英语句型之省略句用法讲解

省略
1、概述
为了避免重复，省略句子的一个或几个句子成分，使语句简练，结构紧凑，收到一定的修辞效果，这种语法现象称为省略。
2、不用替代词的省略
（1）省掉主语
(I) Beg your pardon.请再说一遍。
(It) Sounds like a good idea.听起来是一个好主意。
(I) See you later.回头见。
(I) Thank you for your help.谢谢你的帮助。
（2）省略谓语或谓语的一部分
They learn French and we (learn) English.他们学法语，我们学英语。
(Is there ) Anything I can do for you ? 要我帮忙吗？
Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested. 有些书是应当尝尝滋味的，有些书是应当吞下去的，有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。
He is a teacher, and his wife (is ) a doctor.他是位教师，他的妻子是一名医生。
（3）省略表语
-Are you a teacher? 你是教师吗？
-Yes, I am (a teacher).是的，我是。
（4）省略宾语
This is the book (that) I'm looking for.这是我正在找的书。
-Is Mr.King in his office?
-Sorry, I don't know (whether he is or not).金先生在办公室吗？对不起，我不知道。
（5）省略主语和谓语或主谓和谓语的一部分
(Come )This way, please. 请走这边。
-What does he want to eat? -他想吃什么？
-(He wants) Some rice and vegetables. -米饭和蔬菜。
In winter it is colder in Beijing than (it is )in Nanjing.北京的冬天比南京要冷。
What a good boy (he is )! 他是多好的学生啊！
What a wonderful victory (it is )for Wilma! 对威尔玛来说这是多么了不起的胜利啊！
(It is) my mistake.我的错。
（6）省略主、谓或宾
-To whom did you lend the book?你把书借给谁了？
-To John.(I lend the book)约翰。
-What do you think made John so upset?你人为什么使约翰如此难过？
-(I think)Losing his wallet (made John so upset).他丢了钱包。
（7）as…as结构中的省略
这种结构中，从句于主句重复的词可以省略；把两个时间地点等相比较时，第一个as可省略。
She looked after the baby as carefully as (she looked) after her own.她就像照顾自己的孩子一样照顾那个婴儿。
He can be( as )happy in hard times as in good days.他在艰难岁月里能像在好时光时一样幸福。
He was (as) delighted as (he was) in middle school.他就将在中学时一样快乐。
（8）所有格后的名词
名词所有格所修饰的名词，若表示住宅、办公室、店铺、教堂或上文己暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。
We'll go to the doctor's （clinic）in a minute.一会儿我们要到医务室去。
No dustmen come to the Turner's (street). 没有垃圾清运工到特纳家所在的街道上来。
（9）状语从句中的主谓省略
① 在以if、when、though、unless、as、as if等连词引导的从句中，如果从句的主语和

主句的主语一致,而且从句中的谓语动词是be，可以将状语从句中的主谓省略。
When (he was ) walking in the street, he met a friend.他在街上走的时候，遇到了一位朋友。
He will not come unless (he is ) invited.除非邀请他才肯来。
The research is so well designed that once(it is ) begun it can never be stopped.研究设计得如此好，一旦启动就无法停止。
② 如果从句主谓语是it is或it was，可以省略主谓结构， if it is possible, when it is necessary 等都是这种结构。
He ran as fast as (it was) possible.他拼命跑。
If （it is ）necessary, put a comma.有必要的话，加一个逗号。
注意：由after, because, before等词引导的状语从句一般要改写成介词短语等，用-ing代替动词。
Because he was ill he didn’t attend the meeting.因为他病了，所以未出席会议。
Because of being ill, he didn’t attend the meeting.
Because ill, he didn’t attend the meeting.(误)
(10)在限制性定语从句中作状语的关系副词when、why、where也可以省去。
This is the very reason (why) I want to kill you. 这就是我为何要杀死你的理由。
This was the first time (when) I had visited Beijing.这是我第一次参观北京。
（11）当wh-疑问从句作宾语时如果其内容与上文重复可以省略从句，只保留wh-疑问词。
He will come back, but he doesn't know when (he will come back). 他将回来，但不知道什么时间。
(12) 在状语的独立分词结构中，分词往往可以省略
The meeting (being)over, they walked out of the hall.会议结束了，他们走出了大厅。
The work (having been) done, he left the office.做完工作后，他离开办公室。
3、用替代词的省略
（1）to代替不定式
to代替不定式，常同refuse, want, seem, intend, expect, hope, like, be afraid, prefer, care, oblige, forget, wish, try等动词连用。
-Would you like to come to the party? -你愿意参加晚会吗？
-I'd like to (come to the party).-我愿意。
You may go with them if you want to (go).如果你愿意的话，也可以和他们一起去。
注意：如果不定式中含有be, have,或have been，一般要保留be, have或have been。
-Are you on holiday?你放假了吗？
-No, but I’d like to be ( on holiday).没有。不过我真愿意。
-She hasn’t done it yet.她还没有做。
-She ought to (have done it).她该做。
（2）so 和not
so 可以代替单词、词组或句子，做call, expect, hope, do, fear, imagine, suppose, speak, tell, think, believe, be afraid, see, notice等宾语；not代替句子,用法和so相似，并可以放在perhaps, probably, absolutely等副词后面。
-Is the famous singer going to give any performance at the evening party? 这位著名歌手在晚会上要表演节目的吧?
-I expect so. 我想是吧。
-I expect not. (I don't expect so.)我认为不会。
He must be a teacher. I imagine so.他一

定是老师。我认为是。
-Do you think so? 你是这样想吗?
-Absolutely not. 当然不是。
注意：so作替代词一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用，口气比较委婉，不表示肯定，也不表示否定，因此，在表示肯定或怀疑的答句中不可用so。再know和ask后也不可用so。
-Are they coming to the party?
-I’m sure of it.（正）
I doubt it. （正）
- I’m sure so.（误）
-I doubt so. （误）
He knows that. （正）
He knows so. （误）
（3）do
do可以用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。
-Did you see the film?你去看那场电影了吗？
-Yes. I did.是的，去看了。
He speaks English more fluently than you do.他英语讲得比你流畅。
（4）do so, do that,和do it
① do so 可以替代动词加宾语，也可以替代动词加状语。
She said she would go with me, but she didn’t do so.她说她要和我一起去，但她没有。
Just finish off watering the flowers. And let me know when you have done so.赶快浇完花，等你浇完时通知我。
② do so 替代动词加宾语时，so可以用it或that所取代，it指具体事物，that表示较重的语气。
Henry is going to make the experiment and he wanted me to do it, too.亨利打算做试验，他曾想让我也做。
He played cards after supper and I watched them do that.他们吃完晚饭后玩牌，我看着他们玩。
③do so, do that,和do it一般只用于替代动态动词，而不适合替代静态动词。
- Alice feels better today.爱丽斯今天感觉很好。
- I think she does. （正）
-Yes, so does she. （正）
-I think she does so. （误）
-I think she does that. （误）
I think she does it. （误）
（5）one和ones
one和ones具有泛指的性质，常指替代单数或复数名词，不能替代不可数名词。使用时应注意：
① one和ones与其所替代的名词在数方面和句法功能上可以不一致以及所指意义上可以不同。
I prefer the new edition to the old ones.和旧版本相比我更喜欢新版本。（数不一致）
Do you see the teachers over there? The one wearing blue coat is his father.你看见那些老师了吗？那个穿蓝上衣的是他爸爸。（句法功能上不一致）
I don’t like this film. I like a more interesting one.我不喜欢这部电影。我喜欢看更有趣的。（所指对想不同）
② one前面有this或that，ones 前面有these或those，或者前面又形成对比的形容词、最高级或the next, the last时one和ones可以省略。
Let’s finish the exercise so we can do the next （one）.我们做完这个练习，好做下一个。
③ 所有格my, your, our, her, their 被其相应的物主代词mine等代替时。不用one或ones.
This is my pen, not yours.(不能说yours one)
I prefer to use my own.(不能说my own one)
④ Whose和名词所有格后面不能用one或ones。own后不能用one或ones。
Whose is it?(不能说whose

one)
Her bike is better than her brother’s.（不能说brother’s one）
（6）one和that作替代词时的区别
① one 可以代替人或物，that只能代替物。
I haven't a book; can you lend me one? 我没有书，你能借我一本吗?
I have a brother, one in the army.我有一个哥哥，他在部队。
Look at the clock, that the wall.看那座钟，墙上那座。
② one只能代替可数名词；that可替代可数名词与不可数名词。
The novel is as interesting as the one I read last year.这本小说和我去年读的那本一样有趣。
The weather here is rather hotter than that in Beijing.这里的天气比北京的热。
③ one 可以有前置或后置定语；而that只能有后置定语。
Your answer is better than that of hers.你的答案比她的好。
This is a red pen, and I have three other blue ones.这是一枝红钢笔，我还有三只别的。
Please look at the map, the one on the right wall.请看地图，右边墙上的那幅。
④ one（不加定语）表示泛指；that表示特指。
The music is as sweet as that we heard yesterday.这首曲子和我昨天听的那首一样美。
A poem written by an American poet is usually harder to understand than one by a Chinese poet.美国作家写的诗通常比中国作家写得难懂。