英文翻译(小论文)

合集下载

论文英文文翻译

Guidance Notes for completing application formPart 1 Personal InformationEligibility to work at the British CouncilWe are only able to accept applications from individuals who have the right to work in the country to which they have applied.Personal InformationThe British Council’s normal retirement age is 65. If you are over this age, or within 6 months of it, at the time you apply to join us, in line with the Equality (Age) Regulations 2006, we will consider your application but reserve the right to reject it if we consider that we would be unlikely to derive sufficient benefit from your appointment in the period before your retirement.Criminal Convictions (UK)Subject to certain exempted occupations, convictions that are ‘spent’ under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 need not be mentioned. Please be aware that declaring a conviction will not automatically disqualify you from being employed unless this post is subject to a Criminal Records Bureau Check.If the post is subject to a Criminal Records Bureau Check, British Council is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people and expects all of its partners to share this commitment. Appointment to these roles are subject to enhanced Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) checks in the UK, and, where appropriate, equivalent systems overseas.Data ProtectionThe British Council will use the information you provide in this form to process your application. If your application is successful and you take up employment with the British Council, this form will be kept on your personnel file and some details from it will be held electronically by Human Resources in line with the Data Protection Act (1998). If your application is unsuccessful, this form willbe kept on file for one year after completion of the recruitment exercise and then securely destroyed.The British Council will treat all personal details in accordance with UK law and its own privacy policy. Under Data Protection law you have the right to ask for a copy of the information we hold on you, for which we may charge a fee, and the right to ask us to correct any inaccuracies in that information. If you do want more information about this please contact your local British Council office or the Data Protection Team dataprotection@. Part 2 Job-Related InformationDisabilityThe UK Disability Discrimination Act 1995 defines a person with a disability as someone who has a physical or mental impairment (including a learning or sensory impairment) that has a substantial and long term adverse effect on his/her ability to carry out normal day to day activities. In any country, it is British Council policy to interview all applicants who are disabled and who meet the essential criteria for an advertised job.Employment and professional informationPlease give details of your employment for the last 10 years, or since leaving full-time education if this is sooner, starting with the most recent employment. Account for all your time, including voluntary work or other periods away from work. Please be aware that it will not prejudice your application if you disclose a period of ill health or a period out of formal employment (e.g. time spent at home bringing up children).Other relevant experiencePlease note that this does not need to be limited to work experience. It can include experience of volunteering or of roles held within the community e.g. youth worker, community worker or leader etc..。

英语小作文带翻译

英语小作文带翻译
英文回答：
I remember one time when I was in high school, I had a big argument with my best friend. We were both really stubborn and neither of us wanted to apologize. It was a really tense situation and we didn't talk for weeks. Finally, I realized that our friendship was more important than being right, so I reached out and apologized. It was a difficult conversation, but it was worth it because we were able to move past the argument and our friendship became even stronger.
中文回答：
我记得有一次我和我最好的朋友在高中的时候大吵了一架。

我
们俩都很固执，都不想道歉。

那段时间气氛非常紧张，我们两个都
不说话好几个星期。

最后，我意识到我们的友谊比谁对谁错更重要，所以我主动道歉了。

那次谈话很艰难，但是值得，因为我们得以摆
脱争吵，我们的友谊变得更加坚固。

英语议论文经典范文3篇(带翻译)

英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，小编整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！英语作文范文带中文翻译Manyyearsago,themovieabouttheyouthbecameverypopular,everyyear,wecanseeman yhotmoviesabouttheprotagonist’spassedyouth.Peopleliketorecalltheirpassedyouth, whichmakessuchmoviessellgood.ButIfindthecommonthingsaboutthesemovies,alltheprotagonists’youthareaboutfighting,loveandothernegativethings.Iunderstandthedirectors’intention,theywanttotellpeopleyouthisnotperfectandhavingpities.Ofcourse movieisexaggerating,therealyouthisaboutstudying,atleast,mostpeoplehaveworkedso hardtogetintotheiridealcolleges.Whatthemoviesdescribemakeupsomepeople’syouth,forwhichtheydon’thavethechancetoexperience.Weshouldnotbemisledbythesemovies,fortheteenagers,theirjobistostudy,sothattheycanhaveabrightfuture.【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。

英语小论文翻译

一、英文原文Compensation of temperature drift of MEMSgyroscope using BP neural networkQintuo Zhang，Zhenfan Tan，Lidong GuoCollege f AutomationHarbin Engineering universityNantong Street 145，Harbin，Heilongjiang,China Abstract:In order to solve the temperature change on the impact of MEMS gyroscope output, through self-development MEMS IMU temperature test, we used BP neural network to predict the temperature drift of MEMS gyroscope and compensation it. After using BP neural network to compensate three gyroscopes, we compared the results with the traditional least-squares method that the output error variance respectively reduced from 0.4242, 0.3506 and 0.4335 to 0.0758, 0.1024 and 0.1122. The results indicate the correctness and validity of the method, so as to offer a new method to improve the performance of MEMS gyroscope .Keywords:MEMS Gyroscope; BP Neural Network; Temperature DriftI. INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, a promising technology, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) based inertial sensors has been developed[9], however, due to the small size and weight of it, the performance characteristics are highly dependent on the temperature variations[1]. Due to the production process and other reasons, the gyroscope frequency or AGC are tested to simulate MEMS gyroscope temperature changes, which inevitably bring additional error [2-3]. We researched on ADXL150 MEMS gyroscope made by Analog Devices Inc, and which can give the temperature, while its sensitivity is only information of it, the temperature coefficient is 8.4mv/°necessary a nd practical to compensate temperature drift 12.5mv/°/s. Therefore, it’sthrough temperature test. Some researchers focuses on the impact of temperature on the MEMS gyroscope zero bias, in which the zero bias voltage is converted to angular rate value, but it is not clear how to select the scale factor with temperature changes[4]; Reference[5] shows temperature impact on scale factor is not as important as on zero bias of gyroscope; Reference[7] presents the system identification of MEMS vibratory gyroscope designed by JPL, and analyze gyroscope error through changing structural resonant frequency made by temperature. In this paper, BP neural network was used to predict temperature drift of gyroscope, through in-hand MEMS IMU temperature test, the results show that the method is obviously superior to the traditional least-squares method.II. METHODOLOGYA. Temperature Character of MEMS GyroscopeFirst, with the change of temperature, changes of microstructure of gyroscope mainly two kinds: the change in size and change in material elastic modulus. Because change in size with temperature has little effect on the performance of gyroscope, heremainly discuss the elastic modulus changes.Changes in elastic modulus will change the system stiffness, the resonant frequency of the gyroscope will change with the system stiffness. Therefore, temperature changes will lead to resonant frequency drift.Elastic modulus varies with temperature linearly as follows[8]:Where E(T) , E0 is elastic modulus for the silicon material at temperature of T and 0 T respectively.System stiffness is proportional to elastic modulus:Where K , K0 is system stiffness at temperature of T and T0 respectively.We can get the formula between resonant frequency of gyroscope with temperature as follows:Where Wn（T）is resonant frequency of gyroscope at temperatureT .Change of resonant frequency of gyroscope impact on the driven mode and test mode of it, so we can get the output of driven axis:Where y(t) is output of driven axis and F is driven force[5].B. BP Neural NetworktheMinsky and Papert showed a two layer feed-forward network which can overcome many restrictions, but did not present a solution to the problem of how to adjust the weights from input to hidden units in 1969. An answer to this question was presented by Rumelhart, Hinton and Williams in 1986, and similar solutions appeared to have been published earlier. The central idea behind this solution is that the errors for the units of the hidden layer are determined by back-propagating the errors of the units of the output layer. For this reason the method is often called the back-propagation learning rule. Back-propagation can also be considered as a generalization of the delta rule for non-linear activation functions and multilayer networks.A feed-forward network has a layered structure. Each layer consists of units which receive their input from units from a layer directly below and send their output to units in a layer directly above the unit. There are no connections within a layer.Multi-layer neural network model using BP algorithm is commonly known as the BP algorithm. Multi-layer model topology is shown as Fig.1. Network consists of input layer, hidden layer and output layer nodes. Hidden layer can also be multi-layer, the former layer after layer of nodes to connect through the connection weights, that is, topological structure of directed acyclic graph feed-forward network.III. TEST SETUPBefore In this paper, a self-development MEMS IMU(Fig.2) was chosen for the trial, in which gyroscope is ADXRS150, its performance shows as Table I. Three gyroscopes were installed orthogonally as shown in Fig.3. As temperature of gyroscope is not the temperature of environment, so temperature in this paper is the internal temperature of gyroscope, which was got by data acquisition circuit. At the same time, impact of temperature on scale factor of every gyroscope was negligible. We obtained scale factors of MEMS gyroscopes installed in each axis through calibration tests , which are x k = 11.9665mv/ ° / s, y k = 11.8281 mv / ° / s and z k = 12.1239 mv / °/ s. We put the entire MEMS IMU into temperature chamber with the environment temperature was changed from -20 ° C to 20 °C[6]. In order to make the gyroscopes temperature close to environment temperature, we began to record data 30 minutes after the system started.Figure 1. Multi-layer Forward BP NetworkTABLE I Specifications for ADXRS150 gyroFigure 2. MEMS IMUFigure 3.Installment of MEMS gyroscopesIV. TEST RESULTSBefore using BP neural network, Here we first give three gyroscopes output varies time as show in Fig.4temperature versus time curve as shown in Fig.5 and Fig.6 shows gyroscope’s output varies with temperature.Figure 4. Gyroscope outputFigure 5.Temperature vs.timeTemprature/degCFigure 6. Gyroscope output vs. TemperatureWe used a single hidden layer design in this article. In the MATLAB neural network toolbox, we apply the function newff to establish BP network. Network transfer function of hidden layer neurons using symmetric tangent function tansig, and the output layer neurons use a linear function of the transfer function purelin, this is because w e must first return a handle, and a linear function of the network just to meet the output requirements. Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for network training is corresponds to trainlm function in MATLAB toolbox. Here are some parameters we chose in BP neural network prediction.a) Largest training times 1000b) 3 training targets 0.001c) Shows number of train travel stack 100d) The number of hidden layer neurons 6BP neural network prediction is shown below as Fig .7, where the blue line represents the gyroscopes origin output, while green line represents p rediction of it. The three gyroscopes forecast error variances are as follows: 0.0758, 0.1024 and 0.1122.To illustrate the superiority of this method, here we give the results forecasted by traditional least-squares method as Fig.8 shows. Here we chose second –degree polynomial. In Fig.8, blue line represents outputs of gyroscopes and green line represents p rediction of least-squares. T hree gyroscopes forecast error variance are 0.4242, 0.3506 and 0.4335 respectively.Temperature/degCFigure 7. Forecast curve of BP neural networkTemprature/degCFigure8. Least-squares curveV. CONCLUSIONSTemperature has a great impact on zero-bias of MEMS gyroscope, and is showing a non-linear characteristic. This paper presents a BP neural network to forecasting the temperature drift. Test proved that the neural network can compensate t emperature drift effectively, with the use of neural network training data, gyroscope and temperature data was directly input to the neural network, and then output data would be gotten. Through the neural network model, high precision simulation models could be out. The whole process is stable, relatively fast speed, and finally the results compared with traditional least-squares m ethod, the estimation error variance from the gyroscope reduced from 0.4242, 0.3506 and 0.4335 to 0.0758, 0.1024 and 0.1122. Through the software compensation method, the method can successfully reduce the temperature drift of the gyroscope. Deficiency is that the text does not consider the scale factor affected by temperature as well as gyro temperature drift characteristics in dynamic cases.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe authors would like to thank Beijing Aerospace Control Instrument Research Institute for providing temperature chamber as well as hardware interfaces to collect test data given in this paper.二、英文翻译基于BP神经网络算法的MEMS陀螺仪的温度漂移补偿谭振藩，张勤拓，郭立冬自动化学院哈尔滨工程大学南通街145号，哈尔滨，黑龙江，中国摘要：为了解决温度变化对MEMS陀螺仪输出的影响，通过对自主开发的MEMS IMU的温度测试，我们使用BP神经网络对MEMS陀螺仪的温度漂移进行补偿。

英文小作文及翻译

英文小作文及翻译英文：Recently, I have been asked about my favorite hobby and why I enjoy it so much. Well, I have to say that myfavorite hobby is reading. I love to read books, magazines, and newspapers. Reading is not only a way to gain knowledge and learn new things, but it is also a way to escape from reality and enter into a different world.One of my favorite books is "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee. This book is a classic and tells the story of a young girl named Scout and her experiences growing up in the South during the 1930s. The book deals with important themes such as racism, prejudice, and social inequality. I love this book because it is well-written and has a powerful message that still resonates today.Another reason why I enjoy reading is because it helps me to relax and de-stress. After a long day at work orschool, I like to curl up with a good book and forget about my worries for a while. Reading is like a form of therapyfor me.中文：最近，有人问我我的最爱爱好是什么以及为什么我这么喜欢它。

论文英文翻译

论文英文翻译Essay 1 - College EducationIn recent years, college education has become a topic of great debate. Some people argue that a college degree is essential for success in today's society, while others believe that it is not necessary. This essay will argue that college education is indeed important and beneficial for several reasons.Firstly, obtaining a college degree can provide individuals with better career opportunities. In today's competitive job market, employers often prioritize candidates with a higher education background. College graduates are more likely to find stable employment and earn higher salaries compared to those without a degree. Furthermore, many professions require specific knowledge and skills that can only be acquired through a college education. For example, doctors, engineers, and lawyers must complete several years of study in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their respective fields.Secondly, college education can help individuals develop important life skills. During their time at college, students are exposed to a variety of subjects and experiences, which enable them to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills. College also provides opportunities for students to engage in extracurricular activities and interact with a diverse group of individuals. This fosters social and cultural awareness, as well as teamwork and leadership skills. These skills are valuable not only in the workplace but also in everyday life.Moreover, college education promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. The college environment encourages students to explore new ideas, challenge their assumptions, and discover their passions. It provides a platform for intellectual development and self-discovery. Students are exposed to a wide range of subjects, perspectives, and cultures, which broadens their knowledge and worldview. College education also instills a sense of curiosity and a desire for continuous learning, which are essential qualities in today's rapidly changing world.In conclusion, college education is important and beneficial for several reasons. It provides better career opportunities, helps individuals develop important life skills, and promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. While it is true that college education may not be necessary for everyone, obtaining a degree can significantly enhance one's chances of success in both personal and professional aspects of life.。

毕业论文英文翻译

毕业论文英文翻译Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment Abstract:This paper explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on employment. The rise of AI technologies has sparked concerns about its potential to replace human jobs. Through an analysis of existing literature and case studies, this study investigates the ways in which AI has affected various industries and job sectors. The findings indicate that while AI has the potential to automate certain tasks and reduce the need for human intervention, it also creates new job opportunities and contributes to economic growth. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of retraining and upskilling workers to adapt to the changing job market. Overall, this research contributes to a better understanding of the complex relationship between AI and employment and provides insights into proactive strategies to address the challenges posed by AI. Introduction:Artificial intelligence has emerged as a powerful technology with the potential to transform various aspects of society, including the workforce. The rapid advancement of AI has raised concerns about potential job losses and increased automation. This study aims to explore the impact of AI on employment and identify strategies to mitigate negative effects. By examining existing literature and case studies, this research provides a comprehensive analysis of AI's influence on different industries and job sectors.Literature Review:The literature offers a wide range of perspectives on the impact ofAI on employment. Some studies suggest that AI will lead to significant job losses in sectors such as manufacturing, transportation, and customer service. They argue that AI technologies, such as autonomous vehicles and chatbots, can perform tasks previously done by humans more efficiently and at a lower cost. On the other hand, other studies argue that AI will create new job opportunities and enhance productivity. For example, the healthcare sector benefits from AI technologies by improving diagnosis accuracy and streamlining administrative processes.Case Studies:This study includes several case studies that examine the impact of AI on specific industries. The manufacturing industry, for instance, has experienced both job losses and job creation due to the introduction of AI. While certain tasks have been automated, new roles related to AI maintenance and programming have emerged. Similarly, the retail industry has witnessed the integration of AI technologies, leading to job displacement in traditional retail jobs but also the creation of new positions in data analysis and online customer support.Mitigation Strategies:To address the challenges posed by AI, strategies should focus on retraining and upskilling the workforce to adapt to the changing job market. Governments and organizations should encourage workers to acquire in-demand skills such as data analysis and AI programming. Additionally, collaboration between academia and industry is crucial to ensure that education and training programs remain relevant and effective. Finally, policies that support jobtransition and income support for displaced workers will help minimize the negative impact of AI on employment. Conclusion:The impact of artificial intelligence on employment is a complex and multifaceted issue. While concerns about job losses are valid, it is important to recognize that AI also creates new job opportunities and contributes to economic growth. By implementing proactive strategies, such as retraining and upskilling, societies can better navigate the changes brought about by AI and ensure a future where humans and machines can coexist harmoniously.。

英文小作文加翻译

英文小作文加翻译英文：Recently, I have been feeling a bit down and struggling to find motivation to do things. I think it might be due to the current situation with the pandemic and being stuck at home most of the time. I have been trying to find ways to lift my mood and get back on track, and I have found a few things that have helped.Firstly, I have started to exercise more regularly. I have been doing some yoga and going for walks in my local park. I find that getting outside and moving my body helps to clear my head and boost my energy levels.Secondly, I have been trying to stay connected with friends and family. Even though we can't meet in person, I have been making an effort to have regular video calls and catch-ups. It's important to have social support,especially during difficult times.Lastly, I have been trying to focus on things that I enjoy and that make me happy. For example, I have been reading more books and watching my favourite TV shows. It's important to take time for yourself and do things that bring you joy.Overall, I think it's important to be kind to ourselves during this challenging time and to find ways to take care of our mental health.中文：最近，我感到有点沮丧，缺乏做事的动力。

关于英汉翻译论文范文

关于英汉翻译论文范文浅谈英汉翻译、英汉语言特点对比【摘要】在当今日趋全球化的时代里，翻译在跨文化、跨民族之间的交流和合作中功不可没，它既是语言之间的相互转换，同时也是不同文化间的交流。

事实上，翻译已经成为了一种普遍性的活动，当今的人们直接或者间接都有意或无意地从事着翻译活动。

【关键词】翻译语系形合意合英语和汉语分属于不同语系，英语属于印欧语系Indo-European language Family，是拼音语言，而汉语属于汉藏语系Chinese-Tibetan language family，是表意的语言ideography，所分属的语系不同也就导致了英汉两种语言的差别。

对于广大应试四、六级的考生来说，如果平时学习中了解英汉语言特点，在翻译应试中能满足翻译标准――“信、达、雅”即忠实准确、通顺流畅和贴切原文，这对于想要取得较高翻译分数会有很大帮助，下面本文就将对英汉语言的特点从下几个方面作对比。

一、英语的形合和汉语的意合相对于汉语来说，英语是一种更加注重形式化的语言，主要体现在运用词汇来联系各个分句，如我们熟知的“and”用来表示并列连接;“if”用来表示假设条件关系;“because”用来表示因果关系，虽然说汉语句式也有一定数量的连接词连接，但是使用频率较之英语小得多。

在汉语中，我们通常不用或者少用连接词来表达意思，英汉两种语言的这种区别就是我们所说的形合――强调结构的完整性和形态的严谨性，结构严密紧凑，主次分明;意合――强调内容和表意的完整性，靠语意的逻辑将句子串起。

为了更加清楚明了，我们试举几个例句：1跑得了和尚，但是跑不了庙。

The monks may run away，but the temple cannot run away with him.2Althoughhe has aged physically， he remains young at heart.尽管他人老但是心不老。

英语小作文带翻译

英语小作文带翻译Title: The Impact of Technology on Society。

Introduction:In recent years, the rapid development of technology has significantly influenced various aspects of our lives. This essay aims to explore the positive and negative impacts of technology on society, focusing on areas such as communication, education, and entertainment.Body:1. Communication:Technology has revolutionized communication, making it faster, more efficient, and more accessible. The advent of smartphones and social media platforms has allowed people to connect with each other instantly, regardless of geographical barriers. Additionally, video conferencingtools have made it possible to conduct business meetings and collaborate with individuals from different parts of the world. However, the overreliance on technology for communication can lead to a decline in face-to-face interactions, potentially affecting interpersonal relationships.2. Education:Technology has transformed the education sector, providing students with new learning opportunities. Online platforms and educational apps offer interactive and engaging content, making learning more enjoyable and accessible. Virtual classrooms and distance learning programs have also expanded educational access for individuals in remote areas. However, the excessive use of technology in education may lead to a decrease in critical thinking skills and a lack of personal interaction between teachers and students.3. Entertainment:Technology has revolutionized the entertainment industry, offering a wide range of options for leisure and relaxation. Streaming services, such as Netflix and Spotify, have made it easier to access movies, TV shows, and music anytime, anywhere. Virtual reality (VR) and augmentedreality (AR) technologies have also enhanced the gaming experience, immersing players in a virtual world. However, the excessive use of technology for entertainment can leadto sedentary lifestyles and a decrease in physical activity.4. Health:Technology has brought significant advancements in the healthcare sector, improving diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. Medical devices and wearable technologies, such as fitness trackers and smartwatches, help individuals monitor their health and make informed decisions. Telemedicine allows patients to consult with doctors remotely, reducing the need for physical visits. However,the reliance on technology in healthcare may raise concerns about privacy and data security.Conclusion:In conclusion, technology has both positive and negative impacts on society. While it has revolutionized communication, education, entertainment, and healthcare, it is important to strike a balance and not become overly dependent on technology. Society must carefully navigate the benefits and drawbacks of technology to ensure a harmonious integration of technology into our lives.翻译：标题，技术对社会的影响。

关于英语翻译方向的论文范文

关于英语翻译方向的论文范文翻译在跨文化、跨民族之间的交流和合作中功不可没，英语翻译，它既是语言之间的相互转换，同时也是不同文化间的交流。

下文是店铺为大家整理的英语翻译的论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!英语翻译的论文篇1文化空缺与英汉翻译摘要：不同民族的语言产生于不同的文化背景，所承载的文化也不尽相同，这就必然导致两种语言在表达方式上存在很多相异之处，文化空缺就是这些差异的极端表现，它是一个民族语言和文化与其它民族语言和文化的异质性的充分体现，这无疑增加了翻译的难度。

所以文化空缺的翻译不仅是语言的迁移，更是文化的传播。

关键词：文化空缺英汉翻译翻译作为人类最早进行的交流活动之一，一直在不同的语言集团间沟通信息，对人类社会的发展和进步有非常重要的作用。

正是由于翻译所起的中介作用，民族间才可以互通有无、互相学习、共同发展。

跨文化交际学和文化语言学的兴起与发展，为语言与文化的研究带来了勃勃生机。

而作为跨文化交际的翻译，也因此而更加受到重视，对它的研究也呈现出多角度、多侧面、开放性的特点。

翻译作为不同语言之间人们交流思想和文化不可或缺的手段，在传播文化信息、促进不同民族间的相互了解与民族融合的过程中的重要作用已日益凸显。

翻译界对翻译理论研究的重心从译意到译信息再到以文化为导向的翻译，正说明翻译实质是文化的翻译。

如Bassnet & Lefevele就指出翻译的研究实际上就是文化互动的研究，Nida亦强调译者的双文化能力。

而在交流与翻译活动过程中，各民族由于语言文化异质性的客观存在，会不可避免地出现信息交流的障碍。

其中作为语言文化异质性极致体现形式的文化空缺现象更使交流者进入了两难的境地。

为积极应对空缺现象带来的问题，促使交流与翻译的顺利进行，就必须在交流与翻译过程中逐步探寻处理文化空缺的有效途径和办法。

翻译，在古时候叫做“象寄”或“通事”。

《说文解字》里说：“传译四夷之言者。

”《义疏》里也提到：“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。

关于剪纸的论文英文带翻译

关于剪纸的论文英文带翻译Paper cutting can be seen in many parts of China during the Spring Festival.People paste patterns on the window,door lintel or desks for the festival atmosphere.It's difficult to tell when it originated.One saying is that it originated from the religious ceremony or offering sacrifices.The ancient people cut papers into animals or people.They either buried them with the dead or burned them on the funerals,wishing that things that paper stand for could be with the dead.A thousand years ago,paper cut was used for decoration.According to historic books,women in the Tang Dynasty used paper cut as headdress.In the Song Dynasty,it was the decoration of the gifts.People pasted on windows or doors or used it as decorations on walls,mirrors or lanterns.Some people made a living by it.Paper cutting is all made by hand.It is easy to learn the rudiments.Non-craftsmen need only a knife and paper.For craftsman,they need knives and graver of various types to make complicated patterns.It can be one piece of paper or many pieces.Simple patterns can be cut with a knife.For complicated patterns,people first pasted the pattern on the paper and then used various kinds of knives to make it.No mistake can be made during the process otherwise the work would fail.Paper cutting covers nearly all topics,fromflowers,birds,animals,legendary people,figures in classic novels,to types of facial make-up in Peking opera.Paper cutting has various styles in different parts of China.In the past,women living in the countryside gathered in their free time to make paper cutting,which is a way to judge their skillfulness.As society develops,fewer and fewer people learn this skill while there are some who still regard it as a profession.At present,there are factories and associations for paper cutting in China.Exhibitions and exchanges are held regularly and books of this kind are published.Paper cutting has changed from decoration to a kind of art.At the same time,paper cutting also appears in cartoons,on stage,in magazines or in TV series.翻译：剪纸是中国最为流行的民间艺术之一根据考古其历史可追朔到公元六世纪,但人们认为它的实际开始时间比这还要早几百年剪纸常用于宗教仪式,装饰和造型艺术等方面。

5000字英文论文

5000字英文论文篇一：论文用5000字中英文翻译MCU DescriptionSCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller Unit), commonly used letters of the acronym MCU that it was first used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. INTEL s Z80 is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors have parted ways.Are 8-bit microcontroller early or 4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now are still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, because the cost is not satisfactory but have not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performances have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90 s dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollars; the most high-end model only 10 dollars. Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the developmentand use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems.SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the world s largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances,electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 SCM, complex industrial control systems may even have hundreds of SCM in the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other computing the sum, or even more than the number of human beingsSingle chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip. Equivalent to a micro-computer, and computer than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. General talk: a chip becomes a computer. Its small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the computer the best choice. SCM and the computer functions internally with similar modules, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus, the same effect as well, and hard disk memory devices, and different is its performance of these components were relatively weak many of our home computer, but the price is low , usually not more than 10 yuan you can do with it ...... some control for a class is not very complicated electrical work is enough of. We are usingautomatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow! ...... It is primarily as a control section of the core componentsIt is an online real-time control computer, control-line is that the scene is needed is a stronger anti-jamming ability, low cost, and this is, and off-line computer (such as home PC), the main difference.Single chipMCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions, in particular special unique features, this is another device much effort needs to be done, some great efforts are very difficult to do. A not very complex functions if the 50 s with the United States developed 74 series, or the 60 s CD4000 series of these pure hardware buttoned, then the circuit must be a large PCB board! But if the United States if the 70 s with a series of successful SCM market, theresult will be a drastic change! Just because you are prepared by microcomputer programs can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability!As the microcontroller on the cost-sensitive, so now the dominant software or the lowest level assembly language, which is the lowest level in addition to more than binary machine code language, and as so low why is the use? Many high-level language has reached the level of visual programming Why is not it? The reason is simply that there is no home computer as a single chip CPU, not as hard as a mass storage device. A visualization of small high-level language program which even if only one button, will reach tens of K of size! For the home PC s hard drive in terms of nothing, but in terms of the MCU is not acceptable. SCM in the utilization of hardware resources to be very high for the job so although the original is still in the compilation of a lot of use. The same token,if the giant computer operating system and applications run up to get home PC, home PC, also can not afford to.Can be said that the twentieth century across the three power era, that is, the age of electricity, the electronic age and has entered into the computer age. However, this computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor and other components. Another type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is to give all kinds of intelligent machines single chip (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually hidden in the charged mechanical stomach in. It is in the device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole plant was paralyzed. Now, this microcontroller has a very broad field of use, such as smart meters, real-time industrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, and household appliances. Once all kinds of products were using SCM, can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective - intelligent, such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain products, not the circuit is too complicated, that function is too simple and can easily be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product did not use a microcontrolleror other programmable logic device.SCM historySCM was born in the late 20th century, 70, experienced SCM, MCU, SoC three stages.First model1.SCM the single chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage, mainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systemsarchitecture. Innovation model success, laying the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. In the open road of independent development of embedded systems, Intel Corporation contributed.2.MCU the micro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: expanding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits, highlight the object of intelligent control. It involves the areas associated with the object system, therefore, the development of MCU s responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU development has its objective factors. In the development of MCU, the most famous manufacturers as the number of Philips Corporation. Philips company in embedded applications, its great advantage, the MCS-51 single-chip micro-computer from the rapid development of the micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back at the path of development of embedded systems, do not forget Intel and Philips in History.Embedded SystemsEmbedded system microcontroller is an independent development path, the MCU important factor in the development stage, is seeking applications to maximize the solution on the chip; Therefore, the development of dedicated single chip SoC trend of the natural form. As the microelectronics, IC design, EDA tools development, application system based on MCU SOC design have greater development. Therefore, the understanding of the microcontroller chip microcomputer can be, extended to the single-chip micro-controller applications.MCU applicationsSCM now permeate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment,aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists, engineers.SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas:1. In the application of Intelligent InstrumentsSCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analytical instrument).2. In the industrial control applicationWith the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control 3. In Household AppliancesCan be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent.篇二：毕业论文5000字英文文献翻译(c++)┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 装┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 订┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 线┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊安徽工业大学毕业设计（论文）说明书英文翻译英语原文：. Introducing ClassesThe only remaining feature we need to understand before solving our bookstore problem is how to write a data structure to represent our transaction data. In C++ we define our own data structure by defining a class. The class mechanism is one of the most important features in C++. In fact, a primary focus of the design of C++ is to make it possible to define class types that behave as naturally as the built-in types themselves. The library types that we ve seen already, such as istream and ostream, are all defined as classesthat is,they are not strictly speaking part of the language.Complete understanding of the class mechanism requires mastering a lot of information. Fortunately, it is possible to use a class that someone else has written without knowing how to define a class ourselves. In this section, we ll describe a simple class that we canuse in solving our bookstore problem. We ll implement this class in the subsequent chapters as we learn more about types,expressions, statements, and functionsall of which are used in defining classes.To use a class we need to know three things:What is its name? Where is it defined?What operations does it support?For our bookstore problem, we ll assume that the class is named Sales_item and that it is defined in a header named Sales_item.h.The Sales_item ClassThe purpose of the Sales_item class is to store an ISBN and keep track of the number of copies sold, the revenue, and average sales price for that book. How these data are stored or computed is not our concern. To use a class, we need not know anything about how it is implemented. Instead, what we need to know is what operations the class provides.As we ve seen, when we use library facilities such as IO, we must include the associated headers. Similarly, for our own classes, we must make the definitions associated with the class available to the compiler. We do so in much the same way. Typically, we put the class definition into a file. Any program that wants to use our class must include that file. Conventionally, class types are stored in a file with a name that, like the name of a program source file, has two parts: a file name and a file suffix. Usually the file name is the same as the class defined in the header. The suffix usually is .h, but some programmers use .H, .hpp, or .hxx. Compilers usually aren t picky about header file names, but IDEs ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊┊ ┊ ┊ 装┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 订┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 线┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊安徽工业大学毕业设计（论文）说明书sometimes are. We ll assume that our class is defined in a file named Sales_item.h.Operations on Sales_item ObjectsEvery class defines a type. The type name is the same as the name of the class. Hence, our Sales_item class defines a type namedSales_item. As with the built-in types, we can define a variable of a class type. When we write Sales_item item we are saying that item is an object of type Sales_item. We often contract the phrase an object of type Sales_item to aSales_ item object or even more simply to a Sales_item. In addition to being able to define variables of type Sales_item, we can perform the following operations on Sales_item objects:Use the addition operator, +, to add two Sales_items,Use the input operator, to read a Sales_item object,Use the output operator, to write a Sales_item object,Use the assignment operator, =, to assign one Sales_item object to another,Call the same_isbn function to determine if two Sales_items refer to the same book.Classes are central to most C++ programs: Classes let us define our own types that are customizedfor the problems we need to solve, resulting in applications that are easier to write andunderstand.Well-designed class types can be as easy to use as the built-in types.A class defines data and function members: The data members store the state associated with objectsof the class type, and the functions perform operations that give meaning to the data. Classeslet us separate implementation and interface. The interface specifies the operations that the classsupports. Only the implementor of the class need know or care about the details of the implementation. This separation reduces the bookkeeping aspects that make programming tedious anderror-prone.Class types often are referred to as abstract data types. An abstract data type treats the data(state) and operations on that state as a single unit. We can think abstractly about what the classd oes, rather than always having to be aware of how the class operates. Abstract data types arefundamental to both object-oriented and generic programming.Data abstraction is a programming (and design) technique that relies on the separation of interfaceand implementation. The class designer must worry about how a class is implemented, but programmersthat use the class need not know about these details. Instead, programmers who use a type need to know only the type s interface; they can think abstractly about what the type does rather than concretely about how the type works. Encapsulation is a term that describes the technique of combining lower-level elements to forma new, higher-level entity. A function is one form of encapsulation: The detailed actions performedby the function are encapsulated in the larger entity that is the function itself. Encapsulated elements hide the details of their implementationwe may call ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 装┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 订┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 线┊ ┊ ┊ ┊┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊安徽工业大学毕业设计（论文）说明书a function but have no access to the statements that it executes. In the same way, a class is an encapsulated entity: It represents an aggregation of several members, and most (well-designed) class types hide the members that implement the type.If we think about the library vector type, it is an example of both data abstraction and encapsulation. It is abstract in that to use it, we think about its interfaceabout the operations that it can perform. It is encapsulated because we have no access to the details of how the type is representated nor to any of its implementation artifacts. An array, on the other hand, is similar in concept to a vector but is neither abstract nor encapsulated. We manipulate an array directly by accessing the memory in which the array is stored.Not all types need to be abstract. The library pair class is a good example of a useful, well-designed class that is concrete rather thanabstract. A concrete class is a class that exposes, rather than hides, its implementation.Some classes, such as pair, really have no abstract interface. The pair type exists to bundle two data members into a single object. There is no need or advantage to hiding the data members. Hiding the members in a class like pair would only complicate the use of the type.Even so, such types often have member functions. In particular, it is a good idea for any class that has data members of built-in or compound type to define constructor(s) to initialize those members. The user of the class could initialize or assign to the data members but it is less error-prone for the class to do so.Programmers tend to think about the people who will run their applications as users. Applicationsare designed for and evolve in response to feedback from those who ultimately use the applications. Classes are thought of in a similar way: A class designer designs and implements a class for users of that class. In this case, the user is a programmer, not the ultimate user of the application.Authors of successful applications do a good job of understanding and implementing the needs ofthe application s users. Similarly,well-designed, useful classes are designed with a close attention to the needs of the users of the class.In another way, the division between class designer and class user reflects the division betweenusers of an application and the designers and implementors of the application. Users care only if the application meets their needs in a cost-effective way. Similarly, users of a class care only about its interface. Good class designers define a class interface that is intuitive and easy to use. Users care about the implementation only in so far as the implementation affects their use of the class. If the implementation is too slow or puts burdens on users ofthe class, then the users must care. In well-designed classes, only the class designer worries about the implementation.In simple applications, the user of a class and the designer of the class might be one┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 装┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 订┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 线┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊安徽工业大学毕业设计（论文）说明书and the same person. Even in such cases, it is useful to keep the roles distinct. When designing the interface to a class, the class designer should think about how easy it will be to use the class. When using the class, the designer shouldn t think about how the class works.When referring to a user, the context makes it clear which kind of user is meant. If we speak of user code or the user of the Sales_item class, we mean a programmer who is using a class in writing an application. If we speak of the user of the bookstore application, we mean the manager of the store who is running the application.Data abstraction and encapsulation provide two important advantages: 1.Class internals are protected from inadvertent user-level errors, which might corrupt the state of the object.2.The class implementation may evolve over time in response to changing requirements or bug reports without requiring change inuser-level code.By defining data members only in the private section of the class, the class author is free to make changes in the data. If the implementation changes, only the class code needs to be examined to see what affect the change may have. If data are public, then any function that directly accesses the data members of the old representation might be broken. Itwould be necessary to locate and rewrite all those portions of code that relied on the old pesentation before the program could be used again. Similarly, if the internal state of the class is private, then changes to the member data can happen in only a limited number of places. The data is protected from mistakes that users might introduce. If there is a bug that corrupts the object s state, the places to look for the bug are localized: When data are private, only a member function could be responsible for the error. The search for the mistake is limited, greatly easing the problems of maintenance and program correctness.If the data are private and if the interface to the member functions does not change, then user functions that manipulate class objects require no change.Because changing a class definition in a header file effectively changes the text of every source file that includes that header, code that uses a class must be recompiled when the class changes.Classes are the most fundamental feature in C++. Classes let us define new types that are tailored to our own applications, making our programs shorter and easier to modify.Data abstractionthe ability to define both data and function membersand encapsulationthe ability to protect class members from general accessare fundamental to classes. Member functions define the interface to the class. We encapsulate the class by making the data and functions used by the implementation of a class private.Classes may define constructors, which are special member functions that control how┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 装┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 订┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 线┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊安徽工业大学毕业设计（论文）说明书objects of the class are initialized. Constructors may be verloaded. Every constructor should initialize every data member. Constructors should use a constructor initializer list to initialize the data members. Initializer lists are lists of namevalue pairs where the name is a member and the value is an initial value for that member.Classes may grant access to their nonpublic members to other classes or functions. A class grants access by making the class or function a friend.Classes may also define mutable or static members. A mutable member is a data member that is never const; its value may be changed inside a const member function. A static member can be either function or data; static members exist independently of the objects of the class type. Copy ControlEach type, whether a built-in or class type, defines the meaning of a (possibly empty) set of operations on objects of that type. We can add two int values, run size on a vector, and so on. These operations define what can be done with objects of the given type.Each type also defines what happens when objects of the type are created. Initialization of objects of class type is defined by constructors. Types also control what happens when objects of the type are copied, assigned, or destroyed. Classes control these actions through special member functions: the copy constructor, the assignment operator, and the destructor. This chapter covers these operations.When we define a new type, we specifyexplicitly or implicitlywhat happens when objects of that type are copied, assigned, and destroyed. We do so by defining special members: the copy constructor, the assignment operator, and the destructor. If we do not explicitly define the copy constructor or the assignment operator, the compiler will (usually) define them for us.The copy constructor is a special constructor that has a single parameter that is a (usually const) reference to the class type. The copy constructor is used explicitly when we define a new object and initialize it from an object of the same type. It is used implicitly when we pass or return objects of that type to or from functions.Collectively, the copy constructor, assignment operator, and destructor are referred to as copy control. The compiler automatically implements these operations, but the class may define its own versions. Copy control is an essential part of defining any C++ class. Programmers new to C++ are often confused by having to define what happens when objects arecopied, assigned, or destroyed. This confusion is compounded because if we do not explicitly define these operations, the compiler defines them for usalthough they might not behave as we intend.Often the compiler-synthesized copy-control functions are finethey do exactly the篇三：毕业设计的5000字英文文献翻译外文及翻译英语原文 Android Application FundamentalsAndroid applications are written in the Java programming language. The Android SDK tools compile the code—along with any data and resource files—into an Android package, an archive file with an .apk suffix. All the code in a single .apk file is considered to be one application and is the file that Android-powered devices use to install the application. Once installed on a device, each Android application lives in its own security sandbox: ? The Android operating system is a multi-user Linux system in which eachapplication is a different user.? By default, the system assigns each application a unique Linux user ID (the ID is used only by the system and is unknown to the application). The system setspermissions for all the files in an application so that only the user ID assigned to that application can access them.? Each process has its own virtual machine (VM), so an application s code runs in isolation from other applications.? By default, every application runs in its own Linux process. Android starts the process when any of the application s components need to be executed, then shuts down the process when it s no longer needed or when the system must recovermemory for other applications.In this way, the Android system implements the principle of least privilege. That is, each application, by default, has access only to the components that it requires to do its work and no more. This creates a very secure environment in which an application cannot access parts of the system for which it is not given permission.However, there are ways for an application to share data with other applications and for an application to access system services:? It s possible to arrange for two applications to share the same Linux user ID, in whichcase they are able to access each other s files. To conserve system resources,applications with the same user ID can also arrange to run in the same Linux processand share the same VM (the applications must also be signed with the samecertificate).。

毕业论文外文翻译范例

外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。

英语作文范文带翻译

英语作文范文带翻译《The Importance of Learning English》English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world and has become the global language of communication, business, and technology. Therefore, it is important for people to learn English in order to keep up with the pace of globalization and to have more opportunities in both their personal and professional lives.Firstly, learning English opens up a world of possibilities for communication. With English proficiency, people can easily communicate with others from different countries and cultures, making it easier to travel, work, and establish international relationships. In addition, English is the language of the internet, so being able to understand and use English can greatly expand one’s acces s to knowledge and information.Secondly, English is the language of business and technology. Many multinational companies and organizations use English as their primary language for communication, making it essential for employees to have a good command of English in order to succeed in the global market. Moreover, most of the world’s technological innovations and advancements are documented and discussed in English, so being proficient in English can provide individuals with a competitive edge in the field of technology.In conclusion, learning English is crucial for people who want to thrive in the modern world. It opens up doors to new opportunities, facilitates communication, and gives individuals an advantage inthe global market. Therefore, it is important for everyone to recognize the importance of learning English and to make effortsto improve their English proficiency.《学习英语的重要性》英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言之一，已经成为全球的交流、商务和技术语言。

论文翻译举例英文作文范文

论文翻译举例英文作文范文英文，As an English-Chinese bilingual, I often find myself translating various types of documents, including academic papers. Here, I'll provide an example of a translated English essay into Chinese, adhering to the specified format.中文，作为一名英中双语者，我经常发现自己需要翻译各种类型的文件，包括学术论文。

在这里，我将提供一个将英文文章翻译成中文的例子，符合指定的格式。

英文，Imagine you're writing an essay on the impact of technology on modern education. Here's an excerpt from the introduction:Technology has revolutionized the landscape of modern education, bringing both opportunities and challenges. In today's interconnected world, classrooms are no longer confined to physical spaces; instead, they extend to virtual realms where students engage with educationalmaterials through online platforms and digital tools. This transformation has democratized access to knowledge, allowing learners from diverse backgrounds to participatein educational experiences previously inaccessible to them.中文：想象一下，你正在撰写一篇关于技术对现代教育的影响的论文。

2000字外语翻译论文：英文翻译.doc

2000字外语翻译论文：英文翻译古典文学中常见论文这个词，当代，论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章，简称为论文。

以下就是由编为您提供的2000字外语翻译论文。

近些年来，翻译中的文化问题越来越受到人们的关注。

人们重视翻译中的文化问题，源于对背景知识的作用的正确认识。

在翻译实践中，由于文化不解与误解导致误译和错译的例子屡见不鲜。

于是文化因素对英文翻译的影响，便成了众多学者的研究对象。

正如美国着名翻译理论家尤金·奈达所说：就真正成功的翻译而言，译者的双文化(bicultural)功底甚至比双语(bilingualism)功底更重要，因为词语只有在起作用的文化语境中才有意义。

翻译并不像许多人想象得那么容易，深层次的思想意识方面的文化鸿沟时常难以逾越。

由此可见，文化因素在翻译中占有重要的地位。

一翻译与文化释义1 翻译与文化的内涵翻译的诞生给说不同语言的人们带来了很大的方便，它是人们彼此之间进行信息交流的桥梁。

所谓翻译，就是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动，是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具，它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和社会文化进步。

何谓文化?英国学者泰勒(E.B Tylor，1871)给文化下的定义是：所谓文化或文明，即知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及其它作为社会成员的人们能够获得的包括一切能力和习惯在内的复合性整体。

文化并不是抽象的，它是我们所感知的一切。

人类以自己的情感、技能和智慧创造了自己的文化，更新了自己的文化。

不同民族语言不同、文化各异，但人类的能力本质是相同的。

因为人类所创造的文化在深层意义上反映了人类的共同能力。

各民族的文化都有同一性，不同国家、不同民族活动的多样性和观念的多元化使其文化内容和形式出现多样性，这就是文化差异的渊源。

翻译则是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动，是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具。

英语小作文带翻译

英语小作文带翻译英文回答：Prompt: What are the benefits of learning a second language?Learning a second language has numerous benefits. Firstly, it can improve cognitive abilities such as memory, problem-solving skills, and creativity. Studies have shown that bilingual individuals have better working memory and are better at multitasking. Secondly, it can enhance career prospects. In today's globalized world, knowing a second language can open up job opportunities in international companies and organizations. Thirdly, it can broaden cultural horizons and improve communication with people from different backgrounds. Learning a new language also means learning about the culture and customs of the people who speak it. Finally, it can be a fun and rewarding experience. Learning a new language can be challenging, but it can also be a source of enjoyment and personal growth.中文回答：学习第二语言有很多好处。

英语小作文及翻译

英语小作文及翻译Title: My Favorite Season。

My favorite season is spring. I love the feeling of renewal and rebirth that comes with the arrival of spring. The weather is perfect – not too hot and not too cold. The flowers are blooming, the birds are singing, and everything just feels so alive.One of the things I love most about spring is the beauty of nature. The trees are budding, the grass is turning green, and the air is filled with the sweet scent of flowers. It's a feast for the senses, and it never fails to lift my spirits.Another thing I love about spring is the sense of new beginnings. It's a time to shake off the cobwebs of winter and start fresh. I always feel more motivated and inspired in the spring, and I love taking on new projects and challenges.Of course, one of the best things about spring is the return of outdoor activities. I love being able to go for long walks, have picnics in the park, and just enjoy the sunshine. It's such a great feeling to be able to spend time outside without having to bundle up in layers of clothing.Overall, spring is a time of joy and rejuvenation for me. I love the beauty of nature, the sense of new beginnings, and the return of outdoor activities. It's a season that never fails to bring a smile to my face.我最喜欢的季节是春天。

初中英语小作文带翻译

初中英语小作文带翻译My Favorite Hobby。

My favorite hobby is reading. I love reading books, magazines, newspapers, and anything else I can get my hands on. Reading is a great way to learn new things, improve your vocabulary, and escape into another world.I usually read for at least an hour every day. I like to read before bed because it helps me relax and fall asleep. I also read during my free time at school and on the weekends. I always have a book with me, just in case I have a few spare minutes to read.My favorite types of books are mysteries and thrillers.I love trying to solve the mystery before the end of the book. I also enjoy reading biographies and learning about interesting people and their lives. Recently, I have been reading more non-fiction books about history and science. I find these books fascinating and informative.Reading has helped me in many ways. It has improved my vocabulary and my writing skills. It has also helped me become more knowledgeable about the world around me. I have learned about different cultures, historical events, and scientific discoveries through reading.Overall, reading is my favorite hobby because it is enjoyable and educational. I hope to continue reading throughout my life and to encourage others to develop alove for reading as well.我最喜欢的爱好。

英文翻译(小论文)

论文 英文文翻译

英语小作文带翻译

英语议论文经典范文3篇(带翻译)

英语小论文翻译

英文小作文及翻译

论文英文翻译

毕业论文英文翻译

英文小作文加翻译

关于英汉翻译论文范文

英语小作文带翻译

关于英语翻译方向的论文范文

关于剪纸的论文英文带翻译

5000字英文论文

毕业论文外文翻译范例

英语作文范文带翻译

论文翻译举例英文作文范文

2000字外语翻译论文：英文翻译.doc

英语小作文带翻译

英语小作文及翻译

初中英语小作文带翻译

论文英文文翻译