科学技术史(英)笔记

科学技术史（英）笔记整理

★考点

Lecture 1: introduction

Possible definitions of “science”:

The Latin scientia , root scire

Allen Charimos科学始于迷茫，终于更高的迷茫。

★Deng Xiaoping : Science and technology is the first productivity George Sarton: mankind's unique activity of accumulation and progression ★Three aspects of science:

1.scientific knowledge科学知识

2.scientific methods科学方法

3.scientific spirit科学精神

Three kinds of research methods of hist of scien&tec:

1.annals or chronicles

2.conceptual analysis of school of thought :original documents not

the achievements but the mind of those writers思想史学派的概念分析

方法

3.sociological method社会学的方法:注重科学的社会、文化功能

★Functions of history of science & technology:

1. to understand sciences better帮助人们更好地理解科学

To help people better understand science and application of science ,that is, history of science and application.

2. to be a basis of other branches

It can be a basis of other branches of humanities, a know background basis or a cognition platform for philosophy of science , socioitey of science.

3. to bridge liberal arts and sciences

It can assume its educational function,especially the popularization of science including the understanding of man himself, briding the intercultural rift (conmunication between liberal arts and science ; as buffers between science and humanites)

4 . to form a basis for scientific decision-making

It can form a basis for scientific decision-making,. Recently there have arison some researchs on this aspect worldwide.

Lecture 2: Science and technology of the ancient world

Ancestry of alphabetic system of writing:腓尼基人

★Cancer (巨蟹座)：21st June ~20th July

Aries (白羊座)：21st March~20th April

Like eye and ear trouble,skin and heart diseases

Surgical equipment made in 2300 BC in Babylon

Babylon diseases were described on the clay tablets like eye and ear trouble, skin and heart diseases .surgical equipment made in 2300 BC Lecture 3: Greco-Roman

Socrates—Plato------Aristotle----Alexander the Great

Aristotelian kinematics:

★Motiion of objects on earth fall into 2 types: natural and compulsary Earth-centered

It's illogical to apply the scientific concepts and inferences applicable to the earth

Any objects in motion are propelled by external objects. The speed and propelling force for the motion of objects from the external force are on the right proportion but are on the reverse proportion with resistance.

Euclid, virtually founder of the plane geometry.

★Archimedes 物理学家，数学家，静力学和附体力学奠基人

★杠杆原理lever principle 浮力定律law of buoyancy

★Given me a fulcrum, I can propel the earth. Give me a fulcrum and I will turn the earth.

Ptolemy(100~170AD)Greek astronomer and geographer.集大成之作《至大论》（约145AD）

Ancient Chinese sciences and civilizatiion

★Four great invention that have changed the course of the world civilization Paper-making; printing; power; compass

Confucius 孔子

Menfucius 孟子

Taoism 老子

Zhuangzi 庄子

Mozi 墨子

Xunzi 荀子