2014年山东大学汉语言文字学考博真题
2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题
2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题第一篇：2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题一、名词解释epicranial aponeurosis椎前筋膜iliotibial tract奇静脉肋膈隐窝二、面侧深区的境界及内容三、胸锁乳突肌区的境界及内容四、上纵隔的层级结构五、腹横筋膜和腹膜外筋膜的延续及临床意义六、盆筋膜壁层和盆筋膜壁层的配布七、肩关节及肩袖的组成八、胸部交感干的形成及节前节后纤维的走向九、上运动神经元和下运动神经元的鉴别十、肾筋膜的延续和临床意义第二篇：复旦大学博士研究生入学考试试题复旦大学——文史哲综合2004年博士研究生入学考试试题04复旦考博入学试题——文史哲综合名词解释（6*5）：魔幻现实主义；类书；玄言诗；“形而上”；词汇学；？填空（10*1’）：[古今中外都有，难度不大，关键是范围广，不易复习，感觉只能靠平时积累] 选择（15*1’）：[感觉与填空差不多，如1969诺贝尔文学奖获得者是哪一位？] 论述（8题选三，3*15’）：1、请对儒家的几个代表人物的思想说说你的看法及其现实意义；2、谈谈人文学科对于科技和经济的导向作用；3、试述“垮掉的一代”创作思潮的特点及其对于中国青年文学的影响；4、乾嘉学派在文献整理方面的成就；5、民族和国家的文化交流对古代文学的影响；复旦大学——文史哲专业2003年博士研究生入学考试试题2003复旦博士入学中文系、古籍所各专业文史哲试卷题目该卷适用于古代文学、文艺理论、比较文学、现当代文学、语言学、中国古典文献学等六个方向。
一、名词解释：（6*5=30分）相对真理文字资治通鉴新感觉派五经元杂剧二、填空（1*15=15分）1、反映论是----的认识论。
2、意识和物质的相互关系体现人的-------。
3、《文赋》和《诗品》作者4、乾嘉学派发生年代5。
同光体发生年代6。
三言是指7。
甲骨文以前的成体系文字是------8。
14年文字学真题
古汉：
一、简答
1、根据六书理论，分析几个字的汉字构造。
2、注解术语填空，之言、犹、貌、谓、曰
3、写出古韵三十部的入声韵，说明特点
4、分析几句话中的加点词用法
5、写出七言律诗仄起平收的平仄格式
6、宾语前置的类型，举例分析
二、阅读文字回答问题
1、庄子齐物论的一段话，找出所有代词，分析
2、债唐韵集韵韵会...... 句读，文中说法是否正确
三、翻译
《大同》大道之行也....
《胠箧》第三段
现汉和语言
一、用国际音标写出两句话声母
二、写出所有齐齿呼，并举出例字
三、辨析几组单元音
四、单句、复句分析
五、层次分析五句话
六、简答
1、社会方言和地域方言的区别
2、语言和思维的关系
3、辅音、元音区别
4、什么是语系
七、论述
1、从研究对象、方法等角度谈对语法和修辞的看法
2、”黑板“、”公路“是可以论证的，说明语言符号不具有任意性，这说法对吗？加以论述。
汉语言, 文字学, 2014。
2014年山东大学翻译硕士考研真题解析
2014年山东大学翻译硕士考研真题解析各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上研究生，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。
终于考完了，觉得会轻松，可是累的现在还没有缓过来。
下午还要期末考。
翻译硕士英语第一题就是单选，考单词和语法，专八单词背两遍，所有的单词都认识。
不多说了，在后面经验贴再写吧。
阅读也很简单，篇幅很短，一篇是家庭生产和市场生产，一场是奥运会引发不好的竞争。
两篇简答都能从原文找到答案。
一共四个简答，三个是从原文找，一个是用自己的话总结飓风是什么。
作文写的是，ZF应不应该投资保护仅有几个人说的语言。
英语翻译基础这个我把所有的题都给你们抄出来了！！！！这门考试最变态，15个词组互译是2011年原题！原题！原题！1. CIF2. NASA3. Jerusalem4. INTERPOL5. QDII6. microbe7. migrant worker8. general administration of sport9. Nobel Laureate10. microfinance11. international Maritime organization12. All-China Sports Federation13. Terra-Cotta Warriors14. gender disparity15.我好像少抄了一个，16.针灸疗法17.聘礼18.双面绣19.儿童文学20.普通法21.杂货商店22.法律援助23.学前儿童24.小康25.综合国力26.三农27.半导体28.重症监护室29.国企30.网页英译汉Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy-ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of my life for a few hours for this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness-that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what-at last-I have found.With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine…A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.汉译英中国自身的古白话是何时开始转化为欧化白话的？这要归结到近代来华的西方传教士，他们创作了最早的欧化白话文。
2014级中文专业古代汉语试卷A卷
课程测试试题（A卷）I、命题院（部）：文学与新闻传播学院II、课程名称：古代汉语III、测试学期：2014－2015学年度第1学期IV、测试对象：文学院中文专业2014 级V、问卷页数（A4）： 4 页VI、答卷页数（A4）： 4 页VII、考试方式：闭卷（开卷、闭卷或课程小论文，请填写清楚）VIII、问卷内容：（请老师在出题时安排紧凑，填空题象征性的留出一点空格，学生将所有的答案做在答题纸上的规定位置，并写清楚大题、小题的题号）一、填空题（10分，每个空为1分）1、东汉许慎的《说文解字》是我国也是世界上第一部字典，他对会意的定义是：“比类合谊，以见指㧑，武信是也”；他对转注的定义是：“建类一首，同意相受，考老是也。
”2、直音法是用同音字字来注音的。
3、在《康熙字典》中查“陛”和“郭”字要分别查部首阜和邑。
4、“昔召康公命我先君大公曰”句中的“召”字读若绍，“大”字读作tài。
“急”字和“首”字分别属于六书中的形声和象形。
二、选择题(10分，每个小题1分)下列句子中带·号的词各是用的什么意义，请在提供的备选答案中选择正确项，并将答案序号填入题后的括号中，只限一项，多填不给分。
备选答案：①本义；②引申义；③假借义1、曷．为久居此危城之中而不去也？（）2、夫人将启．之。
（）3、天行有常，不为尧存，不为桀亡．。
（）4、譬如田猎，射御贯，则能获．禽。
（）5、将．袭郑。
（）6、公乘．无人，卒列无长。
（）7、先生恶．能使梁助之耶？（）8、豹视，顾．谓三老、巫祝、父老曰。
（）9、孙武既死，后百余岁．有孙膑。
（）10、孟子，吾见师．之出而不见其入也。
（）1、①2、①3、②4、①5、②6、②7、③8、①9、② 10、①三、简答题(10分，每个小题1分)1、简要说明下列各句中带·号词的本来词性、句中用法和句中意义。
①若阙地及泉，隧．而相见，其谁曰不然？②王无异．于百姓之以王为爱也。
③赵王之子孙侯．者，其继有在者乎？④无生．民心。
2014年博士资料考试试卷
2014博士资格考试试卷（文字学）
考试时间：2014年9月26日
一、填空。
（1*35）
1.写出下列古文字的楷体，写出楷体的小篆。
（1*11）
多申相巫郭
至攻益印武（还有一个字实在想不起来了）
2.列出清代至民国的四位研究方言的学者及其一部代表著作。
（1*8）
3.写出十三经注疏中注和疏的作者。
（1*8）
4.《尔雅》篇名排序。
（1*4）
5.四部韵书按成书年代排序。
（1*4）
二、选择。
（2*5）
1.哪一项不属于周有光《世界文字发展史》中所举的古典文字。
2.哪种词性不属于《马氏文通》中的助词。
3.哪一项不属于偏正结构。
4.哪一项所列的韵部全属于上古音中的阴声韵。
5.哪一项不属于唐兰的三书。
三、名词解释。
（3*5）
隶变娘日归泥造意语法化程瑶田
四、简答。
（4*10）
1．释读一片甲骨。
2．简述段玉裁《说文解字注》中的词义引申研究。
3．举例说明因声求义在训诂中的运用。
4.举例说明汉字与中国传统文化的关系。
2014年山东大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题后含
2014年山东大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 3. 名词解释5. 应用文写作8. 命题作文名词解释1．督脉正确答案：督脉：是中国传统医学中的奇经八脉之一，首见于《素问.骨空论》。
“督”有总揽之义，它是诸阳脉之纲，诸阳经均交会于此，故称为“诸阳之海”。
督脉主干起于小腹内，向后沿脊柱内上行，人脑，上头顶，由前额中间下行，至龈交穴止。
它与任脉、冲脉相通，又与足太阳、足少阴相合，与心、肾、脑联系。
2．天伦正确答案：天伦：一可指父子、兄弟等天然的亲属关系，如天伦之乐；二可指自然的道理、天理；三可指天然伦次，指兄弟。
3．晏子正确答案：晏子：即晏婴，字平仲，齐国夷维(今山东高密)人，是春秋时期著名政治家。
他曾在齐国为相，节俭力行、谦恭下士、勤于国事、政绩卓著，与管仲并称“管宴”。
后世常借以称美当朝重臣。
后人依托晏婴的言行编辑成《晏子春秋》。
4．《逍遥游》正确答案：《逍遥游》：是中国古代哲学家庄周的代表作《庄子》中的一篇，代表了庄子思想和学说的最高境界。
庄子借用大鹏和小鸠、大椿和朝菌的比喻，说明任何事物都不能超越自己本性和客观环境，论证了一切逍遥都是受客观条件制约的，反映了庄子对现实世界人与物、物与物相互联系的认识。
5．《兰亭集序》正确答案：《兰亭集序》：是晋代书法家王羲之所作，有“天下第一行书”之称，是中国晋代书法成就的代表。
王羲之与众多名流、文士在兰亭修禊宴聚，《兰亭集序》便是作者为与会者所作诗篇的集子撰写的序文。
文章描写兰亭明丽的春景及修禊聚会的盛况，转而兴怀世事、感慨生死，表现出作者对短暂人生的执着热爱与深切感伤。
6．岳飞正确答案：岳飞：字鹏举，谥武穆，后改谥忠武，南宋著名的抗金名将，中国历史上杰出的民族英雄。
因坚持抗金、反对议和，被秦桧等人以“莫须有”罪名诬陷谋害。
岳飞著有《岳忠武王集》，其中《满江红》尤为后世所传诵。
7．《掷铁饼者》正确答案：《掷铁饼者》：一是指公元前5世纪希腊现实主义的雕塑名作，是著名雕塑家米隆的代表作。
2014年山东大学汉语国际教育考研模拟题及答案解析
官方网址 北大、人大、中财、北外教授创办 集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班、少干、强军育明教育【温馨提示】现在很多小机构虚假宣传，育明教育咨询部建议考生一定要实地考察，并一定要查看其营业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。
目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师！山东大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试模拟题（2）科 目：汉语国际教育基础 满 分：150分考试时间：180分钟 出题时间：2012年9月说明：所有答案写在答题纸上，不要做任何标记。
此试题由育明教育提供，仅供育明教育学员参考。
第一部分 文化（40分）一、填空（5分，每题1分）1、世界上第一部系统的法医学专著是_____________。
2、中国最早的一部比较详细记录所经地理环境的游记，也是世界上最早记述岩溶地貌并详细考证其成因的书籍是______________。
3、清末___________(人)把书法，绘画，篆刻结合在一起。
4、我国最早的历史地图集是_____________。
5、西汉时期，皇帝或官员直接征聘有名望的人担任职务，这在当时叫______制。
二、 名词解释（15分，每题5分）1、诗经2、金紫银绯3、启蒙运动三、简答题（20分，每题10分）A 简述孔子的主要思想B 中国画的审美特征第二部分 心理学（30分）一、填空 （5分，每题1分）1、斯金纳认为行为分为两类，分别是___________和_____________2、在维纳的三维度归因模式中，任务难度属于________、__________、___________。
3、个体执行任务时追求成功的内在驱动力称为__________。
2014年山东大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2014年山东大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Most good writers use every means at their______to make the reader’s way smooth and easy.A．willB．disposalC．requestD．convenience正确答案：B解析：固定搭配。
没有at one’s will的搭配，而是at will“任意，随意”；at one’s disposal“可自行支配”；at one’s request“应某人请求”；at one’s convenience“在某人方便时”。
根据句意，只有B项符合题意。
2．John was so______in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.A．engagedB．occupiedC．absorbedD．concentrated正确答案：C解析：近义词辨析。
absorbed“全神贯注的”，只用于表示精力的集中，多用作表语，有be absorbed in(全神贯注于)这样一个搭配；concentrated“决心要做的，全力以赴的，集中的，密集的，浓缩的”，多用作定语。
concentrated表示精力的集中之意时，侧重于表示决心。
根据句中的was so的结构，absorbed更符合句意。
故答案为C。
3．Too much______to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.A．exposureB．disclosureC．contactD．connection正确答案：B解析：固定搭配。
2014山东大学813综合考试考研真题与解析
乐学山东大学考研网
《2014山东大学813综合考试考研复习精编》
历年考研真题试卷
山东大学2007年招收硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
科目代码：813 科目名称：综合考试（文）
（答案必须写在答卷纸上，写在试卷上无效）
一、名词解释（20分）
1、语法意义
2、书面语
3、心理批评
4、作品
二、简答题（40分）
1、语言符号的特点。
2、划分音位的原则。
3、文学再现性质应从那些方面理解？
4、怎样理解滑稽？
三、论述题（40分）
1、在语言学中要区分语言义和言语义，分别说说语言义和言语义的性质。
2、文学与经济基础的关系。
四、文学评论（50分）
是摘自《八十年代访谈录》中对北岛的提问。
大概是：有人说，八十年代是一个理想主义，现代主义的时代，有很多作家在商业浪潮的冲击下都转文从商，……你说，一切都会在商业中消解……根据以上材料写一篇文学评论，不少于800字。
2014年山东大学考博英语完型填空和阅读试题
2014年山东大学考博英语完型填空和阅读试题Passage Four（2004年6月）Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It’s Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland’s laws against secret telephone taping. It’s our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms.Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will.As an example of what’s going on, consider U.S. Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called Member Works with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits.With these customer lists in hand, Member Works started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a “free trial offer” had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged automatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. U.S. Bancorp collected a share of the revenues.Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They, didn’t know that the bank was giving account numbers to MemberWorks. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer was no.The state sued MemberWorks separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did anything wrong. For its part, U.S. Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to nonfinancial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks decided to do the same. Many other banks will still do business with MemberWorks and similar firms.And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products, including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans.You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For example, no federal law shields “transaction and experience” information-mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. They’ve generally agreed not to sell to the public. But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesn’t work. A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it?Take U.S. Bancorp again. Customers were told, in wr iting, that “all personal information you supply to us will be considered confidential.” Then it sold your data to MemberWorks. The bank even claims that it doesn’t “sell” your data at all. It merely “shares” it and reaps a profit. Now you know.36. Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying on people’s privacy________.A) is practiced exclusively by the FBIB) is more prevalent in business circlesC) has been intensified with the help of the IRSD) is mainly carried out by means of secret taping37. We know from the passage that ________.A) the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protectprivate informationB) most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices ofprivate businessesC) legislators are acting to pass a law to provide better privacyprotectionD) lawmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses to inquireinto customers’ buying habits38. When the “free trial” deadline is over, you’ll be charged without notice for aproduct or service if ________.A) you happen to reveal your credit card numberB) you fail to cancel it within the specified periodC) you fail to apply for extension of the deadlineD) you find the product or service unsatisfactory39. Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bank accounts asprivate because ________.A) it is considered “transaction and experience” informationunprotected by lawB) it has always been considered an open secret by the general publicC) its sale can be brought under control through self-regulationD) its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the currentprotection policy40. We can infer from the passage that ________.A) banks will have to change their ways of doing businessB) “free trial” practice will eventually be bannedC) privacy protection laws will soon be enforcedD) consumers’ privacy will continue to be invaded36. B 37. D 38. B 39. A 40. D1997年6月Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable, that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes then the face will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye then the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants to not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus one’s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner.”The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves-to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the `precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.36. The author is convinced that the eyes are ________.A) of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideasB) something through which one can see a person’s inner worldC) of considerable significance in making conversations interestingD) something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate37. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person ________.A) whose front view is fully perceivedB) whose face is covered with a maskC) whose face is seen from the sideD) whose face is free of any covering38. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversationpartner’s neck because ________.A) they don’t like to keep their eyes on the face of the speakerB) they need not communicate through eye contactC) they don’t think it polite to have eye contactD) they didn’t have much opportunity to communicate through eyecontact in babyhood39. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may breakdown due to ________.A) one temporarily glancing away from the otherB) eye contact of more than one secondC) improperly-timed ceasing of eye contactD) constant adjustment of eye contact40. To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for the participants________.A) not to wear dark spectaclesB) not to make any interruptionsC) not to glance away from each otherD) not to make unpredictable pauses36. A 37. C 38. D 39. C 40. A1998年1月A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin deep. One’s physical assets and liabilities don’t count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best.Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not so beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The datasuggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.Un American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔诚) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group-college students, or teachers or corporate personnel mangers-a piece of paper relating an individual’s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire (追求) to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.21. According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing acareer as a manager ________.A) a person’s property or debts do not matter muchB) a person’s outward appearance is not a critical qualificationC) women should always dress fashionablyD) women should not only be attractive but also high minded22. The result of research carried out by social scientists show that ________.A) people do not realize the importance of looking one’s bestB) women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paid wellC) good looking women aspire to managerial positionsD) attractive people generally have an advantage over those who are not23. Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluate individualson certain attributes ________.A) they observe the principle that beauty is only skin deepB) they do not usually act according to the views they supportC) they give ordinary looking persons the lowest ratingsD) they tend to base their judgment on the individual’saccomplishments24. “Good looks cut both ways for women” (Line 1, Para. 5) means that________.A) attractive women have tremendous potential impact on public jobsB) good looking women always get the best of everythingC) being attractive is not always an advantage for womenD) attractive women do not do as well as unattractive women inmanagerial positions25. It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world ________.A) handsome men are not affected as much by their looks as attractivewomen areB) physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually doquite wellC) physically attractive men and women who are in the public eyeusually get along quite wellD) good looks are important for women as they are for men21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. A2000年6月Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoes called “footwear for yuppies (雅皮士,少壮高薪职业人士)”. They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children’s shoes for the under-18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics (健身操) or running. The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the upmarket (高档消费人群的) retailing network that helped push sales to $1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from $27 to $85, will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the company’s view that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company has imposed limitson the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity. At times the unexpected demand for Reebok’s exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are available in about five thousand retail stores in the United States.Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related craze, replacing aerobics shoes the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replaced conventional running shoes. Through product diversification and careful market research, Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores.36. One reason why Reebok’s managerial personnel don’t like their shoes to becalled “footwear for yuppies” is that ________.A) they believe that their shoes are popular with people of different agegroupsB) new production lines have been added to produce inexpensive shoesC) “yuppies” usually evokes a negative imageD) the term makes people think of prohibitive prices37. Reebok’s view that “consumers judge the quality of the brand by the qualityof its distribution” (Line 5, Para. 2) implies that ________.A) the quality of a brand is measured by the service quality of the storeselling itB) the quality of a product determines the quality of its distributorsC) the popularity of a brand is determined by the stores that sell itD) consumers believe that first-rate products are only sold byhigh-quality stores38. Reebok once had to limit the number of its distributors because ________.A) its supply of products fell short of demandB) too many distributors would cut into its profitsC) the reduction of distributors could increase its share of the marketD) it wanted to enhance consumer confidence in its products39. Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling itsorders, it ________.A) does not want to further expand its retailing networkB) still limits the number of shoes supplied to storesC) is still particular about who sells its productsD) still carefully chooses the manufacturers of its products40. What lesson has Reebok learned from Nike’s distribution problems?A) A company should not sell its high quality shoes in discount stores.B) A company should not limit its distribution network.C) A company should do follow-up surveys of its products.D) A company should correctly evaluate the impact of a new craze onthe market.36. A 37. D 38. A 39. C 40. DPassage 8（2001年考研英语）The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34 and will strictly control the amount of 35 that canbe given to a case 36 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairmanof the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year which saidthat self-regulation did not 38 sufficient control.39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 40 of media protest when he said the 41of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introductionof the Human Rights Bill, which 43the European Convention on Human Rightslegally 44 in Britain, laid downthat everybody was 45 to privacyand that public figures could go to court toprotect themselves and their families."Press freedoms will be in safe hands46 our British judges," he said.Witness payments became an 47 after West sentenced to 10 life sentences in1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48 tohave received payments for telling theirstories to newspapers. Concerns were raised49 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 50 guilty verdict.31.[A] as to [B] for instance [C] in p32.[A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focu33.[A]sketch [B] rough [C]preliminary [D] draft34.[A]illogical [B] illegal [C] impr35.[A]publicity [B] penalty [C] popu36.[A]since [B] if [C]before [D] as37.[A]sided [B] shared [C] comp38.[A]present [B] offer [C]manifest [D] indicate39.[A]Release [B] Publication [C] Prin40.[A]storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flas41.[A]translation [B] interoperation [C] exhi42.[A]better than [B] other than [C] rath43.[A]changes [B] makes [C] sets [D] turn44.[A] binding [B] convincing [C] rest45.[A] authorized [B] credited [C] enti46.[A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by47.[A] impact [B] incident [C] infe48.[A] stated [B] remarked [C] said49.[A] what [B] when [C] which [D] that50.[A] assure [B] confide [C] ensu 31. [D] 32. [A] 33. [D] 34. [B] 35. [A]36. [C] 37. [D] 38. [B] 39. [B] 40. [A]41. [B] 42. [C] 43. [B] 44. [A] 45. [C]46. [A] 47. [D] 48. [C] 49. [D] 50. [C]。
山东大学2014年博士研究生入学考试初试试卷复核结果_文彦考研
科目代码复核科目考号姓名成绩主观客观复核结果1501英语10422******0005刁**522428复核无误2743马克思主义哲学原理10422******0005刁**31复核无误3981马克思主义哲学原著10422******0005刁**48复核无误2701现代西方哲学10422******0049王**62复核无误3804西方哲学史10422******0049王**52复核无误2701现代西方哲学10422******0060吴**61复核无误3804西方哲学史10422******0060吴**52复核无误1501英语10422******0131刘*522725复核无误2746宗教学原理10422******0135左**45复核无误1501英语10422******0152裴**543321复核无误1501英语10422******0156聂**442914.5复核无误3513外国经济思想史10422******0174李*61复核无误2602经济学(含宏、微观经济学)10422******0188孙**63复核无误2602经济学(含宏、微观经济学)10422******0206王*53复核无误2602经济学(含宏、微观经济学)10422******0220王**58复核无误2602经济学(含宏、微观经济学)10422******0222孔**58复核无误2602经济学(含宏、微观经济学)10422******0236崔**62复核无误2602经济学(含宏、微观经济学)10422******0304王**20复核无误2602经济学(含宏、微观经济学)10422******0368刘**39复核无误1501英语10422******0382胡**502129复核无误2602经济学(含宏、微观经济学)10422******0382胡**45复核无误2602经济学(含宏、微观经济学)10422******0386邹*60复核无误2603法理学10422******0459闭**58复核无误2780中国刑法10422******0507钟*57复核无误2748民法学10422******0559孙**45复核无误2748民法学10422******0566李**57复核无误1501英语10422******0661吕*512922复核无误3803政治学理论10422******0661吕*62复核无误1501英语10422******0674陈**532726复核无误2784公共管理理论与方法10422******0710张**60复核无误3514马克思主义中国化的理论与实践10422******0809李**72复核无误3514马克思主义中国化的理论与实践10422******0858王**67复核无误1501英语10422******0859刘*522527复核无误1501英语10422******0873李4823.524.5复核无误**1501英语10422******0892王*5221.530.5复核无误1501英语10422******0912汪**612931.5复核无误2705马克思主义基本原理10422******0912汪**77复核无误2705马克思主义基本原理10422******0928牟**71复核无误2612汉语词汇学10422******1011胡**61复核无误3810古代汉语10422******1028姚*45复核无误1501英语10422******1041景*512921.5复核无误2611音韵与方言10422******1041景*71复核无误1501英语10422******1075丁*5228.523复核无误3812中国文学史10422******1076薛**69复核无误1501英语10422******1091刘**5631.524.5复核无误2614元明清文学10422******1103李*54复核无误3813中国新文学思潮10422******1109刘80复核无误**1501英语10422******1110王**553123.5复核无误2615二十世纪中国文学史论10422******1145李**63复核无误3813中国新文学思潮10422******1145李**63复核无误2789传播哲学10422******1205张*58复核无误3526新闻传播史论10422******1259韩*66复核无误1501英语10422******1322史**5829.528复核无误2605马克思主义艺术哲学10422******1336刘*57复核无误3808现代文艺理论10422******1336刘*64复核无误1501英语10422******1348杨**552628.5复核无误2754审美文化学10422******1364王**72复核无误2604儒家文化概论10422******1434张**62复核无误2604儒家文化概论10422******1442王*61复核无误1501英语10422******1450韩*4827.520.5复核无误3516中国目录版本学史10422******1468裴**55复核无误2626欧洲文学史10422******1528王**3复核无误2656普通语言学10422******1601傅**30复核无误2793审美教育10422******1665栾**46复核无误3832考古学通论10422******1689张**68复核无误3816中国通史10422******1762王**66复核无误2629复分析基础10422******1866王**53复核无误3835值分布论基础10422******1866王**50复核无误2634解析数论基础10422******1870李**40复核无误2633现代概率论10422******1882史5复核无误**2633现代概率论10422******1884孙**65复核无误2732随机控制论10422******1894刘**47复核无误2648综合化学10422******1990黄**31复核无误2661分子生物学10422******2034赵*56复核无误2661分子生物学10422******2035邢**62复核无误3879细胞生物学10422******2042薛**55复核无误3879细胞生物学10422******2043刘*54复核无误1501英语10422******2070甘**4931.517.5复核无误3880微生物学10422******2074李**58复核无误2661分子生物学10422******2091许**66复核无误1501英语10422******2138李*412516复核无误3863高等无机化学10422******2159池**47复核无误1501英语10422******2191郑**4319.523.5复核无误1501英语10422******2229徐*643331复核无误2663管理学10422******2229徐*56复核无误2663管理学10422******2231崔*64复核无误3992管理科学与工程综合（含系统分析10422******2231崔*64复核无误1501英语10422******2244孙*5627.528复核无误2663管理学10422******2244孙*70复核无误3992管理科学与工程综合（含系统分析10422******2244孙*87复核无误1501英语10422******2269李*4722.524复核无误2663管理学10422******2269李*50复核无误3528会计财务与经济学（含会计财务5010422******2269李*60复核无误3885经济学（含微观经济学70%，社会10422******2350郭*60复核无误2668材料近代研究方法10422******2396王**64合分错误更正为682668材料近代研究方法10422******2428陈**62复核无误2675高等工程热力学10422******2514李74复核无误**1501英语10422******2527高**392415复核无误3909工程电磁场理论10422******2559毛**45复核无误2737微分方程10422******2564谢**33复核无误3529分析与代数10422******2564谢**53复核无误1501英语10422******2571许**4117.523复核无误3529分析与代数10422******2572庞*65复核无误1501英语10422******2574周**491731.5复核无误2680线性系统理论10422******2592牟*60复核无误1501英语10422******2617高*4924.524.5复核无误3912计算机控制与网络10422******2617高*76复核无误1501英语10422******2626解**3920.518复核无误1501英语10422******2632卜*6735.531.5复核无误3889高等岩石力学10422******2632卜*62复核无误3890土力学10422******2651吴**65复核无误3578并行计算10422******2673李**62复核无误2683数据结构与算法10422******2704王*63复核无误2663管理学10422******2724陈**59复核无误2663管理学10422******2737冯**56复核无误1501英语10422******2802张**4125.515复核无误2764组织学与胚胎学（基础课）10422******2821陈*71复核无误1501英语10422******2847王**583127复核无误3934内科学（呼吸系病）10422******2864李**45复核无误1501英语10422******2918苑**593227复核无误2689病理生理学(基础课)10422******2968任64复核无误**2689病理生理学(基础课)10422******3011孙*64复核无误1501英语10422******3024刘*5227.524.5复核无误1501英语10422******3032张*542430复核无误3931内科学（心血管病）10422******3043孙*60复核无误1501英语10422******3130杨**412218.5复核无误2689病理生理学(基础课)10422******3130杨**55复核无误3931内科学（心血管病）10422******3130杨**61合分错误更正为583931内科学（心血管病）10422******3157王**50复核无误2689病理生理学(基础课)10422******3167郑**64复核无误2689病理生理学(基础课)10422******3199张**57复核无误1501英语10422******3400姜*5933.525复核无误1501英语10422******3430莫**5024.525.5复核无误2686人体解剖学(基础课)10422******3467徐*47复核无误2686人体解剖学(基础课)10422******3486孙**60复核无误1501英语10422******3659王**6331.531.5复核无误2686人体解剖学(基础课)10422******3659王**50复核无误1501英语10422******3734范*492524复核无误2686人体解剖学(基础课)10422******3734范*31复核无误3945外科学（普通外科）10422******3734范*36复核无误1501英语10422******3741王*5828.529复核无误2686人体解剖学(基础课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2014年山东大学英语语言文学考博真题
考博详解与指导题为英语语言文学下的翻译上午为翻译理论：1，Describe your understanding of“Translation norms”2，Describe the linguistic approaches to translation studies3，Describe the relationship between translation criticism and translation studies4，Describe your understanding of descriptive translation studies下午为经典作品翻译和译本赏析IPassage one汉译英枯叶蝴蝶峨眉山下，伏虎寺旁，有一种蝴蝶，比最美丽的蝴蝶还要美丽些，是峨眉山最珍贵的特产之一。
〃当它阖②起两张翅膀的时候，像生长在树枝上的一张干枯了的树叶。
谁也不去注意它，谁也不会瞧它一眼。
它收敛了它的花纹、图案，隐藏了它的粉墨、彩色，逸出了繁华的花丛，停止它翱翔的姿态，变成了一张憔悴的，干枯了的，甚至不是枯黄的，而是枯槁③的，如同死灰颜色的枯叶。
它这样伪装，是为了保护自己。
但是它还是逃不脱被捕捉的命运。
不仅因为它的美丽，更因为它那用来隐蔽它的美丽的枯槁与憔悴。
它以为它这样做可以保护自己，殊不知它这样做更教人去搜捕它。
有一种生物比它还聪明，这种生物的特技之一是装假作伪，因此装假作伪这一种行径是瞒不过这种生物——人的。
人把它捕捉，将它制成标本，作为一种商品去出售，价钱越来越高。
最后几乎把它捕捉得再也没有了。
这一生物品种快要绝种了。
到这时候，国家才下令禁止捕捉枯叶蝶。
但是，已经来不及了。
国家的禁止更增加了它的身价。
枯叶蝶真是因此而要绝对的绝灭了。
我们既然有一对美丽的和真理的翅膀，我们永远也不愿意阖上它们。
做什么要装模作样，化为一只枯叶蝶，最后也还是被售，反而不如那翅膀两面都光彩夺目的蝴蝶到处飞翔，被捕捉而又生生不息。
最新山东大学考博英语真题2014-2010附答案
2014山大考博英语2014-04-07语法词汇题比较难，30个单选题，一个0.5分，基本上是考查词意的完型题20个，一个0.5分，01年考研真题阅读理解4篇，每个题 1.5分，30分，都是六级和考研原题（最近两年阅读没出专八题）7选5，共10分，关于奥巴马的英译汉五个，一个3分，长句子翻译比较难，费得时间比较长作文20分，关于children surfing the net2013山大考博英语Part I Grammar and Vocabulary1. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that __________ the speakers stopped for deferments.A. at largeB. at intervalsC. at easeD. at random2. When traveling, you are advised to take travelers’ checks, which providea secure__________ to carrying your money in cash.A. substituteB. selectionC. inferenceD. alternative3. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character.A. graciousB. suspiciousC. uniqueD. particular4. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this__________produces artificial cold surrounding it.A. absorptionB. transitionC. consumptionD. interaction5. Language, culture, and personality may be considered__________of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.A. IndistinctlyB. separatelyC. irrelevantlyD. independently6. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December25th__________the birth of Jesus Christ.A. in accordance withB. in terms ofC. in favor ofD. in honor of7. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must__________the qualities and varieties of products we make t o the world market demand.A. improveB. enhanceC. guaranteeD. gear8. To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed __________and means of packing.A. specimensB. inspectionsC. samplesD. specifications9. Many of the conditions that __________population pressures --- overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness --- lead to dissatisfaction.A. bring forwardB. give rise toC. feed up withD. result from10. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just aseasily__________for a month or a year as for a single day.A. put upB. stay upC. speed upD. make up11. The fact that the earth’s surface heats__________provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region.A. infrequentlyB. irregularlyC. unsteadilyD. uneverny12. If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird __________a set ofactions to protect its offspring.A. hastensB. releasesC. devisesD. initiates13. How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas canbe__________to tourist spending?A. attributedB. appliedC. contributedD. attached14. Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and __________for us inan advanced age; and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shadewhen we grow old.A. ingredientB. relianceC. shelterD. inclination15. Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to__________wonderful bargains in the market.A. pick upB. bump intoC. pile upD. bring back16. Scientists are searching for the oldest tree __________because it can teach them a great deal about many issues related with climate change.A. livelyB. aliveC. livingD. live17. The destruction of the Twin Towers in New Y ork City __________shock and anger throughout the world.A. temptedB. provokedC. summonedD. enveloped18. A 1994 World Bank report concluded that __________girls in school wasprobably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing worldtoday.A. enrollingB. assigningC. involvingD. consenting19. The UN o fficial said aid programs will be __________until there is adequate protection for relief personnel.A. multipliedB. arrestedC. spannedD. suspended20. Despite almost universal__________of the vital importance of women’s literacy, education remains a dream for many women i n far too many countries of the world.A. confessionB. identificationC. acknowledgementD. compliment21. Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives mustnow __________much of their food.A. deliverB. importC. produceD. develop22. Because Jenkins neither __________nor defends either management or thestriking workers, both aides admire his journalisticA. criticizes...acumenB. attacks,neutralityC. confronts,aptitudeD.dismis ses,flair23. Some anthropologists claim that a few aps have been taught a rudimentarysign languages, but skeptics argue that the apes are only __________their trainers.A. imitatingB. condoningC. instructingD. acknowledging24. It is ironic that the__________insights of the great thinkers are voicedso often that they have become mereA. oriinal, clichesB. banal, beliefsC. dubious, habitsD.philosophical-questions 25. The most frustrating periods of any diet are theinevitable__________, when weight loss if not stops.A. moods, acceleratesB. feasts, haltsC. holidays, contractsD. plateaus, slows26. Since the author’s unflattering references to her friends were so__________, she was surprised that her__________were recognized.A. laud atory, stylesB. obvious, anecdotesC. oblique, allusionsD.critical, eulogies27. If it is true that morality cannot exist without religion, then does notthe erosion of religion herald the __________of moraliy?A, regulation B. basis C. belief D. collapse28. Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be __________,and therefore external factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species.A. learned, immune toB. innate, unaffected byC. intricate, belong toD.specific, confused with29. Shaken by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy __________at any price.A. orderB. emancipationC. hopeD. liberty30. As a person who combines care with _________, Marisa completed her dutieswith__________as well as zeal.A. levity, resignationB. enthusiasm, meticulousnessC. vitality,willingness D. empathy, rigorPartⅡ CloseThe study of genetics has given rise to a profitable new industry calledbiotechnology. As the name __31__ , it combines biology and modern technology through such __32__ as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, __33__ in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent (取得专利) seeds that give a high yield (产量), that __34__ disease, drought and frost,and that reduce the need for dangerous chemicals. __35__ such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some h ave raised __36__ about genetically engineered crops. "In nature, genetic diversity (多样性) is created within certain limits,"says the book Genetic Engineering, Food and Our Environment. "A rose can becrossed(杂交) with a different kind of rose, but a lose will __37__ cross with apotato ..." Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genesfrom one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to __38__ a desiredproperty or character. This could mean, __39__ , selecting a gene which leads tothe production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, andjoining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes __40__ from bacteria, viruses, insects,animals or even humans. __41__ , then, biotechnology allows humans to break thegenetic walls that __42__ species. Like the green revolution, (43)what some callthe gene revolution (44)contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity (千篇一律) –some say even more so (45)because geneticists can employ techniques such (46)as cloning and organ culture, processes that produce perfectly (47)identical copies,or clones. Concerns about the biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new(48) issues, such as the effects that they may have onus a nd the environment. ―We are flying blindly into a new (49) of agriculturalbiotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potensial(50) , ‖ said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.31. A. suggests B. recalls C. concerns D. advises32. A. concepts B. views C. techniques D. courses33. A. participate B. focus C. specialize D. involve34. A. treat B. avoid C. oppose D. resist35. A. If B. Unless C. Since D. As36. A. demands B. topics C. concerns D. lessons37. A. sometimes B. never C. frequently D. eventually38. A. convey B. transfer C. select D. collect39. A. for example B. for one thing C. on one hand D. in any case40. A. resulted B. evolved C. injected D. taken41. A. In contrast B. In that C. In case D. In essence42. A. separate B. form C. create D. vary43. A. what B. where C. as D. so44. A. combines B.contributes mands D. breaks45. A. that B.because C. if D. when46. A. like B. for example C. as D. is47. A. resembling B. alike C. similar D. identical48. A. issues B. height C. difficulties D. goals49. A. spot B. era C. deadline D. scheme50. A. navigations B. mystery C. outcomes D. destinationsPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionPassage 1The Carnegie Foundation report says that many col leges have tried to be ―all things to all people‖. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. Thecurrent crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learningto productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work hasno context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offereda variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, drivenby careerism, ―the nation’s colleges and universities are more successful inproviding credentials (文凭) than in providing a quality education for theirstudents. ―The report concludes that the special challenge confronting theundergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of common learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across thedisciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. ― Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie studyfound that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, theydo much to undermine it. As one professor observed: ―Teaching is important, we aretold, and yet faculty know th at research and publication matter most.‖ Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed tograduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicatedthemselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure (终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among y oung scholars is that ―There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of thepublications.‖51. When a college tries to be ―all things to al people‖ (Lines 1-2, Para.1) it aims to ________.A) satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneouslyB) focus on training students in various skillsC) encourage students to take as many courses as possibleD) make learning serve academic rather than productive ends52. By saying that ―in too many a cademic fields, the work has no context‖ (Lines 4-5, Pare. 1) the author means that the teaching in these areas ________.A) ignores the actual situationB) is not based on the right perspectiveC) only focuses on an integrated core of common learningD) gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students53. One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges anduniversities is that ________.A) a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many collegesB) students don’t have enough f reedom in choosing what they want to learnC) skills are being taught as a means to an endD) students are only interested in obtaining credentials54. American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of theirfour-year degree candidates because ________.A) most of them lack high-quality facultiesB) the interests of most faculty members lie in researchC) there are not enough incentives for students to study hardD) they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching55. It can be inferred from the passage that high-quality college education calls for ________. A) putting academic work in the proper contextB) a commitment to students and effective teachingC) the practice of putting leaning to productive endsD) dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledge答案51. C 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. BPassage 2Endangered Species Endangered species are plants and animals that are inimmediate danger of extinction. Extinction is actually a normal process in the course of evolution. Since the formation of the earth, many m ore species have become extinct than those exist today. These species slowly disappeared because of changes ofclimate and their failure to adapt to such conditions as competition and predation (捕食). Since the 1600s, however, the process of extinction has greatly accelerated as a result of both human population growth and technological encroachment (侵犯) on natural ecology systems. Today the majority of the world’s envir onments are changing faster than the ability of most species to adapt to such changes throughnatural selection.Species become extinct or endangered for a number of reasons, but the primarycause is the destruction of natural habitats (栖息地). Drainage of wetlands (沼泽地), cutting and clearing of forests, growth of cities, and highway and damconstruction have seriously reduced available natural habitats. As the varioussurroundings become fragments, the remaining animal populations crowd into smaller areas, causing further destruction of natural surroundings. Species in these small islands‖ lose contact with other populations of their own kind, thus reducing their genetic variation and making them less adaptable to environment changes.Since the 1600s, commercial exploitation of animals for food and other products has caused many species to become extinct or endangered. Introduced diseases andparasites have also greatly reduced some species. Pollution is another importantcause of their extinction.Some private and governmental efforts have been organized to save decliningspecies. Laws were made i n some c ountries in the early 1900s to protect wild animals from commercial trade and killing. International endeavors are shown in theConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species. approved by 51 nations.Its purpose is to restrict exploitation of wild animals and plants by regulatingand restricting trade in certain species. How e ffective such laws will be in various countries, however, depends on enforcement (实施 ) and support by the people andthe courts. Because of a lack of law enforcement, the willingness of some segmentsof society to trade in endangered species, the activities of people who catch andkill animals illegally and dealers who supply the trade, the future of many species is in doubt in spite of legal protection.56 According to the passage, which of the following is the most important factor causing the rapid extinction of man species since the 17th century?A Human b eings are not aware of the importance of preserving endangered species.B Some e ndangered species have already reached the end of their life span in evolution.C The development of human society has greatly affected natural ecology systems.D The world’s climate has ch anged so greatly that most species cannot survive.57 In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the word islands refers toA the lands that are completely surrounded by water.B the wild animals’ breeding grounds protected by lawC the pieces of land separated by modern buildings and roads.D the small and isolated areas inhabited by certain species.58 This passage mentions all of the following reasons that cause the extinctionof man species exceptA natural selection of species.B various natural disasters.C commercial trade and killing.D destruction of natural surroundings.59 According to the passage, which of the following is most important in saving declining species?A Governments should make some laws to protect endangered species.B People should pay more attention to the protection of natural surroundings.C Relevant laws must be made and enforced with the support of the people.D Some organizations should warn people not to trade in endangered animals.60 How d oes the author feel about the prospect of protecting endangered species from being extinct?A Worried.B Optimistic.C Indifferent.D Confident.Passage 3Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foreseethat the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressivearmies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances thereare of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against itcan always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being movedthrough the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In thosewith high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just theopposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize thecirculation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep.The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test ofendurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air,the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-classcarriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards,while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode e xcept speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat,but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man w as seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquiredinto.A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-andthird-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railwaysmust have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the openthird-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rainfrom whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, fromwhose searching power there was no escape.61. All boys and girls in large families know thatA) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are togetherB) people tend to be together more than they used to beC) a lot of people being together makes fights likelyD) Railway leads the world to peace62. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself shouldinclude all the following except .A) the railway enables people travel fastB) the railway brings comfort to peopleC) the railway makes the world peacefulD) the railway leads the world to war as well.63. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but .A) tunnels are dangerous to public healthB) the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nervesC) the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungsD) to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die64. We may safely conclude that .A) the author belongs to the anti-railway groupB) the author belongs to the for-railway groupC) the author speaks highly of the railwayD) the author may never take train because of its potential dangers65. What is the tone of this passage?A)Practical B)Satirical C)Humorous D)Exaggerated答案61.C 62.D 63.D 64.A 65.C PassagePassage 4The Myth of College Many of you young persons out there are seriously thinkingabout going to college. (That is, of course, a lie. The only things you young persons think seriously about are loud music and sex. Trust me: these are closely relatedto college). College is basically a bunch of rooms where you sit for roughly twothousand hours and try to memorize things. The two thousand hours are spread outover four years; you spend the rest of the time sleeping and trying to get dates.Basically, you learn two kinds of things in college:Things you need to know later in life (two hours). These include how to makecollect telephone calls and get beer and crepe-paper stains out of your pajamas.Things you will not need to know in later life (1,998 hours). These are the things you learn in classes whose names end in -ology, -osophy, -istry, -ics, and so on.The idea is you memorize these things, then write them down in little exam books,then forget them. If you fail to forget them, you become a professor and have tostay in college for the rest of your life.It's very difficult to forget everything. For example, when I was in college,I had to memorize - don't ask me why - the names of the metaphysical poets otherthan John Donne. I have managed to forget one of them, but I still remember thatthe other two were named Vaughan and Crashaw.Sometimes, when I'm trying to remember something important, like whether my w ife told me to get tuna packed in oil or tuna packed in water, Vaughan and Crashaw just pop up in my mind, right there in the supermarket. It's a terrible waste of braincells. After you've been in college for a year or so, you're supposed to choose amajor, which is the subject you intend to memorize and forget the most things about. Here is a very important piece of advice: be sure to choose a major that does notinvolve Known Facts and Right Answers.This means t hat you must not major in mathematics, physics, biology or chemistry, because these subjects involve actual facts. If, for example, you major inmathematics, you're going to wander into class one day and the professor will say: "Define the cosine integer of the quadrant of the rhomboid binary axis, andextrapolate your result to five significant vertices." If you don't come up withexactly the answer the professor has in mind, you fail. The same i s true of chemistry: if you write in your exam book that carbon and hydrogen combine to form oak, yourprofessor will flunk you. He wants you to come up with the same answer he and allthe other chemists have agreed on. Scientists are extremely snotty about this.68. When should the college students choose a major?A. The moment they go to collegeB. After they have been in college for nearly two yearsC. After they have been in college for a year or soD. When they become a senior69. The word ―flunk‖ in the last paragraph meansA. floatB. failC. ridiculeD. dupe70. What is the beat title for the passage?A. The Myth of CollegeB. What Can You Learn in College?C. How to Enjoy Your College LifeD. The Importance of CollegePart Ⅳ Use of LanguageThe psychology of warranties保单心理学Protection racket保护之诈tend If extended guarantees are overpriced, why are they so popular? CUSTOMERSto agonise over the relative merits of different models of electronic goods suchas digital cameras or plasma televisions. But when they get to the till, many spend freely on something they barely think about at all: an extended warranty, which is often more profitable to the retailer than the device it covers.Shoppers typically pay 10-50% of the cost of a product to insure it beyond theterm covered by the manufacturer’s guarantee. 71 . Yet products rarely break within the period covered, and repairs tend to cost no more than the warranty itself. 72l.So why, asks a paper published in the December issue of the Journal of Consumer Research, do so many consumers still buy extended warranties? The authors—Tao Chen of the University of Maryland, Ajay Kalra of Rice University and Baohong Sun ofCarnegie Mellon University—examined purchase data from a big electronics retailerfor over 600 households from November 2003 to October 2004. 73 .If a customer is about to buy something fun (ie, a plasma television rather than a vacuum cleaner), he will be more inclined to splash out on extra insurance. Thisis because consumers value ―hedonic‖ items over utilitarian ones, regardless ofthe actual price tag. 74 . The study also found that poorer consumers are more likelyto buy ―potentially unnecessary and overpriced insurance‖, because they are more worried about the expense of replacing a product if it breaks.75 . But although most policies go unused, he admits that the emotionaltranquillity that comes with buying a new warranty is not in itself without value,even if ―rationally, it doesn’t make sense‖．A. This is especially true if the item is on sale, as finding an unexpectedbargain leaves buyers feeling flush and pleased.B. The terms of these deals vary (and there is often a great deal of fine print), but they usually promise to repair or replace a faulty device for between one andfour years.C. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant powerto alter the nature of his world.D. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant powerto alter the nature of his world.E. They concluded that the decision to buy a warranty had a great deal to dowith a shopper’s mood.F. The popularity of warranties should logically depend on the likelihood ofa product’s failure, says Mr Kalra.G. That makes warranties amazingly profitable: they generate over $16 billionannually for American retailers, according to Warranty Week, a trade journal答案B G E A FPart Ⅴ Translation1. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food.”2. According to a growing body of exidence, the chemicals that make up manyplastics may migrate out of the material and into foods and fluids, ending up inyour body.3. Consider the survey evidence, which shows that while most Americans want to have both science and religion in their lives, they’ ll only go so far to preserve the former at the expense of the latter.4. The bodies who play major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fitthe growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.5. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult tocontinue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yieds.Part Ⅵ WritingAs the society develops, interpersonal relationships are getting more and more indifferent. Please make comment on the phenomena。
山东大学古典文献学考博题
山东大学古典文献学考博题山东大学古典文献学考博题 1、古代汉语2、先秦两汉文学 3月22日上午古代汉语一、标点30分吳王夫差敗越于夫椒報檇李也遂入越越子以甲楯五千保于會稽使大夫種因吳大宰嚭以行成吳子將許之伍員曰不可臣聞之樹德莫如滋去疾莫如盡昔有過澆殺斟灌以伐斟鄩滅夏后相后緡方娠逃出自竇歸于有仍生少康焉為仍牧正惎澆能戒之澆使椒求之逃奔有虞為之庖正以除其害虞於是妻之以二姚邑諸綸有田一成有衆一旅能布其德而兆其謀以收夏衆撫其官職使女艾諜澆使季杼誘豷遂滅過戈復禹之績祀夏配天不失舊物今吳不如過而越大於少康或將豐之不亦難乎句踐能親而務施施不失人親不棄勞與我同壤而世為仇讐於是乎克而弗取將又存之違天而長寇讐後雖悔之不可食已姬之衰也日可俟也介在蠻夷而長寇讐以是求伯必不行矣弗聽退而告人曰越十年生聚而十年敎訓二十年之外吳其為沼乎三月越及吳平吳入越不書吳不告慶越不告敗也二、翻译40分齊宣王問曰齊桓晉文之事可得聞乎孟子對曰仲尼之徒無道桓文之事者是以後世無傳焉臣未之聞也無以則王乎曰德何如則可以王矣曰保民而王莫之能禦也曰若寡人者可以保民乎哉曰可曰何由知吾可也曰臣聞之胡齕曰王坐於堂上有牽牛而過堂下者王見之曰牛何之對曰將以釁鐘王曰舍之吾不忍其觳觫若無罪而就死地對曰然則廢釁鐘與曰何可廢也以羊易之不識有諸曰有之曰是心足以王矣百姓皆以王為愛也臣固知王之不忍也王曰然誠有百姓者齊國雖褊小吾何愛一牛即不忍其觳觫若無罪而就死地故以羊易之也曰王無異於百姓之以王為愛也以小易大彼惡知之王若隠其無罪而就死地則牛羊何擇焉王笑曰是誠何心哉我非愛其財而易之以羊也宜乎百姓之謂我愛也曰無傷也是乃仁術也見牛未見羊也君子之於禽獸也見其生不忍見其死聞其聲不忍食其肉是以君子逺庖廚也三、文言文写作30分《隋书经籍志》曰：“汉时刘向《别录》、刘歆《七略》，剖析条流，各有其部，推寻事迹，疑则古之制也。
”请根据对这段话的理解，写一篇文言文，要求观点鲜明，层次清楚，符合文言行文规范。
2014年山东大学中文考研真题
爱考机构中国高端(保过保录限)考研第一品牌
（617）文学史
一、简答(10×7分)
1、庄子《寓言》的特点
2、评析王昌龄的《从军行》七首
3、辛弃疾咏史怀古诗的艺术特色
4、关汉卿悲剧的特色
5、清代词的全面复兴，怎样理解
6、《女神》浪漫主义特色
7、先锋小说的艺术特征
二、论述（20×4）
1、曹植后期诗歌的内容及艺术特色
2、评论陈子昂复古理论的得失
3《聊斋志异》主要描写的是什么。
表现了什么样的思想感情？
4、论述《关汉卿》
（813）文学综合
一、解词
1、体裁
2、灵感
3、共时语言学
4、音位文字
二、简答
1、文学创作内在材料和外在材料的关系
2、间性在文学批评中的性质和定位
3、为什么语言是重要的思维工具
4、口语和书面语的关系
三、论述
1、论述典型的特征
2、语言就是人们说的话吗？你是怎么看待语言的？
三、文学评论
吾文如万斛泉源，不择地而出。
在平地滔滔汩汩，虽一日千里无难。
及其与山石曲折，随物赋形而不可知也。
-----苏轼《文说》。
2014年山东大学汉语言文字学考博真题
2014年山东大学汉语言文学考博真题科目一：汉语词汇学一、简答题（40分）1、《汉语词典》中“本”字有10个解释项：1.事物的根基或者主体2.古代指农业生产3.母钱，本钱4.草木的根5.事情的起源，肇始6.副词，本来，原来7.量词，植物的捆，束8. 量词，编辑成册，薄本9.条带状植物的或靠根的茎干 10.副词，自身，原有的（顺序不完全准确，误差不太大）分析这些义项之间的引申关系。
（20分）2.简答多义词产生的原因。
（20分）二、论述题（60分）1.《孟子〃尽力下》：“充实而有光辉之谓大,大而化之之谓圣。
(某人注释，大的意思，原句忘了) 请分析成语“大而化之”的意思，以及现代汉语中该成语的意思，并分析语义变化的原因。
（30分）2.“的士”，“的哥”中的“的”性质一样吗，谈谈自己的看法。
并就此分析汉语语素的形成等。
（30分）科目二：古代漢語一、簡答題（40分）1.古今詞義的異同表現在哪些方面，舉例說明一下。
（20分）2.下面這些字的形聲字讀音與聲符的讀音不同，通過下面的這些字，看漢語語音發展有什麼規律，並結合字簡要說明。
（20分）愎捧排潘芃悲憤蚌邠鋪堵都擔滇玷凋跌闡瞠提堤滯二、翻譯題（30分）自五胡亂華驅中原之人···地之也···時之也···由大小篆及八分···凡幾變矣音能不變乎（原文無標點，大意為少數民族與中原之間的融合，地域，時代等對語音的影響。
）三、論述題（30分）選取古代漢語中你最感興趣的，或者體會最深額一個問題或者領域，談談自己的學習心得。
（30分）。
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2014年山东大学汉语言文学考博真题
科目一：汉语词汇学
一、简答题（40分）
1、《汉语词典》中“本”字有10个解释项：1.事物的根基或者主体
2.古代指农业生产
3.母钱，本钱
4.草木的根
5.事情的起源，肇始
6.副词，本来，原来
7.量词，植物的捆，束
8. 量词，编辑成册，薄本
9.条带状植物的或靠根的茎干 10.副词，自身，原有的（顺序不完全准确，误差不太大）分析这些义项之间的引申关系。
（20分）
2.简答多义词产生的原因。
（20分）
二、论述题（60分）
1.《孟子〃尽力下》：“充实而有光辉之谓大,大而化之之谓圣。
(某人注释，大的意思，原句忘了) 请分析成语“大而化之”的意思，以及现代汉语中该成语的意思，并分析语义变化的原因。
（30分）
2.“的士”，“的哥”中的“的”性质一样吗，谈谈自己的看法。
并就此分析汉语语素的形成等。
（30分）
科目二：古代漢語
一、簡答題（40分）
1.古今詞義的異同表現在哪些方面，舉例說明一下。
（20分）
2.下面這些字的形聲字讀音與聲符的讀音不同，通過下面的這些字，看漢語語音發展有什麼規律，並結合字簡要說明。
（20分）
愎捧排潘芃悲憤蚌邠鋪堵
都擔滇玷凋跌闡瞠提堤滯
二、翻譯題（30分）
自五胡亂華驅中原之人···地之也···時之也···由大小篆及八分···凡幾變矣音能不變乎（原文無標點，大意為少數民族與中原之間的融合，地域，時代等對語音的影響。
）
三、論述題（30分）
選取古代漢語中你最感興趣的，或者體會最深額一個問題或者領域，談談自己的學習心得。
（30分）。