债券定价和风险管理英文.pptx
债券定价ppt课件
PV
24.375 1.006003
24.375
1.0060032
24.375
1.0060033
24.375
1.0060034
24.375
1.0060035
1024.375
1.0060036
$1,107.95
Valuing a Bond
Example continued - USA
➢ Take the same 3 year US Government bond. If investors demand a 4.0% semiannual return, what is the new price of the bond?
Maturity
2009年2月的长期利率超过3,5%,而短期利 率为1%或更低。为什么人们不都去购买长 期债券?
• 可能的原因: • (1)相信未来短期利率会上升 • (2)担心长期债券受到利率变化的影响 • (3)担心未来通货膨胀带来的风险
Yield to Maturity
Example • A $1000 treasury bond expires in 5
.711
3.555
1019.70
1.00
Duration= 4.249
• 修正久期(波动率)计算的是到期收益率 变化一个百分点的时候,债券价格变化的 比例。
• 修正久期越大,债券价格受到利率变化的 影响更大。
• 久期(或修正久期)是一种方便的风险度 量指标。
Bond Price, percent
Yield To Maturity (YTM) - The IRR on an interest bearing instrument
债券定价与风险管理
债券定价与风险管理债券定价与风险管理债券定价是指确定债券的价格的过程,也是债券交易市场的核心内容。
债券市场是金融市场的重要组成部分,在现代经济中起到了重要的融资和投资作用。
债券的定价与风险管理是债券市场中的重要环节,对于投资者和发行人来说都具有重要的意义。
债券是一种固定收益的金融工具,是债务人向债权人发行的一种证券,债券持有人相当于债务人的债权人,可以获得固定的利息收入,并且在债券到期时可以收回本金。
债券定价是确定债券价格的过程,也就是确定债券的市场价格。
债券的价格受到多种因素的影响,包括债券期限、票面利率、市场利率、市场需求等。
债券的价格可以按照债券的收益率计算,也可以按照债券的现金流量计算。
债券的定价主要目的是确定债券的市场价值,为投资者和发行人提供一个交易的参考。
债券定价涉及到复杂的数学模型和经济理论,其中最基本的定价模型是利率期限结构模型。
利率期限结构理论是通过分析不同期限的利率水平和利率变动趋势,来解释不同期限债券价格之间的关系。
利率期限结构模型主要包括离散时间模型和连续时间模型。
离散时间模型是按照给定的时间点来计算债券价格,例如杨氏模型和赫尔金兹模型;连续时间模型是按照连续时间来计算债券价格,例如布莱克-斯科尔斯模型和考克斯-英格尔斯模型。
在债券定价的过程中,风险管理是一个重要的考虑因素。
债券市场存在着多种风险,包括市场风险、信用风险、流动性风险等。
市场风险是指债券价格因为市场变动而产生的风险,主要包括利率风险和汇率风险。
利率风险是指债券价格因为利率变动而产生的风险,当市场利率上升时,债券价格下跌,投资者可能蒙受损失;汇率风险是指债券价格因为汇率变动而产生的风险,当投资者持有的债券是外币债券时,债券价格会受到汇率变动的影响。
信用风险是指债券发行人违约或者无法偿付债券本息的风险,当发行人信用状况下降时,债券价格可能会大幅下跌。
流动性风险是指债券市场因为交易活跃度低、交易成本高等原因而导致的风险,当投资者急需变现时,可能会面临较高的成本。
债券及股票的定价策略(英文版)
债券及股票的定价策略(英文版)In finance, pricing strategies for bonds and stocks are crucial for investors and financial institutions to determine the fair value of these financial securities. This helps in making informed investment decisions and managing investment portfolios effectively. Let's explore the pricing strategies for bonds and stocks.Bond Pricing Strategy:1. Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Analysis: This strategy involves calculating the present value of future cash flows generated by the bond. The cash flows include periodic interest payments and the bond's face value at maturity. The present value is determined by discounting these cash flows using an appropriate discount rate, usually the bond's yield to maturity (YTM).2. Comparable Bond Analysis: This strategy relies on comparing the bond in question with similar bonds in the market. By analyzing similar bonds' yields and prices, investors can assess whether the bond is overvalued or undervalued. Factors considered in this analysis include credit rating, coupon rate, maturity, and market conditions.3. Yield Spread Analysis: This strategy involves analyzing the yield spread between a particular bond and a benchmark bond with similar characteristics but different credit ratings. If the yield spread is wider than historical levels, indicating higher risk, the bond may be priced at a discount. Conversely, a narrower yield spread implies a premium.Stock Pricing Strategy:1. Dividend Discount Model (DDM): This strategy focuses on estimating the intrinsic value of a stock based on its future dividends. The DDM involves discounting expected future dividends to the present value using an appropriate discount rate, such as the stock's required rate of return or the dividend growth rate.2. Price-to-Earnings (P/E) Ratio Analysis: This strategy evaluates a stock's value by comparing its market price to its earnings per share (EPS). A low P/E ratio may suggest an undervalued stock, while a high P/E ratio could indicate an overvalued stock. This analysis considers industry P/E ratios, earnings growth prospects, and other relevant factors.3. Comparable Company Analysis: This strategy involves comparing the valuation metrics of a company with its industry peers or similar companies. Parameters such as price-to-sales ratio, price-to-book ratio, or enterprise value-to-EBITDA ratio are compared to identify relative valuation. If a company's valuation is significantly lower than its peers with similar fundamentals, it may be considered undervalued.Both bond and stock pricing strategies require careful analysis of various quantitative and qualitative factors. It is crucial for investors to consider the fundamental characteristics of the security, market conditions, economic indicators, interest rates, and other relevant factors. Additionally, incorporating risk assessment and future market expectations into these pricing strategies enhances their accuracy.Bond Pricing Strategy (Continued):4. Term Structure of Interest Rates Analysis: This strategy takes into account the term structure of interest rates, which shows the relationship between the yields and maturity dates of bonds. By comparing the yields of bonds with different maturities, investors can assess the expectations of future interest rate movements. If the current bond's yield is higher than the expected future rates, it may be undervalued, and vice versa.5. Credit Rating Analysis: Credit ratings assigned by rating agencies provide an indication of a bond's creditworthiness. Higher-rated bonds typically have lower yields due to lower perceived risk. Investors can analyze the bond's credit rating and compare it to similar rated bonds to determine whether the bond is priced appropriately.Stock Pricing Strategy (Continued):4. Discounted Free Cash Flow (DCF) Analysis: This strategy estimates the intrinsic value of a stock by forecasting its future cash flows. The future cash flows are projected based on expected revenue, expenses, and capital expenditures. These cash flows are discounted to their present value using an appropriate discount rate, such as the company's cost of capital. The resulting value represents the fair value of the stock.5. Price-to-Book (P/B) Ratio Analysis: This strategy compares a company's market price per share to its book value per share. The book value represents the net assets of the company, calculated by subtracting liabilities from assets. A low P/B ratio may indicate anundervalued stock, suggesting that the market is not fully recognizing the company's tangible assets.6. Earnings Growth Analysis: This strategy looks at the growth potential of a company's earnings. Investors analyze historical earnings growth rates and projected future growth rates to assess the stock's value. A higher expected earnings growth rate may justify a higher valuation for the stock.7. Technical Analysis: This pricing strategy focuses on analyzing historical price and volume patterns of a stock to predict future price movements. Technical analysts use various tools and techniques such as charts, moving averages, and oscillators to identify trends, support and resistance levels, and other patterns that can guide investment decisions.It is important to note that these pricing strategies serve as a guide and should not be considered definitive methods of valuation. Market conditions, investor sentiment, and unforeseen events can impact the fair value of bonds and stocks. It is recommended to use a combination of these strategies and exercise caution while interpreting the results. Regular monitoring and reassessment of pricing strategies are necessary to adapt to changing market dynamics. Ultimately, investors should conduct thorough research and seek professional advice before making investment decisions.。
债券定价详解.ppt
《Investment》 xuwei
Chapter[9]-5
例:债券收益率的计算
某债券为两年期,年息票利率为8%,面值1000
元。该债券当前的市场交易价格为1030元。
即期收益率=80/1030=7.77% 名义收益率=8% 到期收益率Y满足:1030= ∑[80/(1+Y)t] +
应的收益水平低于现在进行长期投资
利率风险:由利率不断上升导致的债券价格下降的的风险 • 若投资长期债券,今后利率上涨,会失去获利的机会
《Investment》 xuwei
Chapter[9]-11
2、债券信用评级
违约风险(default risk)放款者未来收回利息和本
金的不确定性
由于存在违约风险,投资者将要求更高的到期收
1、利率与债券收益率
利率是资金的价格,它是一个变量,反映资金的供求关系 供求关系决定了债券的市场价格,后者决定了债券的到期
收益率
到期收益率(yield to maturity,YTM):对于给定的债券
市场价格P 0,使得债券未来支付的本金与利息现值之和等 于P 0的贴现率Y P 0 = ∑(It+Pt) / (1 + Y)t
Chapter[9]-2
第一节 债券估价基础
一、利率与债券收益率的有关概念
1、利率与债券收益率 2、衡量债券收益率的其他指标 3、利率的期限结构 4、利率的种类
二、债券投资风险评估
1、投资债券的风险 2、债券信用评级
《Investment》 xuwei
Chapter[9]-3
一、利率与债券收益率的有关概念
益率
债券与股票的定价策略(英文版)
December 31 for this particular bond). – Since the coupon rate is 6 3/8 the payment is $31.875. – On January 1, 2002 the size and timing of cash flows are:
• The rate should be appropriate to the risk presented by the security.
路漫漫其修远兮, 吾将上下而求索
5.1 Definition and Example of a Bond
• A bond is a legally binding agreement between a borrower and a lenl amount of the loan. – Specifies the size and timing of the cash flows:
Present value of a pure discount bond at time 0:
路漫漫其修远兮, 吾将上下而求索
Pure Discount Bonds: Example
Find the value of a 30-year zero-coupon bond with a $1,000 par value and a YTM of 6%.
债券与股票的定价策略( 英文版)
路漫漫其修远兮, 吾将上下而求索
2020年4月7日星期二
Valuation of Bonds and Stock
《债券定价及风险》课件
信用风险
投资者需要关注发行债券的机 构或个人的还款能力和信用状 况,以避免信用违约风险。
利率风险
债券价格与市场利率存在反向 关系,投资者需关注债券价格 的浮动和利率波动对投资收益 的影响。
宏观分析
经济周期对债市的影响
债券市场会受经济周期的影响,景气时期债券需求 增加,衰退时期债券需求下降。
财政政策对债市的影响
财政政策变化会影响国债供求和利率水平,投资者 需要关注政策对债券市场的影响。
债券市场
债券市场的组织与发展
债券市场由各种机构和参与者组成,为债券市场的 有效运行提供支持。
债券市场的交易与流通
债券可以在交易所或场外市场进行交易,流通性对 债券投资者非常重要。
债券投资
债券投资的策略
投资者可以根据市场情况选择适合自己风险偏好和投资目标的债券投资策略。
债券的种类
债券种类繁多,包括国债、公司债、地方政府债等,每种债券都有不同的特点和风险。
债券定价基础
1 债券现金流
债券的现金流由固定利息和本金回收组成,定价时需要考虑债券的现金流量。
2 债券的本金与利息
债券的本金是发行时债务的总额,利息是债券投资人获取的回报。
3 债券的期限与到期日
债券的期限是指债券的存续期限,到期日是债券到期时需要偿还本金和利息的日期。
债券投资的优点与缺点
债券投资可以提供固定收益和保值增值的机会,但也存在利率风险和市场风险。
结束语
通过本课件的学习,您应该对债券的定价和风险有了更深入的了解,请继续 关注债券市场的发展趋势。
债券定价方法
1
现值法
现值法通过折现债券的未来现金流,计算出债券的当前价值。
2
净现值法
债券与股票的定价策略(英文版)(ppt 39页)
$31.875 $31.875 $31.875
1/1/02 6/30/02 12/31/02 6/30/09
$1,031.875
12/31/09
Level-Coupon Bonds: Example Find the present value (as of January 1, 2002), of a 6-3/8 coupon T-bond with semi-annual payments, and a maturity date of December 2009 if the YTM is 5-percent.
$0
0
1
$0
$0
2
29
$1,000
$0$$1,00 1023209
30
PV (1 Fr)T($ 11 .0 ,0)6 3000$17.141
Level-Coupon Bonds Information needed to value level-coupon bonds: • Coupon payment dates and time to maturity (T) • Coupon payment (C) per period and Face value (F) • Discount rate
• Identify the size and timing of cash flows. • Discount at the correct discount rate.
• If you know the price of a bond and the size and timing of cash flows, the yield to maturity is the discount rate.
债券与股票的定价策略(英文版)(PowerPoint 39页)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
5-3
5.1 Definition and Example of a Bond
• A bond is a legally binding agreement between a borrower and a lender: – Specifies the principal amount of the loan. – Specifies the size and timing of the cash flows:
$0
0
1
$0
$0
2
29
$1,000
$0$$1,00 102 3290
30
PV
F (1 r)T
$1,000 (1.06)30
$174.11
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
• PV= $31.875 [ 1- 1/ (1.025)16 ] + $1,000 = $1,089.75
.05/2
(1.025)16
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
5-5
5.2 How to Value Bonds
• Identify the size and timing of cash flows. • Discount at the correct discount rate.
金融市场的风险管理(英文版)
金融市场的风险管理(英文版)Risk Management in Financial MarketsIntroductionRisk management is a crucial aspect of the financial markets. It involves the identification, assessment, and mitigation of potential risks that may impact an organization's financial well-being. The dynamic nature of financial markets makes effective risk management imperative to ensure stability and sustainability. This article aims to explore the various aspects of risk management in financial markets.Types of RisksFinancial markets face various types of risks, each with its unique characteristics. The most common types of risks in financial markets include credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, and systemic risk.Credit risk refers to the potential loss arising from a borrower's inability to repay a loan or meet its contractual obligations. Financial institutions employ credit risk management techniques, such as credit scoring models and credit derivatives, to assess and mitigate this risk.Market risk encompasses the potential loss due to fluctuating market prices of financial instruments. It includes risks associated with interest rates, currencies, equities, commodities, and derivatives. Market risk management involves using techniques like portfolio diversification, hedging, and stress testing to mitigate potential losses.Liquidity risk arises when an institution is unable to fulfill its financial obligations due to an insufficient availability of liquid assets. Effective liquidity risk management involves maintaining adequate liquidity buffers, developing contingency funding plans, and regularly monitoring and stress testing liquidity positions.Operational risk involves the risk of financial loss due to inadequate or failed internal processes, systems, or human error. It includes risks associated with technology failures, fraud, legal and regulatory compliance, and vendor management. Operational risk management involves implementing robust internal controls, conducting regular audits, and training staff on risk awareness.Systemic risk refers to the risk of widespread disruptions or failures in the financial system that could have a significant impact on the overall economy. It can arise from interconnectedness and interdependencies among financial institutions, such as in the case of a financial crisis. Systemic risk management involves regulatory oversight, stress testing, and contingency planning at both the institutional and systemic levels.Risk Assessment and MitigationEffective risk management starts with a thorough and comprehensive risk assessment. This involves identifying and analyzing risks, including their potential impacts and likelihoods of occurrence. Risk assessment enables organizations to prioritize risks and allocate resources accordingly.Once risks are identified, appropriate risk mitigation strategies canbe implemented. These strategies may include risk avoidance, risk reduction, risk transfer, or risk acceptance. Risk avoidance involves refraining from activities that pose significant risks. Risk reduction involves implementing measures to minimize the likelihood or impact of risks. Risk transfer involves transferring risks to another party, such as through insurance or hedging. Risk acceptance involves acknowledging and accepting certain risks if their potential impact is deemed acceptable.Risk management frameworks and tools can also assist in the overall risk management process. These frameworks provide a structured approach to managing risks and can help organizations establish appropriate risk management policies, procedures, and controls. Examples of risk management tools include risk registers, risk appetite statements, risk and control self-assessment, and key risk indicators.Continual Monitoring and ReviewRisk management is an ongoing process that requires continuous monitoring and review. Financial institutions need to establish effective risk monitoring systems to detect and assess emerging risks promptly. Regular risk reporting and analysis help organizations stay informed about their risk profiles and take necessary actions.Risk management frameworks should also be periodically reviewed and updated to ensure their effectiveness in addressing evolving risks. As technology advances and market conditions change, risk management practices need to keep pace to effectively manage emerging risks.ConclusionRisk management is a critical component of the financial markets. The proper identification, assessment, and mitigation of risks are essential for maintaining stability and sustainability. By implementing robust risk management practices, financial institutions can navigate the challenges and uncertainties of financial markets effectively. Continued commitment to risk management ensures the soundness and integrity of the overall financial system.Sure, here's some additional content on the topic:Risk measurement and monitoring are key aspects of risk management in financial markets. Organizations use various metrics and tools to quantify and monitor risks. These include value-at-risk (VaR), stress testing, scenario analysis, and sensitivity analysis. VaR measures the potential loss in a portfolio or position under normal market conditions, with a specified confidence level. Stress testing, on the other hand, involves assessing the impact of extreme and hypothetical market scenarios on a portfolio's value. Scenario analysis involves analyzing the potential outcomes of specific events or market conditions. Sensitivity analysis assesses how changes in underlying factors, such as interest rates or exchange rates, affect the value of a portfolio.Risk management practices also extend to regulatory compliance. Financial institutions need to comply with various regulations and guidelines set by regulatory authorities. These regulations aim to safeguard the stability and integrity of the financial system and protect consumers. Risk management frameworks helporganizations ensure compliance by providing guidelines on risk assessment, reporting, and governance. Regulatory frameworks, such as Basel III, require banks to maintain adequate capital buffers to absorb potential losses and to have robust risk management systems in place.Technology plays a significant role in modern risk management. Advanced analytics tools and algorithms enable organizations to better analyze and understand risks. Artificial intelligence and machine learning can identify patterns and detect anomalies that may indicate potential risks. Risk management systems can also be automated to facilitate real-time monitoring and reporting. Technology-driven risk management helps organizations to improve risk assessment accuracy, increase efficiency, and enable faster decision-making.In addition to external risks, organizations also need to consider internal risks. Internal risks can arise from poor governance, inadequate internal controls, or unethical behaviors. Risk management frameworks often include internal control systems to ensure the effective mitigation of internal risks. These systems involve procedures and policies that promote transparency, accountability, and ethical behavior within the organization. Regular internal audits help assess the effectiveness of internal controls and identify areas for improvement.Risk management is a collective effort that involves all stakeholders in the financial markets. Regulators, financial institutions, investors, and market participants all play a role in identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks. Effective riskmanagement requires collaboration and information sharing among these stakeholders. Regulatory authorities set standards and guidelines, financial institutions implement risk management practices, investors conduct due diligence, and market participants adhere to market rules and regulations.In conclusion, risk management in financial markets is vital to ensure stability, sustainability, and trust in the financial system. It involves identifying, assessing, and mitigating various types of risks, including credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, and systemic risk. Risk assessment and mitigation strategies are informed by robust risk management frameworks and tools. Continual monitoring and review of risks help organizations stay informed and responsive to emerging risks. Technology and regulatory compliance also play significant roles in effective risk management. By prioritizing risk management, financial institutions can safeguard their financial well-being and contribute to the overall stability of the financial system.。
4章 Bonds and Their Valuation 学习课件,财务管理英文版
+
1+ kd 10
+
1 +
k 10 d
INPUTS 10 N
OUTPUT
-887 I/YR PV 10.91
90 PMT
1000 FV
If coupon rate < kd, bond sells at a discount.
If coupon rate = kd, bond sells at its par value.
Assuming that interest rates remain constant at 5 percent for the next 14 years,what would happen to the value of an MicroDrive bond?
Bonds value at year 1 and year 2 after they were issued:
PV annuity
= $ 614.46
PV maturity value = 385.54
Value of bond = $1,000.00
INPUTS 10 10
100 1000
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT
-1,000
What would happen if expected inflation rose by 3%, causing k = 13%?
VB 1$10P0V1I% 01 F,4 A $1,00P0V1% 0I1,F 4 $99 .99 8$1,000
Now suppose interest rates in the economy fell after the Allied Bonds were issued,and ,as a result, fell below the coupon rate, decreasing from 10 to 5 percent.
《债券定价》课件
债券的基本要素
总结词
介绍债券的基本要素,包括面值、票面利率、期限等。
详细描述
债券的面值是债券的发行金额;票面利率是债券发行时所确定的利率,它决定 了债券持有者在债券期限内能够获得的利息收益;期限指债券从发行之日起至 到期之日止的时间长度。
债券市场的概述
总结词
介绍债券市场的概念、功能和运作方式。
详细描述
现值定价模型假设投资者将在未来某一时刻收到债券的本金和利息,并根据这些 未来现金流的折现值来确定债券的当前价格。该模型考虑了时间价值和风险因素 ,是评估债券内在价值的重要工具。
Hale Waihona Puke 债券的远期定价模型总结词
远期定价模型用于确定未来某一时刻的 债券价格,基于远期利率和债券的期限 结构。
VS
详细描述
远期定价模型考虑了未来利率的不确定性 ,通过比较未来某一时刻的债券价格和当 前市场价格来计算远期利率。该模型对于 预测未来利率走势和评估债券投资风险具 有重要意义。
债券市场监管加强
中国政府加强对债券市场的监管,推动市场规范发展,防范金融风 险。
创新品种涌现
中国债券市场不断推出创新品种,满足不同投资者的需求,推动市 场健康发展。
未来债券市场的创新与变革
区块链技术在债券市场的应用
区块链技术可以提高债券交易的透明度和效率,降低交易成本,为债券市场带来新的变革 。
绿色债券的发展
期权交易
买卖双方达成协议,约定在未来 某一时间以特定价格购买或出售 一定数量的债券。
01
02
现货交易
买卖双方直接进行债券的买卖, 包括竞价交易和议价交易。
03
04
期货交易
买卖双方在期货交易所通过买卖 标准化合约的方式进行交易。
金融市场的债券定价与风险管理
金融市场的债券定价与风险管理债券是金融市场中的一种重要投资工具,它为债务人提供资金,同时为投资者提供一种固定利息和到期本金回收的债权。
债券的定价和风险管理是金融市场中的关键议题,本文将探讨债券定价和风险管理的基本原理和方法。
一、债券定价债券的定价是指确定其买卖价格的过程。
债券的价格主要由以下几个因素决定:1.到期收益率:到期收益率被认为是债券市场的基准利率,在市场上可以进行买卖的债券价格与其到期收益率呈反比关系。
当到期收益率上升时,债券价格下降;反之,当到期收益率下降时,债券价格上升。
2.利息支付周期:债券的利息支付周期也会影响其价格。
一般情况下,利息支付周期越短,债券价格越高。
3.剩余期限:债券的剩余期限也是决定其价格的重要因素。
一般情况下,剩余期限越长,债券价格越高。
4.信用风险:债券的信用风险是指发行人不能按时偿还本金和付息的风险。
在市场上,风险较高的债券价格会相应下降。
债券定价的基本原理是利用现金流的贴现来计算债券的价格。
根据债券的票面利率、到期时间、合理的风险溢价和市场利率等因素,可以通过贴现现金流的方法确定债券的价格。
二、债券风险管理在金融市场中,风险管理是投资者和发行人保持资金安全和稳定增长的重要手段。
对于债券投资者来说,风险管理主要包括以下几个方面:1.信用风险管理:在债券投资中,信用风险是最主要的风险之一。
投资者需要评估债券发行人的信用状况,选择信用良好的债券进行投资。
此外,投资者还可以通过购买信用担保债券或者使用信用违约掉期等金融衍生品进行风险对冲。
2.利率风险管理:利率风险是指市场利率的变动对债券价格的影响。
投资者可以通过构建合理的投资组合,包括购买不同到期时间和利率类型的债券,来降低利率风险。
此外,利率期货和利率互换等金融工具也可以用于对冲利率风险。
3.流动性风险管理:流动性风险是指在交易债券时,市场上没有足够的买家或卖家,导致价格无法顺利形成或者很难买卖的情况。
投资者可以通过选择具有较高流动性的债券,或者使用流动性风险对冲工具来管理流动性风险。
债券风险管理ppt
震荡市
采取匀速配置 适中久期操作
Part 04
实际操作中的 风险控制
4.1 风险控制框架
高管层
风险管理部门
风险控制原则 风险控制宏观指标
规模限额 止损限额
PV01
稽核部门
例行审计 专项审计
4.2 风险控制方法
1.交易自动化\电子化 2.严格清晰的授权和限额管理
操作 风险
信用 风险
1.严格的信用风险管理体制 2.发行人授信
债券投资 理论的具体运用
1.3 债券交易达成链条
投资者
WIND QB
BROKER
CFETS
2.1 债券投资理论分析角度
基本面 政策面 资金面
宏观
微观
行业地位 企业情况
2.1 债券投资理论分析角度 | 宏观层面
基本面 政策面 资金面
经济增长+通货膨胀 货币政策+财政政策 资金供应+债券供给
2.1.1 基本面指标
2.1.3 资金面指标
1 资金来源:基础货币投放、存款增量、理财资金增量;
2 债券供给:
• 国债到期量相对平稳,表现为一季度偏低,二、三季度走高,四季度回落 的特征。
债券的供给情况,主要有这几个特征,我们可以来看下面几张图。
2.1.3 资金面指标
利率债发行情况
资金因素造成市场 “股债齐涨” 的现象
12 11 10
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
12-01-31
12-03-31
12-05-31
12-07-31
12-09-30
12-11-30
13-01-31
银行间回购加权利率:7天
13-03-31
风险管理英文课件 (17)
Initial Margin
l Even if variation margin has been posted, A may still lose money if B defaults because:
l B is not up to date with margin payments at time of default
identifying collateral arrangements l Early termination provisions in the event of
default not subject to usual bankruptcy rules
l Non-defaulting party can keep collateral posted up to amount owed
Post-Crisis Regulatory Changes 2
l Initial margin and variation margin must be posted for nonstandard trades between financial institutions (these are referred to as uncleared trades and are cleared bilaterally, rather than through a CCP)
trading entities
Large CCPs (page 402)
l SwapClear (part of LCH Clearnet in London)
l Clearport (part of CME Group in Chicago) l ICE Clear Credit (part of Intercontinental
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Ct 和 P 容易确定
y* 的确定依赖于投资者对债券的特征的 主观看法,以及现实的市场条件。从而 债券分析中,最关键的部分是确定 y* 。
1.2 Bond attributes
在债券定价过程中,债券的六个重要的 属性:
– length of time until maturity – coupon rate – call provisions – tax status – marketability – likelihood of default
– 一般来说,息率超过5%的债券都会回购
– 回购可能性越大,到期收益应该越高,即, 息率越高,或者回购酬金越低,到期收益应 该越高
– 当别的性质相同时,息率越高或者回购酬金 越低的可回购债券,其内在价值(intrinsic value) 应该越低。
固定收益证券
– is a claim on a specified period stream of income. – Have the advantage of being relative easy to understand
because the level of payments is fixed in advance. – Risk consideration are minimal as long as the issuer of
在任何时间,这些性质不同的债券的市 场价格结构,以到期收益来描述。整个 结构也称为收益结构(yield structure)。
期限结构
风险结构
yield spread:两种债券之间的收益差。
– 被考虑债券和具有相同的到期日和息率的无 违约风险债券
Coupon rate and length of time until
– 两者之差反映了公司以1100元进行回购这样 一个权利的价值。
– 当由回购风险时,更加关注回购收益而不是 到期收益
– 回购收益的计算
– 例子:假设息率为8%,30年到期的债券价 格为1150元,10年后以1100元回购
Coupon payment
Number
of
semiannual periods
n
P
t 1
Ct 1 y t
– 如果 y y* ,则定价过低(underpriced)。
– 如果 y y* ,则定价过高(overpriced)。
– y* 的确定依赖于债券的特征以及现时的市场 条件。
例子:一个债券,现价为900元,面值为 1000元,三年到期,息率为6%。得到
y 10.02%
Final payment
price
Yield to call 40 20 1100 1150
Yield to maturity 40 60
1000 1150
– 回购收益为6.64%,到期收益为6.82%
– The higher the coupon rate of a callable bond, the greater is the likely divergence between actual and promised yields.
第八章 债券定价和风险管理
CAPM, APT: treat securities at a high level of abstraction, assuming implicitly that a prior, detailed analysis of each security already had been performed, and that its risk and return features had been assessed.
如果通过分析,得到
y* 9.00%
问题:定价如何?如何确定 y* ?
Intrinsic value
V
n t 1
Ct 1 y*
t
例子:V 924.06
两种程序所得结果的一致性,即价格与 回报率之间的关系。
为了利用Capitalization of Income Method of Value,必须决定 Ct ,P ,y* 的值。
the security is sufficiently creditworthy.
1. Bond analysis
债券是最基本的固定收益证券。 债券的定价 债券的特性
1.1 Capitalization of Income Method of Value
Promised yield-to-maturity
• 为什么会回购
• 10年的到期收益(实际回报)为10.96%。
– Yield to call
• 例子:面值为1000元,息率8%,30年到期的无 回购协议的债券和面值为1000元,息率8%,30 年到期,回购价格为1100元的债券
– price
– 1200 – 1000
– 0 5% 10% 15% 20% interest rate
Call and put provisions
– call price
– call premium – 当收益率剧烈下降后,债券的发行者回购已
经发行的债券具有财务上的优势,因为发行 者能够用收益更低的债券来代替。
– 例子:考虑10年期债券以面值(1000元)发 行,息率为12%,上市5年以后,可以以回 购价格1050元进行回购。5年后,类似的5年 期的债券的收益为8%。
maturity
– 规模。
– 由这两个属性可以决定债券的收益率,再与 基准的收益率作比较。通常以国库券的到期 收益作为基准。
– 例子:前面例子里的债券与下面的国库券比 较:面值1000元,息率5%,价格910.61元。
到期收益为8.5%,yield spread 为152个基点。