陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第18单元 尤金
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第20单元 田纳西
20.1复习笔记Tennessee Williams(1911-1983)（田纳西·威廉斯）1.Life（生平）Tennessee Williams was one of the greatest American dramatists.He was born Thomas Lanier Williams but he changed“Thomas”to“Tennessee”in1939.He was born in Columbus,Mississippi,in1911.Several years later,the family moved to the University City neighborhood of St.Louis,Missouri.In1929attended the University of Missouri,and dropped out in1932because of poverty.He finally earned a degree in1938from the University of Iowa.His first play,Battle of Angels, proved to be such a fiasco that he did not surface again,until1945when The Glass Menagerie won him international recognition.After that he kept writing at the rate of every two years and enjoyed popularity all along.He was also a novelist and a poet.He wrote a novel,two volumes of poetry,and six volumes of prose,including three collections of short stories.田纳西·威廉斯是美国最伟大的剧作家之一。
陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(本杰明 富兰克林)【圣才出品】
第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1. Why did Franklin write his Autobiography?Key: Because that when he was young, he has “never had a pleasure in obtaining any anecdotes” of his ancestors, and he held that it was a great pity because he was curious about them. So, he thought that his son would also want to know the story of him and he himself also had responsibility to share it with his son. In addition, he thought that his experiences and success would give some useful advice to his son. With such consideration in mind, Franklin wrote his autobiography.2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed?Key: The altercation between Franklin and his brother made him decide to leave. His brother considered himself as Franklin’s master and treated him harshly and tyrannically. This kind of treatment annoyed Franklin, so he decided to leave.3. How did he arrive in Philadelphia?Key: He arrived in Philadelphia with great difficulties. At the very start, he set out in a boat for Amboy, and in crossing the bay he, along with his companions, met with a squall that tore the rotten sails to pieces and drove him upon Long Island.On approaching the island, they had to drop anchor and swim out their cable towards the shore, etc. In a word, he went through many hardships on the way to Philadelphia.4. What features do you find in the style of the above selection?Key: This selection is written in the form of letters to his son. By this way, it can show the author’s honesty and frankness, which will make the reader stand close to him and actually feel and understand his emotions and experiences. Another feature is that this biography has a good narrative and reads like a story, which can arouse the readers’ reading interest and curiosity.。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第4单元 纳撒尼尔
4.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)is a novelist.纳撒尼尔·霍桑（1804-1864）是一位小说家。
1.Life（生平）Hawthorne was born in Salem,Massachusetts.Some of his ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan theocracy.One of his ancestors was a colonial magistrate,notorious for his part in the persecution of the Quakers,and another was a judge at the Salem Witchcraft Trial in1692.Gradually,the family fortune declined.Hawthorn was intensely conscious of the wrongdoing of his ancestors, and this awareness led to his understanding of evil being at the core of human life, so he seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil in his life.霍桑出生于马萨诸塞州的萨勒姆镇，他的一些祖先是17世纪新英格兰清教神权统治中的显赫人物。
他的一位祖先是殖民地行政官，因参与迫害贵格派教徒而臭名昭著。
另一位祖先则是1692年萨勒姆审巫案的法官。
家族渐渐走向没落。
霍桑强烈地意识到他祖先的罪恶，这也让他明白了邪恶存在于人生命的核心部分，因此终其一生，他心中的罪恶感都挥之不去。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第22单元 20世纪美国诗人(2))【圣才出品】
22.1复习笔记Robert Lowell(1917-1977)（罗伯特·洛威尔）1.Life（生平）Lowell came from a distinguished New England family.This background endowed him with culture and taste in the very texture of his being,and meanwhile offered a window of opportunity for him to scrutinize and dissect the decline of his New England tradition.He was well educated at Harvard and then at Kenyon College,Ohio under the well-known New Critical poet and critic John Crowe Ranson.Lowell’s poetic career reached a height when he received a Pulitzer for his second volume,Lord Weary’s Castle in1946.In1959his Life Studies came out,at that time he had switched from the New Critical style to open form,and had inadvertently initiated a new school of verse,the Confessional School poetry.He received the National Book Award for the new book.In the late1960s he once was arrested for his part in the march on the Pentagon against the Vietnam War.洛威尔来自显赫的新英格兰家庭。
陶洁《美国文学选读》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(本杰明 富兰克林)【圣才出品】
第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790) was a rare genius in human history. He became everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, —“Jack of all trades.”本杰明·富兰克林(1706—1790)是人类历史上少有的天才。
他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使等等。
1. Life（生平）He was born into a poor family. He was a voracious reader. At 16 he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Dogood. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。
美国文学选读重要的
美国文学选读PPTI. Romantic periodWashington IrvingEdgar Allan PoeNathanial HawthorneWalt WhitmanEmily DickinsonII. Realist periodMark TwainSherwood AndersonStephen CraneTheodore DreiserIII. Modern periodF. S. FitzgeraldErnest HemingwayWilliam FaulknerI. Early Romantics1.1. Backgrounda. At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, romanticism occurredand developed in Europe.b. Industrial Revolution and French Revolution (1789) (fighting forliberty, equality and fraternity)c. Inspiration initially came from two great men: one is Frenchphilosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau and German writer Goethe (also related to lake poets)Goethe, Rousseau & Lake PoetsJohann Wolfgang von Goethe(1749-1832): stressing feelings and individualityJean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): to free the individual personality and feelings, to return to natureIn 1798 Wordsworth and Coleridge jointly published the “Lyrical Ballads” , which marked the break with the classicism and the beginning of romanticism.d. Neoclassicism, as represented by John Dryden (1631-1700) and Alexander Pope (1688-1744), esteemed objectivity, harmony, rationality, dignity, proportion, and moderation.1.2. Features of the romantic literature1.2.1.Expressiveness:Wordsworth: “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling”The romanticists held that the writers should express their emotions, feelings, impressions, instinct, intuition, or their beliefs in their works instead of the imitation of the classical writers.1.2.2. Imagination:1.2.3. Worship of nature：1.2.4. Simplicity：turned to the humble people and the everyday life，adopted the everyday languageRomanticismRomanticism is a term applied to literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. It can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified classicism in general and late 18th-century neoclassicism in particular. (to be continued)It was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general.Inspired in part by the libertarian ideals of the French Revolution, the romantics believed in a return to nature and in the innate goodness of humans, as expressed by Jean Jacques Rousseau. (to be continued)They emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental. They also showed interest in the medieval, exotic, primitive, and nationalistic. Critics date English literary Romanticism from the publication of William Wordsworth and S. T. Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott and the passage of the first reform bill in the Parliament in 1832.II. American Romanticism(from the end of 18th to the Civil War)2.1. BackgroundA. American PuritanismB. America was striving for political, economic, and culturalindependence from Britain, radical changes took place: Development of industrialism, great immigration, westward expansion, etc. The buoyant mood of the nation called for a new literary expression, and romanticism answered the call.C. The European influence.2.2. Representative romanticists:In poetry: Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Henry Longfellow In fiction: James Cooper, Washington Irving, Nathaniel HawthorneLecture 1 .Washington Irving (1783 to 1859)3.3.Appreciation of Rip V an Winkle3.3.1. Main idea(reference to page406)3.3.2. Analysis of the characterRip Van Winkle:Hen-pecked, good-tempered, well-oiled, warm-hearted, lazy, care-free, simple-minded, obedient, irresponsible, a little foolish, etc.His wife:nagging, sharp-tongued, hard-working, uneducated country woman 3.3.3. Analysis of the theme1. A story of man who has difficulty in f acing his age or the author’sconservative attitude towards the American Revolution and the young Republic, and his dissatisfaction with American development2. Criticism of some teachings of Puritanism:Unceasing labor, no play, all kinds of pleasures are condemned, greedy for wealthExpress a strong desire for leisure3. The theme of escape from one’s responsibility and even one’shistory4. The loss of identity3.3.4. Analysis of writing style1. The use of humorHumor (sentences written in a funny way in order to amuse the reader)Jocular humor—Irving (for fun, for amusement)Satirical humor—Mark Twain (to satire, to criticize)Tearful humor—O’ Henry (arouse sympathy on the poor)Black humor—Joseph Heller (humor in facing death)2. Graceful, refined, fluent, dignified and standard language. Hisessays are models of English.3. Romantic imagination and fantasies4. Vivid and picturesque description of setting3.4. Comment on IrvingHe was the first American man of letters to support himself as a professional writer.He was the first American author who explored native themes.He was the first American writer to win international recognition, and was extremely popular in Europe.His popularity came from his humor (use dignified words to for unimportant things/ exaggerate the seriousness of the situation)Conservative in his attitude toward the social changes.Lecture 2 . Edgar Allan PoeIntroduction to poetry1.1. What is poetrya. Emily Dickinson: “when I read something I feel so cold that no fire ca n warm me, I know its poetry; when I read something I feel my head is chopped off, I know it’s poetry.”b. The poet has found the emotion, the emotion has found the word.c. Wordsworth: “All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”.d.“A good poem is the crystalization of word and emotions.”1.2.Types of poetry• 1.2.1. Narrative poetry• a. Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures of a hero whose exploits [brave or adventurous deeds or action] are important to the history of a nation. As Homeric epics (a blind bard): The Iliad and The Odyssey• b. Ballad: a simple poem(less ambitious than epics) that tells a story.• c. Romance: another type of narrative poem, in which adventure is a central feature.1.2.2. Lyric poetry• a. Epigram[诙谐诗]: short poem expressing an idea in clear and amusing way• b. Elegy: a lament for the dead.• c. Ode: a long stately poem in stanzas of varied length, meter, and form.• d. Sonnet: 14 lines, the Italian (or Petrarchan: 8-line octave + 6-line sestet; typical rhyming: abbaabba+cdcdcd/cdecde) and the English (or Shakespearean: three 4-line quatrains + a concluding 2-line couplet)1.3. Elements of poetry• 1.3.1. V oice: speaker and tone• 1.3.2. Diction: the best words in the best order (Samuel Taylor Coleridge)• 1.3.3. Imagery: a concrete representation of a sense impression, a feeling, or an idea.•Images: visual, aural, tactile, olfactory (something smelled), gustatory (sth tasted)• 1.3.4. Figures of speech: simile and metaphor• 1.3.5. Symbolism: a symbol is any object or action that means more than itself, any object or action that represents sth beyond itself.• 1.3.6. Syntax: the grammatical structure of words in sentences and the development of sentences in longer units throughout the poem.1.3.7. SoundRhyme:two or more words or phrases contain an identical or similar vowel-sound, usually stressed, and the consonant sounds that follow the vowel-sound are identical and preceded by different consonants. eg. bright and night heaven and seven see and theeOn the basis of sound:Exact rhyme: repeat end sounds precisely eg. day — waySlant rhyme: provide an approximate sound eg.sun — boneIdentical rhyme: repeating the entire sound, including the initial consonant, sometimes by repeating the same word in a rhyme position and sometimes by repeating the sound with two senses. eg. two — tooEye rhyme: look alike, but sound different .eg. laughter —daughterOn the basis of the number of syllables:Masculine rhyme: the recurrence of sound is restricted to the final stressed syllable . eg. cold — boldFeminine rhyme: the stressed rhyming syllables are followed by identical unstressed syllableseg. spiteful— delightfulTriple rhyme: the rhyming stressed syllable is followed by two identical unstressed syllableseg. tenderly —slenderlyOn the basis of the position in a lineInternal rhyme: occurs at the beginning, sometimes combined with end rhyme eg. the grains beyond age, the dark veins of her motherEnd rhyme: occurs at the end of a lineeg. Three poets, in three distant ages born,Greece, Italy, and England did adorn.Alliteration is the repetition of consonants, especially at the beginning of words or stressed syllables. Eg. The willows waved violently in the wind. Assonance is the repetition of similar vowel sounds within a noticeable range. Eg. All day the wind breathes low with mellower toneThro’ every holl ow cave and alley lone.Consonance is the repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after different vowels.Eg. tit and tat creak and crack• 1.3.8. Rhythm and meter• a. rhythm: beat we feel in a phrase of music or a line of poetry, the regular recurrence of the accent or stress in poem.• b. foot[音步]: unit of rhythm in a line of poetry containing one stressed syllable and one or more unstressed syllables, as in the four division of “four m an/may c ome/and m en /may g o”• c. meter[格律]: poetic metre with a given number of feet, or fixed arrangement of accented and unaccented syllables.•Rising feet/meter: iamb (iambic), anapest (anapestic)•Falling feet/meter: trochee (trochaic), dactyl (dactylic)•Number of feet per line Mo n ometer Tr imeter Te tr ameter Pentameter Hexameter Hep t ameter Oc t ameter1.4. Some features of poetry• 1.4.1. emotional, passionate,•Expressing and arousing strong feeling such as love, pity, fear, sadness, joy, etc from the author or from the reader• 1.4.2. Symbolic• A symbol is something that stands for something else. In literature, it refers to any word, object, action, or character that embodies and evokes a range of additional meaning and significance.•Imagery is the use of figurative language to produce a picture in the minds of readers or hearers.• 1.4.3. Condensed and vivid language•Language is the most important thing in poetry. Poetic language is the most vivid and condensed language in literature.2.3. Poe’s featuresa. A short story writerstories two kinds:Horror Ratiocination（推理）b. A poetfifty poems typically Romantic in both form and contentc. A literary criticPoe’s poetictheories“The Philosophy of Composition ““The Poetic Principle”Poetry should be short and readable at one sitting, should appeal only to “beauty” (aiming at “an elevating excitement of the soul”)True poetry is “the rhythmical creation of beauty”Poe’s aesthetic theory•a. “Beauty is the sole purpose of the poem.” Poetry must concern itself just with “supernal beauty”, not with the narration of a s tory, nor even with the beauty of particular things.•b. The immediate object of poetry is pleasure, not truth. The function of poetry is not to summarize, nor interpret earthly experience, but to create a mood in which the soul soars.•c. Melancholy is the most legitimate of all the poetic tones. Sickness, abnormal love, death of a beautiful woman, are to him, unquestionably, the most poetical topics in the world.•d. The length of writing, both of tales and poetry, should be about 100 lines, so that the reader can be well engaged in it without any interruption. Understanding “The Raven”3.1. Topic of the poem:death: “the death of a beautiful woman is , unquestionably, the most poetic in the world”→a sense of melancholy over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman 3.2. Setting of the poem:midnight: a time associated with the end of lifebleak December: a season associated with the end of lifethe room: warmed and lighted by “dying embers”, associated with the supernaturalthe purple curtains: a color associated with Fu n ereal custom3.3. Mood of the personamelancholic, sorrowful, even desperate (The repetition of the word “Nevermore”increases the speaker’s feelings of pain and loss. This pattern of self-inflicted torture builds in intensity until the speaker breaks down emotionally and demands that the raven “Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door”).3.4. SoundIt takes Poe 4 years to complete “The Raven”→a marvel of regularity:719 feet of which 705 are perfect trochees (1 strong + 1 weak), 10 doubtful trochees and only 4 clearly dactyls (1 strong + 2 weak)Rhyme scheme: abcbbbAlliteration (flirt, flutter; stately, saintly…)Assonance (dreary, weary; napping, tapping, rapping;morrow, borrow, sorrow, with the sound “o”to show one’s sad,sorrow and grief mood; …)Sound and rhythm make the poem musical and melodious. They contribute a lot to the mood and the theme of the writing at the same time.3.5 symbolism3.5.1 Raven: disaster and misfortuneRaven, the large bird-like crow with black feathers, in Western countries, as well as it is in China, is conventionally regarded as an ominous fowl, a symbol of misfortune. Thus with the repetition of the "napping and tapping" the poet was filled "with fantastic terrors never felt before."3.5.2 the "lost Lenore" : the soul of the radiant maiden, beauty and hopeAt the moment when the poet was in the darkness peering, wondering, expecting and whispering Lenore but was just responded with a "nothing more," the Raven, "with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door." A conversation was held and the poet was so comforted with it. For twice, the poet felt the bird "beguiling my sad fancy into smiling."3.5.3 The poet’s strong passion to Lenore: the sub-consciousness of the poetIn the conversation the poet distinctly expressed his strong passion to Lenore. However, the only response from the Raven was "Nevermore." It seems what the poet had expressed is simply the view out of the "id", while the Raven 's words are rather restrictive and seem out of "ego." The poet was too affectionate to Lenore to be restrictive, while the Raven was what warned him to be rational and that what had been lost would return "nevermore."3.5.4 The poet’s frustration: the modern realityThe poet was of the firm belief that in modern society human beings are apa th etic creatures. He was deeply resentful at the people's indifference towards his mourning to Lenore; therefore, he turned to the Raven for comfort. But quite to his disappointment, he was merely responded with a cold "nevermore."Lecture 3:Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804—1864)Introduction to the writerthe great romantic novelist in the nineteenth century . the pioneer of psychological analyst in the history of American literature.1.2. Point of viewBlack vision of human nature: Obsessed by the Calvinistic concept of the original sin, Hawthorne believes human beings are evil-natured and sinful and this sin and evil is ever present in human heart and will pass on from one generation to another. His writings are to show how we are all wronged and wrongers, and avenge one another.1.4. Themes of Hawthorne’s writing⏹ 1. Explore the relationship between the past and the present⏹ 2. Explore the hidden motivations of his characters.⏹ 3. Examine the effect of hidden sin and secret guilt⏹ 4. Moral or immoral, right or wrong is the question Hawthorne alwaystalks about in his works.1.5. Style⏹ 1. His style was soft, flowing and almost feminine.⏹ nguage: smooth, clear, beautiful in sound and meaning⏹ 3.He also frequently uses symbols and settings to reveal thepsychology of the characters.II. Appreciation of “Young Goodman Brown”2.1. The main idea of the work2.2. Understanding of the excerpt2.3. Analysis of the structure⏹At sunset, Goodman Brown leaves his wife Faith, spends the night inthe forest, and at dawn returns a changed man. Within this basic structure, the story further divides into four separate scenes, the first and last of which, that is, the departure from and the return to Salem, are balanced. (to be continued)⏹The night in the forest falls naturally into two parts: the temptation bythe Devil and the meeting of the witch. The two scenes, particularly the former, make full and careful use of the dramatic devices of suspense and climatic arrangement. The climax of the story comes when Brown calls upon his wife to look up to heaven, and resist the wicked one, which is cut off abruptly by anticlimax as the meeting vanishes in a roaring wind, and Brown leaning against the rock finds it chill and damp to his touch.2.4. Analysis of the theme⏹Everyone possesses some evil secret.2.5. Analysis of the writing style⏹ 2.5.1. Ambiguity:⏹Whether the events of the night are actual or dreamlike⏹Whether Brown is lost to the devil or saved by Faith2.5.2. Contrast⏹Day and night⏹Good and Evil⏹The red of fire and blood and the black of night and forest2.5.3. Symbolism⏹day and the town: human convention and society⏹night and forest: symbols of doubt and wandering⏹red: Sin or Evil⏹black: doubt of the reality of either Evil or Good that tortures Brown2.5.4. Allegory⏹The story is often read as a conventional allegory in the sense thatYoung Goodman is everyman, and his journey to the dark forest and his encounter with the devil are symbolic of man’s life journey from innocence to knowledge, from good to evil.⏹Faith, if taken as an allegorical figure, is the incarnation of Christianbelief.III. Comment on the writer⏹ 3.1. the great romantic novelist in the nineteenth century⏹ 3.2. the pioneer of psychological analyst in the history of Americanliterature.Appreciation of The Scarlet Letter⏹1. Main Character:Hester Prynne.Roger Chillingworth.Arthur Dimmesdale3. Character Analysis⏹Hester: brave, strong-minded, warm-hearted, intelligent, sacrificing, decisive⏹Dimmesdale: timid, selfish, irresponsible, cowardly, weak-minded⏹Chillingworth: cold-blooded, dehumanizedTheme of The Scarlet Letter⏹To escape the bondage of religion either on people’s spirit or on people’s natural desire⏹4. Abundant use of symbols⏹A ---adultery⏹angel⏹able⏹Prison—the place that deprived people of spiritual freedom⏹Forest---the nature⏹Rose near the prison—Hester and her love⏹Cap—sth controlling one’s beautyLecture 4:Walt Whitman(1819-1892)1.1. Background of the 1820’s♦ 1. Democratic idealism began to exert influence, the antislavery movement.♦ 2. Democratic and abolitionist literature began to rise. In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe published her Uncle Tom’s Cabin which was greatly honored by President Lincoln. “the little lady who wrote the book that made this big war.”♦ 3. The American literary field in the 19th century blossomed also with poetry. The most popular poet was Longfellow, because he was most interested in such subjects as home, family, nature and religion and his style was lyrical as well as conventional. But the best poet is no doubt Whitman.1.3. Major work♦Leaves Of Grass: a collection of Whitman’s poems, his lifelong achievement. The most famous pieces are “Song of Myself”, “There Was a Child Went Forth”, “Pioneers! Pioneers!” etc. Whitman experimented in his works with new poetic form of free verse and oral lg. Thus, Leaves of Grass has become landmark in American literary history, which represents the poet, the people, and the nation in the 19th America and celebrates the future of the nation and the ideals of equality and democracy.II. Appreciation of the selected readings2.1. “I hear American singing”♦ 2.1.1.Main idea: This poem is shortest among Whitman’s poems. It presents the reader a picture of the modern Americans: people from all walks of life are singing for their cheerful and creative work and their dream through out American.♦ 2.1.2.Themes: an eulogy to the thriving American nation, the laboring people; the poet’s optimistic attitude toward the world and life.♦ 2.1.3.Tone: Proud, cheerful, optimistic2.2. “There was a child went forth”2.2.1. Understanding of the poem:♦It is a poem about the experience of Whitman the child-poet as well as that of America the newly founded nation. Between the lines, Whitman recaptures the awakening consciousness of the child-poet and the lovely landscape in which the American child matures.♦The child went through several stages to know nature, human beings, his own origin, and at last the wide and endless world of sea. He was energetic, thirsty for knowledge. And the future for him is bright, for he will always go forth every day. By comparing the young nation to a child, Whitman made his optimistic view on its future felt and self-evident.2.2.2. Structure:The structure of the poem is a circular one. The first stanza is an introduction to the child. In the second stanza, it turns out to be a beautiful idyllic landscape where the child came to know nature. However, he went from the idyllic peaceful Eden to the noisy human city in the next stanza, and then came to know the conception of himself in the fourth stanza.♦In the last stanza, he saw his parents and other people in the crowding world. But the poem changes here into another idyllic episode: the beautiful scene on the sea. It is just like a circle. The child came in peace, grew in the crowded society, but went back to peace at the sea. The return to peace is just the beginning of another one. The child will mature day in and day out.2.3. “Song of myself”Theme:♦“Song of myself” , consisting 1345 lines, is the longest poem in Leaves of Grass. “Myself” is the central and principal image in this poem. It refers not only to the poet himself but also to a group of people who had the American national characteristics and the democratic ideals like Whitman.They were pioneers on the American continent: the ironsmiths, the carpenters, the butcher, and the waiters, etc., as listed in the poem.♦These people were optimistic in spirit and strong physically. They live harmoniously with other people in this world as well as with nature. In this song, Whitman sings of nationalism and of the nature of the self in relation to the cosmos and the meaning and purpose of birth and death.Individualism, nationalism, and internationalism or cosmopolitanism, the three contradicting beliefs are reasonably united.♦The selec ted part is the first and the sixth sections of “Song of myself”. In Section one, Whitman talks about the contradictory but also harmonious relations between myself and you, his willingness to live on this soil, and the importance of nature. These ideas are essential to understand Whitman’s philosophy and esp. the whole “Song of myself”♦In Section Six, the poet turns his attention to the grass. He probes into the relationships between the grass and himself/the Lord/a child or a new life/death and so on. The grass is a symbol of life and equality. He suggests the central underlying truth in nature is death. To him, death is not an ending, but the ultimate source of equality and unity. As a natural part of the cycle of life, in death the body becomes part of nature in a different way. Death is immortality, though people do not recognize that.2.4. Analysis of the artistic features♦ 2.4.1. form: free verse♦Oral and powerful lg: Although free verse, he wrote with repeated and parallel sentences to strengthen the feelings. He express what he wanted to express freely, smoothly, and heatedly. His poems are like waves of the sea that rushed to the beach violently, one after another.♦ 2.4.2 the first person narrator: direct and sympathetic to the reader♦ 2.4.3. topic: sex.♦To use his own expression, “he saw the world as a vision of love.” He believes that life is the source of poems, love and enthusiasm are the motives of creation.III. Comments on the writer♦ 3.1. Subject: son of time, feels the pulse of the time. As a romanticist and transcendentalist, he broke the conventional poetic materials, no myth,no romance, no story of king and lords. He sings for self, common people, America, city life, nature, etc.♦ 3.2. Form: (Free verse) poetry without fixed beat or regular rhyme.Whitman is the first great American poet to use this form of poetry, he also used it more skillfully than any other poet.Lecture 5:Emily Dickinson（1830-1886）1.2. Points of viewEmily Dickinson lived a life of self-seclusion. She was a sensitive woman and preferred to explore the inner life of herself other than the social one. Therefore, her poetry usually concerns her meditations on love, religion, death, immortality, and nature. Her world on one hand was small, because it was only a secluded woman’s world. But on the other hand, it was a cosmos, making up of the human inner world and natural outer one.1.2.1. Religious viewsCalvinism with its doctrine of predestination and its pessimistic ideas about life and man’s original sin haunted her during her childhood and adolescence. Because of the Calvinist influence, her view of life is pessimistic and her tone in the poems sounds tragic. In her poetry, we can strongly sense the doubts about the existence of God and the realization of after-life. She was so obsessed with this religious uncertainty that about one third of her poems are about death and immortality, themes that lie at the center of her poetic world.1.2.2. Ideas on loveLove is another subject Dickinson showed great interest in. She herself had lived a lonely life of a spinster. She had once or twice fallen in love with someone. But each time she was frustrated. Some of her love poems reflect the unhappy experiences of hers, such as “I never lost as much but twice”. There are also poems about the longing of physical love, the union of the bodies.1.2.3. Ideas on natureDickinson was also a nature poet. To her, nature is both simple and harmonious. She writes about nature to reveal its simplicity and profundity on one hand, and tries to establish a connection between nature and man on the other, like the transcendentalists. Her poems are full of insights intonature and human life.1.2.4. Ideas on poetry writingEmily Dickinson seemed to consider poetry writing as a private thing.When she was in her early twenties, she began to write poetry. Sometimes she would send her poems with letters to her friends. But she never approved of publishing her poems, for she thought, “Publication is the auction of the mind of man.”So she kept her poems to herself throughout the life. She did not regard herself as a poet. But in her opinion, a poet’s responsibility is to use concrete images to present abstract ideas. Her poems are terse and suggestive.1.3. Special features1.3.1. Experimentation on poetic forms: In poetic style, Dickinsonwas terse, suggestive, and indirect.1.3.2. PersonaDickinson’s poems present no identifiable speaker. It was only a supposed person in the poems. The speaker rarely has an age and often no gender; it emerges from no background and has no purpose beyond the moment of the speech. Her poetry is about personal crises of no particular individuals, nor is it about Emily Dickinson herself: instead, it speaks generally—addressing the human conditions.II. Appreciation of the selected works2.1. Wild Nights—Wild Night!2.1.1. Understanding the poemThis is a poem on love. Although Dickinson is a spinster, she is skillful in writing poems on love.2.1.2. Symbols:boat and the sea: male and female loverswild nights: passionate or wild love2.2. This is my letter to the world2.2.1. Understanding the poem：This is a poem on life.2.2.2. Theme: Dickinson’s proud expectation of a public place among her sweet countrymen.2.2.3. Structure2 stanzas: The first stanza is one sentence. There is a contrast in thisstanza: the World and Nature. The former never wrote to “me”the simple news, while the latter told “me”with tender Majesty. Thus the world is indifferent but nature is amiable. The second stanza is composed of 2 sentences. The first 2 lines reveal the way in which nature commits the news and the last two lines the poet’s request to the countrymen: judge tenderly to me.2.3. I died for Beauty—but was Scarce。
陶洁《美国文学选读》（第3版）笔记和课后习题详解（第18单元尤金
陶洁《美国⽂学选读》（第3版）笔记和课后习题详解（第18单元尤⾦第18单元尤⾦?格拉斯通?奥尼尔18.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（⽣平）Eugene Glastone O’Neill(1888-1953)was the greatest playwright of US.He was born in New York.His father was a famous actor and O’Neill traveled around with his father’s group and took a year in Princeton,from which he was expelled because of misbehavior.Then he began his experience of wandering and loafing about which stand him in good stead.In the winterof1912-13he developed tuberculosis and was sent to a sanitarium.In this period he read widely in the world’s dramatic literature.In1916his one-act play Bound East for Cardiff was staged.The event marked the beginning of O’Neill’s long and successful dramatic career and ushered in the modern era of the American Theater.O’Neill was a prize-winning playwright.He received the Pulitzer Prize for his Beyond the Horizon and Anna Christie between1920and1922,and the Nobel Prize in1936.尤⾦·格拉斯通·奥尼尔(1888—1953)是美国最伟⼤的剧作家。
美国文学选读复习资料
1、Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790）本杰明·富兰克林He is the representative of the Enlightenment in America in 18th century. Humanist, statesman, writer, scientist, inventor.The Autobiography《自传》♂简析：The book is about the course of Franklin's struggle for success. It tells us the importance of being diligent. The book had a great influence on American people,and changed the destinies of many youth.It is the first America successful biographical work（传记文学）, has an important position in the history of American Literaturel.Poor Richard’s Almanac 《格言历书》♂简析：A collection of maxims （格言），or proverbs, on the value of work and savings for success.2、Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849) 埃德加·爱伦·坡 Novelist,poet,critic.Good at writing Gothic（哥特式）and detective fiction.Father of western detective stories and psychoanalytic criticism.（扩展：文学理论建树不容忽视，影响深远。
陶洁《美国文学选读》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（斯蒂芬克莱恩）【圣才出品】
陶洁《美国⽂学选读》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（斯蒂芬克莱恩）【圣才出品】第10单元斯蒂芬?克莱恩10.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）1. Life（⽣平）Stephen Crane was an American novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism. He is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation.斯蒂芬·克莱恩是美国⼩说家、短篇⼩说家、诗⼈、记者。
他在短暂的⼀⽣中著作颇丰，在现实主义传统下写了许多著名作品，也成为美国⾃然主义和印象主义的早期范例。
他被当代批评家认为是同时代最具有创意的作家。
2. Major Works（主要作品）Maggie: A Girl of the Street (1893) 《街头⼥郎麦姬》The Red Badge of Courage (1895) 《红⾊英勇勋章》“The Open Boat” (1897) 《海上扁⾈》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky (1898)《新娘来到黄天镇》The Blue Hotel (1898) 《蓝⾊旅店》Ⅱ. Selected works（选读作品）◆The Open Boat《海上扁⾈》This story is based on Crane’s personal experiences. While traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent during the Cuban insurrection against Spain, Crane was stranded at sea after his ship the Commodore sank off the coast of Florida. Stephen Crane and three others endured the rage of the sea for thirty hours. Billy Higgins a friend of Cranes drowned while swimming to shore. This realistic story of their life-threatening ordeal captures the emotions of four men in a fight against nature.Th e most significant aspect of this struggle lies in the men’s attempts to help one another survive when they are confronted with danger and disaster.故事取材于克莱恩真实的个⼈经历。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解-第1~13单元【圣才出品】
第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was a rare genius in human history. He became everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador,—“Jack of all trades.”富兰克林是人类历史上少有的天才。
他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使、业务员等等。
1. Life（生平）He was born into a poor family. He was a voracious reader. At 16 he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Do good. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。
美国文学笔记完整版专八人文知识.docx
美国文学笔记整理完整版1607-1776北美殖民时期Colonial Settlements约翰·史密斯美国文学史上第一个作家John Smith A Ture Relation of Virginia《关于费吉尼亚的真实叙述》（美国文学第一本书）乔纳森·爱德华兹清教徒主义作家（Puritanism ）Jonathan Edwards1776-1783独立革命时期Revolution of Independence（启蒙运动）本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard ’s Almana c 穷查理历书；Benjamin Franklin The Way to Wealth致富之道；1706-1790The Autobiography自传(记录作者从穷到成功的经历，“美国梦”反映，体现启蒙倡导的理性主义和有序、教育的观点 )托马斯·潘恩美国独立之父the father of American revolutionThomas Paine Common Sense常识（独立战争宣传册revolutionary pamphlets ）1737-1809American Crisis美国危机（鼓励人民抵抗英军，共16小册）Rights of Man人的权利（支持法国革命）The Age of Reason理性时代（基督给他名誉带来的影响）菲利普·弗伦诺独立诗人 a poet of the American Revolution，美国诗歌之父Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲1752-1832The British Prison Ship英国囚船The Wild Honey suckle野生的金银花The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士--同类诗中最佳托马斯·杰斐逊独立宣言 Declaration of IndependenceThomas Jefferson18 世纪末 -19 世纪中后浪漫主义时期Romanticism1.早期浪漫主义华盛顿·欧文美国文学之父father of American Literature(为美国文学第一次赢得世界声誉)Washington Irving以笔记小说和历史传厅闻名，humor1783-1859The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始）A History of New York纽约史---美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；----The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说---成为美国第 1 个获国际声誉作家-----Rip Van Winkle里普·万·温克尔( 李伯大梦 )The Alhambra 阿尔罕伯拉詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀frontier novel边疆传奇小说sea novelJames Fenimore Cooper The Spy间谍（独立战争间谍对抗英国）1789-1851The Pilot领航者（sea novel）Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五步曲（frontier novel ）The Pioneer 拓荒者（ the first true romance of the frontier in American literatureThe Last of Mohicans 最后的莫希干人（主角： Natty Bumppo纳蒂班波）The Prairie大草原The Pathfinder探路者The Deerslayer杀鹿者2.超验主义New England Transcendentalism拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书 manifestoRalf Waldo Emerson The American Scholar论美国学者;1803-1882Self-reliance论自立The Transcendentalist超验主义者Representative Men代表人物School Address神学院演说Days 日子 - 首开自由诗之先河free verse亨利·大卫·梭罗Walden 瓦尔登湖Henry David Thoreau A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers在康科德河和梅里麦克河上的一周1817-1862Civil Disobedience论公民之不服从纳撒尼尔·霍桑subject: human soul first great Americanwriter of fiction象征主义大师Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter红字1804-1864Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Marble Faun玉石雕像The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇Young Goodman Brown年轻的布朗The Birthmark胎记赫尔曼·迈尔维尔擅长航海奇遇和异域风情Herman Melville Moby Dick/The White Whale白鲸（first American proseepic 史诗）1819-1891Typee泰比Omoo 奥穆Mardi玛地White Jacket白外衣Pierre皮尔埃;Billy Budd比利·巴德沃尔特·惠特曼Father of free verse自由诗之父Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass 草叶集（the birth of truly American poetryand the end of romanticism）(共和圣经 Democratic Bible美国史诗American Epic)1819-1892Song of Myself自我之歌Democratic Vistas民主的前景埃米莉·迪金森她的诗大量破折号dash, 主题love, nature, death, immortality;语言 plain, brevity, directEmily Dickinson This is My Letter to the World这是我给世界的一封信1830-1886I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died我死时听到一只苍蝇叫Because I could not Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神I ’ m Nobody. Who Are You? 我是无名小卒。
陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(拉尔夫 华尔多 爱默生)【圣才出品】
第3单元拉尔夫•华尔多•爱默生1. What is the author’s attitude towards charity? Why does he hold such an attitude?Key: The author thinks that not all charity is good, especially when malice and vanity wear the coat of philanthropy. And it is not his obligation to give money to the poor. What’s more, he feels shameful when sometimes he succumbs and gives the dollar, and it is a wicked dollar. He objects to the charity.Because he thinks that people’s good actions, such as doing charity, are done as an apology or extenuation of their living in the world. However, he holds that people should not wish to expiate, but to live.2. According to the author, what do most people believe to be virtue? And what is real virtue?Key: Most people believe that virtues are rather the exception than the rule, and they are penances. The real virtue is the rule that people must do what concerns them rather than what the people think.3. Why does the author dislike “consistency”? Do you agree with him? Do you think that people should give up consistency?Key: Because that consistency scares us from self-trust, and makes us lessconfident. It also makes us have a reverence for our past act or word because the eyes of others have no other data for computing our orbit than our past acts, and we are loath to disappoint them. What’s more, a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines. And with consistency a great soul has simply nothing to do. It will ruin a man’s creativity.I cannot totally agree with him. Although I confess that there are some positive meanings in his proposal, I cannot neglect the positive aspects of consistency. Because that we sometimes need consistency to restrict people’s behaviors. For example, nature has its own law that we must follow, or we will violate the order of it.In my mind, whether people should give up consistency or not depends on the specific situation. That is, Keeping it firmly or giving it up is not wise choice. We should treat it case-by-case.4. What is the agreement of one’s actions? Why is it important for people? Key: The agreement of one’s actions is that the actions will be harmonious, no matter how unlike they seem.Because only with this agreement, can people be each honest and natural in their hour. Conformity explains nothing, and people’s genuine action will explain itself and their other genuine actions. So, it is important for people.。
美国文学史及选读2复习笔记
History And Anthology of American Literature (Volume Ⅱ) 美国文学史及选读2 Part Ⅳ The Literature Of Realism 现实主义文学1. 美国国内战争Civil War 1861-1865.美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉they sought to portray American life as it really was,, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote. 2. 现实主义一词来源于法语realisme, 她是一种文学原则，她强调描写平凡的生活，强调其“真实性和现实性”。
Realism had originated in France as realisme, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth ” in the depiction of ordinary ordinary life. life. life. ““现实主义要求创作素材绝对真实，即不能夸张，也不能缩小”,William ,William Dean Dean Dean Howells(Howells(豪厄斯) defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material ”.他反对那些表现失意和绝望类苍白无力的小说，他强调现实主义作品要发掘出生活中微笑的一方面，因为美国人都坚信自己的国家是一个充满希望，一个充满希望，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来he spoke out against the writing of a bleak fiction of failure and despair. He called for the treatment of the “Smiling aspects of life ” as being being the the the more more more ““American American””, , insisting insisting insisting that that that American American American was was was truly truly truly a a a land land land of of of hope hope hope and and and of of of possibility possibility possibility that that that should should should be be reflected in its literature. 3. 美国现实主义文学总体说来对生活的表面现象进行了乐观的处理，这是其局限，然而最伟大的现实伟大的现实主义大师亨利·詹姆斯、马克·吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，詹姆斯对他作品中的人物詹姆斯对他作品中的人物个性心理进行了深度探讨，他运用深厚的和复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行了揣摩。
美国文学史及选读复习笔记(1-2册)精编版
History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico andother Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese(荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established atJamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of theCountry”.9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)课后习题详解(第16单元 厄内斯特
第16单元厄内斯特•海明威16.1复习笔记Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961)（厄内斯特·海明威）1.Life（生平）Hemingway was born in Oak park,Illinois.His father was a physician and his mother was a music teacher.He had on the whole a happy boyhood.After leaving school at17,he tried to enlist in the army but was rejected because of his injured eye.He went to the Kansas City Star and served as its reporter.Then he was recruited as an ambulance driver working with the Red Cross and went to Europe. This led to the crucial happening of his life.His war experience proved so shattering and nightmarish that his life and writings were permanently affected.Hemingway was a myth in his own time and a myth in American literature.He was a glamorous public hero of sorts whose style of writing and living was probably more imitated than any other writers in human memory.His public image was one of a tough guy.He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in1954.In his later years he often behaved in an odd manner and looked much older than his years.Possibly because he could not write any more,or possibly because he could not act out his code,or because of both and his ill health,he shot himself on July2,1961.The world was shocked into the disconcerting awareness that,withhis death,an era had come to an end.海明威出生于伊利诺州的奥克帕克。
美国文学选读考研教材练习题库
美国文学选读考研教材练习题库陶洁《美国文学选读》（第3版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】目录第一部分考研真题精选一、填空题二、单选题三、名词解释四、作品分析题五、问答题第二部分章节题库第1单元本杰明·富兰克林第2单元埃德加·爱伦·坡第3单元拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生第4单元纳撒尼尔·霍桑第5单元赫尔曼·梅尔维尔第6单元亨利·大卫·梭罗第7单元19世纪美国诗人第8单元马克·吐温第9单元亨利·詹姆斯第10单元斯蒂芬·克莱恩第11单元薇拉·凯瑟第12单元舍伍德·安德森第13单元凯萨琳·安·波特第14单元弗·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德第15单元威廉姆·福克纳第16单元厄内斯特·海明威第17单元20世纪美国诗人（1）第18单元尤金·格拉斯通·奥尼尔第19单元埃·布·怀特第20单元田纳西·威廉斯第21单元拉尔夫·华尔多·埃利森第22单元20世纪美国诗人（2）第23单元阿瑟·米勒第24单元索尔·贝娄第25单元约瑟夫·海勒第26单元托尼·莫里森第27单元路易丝·厄德里克•试看部分内容考研真题精选一、填空题1. In his autobiography, _____creates the image of a self-made man and demonstrates his belief that the new world of America was a la nd of _____which might be met through hard work and wise manag ement.[天津外国语学院2011研]【答案】Benjamin Franklin, opportunities查看答案【解析】富兰克林是美国启蒙时期与独立战争时期的代表人物。
陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(埃德加 爱伦 坡)【圣才出品】
第2单元埃德加•爱伦•坡1. Who is the narrator? What wrong does he want to redress?Key: Montresor is the narrator. He had borne thousands of injuries of Fortunato as best he could, and he decides to take revenge on him. He must not only punish Fortunato but with impunity.2. What is the pretext he uses to lure Fortunato to his wine cellar?Key: He said to Fortunato that he got a pipe of Amontillado, and he was doubt about it, so he wanted someone to make sure for him. At the same time, he deliberately showed his doubts about Fortunato’s connoisseurship in wine and cared about his health, whi ch firmed Fortunato’s decision to go with him to his wine cellar.3. What happens to Fortunato in the end?Key: He was locked in the cellar by Montresor, and can only wait for death.4. Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Montresor and Forcunato as contrasts? Key: Poe characterizes the two characters with striking contrasts between them in many aspects. Firstly, their names are endowed with opposite symbolic meanings: Montresor symbolizes “monstrous”, while Fortunato symbolizes “fortunate”.Montresor is the devil in the story, and Fortunato is fortunate through his life and makes great fortune, but finally, he ends in a very unfortunate way, which is very ironical. Secondly, their clothes are very different: Fotrtunato “wore motley”, while Montresor put on “a mask of black silk” and drew “a roquelaire” closely about his person. Last, their psychological activities and consciousness are in contrast: Montresor knows clearly what is going on and what will happen, while Fortunato is always kept in the dark till the end.。
美国文学选读(陶洁版)复习资料
美国文学选读（陶洁版）复习资料ADAM整理William Faulkner(1897-1962 1949 Nobel price“Stream of Consciousness”意识流or “interior monologue”,内心独白is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce.The Sound and the Fury (1929) 人物??As I Lay Dying (1930)Light in the August ( 1932)Absalom, Absalom (1936)Go Down Moses (1942)Ernest HemingwayIceberg Principle (Theory):冰山法则The dignity of movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action.Code heroa noble but tragic hero; fighting with the overwhelming force; though he knows that he will be defeated at last, he decides to act like a hero. In one sense Hemingway wrote all his life about one theme, which is neatly summed up in the famous phrase “grace under pressure”Major Works:The Sun Also Rises 1926 (Jake Barnes)A Farewell to Arms 1928 (a tragic story about war and love) (Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley) For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940 (Spanish civil war) (Robert Jordan)The Old Man and the Sea 1952 (Santiago)Herman Melville代表作：白鲸Moby Dick Other Works are: Billy Budd,Typee, Omoo, Mardi.Symbolism in Moby Dick：It is regarded as the first American prose epic. 散文史诗？It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth 寻找真理and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology.Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups; facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings; the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable难以理解的, malignant恶性的, and beautiful as well.Realism 浪漫主义之后，现代主义之前As a literary movement, the Age of Realism came into existence after Romanticism with the Civil War It was a reaction against “the lie” of Romanticism and sentimentalism, and paved the wayto Modernism.This literary interest in the so-called “reality”of life started a new period in the American literary writing known as The Age of Realism.Psychological RealismIt is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters’thoughts and motivations. And Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism. He believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator, and not in any facts of which the spectator is unaware. Such realism is therefore merely the obligation that the artist assumes to represent life as he sees it.The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells豪威尔斯, Mark Twain, and Henry James. Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life” of the Americans, and Henry James had apparently laid greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man.William Dean Howells：The Rise of Silas LaphamHenry James：The Portrait of a Lady (Isabel Archer; Madam Merle; Gilbert Osmond)Daisy Miller (Daisy; Mr. Winterbourne; Mr. Giovanelli)Mark Twain = Samuel Langhorne Clemens Missouri Writing: humor and local colorism 地方特色The characteristics of local colorismTwain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation of American literary realism.“The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,”brought him recognition from a wider public. His best works were produced when he was in the prime of his life：Life on the Mississippi & The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.Mark Twain’s most representative work：The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnHis humor, a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism, is remarkable.Nathaniel Hawthorne effected by 超验主义One of the most ambivalent writers in the American literary history.The Scarlet Letter:红字Other works: Mosses from an Old Manse; Twice-Told Tales; The Marble Faun; The House of the Seven GablesHe is a master of symbolism, which he took from the Puritan tradition 清教徒传统and bequeathed to American literature in a revivified form.In his masterpiece, by using Pearl as a thematic symbol, Hawthorne emphasizes the consequence the sin of adultery has brought to the community and people living in that community. With the scarlet A as the biggest symbol of all, which is ambiguous, he proves himself to be one of the best symbolists.American Naturalism 自然主义The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory达尔文进化论on the American thought and the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to another school of realism: American naturalism.The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral与道德无关的, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity遗传and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion湮没in death. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity.代表作家Stephen Crane；Frank Norris；Theodore Dreiser；Edwin Arlington Robinson；Upton Sinclair；Jack London；O’ HenryStephen Crane：Maggie: A Girl of the Streets；The Red Badge of Courage；The Open Boat；The Black Riders and Other Lines；War Is KindEdwin Arlington Robinson：Richard CoryJack London：The Call of the Wild；The White Fang；The Sea Wolf；Martin EdenUpton Sinclair：The JungleO.Henry (William Sydney Porter)：The Gift of the Magi；The Cop and the anthemTheodore Dreiser：Trilogy of Desire:1.The Financier2. The Titan3. The Stoic；Sister Carrie；Jennie Gerhardt；An American TragedyThe 20th Century American Poets：Two characteristic strains：introspection自省&social criticismT.S.Eliot：The Waste LandImagism 意象派A poetic movement of England and the U.S. that flourished from 1909 to 1917. The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing”and the economy of wording. “poetic techniques to record exactly the momentary impressions”Three main principles of the Imagist Movement (1912) :[1] direct treatment of poetic subjects[2] elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, to use no word that does not contribute to the presentation.[3] rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome.Ezra Pound：Idaho爱达荷洲worked for the Italian government in WW II, engaged in some radio broadcasts of anti-Semitism and pro-Fascism.代表作:Cantos; Hugh Selwyn Mauberley; In a Station of the Metro; CathayWilliam Carlos Williams:The Red WheelbarrowE.E.Cummings: L(a; r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-rWallace Stevens:Anecdote of the JarThe 20th Century American Poets:Major Features1. The relationship of art and life; reality and imagination; fact and miracle; chaos and order.2. References to painting, music, and color.3. Abstract, philosophical, and difficult. He saw poetry as a personal transaction between self and reality.4. Meticulous language, though frequently exotic; coined words, and some are employed simply for sound effects.Robert Frost: Fire and Ice; Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening; The Road Not Taken Major Features:1. His verse was terrifying at first, showing the dark side of human life and society. Later, filledwith sunshine.2.New England as the setting; The subjects come from daily life of ordinary life;Rural poetry inpastoral tradition. ( Wordsworth; Emerson)3.His themes include landscape and people of New England, loneliness and poverty of isolatedfarmers, beauty, terror and tragedy in nature.Simple language, a graceful style and traditional forms of poetry.诗歌鉴赏：In both "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" and "The Road Not Taken," the speaker hesitates on route. Compare the hesitations. Do they derive from thesame impulse and misgiving or are they distinct?Langston Hughes: The first prominent black writer in American literary history.Poet Laureate of Harlem & O’ Henry of HarlemA poet, playwright, novelist, song writer, biographer, editor, newspaper columnist, translator,lecturer.主要作品：The Weary Blues, The Dream keeper and Other Poems, Fine Clothes to the Jew Harlem RenaissanceIn the 1920s in America, there was an upsurge of Black literature, popularly known as the “Harlem Renaissance”, out of which such eminent literary figures as Langston Hughes grew. So, “Harlem Renaissance” is a burst of literary achievement in the 1920s by Negro playwrights, poets and novelists who presented new insights into the American experience and prepared the way for the emergence of numerous Black writers after mid-twentieth century.The Harlem Renaissance began with a work entitled: New Negro: An Interpretation(by Alain Locke).Dialect, folklore, and Jazz.The Modern PeriodPart I The 1920s-1930s ( the second renaissance of American literature)l The Roaring Twenties (economically)l The Jazz Age (socially)l“lost” and “waste land” (spiritually)There had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social and natural sciences.Darwinism(Darwin), Socialism (Karl Marx), Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)The Lost GenerationThe term “Lost Generation” came from Gertrude Stein, who had a salon in her house for English and American expatriates in Paris. The Phrase was a remark she made to a mechanic in Hemingway’s presence that “Y ou are all a lost generation.”The Jazz AgeThe Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between World War Ⅰand World War Ⅱ, particularly in North America.With the rise of the Great Depression, the values of this age saw much decline.The most representative literary work of the age is American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term “The Jazz Age”.Gertrude Stein used the term to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. The term is commonly applied to Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, John Dos Passos, E.E. Cummings and some others.Winners of Nobel Prize for Literature during this periodSinclair Lewis (1930); Eugene O’Neill (1936); Pearl S. Buck (1938); T.S. Eliot (1948); William Faulkner (1949); Ernest Hemingway (1954); John Steinbeck (1962)Sinclair Lewisl Main Street (masterpiece) (a bitter satire on the life style of American small towns) Carol Milford // Will Kennicottl BabbittSome other famous writers and poets:Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio;Hands; Paper PillsF. Scott. Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby; This Side of Paradise; T ender is the Night; The Beautifuland the DamnedThe Last Tycoon ( unfinished)John Dos PassosEzra PoundRobert FrostAmerican DreamThe is the idea held by many in the United States that through hard work, courage and determination one could achieve prosperity繁荣. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations.The term was first used by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America. He states: "The American Dream is "that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. ….It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position."In the United States’Declaration of Independence独立宣言, our founding fathers: "…held certain truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness." …….The Post-War Period 战后Literature：This period is the rising period of post-modern literature. Many forms of post-modern fiction appeared. The same mood in this period is despair, but continuing to search absurdity荒谬of modern life; lonely, but searching for the meaning of existence; identity.The Beat Generation 行为怪癖的一代The Beat Generation is a group of American young writers and artists popular in the 1950s and early 1960s,known especially for their use of non-traditional forms and their rejection of conventional social values.The term "Beat" was reportedly coined by Jack Kerouac in the late 1940s, quickly becoming a slang term in America after World War II, meaning "exhausted" or "beat down" and provided this generation with a definitive label for their personal and social positions and perspectives.The core group consisted of Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Neal Cassady and William S. Burroughs。
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18.1复习笔记Eugene Glastone O’Neill(1888-1953)（尤金·格拉斯通·奥尼尔）1.Life（生平）Eugene O’Neill was the greatest playwright of US.He was born in New York. His father was a famous actor and O’Neill traveled around with his father’s group and took a year in Princeton,from which he was expelled because of misbehavior.Then he began his experience of wandering and loafing about which stand him in good stead.In the winter of1912-13he developed tuberculosis and was sent to a sanitarium.In this period he read widely in the world’s dramatic literature.In1916his one-act play Bound East for Cardiff was staged.The event marked the beginning of O’Neill’s long and successful dramatic career and ushered in the modern era of the American Theater.O’Neill was a prize-winning playwright.He received the Pulitzer Prize for his Beyond the Horizon and Anna Christie between1920and1922,and the Nobel Prize in1936.尤金·奥尼尔是美国最伟大的剧作家。
他出生于纽约市，他的父亲是当时有名的演员。
幼年时奥尼尔常随父亲的剧团演出。
他曾就读于普林斯顿大学，但一年后因行为不端被校方开除。
之后他开始了漂泊生涯，这段经历对其创作意义重大。
1912年到1913年冬天奥尼尔因肺结核不得不疗养治病。
这段时间他广泛阅读世界戏剧名著。
1916年他的独幕剧《东航卡迪夫》上演。
这标志着奥尼尔漫长且成功的戏剧生涯的开始，也标志着美国戏剧现代化时代的到来。
奥尼尔的一生赢得了众多奖项。
1920年到1922年间，他的《天边外》和《安娜·克里斯蒂》分别获得普利策奖。
1936年他获得了诺贝尔文学奖。
2.Artistic characteristics（艺术特点）(1)O’Neill was a tireless experimentalist in dramatic art.He took drama away from the old tradition of the last century and rooted it deeply in life.He introduced the realistic or even the naturalistic aspect of life into the American theater.The stylistic aspect of O’Neill’s art merits notice for its variety and its display of consummate craftsmanship.(2)He borrowed freely from the best traditions of European drama,be it Greek tragedies,or the realism of Ibsen,or the expressionism of Strindberg,and fused them into the organic art of his own.He borrowed freely from modern literary techniques such as the stream-of-consciousness device with the help of which he managed to reveal the emotional and psychological complexities of modern man.(3)He paid attention to the usage of setting and stage property.O’Neill’s ceaseless experimentation enriched American drama and influenced later playwrights.He was regarded as the American Shakespeare.(1)奥尼尔坚持不懈地革新戏剧艺术，他把戏剧从19世纪的传统束缚中解放出来，使之深深地扎根于现实生活。
他首次把现实主义乃至自然主义的手法引进美国戏剧中，他的艺术以多样化及精深圆熟而著称。
(2)他大胆借鉴欧洲戏剧传统中的精华，诸如希腊悲剧、易卜生现实主义及斯特林堡表现主义等，并把它们融入到自己的艺术中。
他还大胆借鉴现代派文学技巧，如意识流手法，这有助于他揭露现代人情感及心理上的复杂性。
(3)此外，他还特别重视布景和道具的使用。
奥尼尔不懈的创新丰富了美国戏剧、影响了后来的剧作家。
他被誉为“美国的莎士比亚”。
3.Major Works（主要作品）Bound East for Cardiff(1916)《东航加的夫》In the Zone(1917)《在这一带》The Long Voyage Home(1917)《漫长的返航》The Moon of the Caribees(1918)《加勒比的月亮》Beyond the Horizon(1918)《天边外》Emperor Jones(1920)《琼斯皇帝》The Hairy Ape(1922)《毛猿》Desire Under the Elms(1924)《榆树下的欲望》All God’s Chillun Got Wings(1924)《上帝的儿女都有翅膀》The Great God Brown(1926)《大神布朗》Strange Interlude(1928)《奇异的插曲》Mourning Becomes Electra(1931)《悲悼》Days without End(1933)《日子没有尽头》The Iceman Cometh(1939)《送冰的人来了》A Touch of the Poet《诗人的气质》Long Day’s Journey Into Night《长日终入夜》Hughie(1941)《休依》The Moon for the Misbegotten(1943)《月照不幸人》More Stately Mansions《更庄严的大厦》4.Selected Works（选读作品）◆Desire under the Elms《榆树下的欲望》The story happens on a New England farm.Widower Ephraim Cabot is a selfish, mean,cruel and decadent puritan.He maltreats his second wife to death and occupies her farm as his own property.Eben,the youngest and brightest sibling, feels the farm is his birthright,as it originally belonged to his mother.He buys out his half-brothers’shares of the farm with money stolen from his father,and Peter and Simeon head off to California to seek their ter,Ephraim returns with a new wife,the beautiful and headstrong Abbie,who enters into an adulterous affair with Eben.Soon after,Abbie bears Eben’s child,but let’s Ephraim believe that the child is his,in the hopes of securing her future with the farm.The proud Ephraim is oblivious as his neighbors openly mock him as a cuckold.Madly in love with Eben and fearful it would become an obstacle to their relationship,Abbie kills the infant.An enraged and distraught Eben turns Abbie over to the sheriff,but not before admitting to himself the depths of his love for her and thus confessing his own role in the infanticide.故事发生在一个新英格兰农场上。
伊弗雷姆·卡伯特是一位自私、吝啬、残忍、颓废的清教徒。
他将第二任妻子虐待致死后将其农场占为己有。
埃本是他最小、最聪明的儿子，认为自己应该继承母亲的这份遗产。
他用从父亲那里偷来的钱买下了两个同父异母哥哥的股份，彼得和西蒙就去加利福尼亚淘金去了。
后来，伊弗雷姆带回一位漂亮而固执的妻子，名叫艾比，她后来与埃本发生了关系。
不久后，艾比怀了埃本的孩子，并让伊弗雷姆相信那是他的孩子，以期得到他的财产。
当邻人公开取笑他戴了绿帽子时，骄傲的伊弗雷姆并没放在心上。
艾比疯狂地爱上了埃本，她担心孩子会阻碍他们的关系，于是杀死了婴儿。