文体学分析作业 2

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八年级语文学情分析【三篇】

八班级语文学情分析【三篇】【篇一】八班级语文学情分析一、教材分析（一）概况人教版《义务教育课程标准试验教科书语文》七～九班级教材中，八班级上、下册属于一个阶段，这两册教材在编排上呈现出来的共同点是各单元仍以专题组元，但同时也兼顾文体。

八班级下册一共有六个单元，分为阅读和综合性学习两大部分，书后还有课外古诗词背诵、名著导读和附录等内容。

阅读分为以下六个专题，即人物介绍、散文诗、保护自然、民俗、古诗文、古诗文；前两个单元以记叙类文章为主，后两个单元以说明类文章为主。

本册教材要求同学了解两种文体：记叙文和说明文；同时相应地了解两种表达方式：记叙与说明。

两个文言文单元课文的选编紧要是从文章的难易程度以及课程目标这两个方面来考虑的。

综合性学习也有六个专题，分别是：献给母亲的歌、寻觅春天的踪迹、科海泛舟、到民间采风去、古诗苑缓步、背起行囊走四方。

该教材有以下突出特点：（１）立足同学实际（２）体现现代意识（３）弘扬人文精神（４）突出开放性（５）重视策略引导。

（二）实在内容第一单元以人物介绍为主题。

五篇课文，《藤野先生》《我的母亲》《我的第一本书》《列夫.托尔斯泰》《再塑生命》“综合性学习”写作，口语交际：献给母亲的歌。

第二单元紧要由记叙类作品构成，侧重培育阅读记叙类作品的本领。

从单元课文的内容来说，让同学了解了各地的大自然风采。

通过这个单元，可以使同学在情感、态度和价值观方面，受到熏陶和启示。

第三单元所选课文以名胜古迹为主题，文体类别上侧重于说明文：《敬畏自然》《罗布泊，消失的仙湖》《旅鼠之迷》《大雁归来》第三单元综合性学习《喂！出来》。

第四单元以民俗为主题，编选了五课各具特色的介绍民俗学问的短文，共六篇。

它们是。

《云南的歌会》。

《端午的鸭蛋》。

《吆喝》。

《春酒》。

《俗世奇人》教学本单元，既要重视语文基本本领的培育，也要关注科学精神、科学态度和科学思维方法的培育，努力努力探求二者的交融整合，实现同学人文素养和科学素养的共同提高。

《文论专题》形考作业二参考答案汇总

形成性考核作业二参考答案1、叶燮“才胆识力”说的具体内涵是什么?其中识与严羽的识有何异同?在叶燮的理论中, “才胆识力”是创作主体最有个性化的因素,是作家个性心理质素最完整的概括由此形成的学说堪称“心”学。

所谓“才”,是指诗人主体的艺术才能和才华, 具体包括诗人观察、认识客观事物的能力 , 以及艺术地表现“理” 、“事” 、“情”的能力。

所谓“胆” ,是指诗人敢于突破传统束缚的独立思考的能力, 在创作中表现为自由创作的艺术精神。

所谓“识”,是指诗人辨别事物“理、事、情”特点的辨别能力,又指对世界事物是非美丑的识别能力,更是鉴别诗歌及其艺术表现特征的能力。

所谓“力”,是指诗人运用形象概括现实生活和客观事物的功力和笔力,以及独树一帜、立一家之言的气魄。

它是诗人创作中不同于他人的独创性的力度。

四者之中, 叶燮认为“识”处于核心和主宰的地位。

四者又具有一种“交相为济”的关系,“胆”既有依赖于“识”,又能延展深化为“才”,而“才”则必须要“力”来承载, 因此,没有“力”的作用,“才”是不可能充分展现出来的。

总而言之,“才、胆、识、力” 四者不可分割, 而且相互联系, 相互滋润, 共同构成了创作主体的个性心理结构。

诗人做诗, 只有充分调动这四种心智机能,有效协作,方能写出优秀的诗篇来。

严羽的“识”是在《沧浪诗话·诗辨》中提出的。

所谓“识”,就是识别诗的正路、高格、要义,以汉魏晋以及盛唐之诗为师法的典范和臻至的目标。

这就需要诗人或者诗歌欣赏者具备一定的艺术鉴别能力,能“识”出诗歌艺术水准的高低,也就成为学诗者的首要条件。

“识”是“入门正”和“立志高”的基本条件。

首先 , 学诗者需要辨别诗家各体。

其次 , 学诗者还需识别诗中“第一义” 。

再次, “识” 是学诗者主体修养最重要的因素, 关系到其对诗歌的审美欣赏与判断能力。

严羽认为, “识” 包含了“入门须正”和“立志须高”,这是学诗者必须具备的真识。

在严羽这里,作为审美判断能力的“识”力 ,其属于诗歌创作主体有别于客体的内在能动性, 在内涵上被赋予了独特的诗学规定性。

《中国现代文学专题》平时(简答和分析题)答案

电大《中国现代文学专题》平时作业一及答案31．1921年成为新文学发展史上的重要年头的主要原因有哪些？A．文学研究会和创造社两大新文学社团成立，新文学的声势大振。

《小说月报》由沈雁冰担任主编，从鸳鸯蝴蝶派的重镇变成新文学的重要刊物。

B．这一年出版了郁达夫小说集《沉沦》、郭沫若诗集《女神》（以及汪敬熙小说集《雪夜》、俞平伯诗集《冬夜》）等。

沈雁冰关于小说创作的评论和理论探讨，对小说的发展也起了重要作用。

（说出两部作品集及沈雁冰即可）C．这一年涌现出了郁达夫、叶绍钧、冰心（以及庐隐、王统照、落华生（许地山）、王鲁彦、许杰、郑振铎、彭家煌、蹇先艾、凌淑华、冯沅君、蹇先艾、台静农、张资平、郑伯奇）等有影响的小说家。

（说出三位作家即可）32．闻一多在《诗镌》第七期上发表了诗论《诗的格律》，提出了著名的“三美”主张。

请简要说明闻一多“三美”主张的主要内容。

A．“音乐美”主要是指音节和韵脚的和谐，一行诗中的音节、音尺的排列组合要有规律。

B．“绘画美”是诗的用词要做到有画面有色彩，讲究诗的视觉形象和直观性。

C．“建筑美”主要是指从诗的整体外形上看，节与节、行与行之间要匀称均齐。

五、分析题（30分）35．《雷雨》中的人物是具有典型意义和永久生命力的形象。

……答：周朴园的形象性格，分别通过他对繁漪、侍萍和鲁大海的态度等不同侧面得以表现。

他与鲁大海之间的劳资矛盾，着重写一个资本家的过去和现实罪恶。

而通过他与繁漪、侍萍之间的矛盾，显示道德伦理的矛盾和冲突，更显示了他作为一个人的复杂性。

周朴园竭力要建立符合他个人意志的最圆满、最有秩序的家庭。

他当年对侍萍的情感是真实的，后来对侍萍的遗弃，表明了他自身受家庭束缚和对封建家长的屈从，和封建力量最终达成了和解；之后周朴园的感情生活已经死灭，他的吃素、禁锢，都是残酷的情欲上的自虐，因而对繁漪只是持问候与义务式关心的态度；多年来保留着夏日不开窗(因侍萍生周萍时受风生病)的习惯，是他认为侍萍已经死了，以这种悼念和追忆来弥补心灵上的罪恶感。

对比文体学作业纸(1)-语音层文体特征分析-11翻译w-学号-王雪组

对比文体学作业纸（1）：语音层文体特征对比分析也具有意义连觉的作用，体现了悲伤地情感。

My aspens dear, whose airy cages quelled,Quelled or quenched in leaves the leaping sun.All felled, felled, are all felled:[G. M. Hopkins. Binsey Poplars] 我亲爱的白杨树，在通风的笼子里，平息或淬火般的叶子，在跳跃的阳光下。

所有砍伐，砍伐，全部砍伐反韵反韵出现在quelled与quenched，leaves与leaping之间，从而形成音节上的语音平行结构模式，同时加强了quelled与quenched之间的关系，使得读者联想到阳光被遮住的意象。

Thou mastering meGod! giver of breath and bread;World’s strand, sway of the sea,Lord of living and dead;Thou hast bound bones and veins in me,Fastened me flesh.And after it almost unmade, what with dread.Thy doing: and dost thou touch me afresh? Over again I feel thy finger and find thee.[G. M. Hopkins. The Wreck of the Deutschland] 你掌控着我，上帝！给予我生命和面包；世界的链，摇摆的海，是活着和死亡的造物主，你融进我的血肉中，即使毁灭又有什么恐惧呢？试着这样做：触摸我好吗？再一次，我就会感到你的存在，并找到你们。

押韵此行中每行行尾押韵音节都是重读单音节，从而使诗句铿锵有力，与诗歌所表达的上帝居高临下、主宰一切的主题相一致。

整理文体学答案

文体学课后题1、2单元1Identify and classify patterns of sound repetition in the following examples. 1）Words and phrases shilly-shally = pararhyme super-duper = rhyme high and mighty = assonance fair and square = rhyme kith and kin = reverse rhyme toil and moil = rhyme part and parcel = reverse rhyme by hook or by crook = rhyme 2）Pride and Prejudice = alliteration The Love ’s labour Lost = alliteration Of Mice and Man = alliteration Bill Rogers, Marvelous Marathon Man = alliteration Father in a Fix = alliteration Witch Watch = alliteration The Wonder of Waterfall = alliteration 3)Advertisements --Drinka Pinta Milka Day = sound elision --Extra Pintas Warma Winta = sound elision --Be different daily. Be dreamy or dramatic. Experiment, but still economise. Be bold and be beautiful —but don ’t break the bank. = (in order) alliteration; alliteration; reverse rhyme; alliteration 2 The underlined word(s) in each of the following examples 1)Nim Chimpsky sounds like Noam Chompsky, who believes that man has a language learning device in the mind, which enables the child to learn the language however badly it is taught. This makes man different from animal, which does not have such a device. That is why chimpanzee (who is considered to be the most intelligent animal) can never learn the language however hard it is taught. 2）Romeow is a word imitating the sound made by a cat and shares the same pronunciation with the main character in Shakespeare ’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Romeo has deep love for Juliet. It indicates that Romeow the cat has affection for the master. 3) Record shop named Moby Disc, which implies it is a huge shop of its kind, for it reminds one of the Moby Dick, a book which depicts people hunt a huge whole called Moby Dick. 3 1)phonological devices in the following extract. A creak of hinges...aisle. In this passage the authors uses alliteration high-heeled, assonance tiled surface of the central aisle. What is more conspicuous is the use of onomatopoeic words such as creak, booming thud, flutter, tiptap, which present the different kinds of noises heard in the church. The use of such words help the reader share the same experience of the writer and make the description vivid and believable. 2）Read the following extract from the novel Adventures of Tom 3）Sawyer and comment on the graphological forms. “TOM!”No answer. ...--Mark Twai This is one episode of the novel Adventures of Tom Sawyer, depicting how Granny is looking for Tom, who is naughty and hiding under the bed. The different form of letters with punctuation marks indicates how Granny speaks. When we read it, we have the feeling of watching Granny on a stage play. For example, “TOM!”　is said louder than “Tom!”. “Ｙ-o-u-u, Tom !” indicates Granny drawls her voice and with unusual loudness so as to be heard fa r away. The exclamation marks “!”　show her emotion, and the dash “—“　implies her sudden stop. The italicized through emphasizes the contrast with “over ”　and “under ”, humorously implying her glasses are intended for ornament rather than practical use. In the whole passage, we see the only character Granny, who is speaking to herself. It is very much like a stage monologue. After reading, we have a vivid image of Granny in our mind. And there is a touch of humour all through. 3单元1 What are thethree ways of clause classification? classification according to constituents, verb phrase and functions. By constituents clauses can be grouped into SV(A), SVO(A), SVC, SVOO, SVOC. By verb phrase we have finite clause, non-finite clause and verbless clause. By functions clauses can be categorized either as independent clause or dependent clause. 2 how do we distinguish situation types? By according to meaning or sense of the verb. 3 Name the participant roles in action types? The participant roles in action types are: agentive role (doer of the action), external force (causer of the action), intrumental role (tool to do the action with), recipient role (receiver of the action) and objective role (the affected or the result of the action).4What is a simple sentence? What is a multiple sentence?Directly/indirectlyA simple sentence conforms to the basic clause structure SV(O) (C) (A).A multiple sentence consists of more than one clause. It may be either a compound sentence,a complex sentence, or a mixed sentence.D :nominal clauses function as S O C .I:relative clauses function asmodified in NP and comparative c f as m in NP ADJP5 What is the difference between a minor sentence and an incompletesentence?Neither type conforms to the basic clause structure. But a minorsentence is supposed to be “complete ” in the sense that it is finished.An incomplete sentence never comes to its end because of sudden interruption or other reasons. For example,(1) Attention, please. (2) Help!(3) Going to the lecture? (4) Why are you late? Because I —Of the four sentences, (1) (2) (3) are minor sentences whereas (4) is anincomplete.6 What are the major components of a noun phrase?What is the use ofpre-modification?What is the function of post-modification?A complete noun phrase consists of four constituents: determiner, pre-modifier, head and post-modifier. The determiner can be an article,numerals, numeral pronouns; all the words between the determinativeand the head are pre-modifier, whatever part of speech they belong to;the head can be a noun or a pronoun; the post-modifier is usually a prepositional phrase, a noun phrase, a non-finite clause, a relative clause, etc.Frequent use of pre-modification in newspaper headlines caneconomize space, and arouse the reader ’s interest as well because pre-modification is usually short, thus cannot spell out details. This keeps the reader in suspense and kicks up their eagerness to find out.Pre-modification tends to be informal and appears in less formal style.Post-modification can be very long and complicated. Using post-modification can give enough room for details and for further information. Therefore, it is frequently used in more formal contexts, for instance, written language. Written legal English prefers post-modification in noun phrases, because the composer of a legal document must ensure that it conveys meaning exactly and explicitly,guarding against any possible misinterpretation.7 What are the three basic factors in the formation of written texts?For effective presentation of information and language processing on the part of the reader, we usually attach importance to sequence, segmentation and salience in the formation of texts, both spoken and written.8 Which type of branching is common in informal speech? Which typeof branching is preferred in written styles?Right-branching is common in speech, in relaxed and informalpresentation of ideas.A writer may favor right-branching and useshort, simple sentences to represent a narrative style of simplicity, directness and intensity. Left-branching, however, is better adapted to writing because it is structurally more compact andlogical, and it is usually more formal. Since subordinate ideas arepresented first, postponing the main idea, readers often feel insuspense and try to read on to obtain the main idea towards theend of the sentence.9 What is the basic phrase order?What are the stylistic effects of fronting and postponement?The basic phrase order in an English declarative clause is more or lessfixed: SV(O)(C)(A), with A being mobile in position. The change ofthe order can make a particular language unit more salient.Fronting refers the movement of a sentential element from its usual position to the front, and postponement refers the movement of alinguistic unit from its normal place towards the end of the sentence. In both cases the elements moved are highlighted. Forexample,(1) Talent Mr. Micawber has, capital Mr. Micawber has not. (frontingtalent and capital for emphasis)(2) A car stopped and out stepped the President of the University.(Postponing President of the University again for emphasis)10 What is syntactic parallelism and its function?Syntactic parallelism refers to the repetition of the same syntactic form (e.g. tense, aspect) and phrase/clause structure in two or more neighboring clauses or sentences. It reinforces meaning by contrast or antithesis, or helps to build up an emotional climax. For example, See how they can saw. Power saw. And drill. Power drill. And sand. Power sand. This is an advertisement for selling Power Brand series of tools. When the reader finishes the reading, they will not forget the brand name Power.4单元2 What is the difference in the effect between the use of Latinate and that of native words? Why? Generally speaking, Latinate words are words of science, religion and official communication; and in most cases, they help to create the effect of coolness, dignity and intellectual distance.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin constitute English-speaking people ’s basic vocabulary.Such words are emotionally charged. A high percentage of Anglo-Saxon words is quite usual in informal style.3 What is the difference between a general word and a specific word? Is it true that use of specific words should always be recommended? A word is general when it refers to a group of objects or a class of objects or action, and specific when it refers to a member of that group or class. The relationship between a general (superordinate) and specific (subordinate) term is hyponymy. General terms are often too vague to convey any precise meaning. The use of specific words ismore informative in detail and can evoke vivid images in the reader ’sor hearer ’s mind. However, general terms are preferred, when there is no need for specification, or when the user wants to leave things vague for some (tactical) reason. 5 What is repetition ?What is reiteration? Why should people employ repetition and reiteration in speech or writing? When a linguistic form is used twice or more, the result is repetition. For example, We begin our morning class at 8:00. Lunch begins at 11:30 and afternoon classes begin at 2:00 again. When the same idea is repeated in a different form, it is reiteration. For example, We begin our morning classes at 8:00, and afternoon classes start at 2:00 again. In literary texts, repetition is usually rhetorical. The intensive repetition of an expression can be a powerful thematic device. It helps todirect the reader ’s attention to the interpretation of its significance. Whatever is repeated is emphasized. Reiteration is used to avoidthe monotonous effect of the repetition of the same expression. 6 What is collocation? What is the use pf analyzing lexical collocation of an item in a piece of language?Collocation refers to the concurrence of words or conventional use of certain words together in a text. In a given text, the collocates of an item constitute its lexical context which determines the meaning of theitem. This device may contribute to the theme of the text. The analysis of collocation can help us grasp the main idea of the text. 7 The following are groups of specific words. Name a general wordwhose meaning is included in the meaning of the specific words. 1) stride, strut, march, amble, strode, saunter (walk) 2) drag, haul, heave, wrench, tow (pull)3) whisper, chatter, babble, mumble, mutter (talk) 4) bottle, vase, jug, cup, pot, barrel, bucket, box (container) 5) car, jeep, van, tanker, minibus, cart, bicycle (vehicle)8 The words in each of the following groups have roughly a similar conceptual meaning. Discuss the difference in their associatemeanings. 9 Compare the A B extracts in terms 1) the percentage of Anglo-Saxon words; 2) the percentage of Latinate words of three syllables and more. In A of the 48 words, only six come from other languages, four of which are from French, but in B of the 39 words, 18 words are from Latin and another one from Greek. Since Latinate words make up a high percentage in B, it is much more difficult to understand. 10 Comment on the adjective used in the following advertisement. (Manhattan shirts, slacks and accessories) To persuade the would-be customers to buy the product, the author uses a series of appreciative adjectives: confident, correct, successful, strong,savvy, fashionable, happy, robust, virile, and wise, plus famous to showwhat good things Manhattan Brand products would bring to the buyer.5单元1 What is dialect?A dialect is a variety habitually adopted by people in a certain region(regional dialect) or by people of a certain social group (social dialect).Dialects differ from one another in vocabulary, grammar andpronunciation.one regional dialect speaker may be able to speak more than one socialdialect when needed.2 What is the difference between dialect and accent?Accent is the special phonological features shown by one who speaks adialect. It is regional in nature. A dialect can be spoken with differentaccents, standard and non-standard. A person may shift from onedialect to another while speaking but s/he is unable to cover his or heraccent. For example, a Londoner speaks British English with a Londonaccent, but a person born and brought up in Manchester may speakBritish English with a Manchester accent.3 What is Standard English? Is there a standard accent with whichpeople speak Standard English?Standard English refers to the particular socially-favoured variety which is based on the speech and writing of educated users of the language. With a widely accepted, codified grammar and vocabulary, SE is primarily used for public communication: used in books and newspapers, official documents and news broadcasts; in schools, taught to non-native learners of English.Yes. In each regional variety, one accent is most widely acceptedsuch as RP (received pronunciation) in British English. Since this accent is related to BBC broadcaster, the royal family and educated speech, it is considered to be the standard accent in Britain.6单元11）What does ‘channel limitation ’　mean? How does channel limitation affect language use?Channel limitation means that the transmission of a message is limitedto one channel only —visual or auditory. Speech, in most cases, has no channel limitation. Talking face-to-face, both the speaker and hearer can see and hear each other. Apart from the language, gestures, facialexpressions, shared knowledge, and situation all contribute to the communication. Therefore, the language is often inexplicit. Writing, onthe other hand, has channel limitation. Then the language should beexplicit. For example, The teacher standing there is her mother ”,whichis understandable if the two speakers are together in the same context.But in written language such should be forbidden. We should make itexplicit like The teacher standing under the tree in front of theclassroom building is Wang Qian ’s mother .2）In what ways does spontaneously spoken language differ fromprepared written form?In spontaneous speech one has little time for planning or revising oneutterance. While speaking, one has to monitor what has been said andits response by the hearer, and simultaneously to plan the next utterance.If one ’s planning falls behind the delivery, the speech ischaracteristically broken up by the following features of normalnon-fluency: filled/ unfilled pauses, unintended repetitions, and falsestarts. For example,He was - as it were - you know him do you - how shall I say er- withdrawn - er shut-in as though as though he had a kind of - mmgoldfish bowl round his head - not very easy …Appreciative Neutral Pejorative work drudgery, toil, grind fashion, style vogue fad policeman, cop flatfoot civil servant government official bureaucrat famous, celebrated, renowned notorious portly, stout, chubby, plumpfat adventurous, daring reckless, rash学无止境7单元1What is role relationship? Give some examples.By role relationship we mean the relationship between the rolesadopted by addresser and addressee in a given situation. Rolerelationships range from temporary to permanent: casual acquaintances on a train, customer —salesman, colleagues in an office, management —employees, teacher —pupil, parent —child. 2 By what scales do we classify language features typical of various attitudes? Language features indicating the attitude are usually classified along four scales: formality, politeness, impersonality and accessibility 3.What factors affect the degrees of formality? The degrees of formality are determined by the role relationships, number of hearers, and contexts of situation, such as a public lecture, playground at playtime, church service, cocktail party, and so on. 4 How does language vary in terms of politeness? Language varies according to the degree of intimacy between the address and addressee; the degree of social distance separating the addresser and addressee. Language becomes more and more polite when the addressee is more senior in status and les intimate in relation. 5 What are the basic patterns of the use of address forms? The basic address patterns include: Title (Professor, Doctor, Reverend), Title + Last Name (Professor Zhang, Mr Smith, Miss Thatcher), First name + Last Name (Michael Hall, John Smith), Last Name (Smith,Thatcher), First Name (Michael, John), Shortened First Name (Mike=Michael, Elizabeth=Liza/Liz), Nickname (Piggy, Bully) and Terms of Endearment (Darling, Dear, Honey, Sweet). 6 What is linguistic impersonality? Language becomes impersonal when it avoids direct reference to the addresser and addressee. That is the writing avoids the use of personal pronouns such as I, we, you, etc 7 . How do we measure the degrees of accessibility? We can measure the degrees of accessibility by the following formula: FOG INDEX = 0.4 (L+H) L = the average sentence length in a passage H = the percentage of hard (inaccessible) words in the passage Suppose a passage has: --a total number of words 120 --the number of sentences 6 --the number of “hard ” words 16L: 120 ÷ 6 = 20 H: (16 ÷ 120) × 100 = 13.3 Fog index: 0.4 × (20 + 13.3) = 13.32 Since an easily accessible text is supposed to have a fog index of about 10, the mentioned text is just a little difficult. 8 Compare Extracts A and B in terms of the degree of accessibility.A There was real stress I had to face, about 1970, three years into publication of Rolling Stone (newspaper). The company was bankrupt in essence. I ’d gotten top ambitious.I remember one day, just driving around and waiting for an accident to happen. It wasn ’t suicide as such. It was just driving around very sloppily, saying. Fuck it, maybe somebody ’ll get me in an accid ent. I was facing failure, real failure. I ’d never faced complete failure before. I was really depressed. In retrospect, to go bankrupt with a little newspaper at the age of 24 is not the most terrible thing. It was absurd. It didn ’t last long. You reach a point where your confidence is really shattered. It takes other people to help build up your confidence. Come on now, face the bastards down. You start to build and put it back together. Jann Wenner, editor of Rolling Stone B (The passage is a parody of the speech style of an American politician, once a presidential adviser.) My on-going advisational capacity having been terminalised presidentially, I wish to submit myapplicationised notification for immediate considerational verification. Qualificationally, my recent policalisationalexperience has suitabilized me for the Editorship of the NS, both in literary manipulativeness and socioeconomic logistics, thereby ensuring financial viability. My aim would be the immediate terminalisation of readership fallout by content amendment through extreme conservation …．“Weekend Competition ”, NewStatesmanExtract A uses short sentences and most of them are simple. Thesentences are mostly in the active with a high frequency of personalpronouns. The words are common. Although the diction indicates thespeaker is educated, the whole passage is highly accessible.Extract B is written in professional jargons relating to thespeaker ’s profession as a politician ’s adviser. Most of the content ware Latinate and learned, which make the writing very formal and difficult to process, though it is personal.9 Identify the language markers in the following extract, which indicate the degree of impersonality.The symbol * against a subscriber ’s entry in t he Dictionary denotes thatthe telephone number is withheld publication at the subscriber ’and the Post Office is not authorized to supply it to enquirers. Then names and addresses o f such subscribers are, however, shown in the Directory in cases where frequent enquires are received by the Post Office for the exchange number, with a view to saving members of thepublic the trouble of fruitless enquiry. London Telephone Directory10 Compare the following two passages and comment on the degree offormality.A I ’m a college professor. As a communications specialist, Itrain students to become more sensitive and aware ofinterpersonal communication —symbolic behavior, use of words,as well as nonverbal behavior. I try to ignite symbols in yourmind, so we can come to a point of agreement on language. Thisis an invisible industry. Since the Second World War we ’vestrong teachers in this discipline.B (The passage is a parody of the speech style of an Americanpolitician, once a presidential adviser.)My on-going advisational capacity having been terminalisedpresidentially, I wish to submit my applicationised notification forimmediate considerational verification. Qualificationally, my recentpolicalisational experience has suitabilized me for the Editorship ofthe NS, both in literary manipulativeness and socioeconomiclogistics, thereby ensuring financial viability. My aim would be theimmediate terminalisation of readership fallout by contentamendment through extreme conservation …．“Weekend Competition ”,New Statesman Comparatively speaking, B is much more formal than A though bothare formal in a sense. A is less formal because the speaker uses shortsentences and a fair portion of common words. But there areprofessional jargons. It is well planned and logical. B is written inprofessional jargons relating to the speaker ’s profession as a politic adviser. Most of the content words are Latinate and learned, which make the writing very formal and difficult to process.8 单元1 What functions does language serve in social activities?Language serves a number of functions in social activities. Linguists have come up with different numbers of functions. The widely acceptedfunctions are: referential, expressive, conative, phatic, metalinguistic and poetic.2 What functions does a newspaper serve?A newspaper has two main functions: to give information and to reflect,shape and guide public opinion.34 What are the functions of a headline/body copy in a pressadvertisement?The headline is the most indispensable element in an advertisement. Ithas been estimated that five times as many people read theheadline. It should be so designed as to capture a prospectivebuyer ’s attention, to stimulate interest or desire, to make him/her remember the advertisement brand name.7 What are the main components of a press advertisement?A complete press advertisement consists of the following components:Headline学无止境IllustrationBody copySignature lineStanding detailsBut illustration is optional and signature line and standing details aresometimes missing.10 Rewrite the following headlines in ordinary English.Move to Axe Miners’ JobsWoman Pilot’s Bid for Solo Flight RecordBaby Boom Threat in BeijingCar Ads Target WomenChina Stepping up Agro-Cooperation with W. EuropeTwo Killed in Freak StormsEaster Holiday Bus Crash Trial VerdictRewritten versions (suggested):(1) A move was submitted to reduce miners’ jobs.(2) A woman pilot bid for breaking single-flight record.(3) A sharp increase in births poses a threat in Beijing.(4) Car advertisements aim at women buyers.(5) China is speeding up cooperation in agriculture with WestEurope.(6) Two persons were killed in a freakish storm.(7) A verdict was reached at the trial for the bus crash for EasterHolidays.。

病文分析及作文汇总2

作业一、病文分析（运用你所学的知识对下面病文进行分析，指出不妥之处，并说明正确写法）1、××县税务局拨款重建××区税务所办公楼的请示报告××市税务局、城建局：我司所属××区税务所办公楼上月初被洪水冲毁，只得临时租借民房办公。

现决定重建该所办公楼一栋，建筑面积3000平方米，按每平方米900元计，需资金270万元。

同时该所职工住房困难，拟新建600平方米职工宿舍一栋，按每平方米800元计，需资金48万元。

两项合计需资金318万元。

目前还在紧张进行施工前的各项准备工作。

为此，请从速给予拨款318万元。

特此报告。

××县税务局1998年6月×日2、布署扩招会议重要请君出席尊敬的各院、系主任：今天的会议该是多么重要啊！大家一定会群情振奋，踊跃参加的。

地点就在宽敞明亮、让人爽心悦目的校办公楼四楼会议室。

时间是午睡后精力充沛、神清气朗的三点整。

欲知会议内容多么重要，开会以后自见分晓。

××大学校长办公室 85年8月16日3、高教厅通知全省各高等院校：为了贯彻国家教育部关于加强大学生思想教育工作会议精神，我省拟召开思想教育工作会。

一、会议主要是解决三个问题（略）。

二、为使会议达到预定的要求，请你们先就会议要解决的三个问题，作出一些研究和准备。

三、参加人员：全省高校系统负责人不得缺席，否则追究领导责任，给予纪律处分。

四、会议时间：请出席会议的同志于5月20日前到××大学报到，会期三天。

省教育厅2005年5月5日4、关于××大学同意调进孙××的通知××厂、××厂长：贵厂女工孙××与鄙校青年教师金××是一对恩爱伴侣，两人苦于相隔两地，鸳鸯分飞。

双方感情受煎熬不说，还加重了家庭负担，年迈双亲随女方缺人照料而苦不堪言，幼弱女儿随男方缺少母爱而目不忍睹。

整理文体学答案

文体学课后题1、2单元1Identify and classify patterns of sound repetition in the following examples.1）Words and phrasesshilly-shally = pararhyme super-duper = rhymehigh and mighty = assonance fair and square = rhymekith and kin = reverse rhyme toil and moil = rhymepart and parcel = reverse rhyme by hook or by crook = rhyme2）Pride and Prejudice = alliterationThe Love’s labour Lost = alliteration Of Mice and Man = alliteration Bill Rogers, Marvelous Marathon Man = alliterationFather in a Fix = alliteration Witch Watch = alliterationThe Wonder of Waterfall = alliteration3)Advertisements--Drinka Pinta Milka Day = sound elision--Extra Pintas Warma Winta = sound elision--Be different daily. Be dreamy or dramatic. Experiment,but still economise. Be bold and be beautiful—but don’t break the bank. = (in order) alliteration; alliteration; reverse rhyme; alliteration2 The underlined word(s) in each of the following examples1)Nim Chimpsky sounds like Noam Chompsky, who believes that man has a language learning device in the mind, which enables the child to learn the language however badly it is taught. This makes man different from animal, which does not have such a device. That is why chimpanzee (who is considered to be the most intelligent animal) can never learn the language however hard it is taught.2）Romeow is a word imitating the sound made by a cat and shares the same pronunciation with the main character in Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Romeo has deep love for Juliet. It indicates that Romeow the cat has affection for the master.3) Record shop named Moby Disc, which implies it is a huge shop of its kind, for it reminds one of the Moby Dick, a book which depicts people hunt a huge whole called Moby Dick.3 1)phonological devices in the following extract.A creak of hinges...aisle.In this passage the authors uses alliteration high-heeled, assonance tiled surface of the central aisle. What is more conspicuous is the use of onomatopoeic words such as creak, booming thud, flutter, tiptap, which present the different kinds of noises heard in the church. The use of such words help the reader share the same experience of the writer and make the description vivid and believable.2）Read the following extract from the novel Adventures of Tom3）Sawyer and comment on the graphological forms.“TOM!”No answer. ...--Mark TwaiThis is one episode of the novel Adventures of Tom Sawyer, depicting how Granny is looking for Tom, who is naughty and hiding under the bed. The different form of letters with punctuation marks indicates how Granny speaks. When we read it, we have the feeling of watching Granny on a stage play. For example, “TOM!” is said louder than “Tom!”. “Y-o-u-u, Tom!” indicates Granny drawls her voice and with unusual loudness so as to be heard fa r away. The exclamation marks “!” show her emotion, and the dash “—“ implies her sudden stop. The italicized through emphasizes the contrast with “over” and “under”, humorously implying her glasses are intended for ornament rather than practical use. In the whole passage, we see the only character Granny, who is speaking to herself. It is very much like a stage monologue. After reading, we have a vivid image of Granny in our mind. And there is a touch of humour all through.3单元1 What are thethree ways of clause classification?classification according to constituents, verb phrase and functions. By constituents clauses can be grouped into SV(A), SVO(A), SVC, SVOO, SVOC. By verb phrase we have finite clause, non-finite clause and verbless clause. By functions clauses can be categorized either as independent clause or dependent clause.2 how do we distinguish situation types?By according to meaning or sense of the verb.3 Name the participant roles in action types?The participant roles in action types are: agentive role (doer of the action), external force (causer of the action), intrumental role (tool to do the action with), recipient role (receiver of the action)and objective role (the affected or the result of the action).4What is a simple sentence? What is a multiple sentence?Directly/indirectlyA simple sentence conforms to the basic clause structure SV(O) (C) (A).A multiple sentence consists of more than one clause. It may be either acompound sentence,a complex sentence, or a mixed sentence.D :nominal clauses function as S O C .I:relative clauses function asmodified in NP and comparative c f as m in NP ADJP5 What is the difference between a minor sentence and an incomplete sentence?Neither type conforms to the basic clause structure. But a minor sentence is supposed to be “complete” in the sense that it is finished. An incomplete sentence never comes to its end because of sudden interruption or other reasons. For example,(1) Attention, please. (2) Help!(3) Going to the lecture? (4) Why are you late? Because I—Of the four sentences, (1) (2) (3) are minor sentences whereas (4) is an incomplete.6 What are the major components of a noun phrase?What is the use of pre-modification?What is the function of post-modification?A complete noun phrase consists of four constituents: determiner, pre-modifier, head and post-modifier. The determiner can be an article, numerals, numeral pronouns; all the words between the determinative and the head are pre-modifier, whatever part of speech they belong to; the head can be a noun or a pronoun; the post-modifier is usually a prepositional phrase, a noun phrase, a non-finite clause, a relative clause, etc.Frequent use of pre-modification in newspaper headlines can economize space, and arouse the reader’s intere st as well because pre-modification is usually short, thus cannot spell out details. This keeps the reader in suspense and kicks up their eagerness to find out. Pre-modification tends to be informal and appears in less formal style. Post-modification can be very long and complicated. Using post-modification can give enough room for details and for further information. Therefore, it is frequently used in more formal contexts, for instance, written language. Written legal English prefers post-modification in noun phrases, because the composer of a legal document must ensure that it conveys meaning exactly and explicitly, guarding against any possible misinterpretation.7 What are the three basic factors in the formation of written texts?For effective presentation of information and language processing on the part of the reader, we usually attach importance to sequence, segmentation and salience in the formation of texts, both spoken and written.8 Which type of branching is common in informal speech? Which typeof branching is preferred in written styles?Right-branching is common in speech, in relaxed and informal presentation of ideas.A writer may favor right-branching and use short, simple sentences to represent a narrative style of simplicity, directness and intensity. Left-branching, however, is betteradapted to writing because it is structurally more compact andlogical, and it is usually more formal. Since subordinate ideas are presented first, postponing the main idea, readers often feel insuspense and try to read on to obtain the main idea towards theend of the sentence.9 What is the basic phrase order?What are the stylistic effects offronting and postponement?The basic phrase order in an English declarative clause is more or less fixed: SV(O)(C)(A), with A being mobile in position. The change of the order can make a particular language unit more salient.Fronting refers the movement of a sentential element from its usual position to the front, and postponement refers the movement of a linguistic unit from its normal place towards the end of the sentence. In both cases the elements moved are highlighted. For example,(1) Talent Mr. Micawber has, capital Mr. Micawber has not. (fronting talent and capital for emphasis)(2) A car stopped and out stepped the President of the University. (Postponing President of the University again for emphasis)10 What is syntactic parallelism and its function?Syntactic parallelism refers to the repetition of the same syntactic form (e.g. tense, aspect) and phrase/clause structure in two or more neighboring clauses or sentences. It reinforces meaning by contrast orSee how they can saw. Power saw. And drill. Power drill. And sand. Power sand.This is an advertisement for selling Power Brand series of tools. When the reader finishes the reading, they will not forget the brand name Power.4单元2 What is the difference in the effect between the use of Latinate andthat of native words? Why?Generally speaking, Latinate words are words of science, religion and official communication; and in most cases, they help to create theeffect of coolness, dignity and intellectual distance.Words ofAnglo-Saxon origin constitute English-speaking people’s basicvocabulary.Such words are emotionally charged. A highpercentage of Anglo-Saxon words is quite usual in informal style.3 What is the difference between a general word and a specific word?Is it true that use of specific words should always berecommended?A word is general when it refers to a group of objects or a class of objects or action, and specific when it refers to a member of that groupor class. The relationship between a general (superordinate) and specific (subordinate) term is hyponymy. General terms are often too vague to convey any precise meaning. The use of specific words is more informative in detail and can evoke vivid images in the reader’s or hearer’s mind. However, general terms are preferred, when there is no need for specification, or when the user wants to leave things vaguefor some (tactical) reason.5 What is repetition ?What is reiteration? Why should people employ repetition and reiteration in speech or writing?When a linguistic form is used twice or more, the result is repetition. For example,We begin our morning class at 8:00. Lunch begins at 11:30 andafternoon classes begin at 2:00 again.When the same idea is repeated in a different form, it is reiteration. For example,We begin our morning classes at 8:00, and afternoon classes start at 2:00 again.In literary texts, repetition is usually rhetorical. The intensive repetitionof an expression can be a powerful thematic device. It helps todirect the reader’s attention to the interpretation of its significance.Whatever is repeated is emphasized. Reiteration is used to avoidthe monotonous effect of the repetition of the same expression.6 What is collocation? What is the use pf analyzing lexical collocationof an item in a piece of language?Collocation refers to the concurrence of words or conventional use of certain words together in a text. In a given text, the collocates of an item constitute its lexical context which determines the meaning of the item. This device may contribute to the theme of the text. The analysis of collocation can help us grasp the main idea of the text.7 The following are groups of specific words. Name a general wordwhose meaning is included in the meaning of the specific words.1) stride, strut, march, amble, strode, saunter (walk)2) drag, haul, heave, wrench, tow (pull)3) whisper, chatter, babble, mumble, mutter (talk)4) bottle, vase, jug, cup, pot, barrel, bucket, box (container) 5) car, jeep, van, tanker, minibus, cart, bicycle (vehicle)8 The words in each of the following groups have roughly a similarconceptual meaning. Discuss the difference in their associate meanings.9 Compare the A B extracts in terms1) the percentage of Anglo-Saxon words;2) the percentage of Latinate words of three syllables and more.In A of the 48 words, only six come from other languages, four of which are from French, but in B of the 39 words, 18 words are from Latin and another one from Greek. Since Latinate words make up a high percentage in B, it is much more difficult to understand.10 Comment on the adjective used in the following advertisement.(Manhattan shirts, slacks and accessories)To persuade the would-be customers to buy the product, the author uses a series of appreciative adjectives: confident, correct, successful, strong, savvy, fashionable, happy, robust, virile, and wise, plus famous to show what good things Manhattan Brand products would bring to the buyer. 5单元1 What is dialect?A dialect is a variety habitually adopted by people in a certain region (regional dialect) or by people of a certain social group (social dialect). Dialects differ from one another in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.one regional dialect speaker may be able to speak more than one social dialect when needed.2 What is the difference between dialect and accent?Accent is the special phonological features shown by one who speaks a dialect. It is regional in nature. A dialect can be spoken with different accents, standard and non-standard. A person may shift from one dialect to another while speaking but s/he is unable to cover his or her accent. For example, a Londoner speaks British English with a London accent, but a person born and brought up in Manchester may speak British English with a Manchester accent.3 What is Standard English? Is there a standard accent with whichpeople speak Standard English?Standard English refers to the particular socially-favoured variety which is based on the speech and writing of educated users of the language. With a widely accepted, codified grammar and vocabulary, SE is primarily used for public communication: used in books and newspapers, official documents and news broadcasts; in schools, taught to non-native learners of English.Yes. In each regional variety, one accent is most widely accepted such as RP (received pronunciation) in British English. Since this accent is related to BBC broadcaster, the royal family and educated speech, it is considered to be the standard accent in Britain.6单元11）What does ‘channel limitation’ mean? How does channel limitation affect language use?Channel limitation means that the transmission of a message is limited to one channel only—visual or auditory. Speech, in most cases, has no channel limitation. Talking face-to-face, both the speaker and hearer can see and hear each other. Apart from the language, gestures, facial expressions, shared knowledge, and situation all contribute to the communication. Therefore, the language is often inexplicit. Writing, on the other hand, has channel limitation. Then the language should be explicit. For example, The teacher standing there is her mother”, which is understandable if the two speakers are together in the same context. But in written language such should be forbidden. We should make it explicit like The teacher standing under the tree in front of the classroom building is Wang Qian’s mother.2）In what ways does spontaneously spoken language differ from prepared written form?In spontaneous speech one has little time for planning or revising one’s utterance. While speaking, one has to monitor what has been said and its response by the hearer, and simultaneously to plan the next utterance. If one’s planning falls behind the delivery, the speech is characteristically broken up by the following features of normal non-fluency: filled/ unfilled pauses, unintended repetitions, and false starts. For example,He was - as it were - you know him do you - how shall I say er- withdrawn - er shut-in as though as though he had a kind of - mm goldfish bowl round his head - not very easy…学无止境7单元1What is role relationship? Give some examples.By role relationship we mean the relationship between the rolesadopted by addresser and addressee in a given situation. Role relationships range from temporary to permanent: casual acquaintances on a train, customer—salesman, colleagues in anoffice, management—employees, teacher—pupil, parent—child.2 By what scales do we classify language features typical of variousattitudes?Language features indicating the attitude are usually classified along four scales: formality, politeness, impersonality and accessibility3.What factors affect the degrees of formality?The degrees of formality are determined by the role relationships, number of hearers, and contexts of situation, such as a public lecture, playground at playtime, church service, cocktail party, and so on.4 How does language vary in terms of politeness?Language varies according to the degree of intimacy between the address and addressee; the degree of social distance separating theaddresser and addressee. Language becomes more and more polite when the addressee is more senior in status and les intimate in relation.5 What are the basic patterns of the use of address forms?The basic address patterns include: Title (Professor, Doctor, Reverend), Title + Last Name (Professor Zhang, Mr Smith, Miss Thatcher), First name + Last Name (Michael Hall, John Smith), Last Name (Smith,Thatcher), First Name (Michael, John), Shortened First Name (Mike=Michael, Elizabeth=Liza/Liz), Nickname (Piggy, Bully) and Terms of Endearment (Darling, Dear, Honey, Sweet).6 What is linguistic impersonality?Language becomes impersonal when it avoids direct reference to the addresser and addressee. That is the writing avoids the use of personalpronouns such as I, we, you, etc7 . How do we measure the degrees of accessibility?We can measure the degrees of accessibility by the followingformula:FOG INDEX = 0.4 (L+H)L = the average sentence length in a passageH = the percentage of hard (inaccessible) words in thepassageSuppose a passage has:--a total number of words 120--the number of sentences 6--the number of “hard” words 16L: 120 ÷ 6 = 20H: (16 ÷ 120) × 100 = 13.3Fog index: 0.4 × (20 + 13.3) = 13.32Since an easily accessible text is supposed to have a fog index of about 10, the mentioned text is just a little difficult.8 Compare Extracts A and B in terms of the degree of accessibility.AThere was real stress I had to face, about 1970, three years into publication of Rolling Stone (newspaper). The company was bankrupt in essence. I’d gotten top ambitious.I remember one day, just driving around and waiting for an accident to happen. It wasn’t suicide as such. It was just driving around very sloppily, saying. Fuck it, maybe somebody’ll get me in an accid ent. I was facing failure, real failure. I’d never faced complete failure before.I was really depressed. In retrospect, to go bankrupt with a little newspaper at the age of 24 is not the most terrible thing. It was absurd. It didn’t last long. You reach a point where your confidence is really shattered. It takes other people to help build up your confidence. Come on now, face the bastards down. You start to build and put it back together.Jann Wenner, editor of Rolling StoneB(The passage is a parody of the speech style of an American politician, once a presidential adviser.)My on-going advisational capacity having beenterminalised presidentially, I wish to submit myapplicationised notification for immediate considerationalverification. Qualificationally, my recent policalisationalexperience has suitabilized me for the Editorship of the NS,both in literary manipulativeness and socioeconomiclogistics, thereby ensuring financial viability. My aimwould be the immediate terminalisation of readershipfallout by content amendment through extremeconservation….“Weekend Competition”, New StatesmanExtract A uses short sentences and most of them are simple. The sentences are mostly in the active with a high frequency of personal pronouns. The words are common. Although the diction indicates the speaker is educated, the whole passage is highly accessible.Extract B is written in professional jargons relating to the speaker’s profession as a politician’s adviser. Most of the content words are Latinate and learned, which make the writing very formal and difficult to process, though it is personal.9 Identify the language markers in the following extract, whichindicate the degree of impersonality.The symbol * against a subscriber’s entry in t he Dictionary denotes that the telephone number is withheld publication at the subscriber’s request and the Post Office is not authorized to supply it to enquirers. Then names and addresses of such subscribers are, however, shown in the Directory in cases where frequent enquires are received by the Post Office for the exchange number, with a view to saving members of the public the trouble of fruitless enquiry. London Telephone Directory10 Compare the following two passages and comment on the degree of formality.A I’m a college professor. As a communications specialist, I train students to become more sensitive and aware of interpersonal communication —symbolic behavior, use of words,as well as nonverbal behavior. I try to ignite symbols in your mind, so we can come to a point of agreement on language. Thisis an invisible industry. Since the Second World War we’ve strong teachers in this discipline.B (The passage is a parody of the speech style of an American politician, once a presidential adviser.)My on-going advisational capacity having been terminalised presidentially, I wish to submit my applicationised notification for immediate considerational verification. Qualificationally, my recent policalisational experience has suitabilized me for the Editorship of the NS, both in literary manipulativeness and socioeconomic logistics, thereby ensuring financial viability. My aim would be the immediate terminalisation of readership fallout by content amendment through extreme conservation….“Weekend Competition”, New Statesman Comparatively speaking, B is much more formal than A though both are formal in a sense. A is less formal because the speaker uses short sentences and a fair portion of common words. But there are professional jargons. It is well planned and logical. B is written in professional jargons relating to the speaker’s profession as a politician’s adviser. Most of the content words are Latinate and learned, which make the writing very formal and difficult to process.8 单元1 What functions does language serve in social activities?Language serves a number of functions in social activities. Linguists have come up with different numbers of functions. The widely accepted functions are: referential, expressive, conative, phatic, metalinguistic and poetic.2 What functions does a newspaper serve?A newspaper has two main functions: to give information and to reflect, shape and guide public opinion.34 What are the functions of a headline/body copy in a press advertisement?The headline is the most indispensable element in an advertisement. It has been estimated that five times as many people read theheadline. It should be so designed as to capture a prospectivebuyer’s attention, to stimulate interest or desire, to make him/herremember the advertisement brand name.7 What are the main components of a press advertisement?A complete press advertisement consists of the following components: Headline学无止境IllustrationBody copySignature lineStanding detailsBut illustration is optional and signature line and standing details aresometimes missing.10 Rewrite the following headlines in ordinary English.Move to Axe Miners’ JobsWoman Pilot’s Bid for Solo Flight RecordBaby Boom Threat in BeijingCar Ads Target WomenChina Stepping up Agro-Cooperation with W. EuropeTwo Killed in Freak StormsEaster Holiday Bus Crash Trial VerdictRewritten versions (suggested):(1) A move was submitted to reduce miners’ jobs.(2) A woman pilot bid for breaking single-flight record.(3) A sharp increase in births poses a threat in Beijing.(4) Car advertisements aim at women buyers.(5) China is speeding up cooperation in agriculture with WestEurope.(6) Two persons were killed in a freakish storm.(7) A verdict was reached at the trial for the bus crash for EasterHolidays.。

文体写作习题

文体写作习题第一章散文习题填空题1. 议论散文是内容强调发表作者的见解，表达方式以形象议论为主的散文。

2. 题材广泛是散文的核心性的特征。

3. 在一个论题下用散文笔调稍微系统地论说自己的见识和见解的散文写法，就是答案: 论题随笔4. 散文绝大多数采用第人称写作。

答案: 一5. 通过日常的几件事来写人物的方法，叫答案: 人物二三事法6. 我国现代的散文指的是与诗歌、小说、戏剧并称的一种文学体裁。

现代散文含义通常称为的散文含义。

答案: 广义7. 我国古代“散文”是与相对而言的。

答案: 骈文8. 我国古代的散文指的是的文章。

答案: 单行散句9. 我国第一部散文集是答案: 尚书10. 据考证，散文这个概念，我国最早见于宋代罗大经的《》。

答案: 鹤林玉露单项选择题1. 抒情散文的写法有依事抒情法和( )。

A 象征寓情法B 论题随笔法C 联类推理法D 睹物思人法答案: D2. 郭沫若的《鹭鸶》、鲁彦的《杨梅》是( )A 叙事散文B 写景散文C 记人散文D 状物散文答案: D3. 刘白羽的《长江三日》和李健吾的《雨中登泰山》是( )。

A 叙事散文B 写景散文C 记人散文D 状物散文答案: B4. 茅盾的《脱险杂记》、杨绛的《干校六记》是( )。

A 叙事散文B 写景散文C 记人散文D 状物散文答案: A5. 鲁迅的《藤野先生》和艾青的《忆白石老人》是( )。

A 叙事散文B 写景散文C 记人散文D 状物散文答案: C6. .据考证，我国最早提出散文这个概念的罗大经是( )。

A 汉代人B 唐代人C 明代人D 宋代人答案: D7. 一种以优美语言非虚构地记叙人事、表达情意的文学体裁是( )。

A 诗歌B 小说C 戏剧D 散文答案: D8. 内容强调发表作者的见解，表达方式以形象议论为主的散文是( )A 记叙散文B 抒情散文C 议论散文D 文化散文答案: C9. 以内容为记人叙事写景状物，表达方式以叙述描写为主的散文是( )A 记叙散文B 抒情散文C 议论散文D 文化散文答案: A10. 我国现代的散文指的是与诗歌、小说、戏剧并称的一种（）体裁。

文体学chapt 2 On Style

3) …production of the word shut may produce a sense of “suddenness” and “abruptness” compared with close. Chinese examples: The story of “推敲”
Chairman Mao’s revision of poetry
The choice of shut is more appropriate and significant than close in three respects (p.17):
1) …forming a semi-rhyme or assonance
2) …phonetic connection between shut and bud underlies the semantic connection
communicatively normal. This has led to approaches to style
as deviance.
Two examples of style as deviance: (1) A grief ago The phrase violates two rules of English: p.13.
The poem violates English grammatical rules and the violations are systematic: p.13.
The advantage of the approach to style as deviance: It can help us to see and keep in mind that there is a difference between everyday language and literary language. Two disadvantages of this approach: 1) It is difficult to define the nature and status of the norm from which style of a text deviates. 2) It encourages us to look at the language of grammatically highly deviant authors like e. e. cummings at the expense of the relatively non-deviant ones such as T. S. Eliot. More generally, it tends to undervalue all non-deviant language.

文本分析[5篇范文]

文本分析[5篇范文]第一篇：文本分析第三讲事件、故事、情节一、俄国形式主义者对“事件”（本事）和“情节”的认识俄国形式主义者们认为：作家对事件所进行的组织安排（情节）要比事件本身重要得多。

什克洛夫斯基把进入小说的材料即生活中的事件（包括虚构的）称为“本事”，而把对事件所进行的艺术加工（包括提炼和组织）称为“情节”。

再换一个更简单明白的说法：事件只是材料，而情节则是程序。

什克洛夫斯基说：“人们常常把情节与故事混为一谈。

实际上，故事只是组成情节的材料。

因此，《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》的情节不是男主人公和达吉雅娜的恋爱故事，而是由引入插叙而产生的对这一系列事件的加工。

” 埃亨巴乌姆也认为：俄国形式主义者们的研究使“情节概念与事件概念之间的区别得以明确。

情节的概念指的是一种结构，而事件的概念指的是材料。

我们发现了情节的典型程序，由此为小说的历史和理论研究开辟了广阔的前景。

”他还说，“果戈理作品的布局并不是由事件决定的，因为他的作品中总是事件贫乏，甚至没有事件。

”托马舍夫斯基在其《文学理论》一书中专门论述了故事与情节。

他认为，故事是指实际生活发生的事，情节是读者了解这些事的方式。

在整个作品中，我们获知的彼此相互联系的全部事件叫作故事，它的特征是时间性和因果性，显示事件的客观发展进程和自然发展顺序。

托马舍夫斯基：“作品中事件的艺术建构分布叫做作品的情节。

”在现实生活中，任何事件的发生都不可能颠倒时间顺序，但在文学作品中，事件发生的顺序却可以随心所欲地颠倒重组。

在现实生活中，任何事件都不可能重复发生第二次，但在文学作品中，同一事件却可以在情节分布中反复出现多次。

这就是情节不同于故事的地方。

维戈茨基在《艺术心理学》依据以上原理提出：故事尽管相同，但由于情节不同，就会产生截然不同的艺术效果。

二、福斯特关于“故事”和“情节”的理论福斯特是英国著名小说家和文论家。

他的“小说面面观”的演讲，深受好评，被誉为“二十世纪分析小说艺术的经典之作”。

高一语文期末考试质量分析总结范文（精选8篇）

高一语文期末考试质量分析总结高一语文期末考试质量分析总结范文（精选8篇）总结是对某一特定时间段内的学习和工作生活等表现情况加以回顾和分析的一种书面材料，通过它可以正确认识以往学习和工作中的优缺点，让我们好好写一份总结吧。

总结怎么写才是正确的呢？以下是小编为大家收集的高一语文期末考试质量分析总结范文（精选8篇），欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。

高一语文期末考试质量分析总结篇1一、本学期学生现状：进入高一第二学期，学生和老师彼此都比较了解和适应，本期学生有一些突出特点，主要表现在以下几个方面：1、师生关系融洽，语文学习兴趣有很大提高。

上课积极性高涨，课余相当多得学生能主动找老师或同学借阅有益得课外读物。

2、学生学习压力较大，数理化基础较差作业练习量大，时间紧，客观上存在重理轻文倾向，学生课余阅读和自学时间严重不足。

3、语文基础极其薄弱，阅读面狭窄，薄弱点很多，学习上不善于安排、反思与总结。

4、学生得学习意识不是很强，基本得学习习惯差，不太注重科学方法，不善于学习，甚至不会于学习；学习较被动，部分学生不能及时复习巩固，落实相关要求。

5、上课部分学生注意力有较大得改观，但有少部分学生不能持续集中到底，尤其是面对相对枯燥得知识学习和技能训练得时候，需要教师多次提醒暗示。

6、有时易灰心，战胜困难得勇气不足，诵背上有普遍有畏难情绪，学习较浮躁怕吃苦，静不下心。

有个别学生有懈怠心理并开始分化。

7、写作缺乏坚实得语言文字功底，知识面狭窄，不善于感悟和表现生活，很多学生还不能做到文从字顺，作文思路打不开，缺乏文采和思想得深度。

二、本学期提高成绩得具体措施：针对上述学生得具体问题和情况，本学期特制定并采取了以下主要措施，从而全面提高学生成绩，较圆满地完成了学校制定得学科目标。

总得教学理念和教学策略：千方百计调动学生学习语文得兴趣和热情，让学生亲近老师、亲近语文，好学乐学能学，充分开发利用各种语文教学资源，优化课堂结构，深钻教学艺术，师生互动，效益优先，以学生得“得”为整个教学得出发点和落脚点。

文书学的考试题及答案解析

文书学的考试题及答案解析一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 文书学是研究什么的学科？A. 法律文件B. 公文写作C. 历史文献D. 书法艺术答案：B2. 下列哪一项不是文书学的研究范畴？A. 公文格式B. 公文语言C. 公文处理D. 公文印刷答案：D3. 公文的语言特点是什么？A. 简洁明了B. 繁复冗长C. 随意散漫D. 晦涩难懂答案：A4. 公文的格式通常包括哪些要素？A. 标题、正文、落款B. 标题、正文、附件C. 封面、正文、封底D. 标题、正文、日期答案：A5. 公文写作中，哪种语言风格是不被推荐的？A. 正式B. 非正式C. 客观D. 规范答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）1. 文书学中，公文的标题通常位于公文的________。

答案：顶部2. 公文的正文部分应该________。

答案：条理清晰3. 公文的落款包括________和________。

答案：发文字号、签发人4. 在文书学中，公文的________是其正式性的重要标志。

答案：格式5. 公文的语言应该________，以便于理解和执行。

答案：简洁明了三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述文书学的主要研究内容。

答案：文书学主要研究公文的写作、格式、处理、存储和利用等方面的理论和实践。

2. 公文写作中，为什么要求语言简洁明了？答案：公文的语言简洁明了可以提高公文的可读性和执行效率，减少误解和执行错误。

3. 公文的格式规范有哪些作用？答案：公文的格式规范有助于统一公文的外观，提高公文的正式性和权威性，同时也便于公文的分类、存档和检索。

4. 公文处理过程中，如何确保公文的安全性和保密性？答案：公文处理过程中，应采取适当的保密措施，如限制公文的知悉范围、使用加密技术、设置访问权限等，以确保公文的安全性和保密性。

四、论述题（每题10分，共20分）1. 论述公文写作中常见的错误及其避免方法。

答案：公文写作中常见的错误包括语言不规范、格式错误、内容不完整等。

小学六年级学生情况分析范文

小学六年级学生情况分析范文一、学习能力。

1. 知识基础。

- 在人教版六年级的学习内容中，语文方面，学生已经积累了一定量的字词，对记叙文、说明文等文体有了初步的认识，能够进行简单的阅读理解和写作。

例如，大部分学生能够正确书写常见的汉字，在阅读简单的记叙文时能概括文章的主要内容。

但在一些较难的生字词理解和文言文初步接触上还存在困难。

- 数学方面，学生掌握了整数、小数、分数的四则运算，对简单的几何图形如长方形、正方形、三角形的面积和周长计算较为熟练。

在分数乘除法的实际应用以及圆柱、圆锥等立体图形的表面积和体积计算的复杂题型中容易出错。

- 英语方面，学生对基础的单词、短语和简单的句型有了一定的掌握，能够进行简单的日常对话交流。

像“Hello! How are you?”“I'm fine, thank you.”这样的句型，大部分学生可以熟练运用。

但在语法方面，如一般现在时第三人称单数的动词变化、名词的单复数等还存在混淆的情况。

2. 学习方法。

- 部分优秀学生已经养成了较好的预习、复习习惯。

他们会在学习新课文之前，通过查阅字典等方式了解生字词的读音和含义，课后会及时整理笔记，做一些相关的练习题巩固知识。

例如，在学习数学新知识时，他们会尝试自己推导公式，然后通过做课本后的练习题来检验自己的理解程度。

- 中等水平的学生预习和复习相对比较被动，需要老师或者家长的督促。

他们往往只是简单地浏览一下课本内容，没有深入思考。

在复习时，也只是机械地背诵老师要求背诵的内容，缺乏对知识的系统整理。

- 而学习困难的学生则几乎没有预习和复习的意识。

他们在课堂上学习新知识时就比较吃力，课后又不能及时巩固，导致知识漏洞越来越多。

二、学习态度。

1. 兴趣方面。

- 数学学习上，学生对趣味性的数学活动，如数学游戏、数学实验等比较感兴趣。

例如，在学习圆柱和圆锥体积关系时，通过做倒水实验，学生们的积极性很高。

但对于单纯的计算练习和理论推导，很多学生觉得枯燥乏味。

文体学分析的方法

Synaesthesia Onomatopoeia, or echo words,
imitative word
Synaesthesia
The moan of doves in immemorial elms , And murmuring of innumerable bees.
(A. Tennyson : Come Dow n , O Maid)
sneak (潜行)、snoop (藐视)
音组-are
可暗示“强光或噪音”(big light or noise) : blare(喇叭等高音乐器发出的刺耳声音)、f lare (火焰)、glare (刺目的强光)、stare (凝视)
以- ump 结尾的系列词均与强重(heavy) 和粗笨(clumsy) 有关:
Words have weight, sound and appearance; it is only by considering these that you can write a sentence that is good to look at and good to listen to. -- Maugham(毛姆)
古老的榆树林中鸽子的呢喃, 还有成群飞舞的蜜蜂的嗡嗡声。
[m]音常常象征着低沉声，如murmur，moan， mutter，mumble，hum
1. We chip a small piece but chop a large one.
2. A slip is smaller than a slab.
Example
`John bought that new car yesterday. ↗ John bought `that new car yesterday. ↗

文体学正文分析

摘要文体分析是建立在语言描写基础之上的。

语言描写在特定社会情境中所产生的表达效果和交际功能是通过特定的语音、词汇、句法特征和语义结构予以体现的。

演讲作为公众场合的一种活动，其语言的应用决定了一场演讲的成败。

演讲的语言风格较为正式，但是为了能使一场演讲成功，其语言风格不能太僵硬也不能太亲密。

本文语音、词汇、句法这个方面来分析美国总统尼克松在一场宴会的演讲。

旨在通过研究这次演讲的内容总结出演讲的语言特征，从而为各界人士在准备演讲时提供参考。

TContents1 Introduction (3)2 Theoretical Foundation (4)2.1 The defination of stylistics....................................................... .. (4)2.2 The linguistic features of stylistic (6)3 Introduction to Public speaking (8)3.1 Introduction to Publish speaking (8)3.2 .The feature of public speaking (8)4 Stylistic Analysis of public speaking (9)4.1Analysis of public speaking at the Syntactic Level (9)4.2Analysis of public speaking at the Lexical Level (11)4.3Analysis of the poem at the phonological Level (13)Conclusion (16)1 IntroductionPublic speaking utilizes a variety of language which is directed towards a specific event or topic .In its broad sense , public speaking includes many types such as reli-gious sermons , lectures at universities , political speeches delivered at public meetings , radio and TV talks etc .In its narrow sense , public speaking only refers to the speech made at public meetings .Hereafter , in this essay , public speaking is accordingly discussed in its narrow sense .For the sake of convenience , public speaking and public speech are roughly used interchangeably .As an example , I will take ” The Speech by Presi-dent Nixon of the United States at the Welcoming Ban-quet” (delivered on Fe b .21 , 1972 on his first visit to China)to study its syntax , vocabulary , phonology and the rhetorical device。

英语文体学课后习题答案

英语文体学课后习题答案Title: English Class Homework AnswersAs students, we often find ourselves faced with a multitude of homework assignments. One of the most common types of homework is the English class homework, which usually consists of reading comprehension exercises, grammar exercises, and writing assignments. In this article, we will provide answers to some common English class homework questions.1. Reading Comprehension ExercisesQuestion: What is the main idea of the passage?Answer: The main idea of the passage is that climate change is a pressing issue that requires immediate action.2. Grammar ExercisesQuestion: Identify the verb tense in the following sentence: "She will be singing at the concert tomorrow."Answer: The verb tense in the sentence is future continuous tense.3. Writing AssignmentsQuestion: Write a short paragraph describing your favorite hobby.Answer: My favorite hobby is painting. I find it to be a relaxing and creative outlet. I enjoy experimenting with different colors and techniques, and I often lose track of time when I'm engrossed in a painting.In conclusion, English class homework can be challenging, but with the right approach and practice, it can be a rewarding experience. By providing answersto common homework questions, students can gain a better understanding of the material and improve their English language skills.。

实用文体写作知识作业答案（2）

重点说明：本作业答案及‎复习资料不作‎为考试的依据‎及复习范围，此科为中央电‎大统考科目，没有统一考试‎范围，但不会脱离教‎材及作业。

整理时间较仓‎促，有问题请指教‎。

《实用文体写作‎知识》1一、结合实例，谈谈实用型文‎章的特征。

P1（凡实例题大家‎自己举例，防止雷同）答：实用型文章的‎特征就分别体‎现在以下这四‎个方面：（一）主旨单一、集中、明确主旨是文‎章的中心意思‎，是作者的意图‎、主张或看法在‎文章中的体现‎。

单一，是说一篇文章‎中只能有一个‎中心，只能围绕着一‎个主题把问题‎说清楚，而不能把关系‎不大甚至不相‎关的问题写到‎一篇文章中去‎，使写出的文章‎多中心、多主题，集中，是说一篇应用‎文只能有一个‎中心，而这个中心应‎是全文的统帅‎，应对文章内容‎有制约作用，全文要不枝不‎蔓，紧扣这个中心‎。

明确，是说文章的中‎心意思，作者的意图和‎主张是什么，要使读者一看‎便知，而不必费心揣‎摩，文艺作品所讲‎究的曲折与含‎蓄，恰恰为实用型‎文章所排斥。

（二）材料多样，真实有力，材料是构成文‎章内容，形成支撑并表‎达主旨的各种‎事实与理论，真实是实用型‎文章的生命，而材料的真实‎又是使文章具‎有真实性的首‎要条件，有力是实用型‎文章的材料所‎应具备的另一‎个特点。

（三）结构合理、谨严固定，简单地说，结构是文章的‎内部构造，安排结构，就是根据主旨‎表达的需要，合理地组织材‎料，实用型文章应‎该是一种逻辑‎构成，而逻辑构成则‎要讲求谨严性‎，而不能流于松‎散无序，文章首尾圆合‎，衔接紧密，层次清晰，段落分明，则是文章结构‎谨严最起码的‎条件，也是对应用文‎结构最基本的‎要求。

固定是实用型‎文章结构的一‎个重要特点，遵照固定的模‎式写作，材能把文章写‎的规范，也才能使写出‎的文章便于阅‎读，易于发挥实际‎效用。

（四）语言准确，简明、平易、庄重。

语言准确是对‎所有文章的要‎求，语言运用得好‎坏，直接关系到文‎章质量的高低‎，任何文章的语‎言，都应当具有简‎明性，所谓的语言简‎明性。

【作业】八年级(上)语文校本作业第二单元

八年级（上）语文校本作业第二单元【单元目标】1.掌握每课的疑难字词。

(语文学习基础，可不列为教学目标)2.理解课文的思想内涵，思考、感悟人生。

(人文目标可写后面)3.了解叙事性作品（提法要规范：回忆性散文、传记）的文体特征，揣摩文章的叙事风格（规范术语：语言风格）、描写手法和浓郁的感情色彩等。

（不具体，不精准）4.揣摩含义丰富的语句，品味修辞手法的表达效果。

5.理解作者的思想感情和文章的主题。

（与第2点交叉，可整合）【课时设计】课题：《藤野先生》（第 1 课时）【课时目标】1.学习选取典型事例和抓住主要人物特征刻画人物形象，突出人物品质的写法。

2.把握本文的线索，体味含义丰富的语言，特别是反语的作用。

（体味简洁含蓄、耐人寻味的语言）3.学习藤野先生的高贵品质，理解作者“弃医从文”的原因。

【课前预习】1. 给加点字注音或根据拼音写出汉字。

（排版节约些）诘责（） fēi（）红畸形（）芦huì（）深恶痛疾（）不xùn（）发人深省（） nì（）名教诲（） yì（）站瞥见（）油光可jiàn（）2.搜集有关藤野先生、鲁迅的故事（可与第一单元口语交际“讲述”对接，进行课前说话训练。

（任务驱动：要求给具体）3.《藤野先生》记叙了鲁迅与藤野先生交往的哪四个典型事例？【课后作业】1.作者笔下的藤野先生是一个什么样的人，他为什么“最使我感激”？（预习作业：考查分析品质，理解形象，建议）（第 2 课时）【课时目标】1.把握本文的线索，体味含义丰富的语言，特别是反语的作用。

2.学习藤野先生的高贵品质，理解作者“弃医从文”的原因。

【课前预习】1.阅读文中作者与藤野先生交往的部分，说说为什么他“在我的眼里和心里是伟大的”。

（将思考结论标注在文中相关语段旁）。

【课后作业】1.课外拓展阅读训练：我的一位国文老师①我在十八九岁的时候，遇见一位国文先生，他给我的印象最深，使我受益也最多，我至今不能忘记他。

文体学作业-小论文

Stylistic Analysis of a NewspaperIntroductionThere are tow main functions of newspapers: giving information and reflecting, shaping and guiding public opinion. We know that a newspaper is written and read by people in a hurry, so the main characteristics, no matter it is good or bad, of newspaper Eglish reflect the journalist’s desire to meet these requirements. He should design his headlines for dramatic eye_catching effect so as to intrigue the potential reader. He should compress his article into a limited space. He should present his material in the most readable and attractive way, with seeming objectivity, which is more often effective in swaying the reader’s opinion. But not all newspaper writing is alike. The same news item will be handled differently in different types of newspaper. Even in the same newspaper, there will be different langusge style.There are many languistic differences between a report and and an art article. In fact, it is very difficult to make a generalisation on the English of the press. Therefor we should restrict our attention to news reporting which serves the central function of a newspaper to give information.The article aims to make a simple analysis on the news reporting.一．At the Graphological Leveling different sizes or shpes of type for the main headlines and thesubheadlines. The sizes and shapes in this newspaper of the main headline and the subheadline are different. The main headlines are bold but the subheadline is not.ing short paragraphs. Journalists are fond of spitting a narrative intovery short paragraphs, especially at the beginning of an article. There are 17 paragraphs in the short newspaper and in fact none of them has over 3sentences. They are all very short paragraphs and the sentences are almost short and sinple. This is because they should use very simple sentences to attract more people, but if the article is too hard to read, then it is very difficult for them to attract readers, at least common readers.ing direct quotations. In this newspaper the writer usea “directsvidence”said by a senior law enforcement to give a stong impression of objectivity.二．At the syntactic leveling short sentences and avoid using complex sentences. The need forclarity and readbility underlines the choice of different sentence structures ina report, and it is possible to have a diversity of structure types, but if thesentences are too difficult it can not read by the common readers. So the writers tend to use simple snd short sentences.ing long adverbial phrases to introduce sentences. The sentence “TheFBI confirmed wendnesday that six current or former pentagon officials involved in procurement were served with search warrants this week”. And “The FBI provided a list of the companies and people whose offices ere searched Tuesday, but it did not say whether they were suspected of wrongdiong ”.ing simple present instead of the persent perfective and the past tense.In the headline “Procurement officials at pentagon are focus of bribes investigation” the writer uses the simple present.三．At the Lexical Leveling initials, acronyms and clipped forms. The writer of this article uses“FBI”, McDonnell douglas corp , Northrop corp, and so on.ConclusionFrom the above analysis, we can see that the news reporting has its owncharacteristics in Graphological level, syntactic level and also in Lexical level. We use different sizes and shapes in the headlines and also in the headlines amomg the article. We use short and simple paragraphs and sentences to express the truth and the real thoughts to attract more readers as possible. We sue long adverbial sentences and the simple present tense. we also use initials and acronyms and clipped forms in the article. In this way, we get our purpose-----to make the news easy to be understood and make them more attractive to get more readers. And at the same time, we can understand different kinds of newspapers better.。

《应用写作》分析题

《应用写作》分析题指出下列公文的不妥之处，并说明正确的写法。

病文一：教育厅《会议通知》各中、小学：根据上级要求，对全省卫生状况进行一次全面大检查。

我们拟召开高等院校负责人会议，现将有关事项通知如下：一、会议时间：1999年10月5日在省教育厅报到，会期三天。

．二、参加会议人员：各大中小学校长各一名。

三、请务必准时参加，否则给以纪律处分。

省高教厅1999年9月9日教育厅《会议通知》各中、小学教办：国家教育局XXXX年XX月X日的《XXXXX通知》要求，为了迅速改变高等院校存在的严重的卫生状况，各省要在近期内对所属的高等院校卫生状况进行一次全面大检查，以便找出有效的整改措施。

为此，我厅决定召开全省高等院校教办负责人会议，学习有关文件，布置有关工作。

会议时间：X月X日上午9：00—11：00会议地点：省教育局第一会议室出席人员：各高等院校教办负责人1名。

省高教厅一九九九年和月九日2、根据决定的写作要求，分析《关于向李春芳同志学习的决定》一文的毛病（原文简教材第118页）。

这份表彰决定有下面几方面的毛病：（1）标题事由部分表述不清楚，应改为《××学校关于开展向李春芳同志学习活动的决定》。

（2）受文单位级别不同，应删去“班组”，或不写受文单位。

（3）缘由部分不具体。

没有把向李春芳同志学习的足够依据阐述清楚。

应在缘由部分简述李春芳同志奋不顾身保护和抢救国家财产的事迹，点出他的主要精神。

（4）语言表达欠准确。

如“不幸身亡”应改为“英勇献身”。

（5）有的句子表述欠明晰。

如“运用这一典型对全厂职工进行一次努力奉献，坚持改革，敢于进取的革命精神，”此句子是病句，后面应加上“教育”两个字；“以及勇于献身的革命英雄主义精神”句后面也应加上“教育”两个字。

（6）决定事项部分没有抓住中心，突出重点。

缺少对李春芳英勇行为的基本评价，使决定事项何决定号召显得空洞，缺乏号召力。

事项第一点，应突出谈学习李春芳同志保护国家财产英勇献身的精神实质。