VIII.Herman MelvilleMoby DickIX.Henry Wadsworth LongfellowA Psalm of Life：stresses the importance of a full and sincere activity in making the most of life’s brief span, rather than succumbing to moods of vain regret and dejection.Realism:a literary movement in Europe and the United States in the last half of the last half of the 19th, early year of 20th. The attempt in literary and art to represent life as it really is, without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. It described Everyday life and speech of ordinary people. Represent writer: William Dean ,Mark Twain ,Henry James.I.Walt WhitmanLeave of grassFree words 自由体II.Emily DickinsonI died for beauty-but was scarceBecause I could not stop for deat hIII.Mark TwainSamuel Langhorne Clemens1.works:The Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn2.contribute:(1)The true father of all the national literature.(2)Lincoln of our literature.(3)The fountainhead of all modern literature.(4)His writing style: colloquial language dialects, local color,sentence simple brief, sometimes ungrammatical; humor, socialcritic.IV.O. HenryWilliam Sidney Porter1.works:(1)The Cop and the Anthem(2)The Four Million(3)The Gift of the Magi(4) A Municipal Report(5)An Unfinished Story(6)Phoebe(7)The Furnished Room(8) A Lickpenny LoverNaturalism:(1)I t was an outgrowth and extreme form of realism.(2)I t is sometimes defined as the technique of portraying ascientifically accurate, detached picture of life, includingeverything and selecting nothing.(3)I t conveyed that social conditions, heredity and environmenthad inescapable force in shaping human character.(4)I ts characteristics: pessimism, determinism, objectivity.V.Henry JamesHe defined the American literature in the international context.Works:(1)The Portrait of A Lady(2)The Bostonians(3)The Wings of the Dove,(4)Daisy MillerVI.Jack London(1)The Sea Wolf(2)The Iron Heel(3)The Call of the Wild(4)Martin EdenVII.White Fang(1)Sister Carrie(2)Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲：The Financier , The Titan, The StoicThe topic: identification of potency with moneyVIII.Ezra Pound(1)Hugh Selwyn Mauberley(2)The Cantos :A Pact, In a Station of the MetroIX.Robert Frost(1) A Boy’s Will(2)North of Boston(3)Mountain interval(4)New Hampshire(5) A Further Range(6) A Witness Tree(7)Steeple Bush(8)In the Clearing(9)The Road Not Taken(10)Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningX.Thomas Stearns Eliot ---T.S Eliot(1)The Hollow Man(2)The Waste land(3)The Love Son of J. Alfred PrufrockXI. F. Scott FitzgeraldThe Great Gatsby,Tender Is the NightXII.Ernest HemingwayA farewell to Arms,For Whom the Bell TollsThe Old Man and the SeaXIII.John SteinbeckThe Grapes of Wrath:earn him a Pulitzer Prize in 1940 and Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962 XIV.William FaulknerA rose of Emily: get Nobel Prize for Literature。

美国文学总结

Chapter1Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the protestant church. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin , total depravity and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. As culture heritage, American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature. 1.The Colonial Period stretches from the settlement of North America in the early seventeenth century through the end of the eighteenth.2.The American Puritans accepted the doctrine(教义) of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement.3.作者Anne Bradstreet（安妮.布雷特兹里特）---known as the “Tenth Muse”,作品Comtemplation《沉思录》。

节选9 I heard the merry grasshopper蝈蝈then sing,The black-clad cricket蛐蛐bear a second part乐章,They kept one tune调子, and played on the same string弦,Seeming to glory光荣in their little art.Shall creatures abject thus their voices raise?And in their kind resound回音（=repeat; because they have no ability to creat）their Master(God)'s praise:Whilst I, as mute哑巴, can warble forth no higher lays.4.作者Philip Freneau(菲利普.弗伦诺)作品The Wild Honey Suckle《金银花》Fair flower, that dost so comely grow,Hid in this silent,dull retreat,Untouched thy honeyed blossoms blow,Unseen thy little branches greet:No roving（=wandering）foot shall crush thee here,No busy hand provoke a tear.By Nature's self in white arrayed,（means God has made you a white flower）She(Nature) bade thee (flower)shun the vulger eye,And planted here the guardian shade,And sent soft waters murmuring by;Thus quietly thy(flower) summer goes,Thy days declining to repose.Smit(overcharm) with those chams,that must decay,I grieve to see your future doom(宿命);They died--nor were those flowers more gay,The flowers that did in Eden bloom;Unpitying frosts,and Autumn's powerShall leave no vestige of this flower.From morning suns and evening dewsAt first thy little being came:If nothing once,you nothing lose,For when you die you are the same;The space between,is but an hour（描述花期的短暂）,The frail duration of flower.(Freneau)野忍冬花（金银花）菲利浦·弗瑞诺(黄杲炘译)美好的花呀，你长得：这么秀丽，却藏身在这僻静沉闷的地方——甜美的花儿开了却没人亲昵，招展的小小枝梢也没人观赏；没游来荡去的脚来把你踩碎，没东攀西摘的手来催你落泪。