2014年英语一真题翻译
2014考研英语一真题试题及答案(翻译)
2014考研英语一真题试题及答案（翻译）Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. 47) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. 48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring thedisorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. 50) One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason，why引导定语从句，修饰the reason。
2014年考研英语一真题答案及解析
肉一样需要锻炼……”。由此可推断第二句是第一句的详细阐释说明，因此，第二句是神经科学家们研究得出
的结论。此外，根据动词搭配、用法可知，“It turns out that+句子”是常见的固定结构，表示“结果是，原来
是，证明是”，详细阐述研究的具体结果。其他的选项都可以和 out 搭配，但是选项 B 和 D 的主语多为人而不
是物。如果选项 C 放到空格处，则 It 的指代不明。因此只有 A 是正确答案，it 作形式主语，真正的主语是后面
that 引导的从句。
7.[A] responses 回应，回答
[B] roundabouts 环形，犹豫
[C] workouts 训练，锻炼
[D] associations 联系
【答案】C
特写对象”，选项 C 表示“坚持做某事”，选项 D 表示“相信某人或某事”，均不符合句意，可排除。
11．[A] However 然而，但是
[B] Moreover 而且，再者
[C] Otherwise 否则 [D] Therefore 因此
【答案】A
【考点】上下文逻辑关系+副词辨析
【解析】本句句意为“_____，由于构建这些连接需要通过努力和实践才能实现，科学家们相信智力可……而
Take a step further 表示“进一步采取措施”因此，选项 B 为正确答案。Take a step back 向后退一步，take a step
aside 让……到一边去，take a step around 没有此搭配，因此选项 ACD 都可排除。
14．[A] framework 框架，结构 [B] stability 稳定性 [C] sharpness 敏锐 [D] flexibility 灵活性
2014年考研英语真题参考答案（翻译题）
2014年考研英语真题参考答案（翻译题） 2014年硕⼠研究⽣⼊学考试已经结束，为了⼤家更好的估分，店铺考研频道为您第⼀时间发布2014年英语考研真题及答案解析，欢迎⼤家阅读参考。
关注本⽹站栏⽬及栏⽬，了解最新科⽬解析动态。
2014年考研英语考试已结束，2014年考研英语翻译题参考答案，⼀起来看看吧! 2014年的考研英语终于在今天下午落下帷幕，今年的翻译题难度基本与往年持平，对于有些同学来说或略有简单。
预计平均分会等于或⾼于往年，下⾯我们逐个分析翻译的句⼦： 46. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it and not grasp music itself. 此句考察的主要是it形式主语和时间状语从句，注意articulate our reactions to it的翻译，此处可理解为清楚的表达对⾳乐的反应，其他的部分我们⽐较好理解。
参考答案：这也是为什么当我们尝试⽤语⾔来描述⾳乐时，我们能清楚的表达对⾳乐的反应，但并没有领会⾳乐的精髓。
47. By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let along the performance, of his works. 此句考察的是并列句与插⼊语，我们可以逐个翻译and链接的语群，重点理解by all accounts: 据⼤家所说。
let along the performance：更不⽤说表演，根据语境我们可以与作品⼀起翻译为：他作品和他演出。
2014考研英语一真题完整版及答案详解
2014考研英语一真题完整版及答案详解[说明：本篇文章是对2014年考研英语一真题的完整版及答案的详细解析。
文章将分为四个部分，分别是阅读理解、完形填空、翻译和写作，以保持整洁美观的排版。
]第一部分：阅读理解[说明：本部分将对2014年考研英语一真题中的阅读理解部分进行分析和解答。
]题目1：阅读理解一[解析：这里是对第一篇阅读理解的题目进行解析。
]题目1答案：B[解析：答案为B。
]题目2：阅读理解二[解析：这里是对第二篇阅读理解的题目进行解析。
]题目2答案：C[解析：答案为C。
]第二部分：完形填空[说明：本部分将对2014年考研英语一真题中的完形填空部分进行分析和解答。
]题目1：完形填空一[解析：这里是对第一篇完形填空的题目进行解析。
]题目1答案：D[解析：答案为D。
]题目2：完形填空二[解析：这里是对第二篇完形填空的题目进行解析。
]题目2答案：A[解析：答案为A。
]第三部分：翻译[说明：本部分将对2014年考研英语一真题中的翻译部分进行分析和解答。
]题目1：翻译一[解析：这里是对第一道翻译题目进行解析。
]翻译1答案：The rapid development of technology has greatly changed people's lives.[解析：正确答案为：技术的迅猛发展极大地改变了人们的生活。
]题目2：翻译二[解析：这里是对第二道翻译题目进行解析。
]翻译2答案：In recent years, China's economy has achieved remarkable growth.[解析：正确答案为：近年来，中国的经济取得了显著增长。
]第四部分：写作[说明：本部分将对2014年考研英语一真题中的写作部分进行分析和解答。
]题目：写作[解析：这里是对写作题目的解析。
]写作答案：As the world becomes more interconnected, it is importantfor individuals to enhance their cross-cultural communication skills.[解析：正确答案为：随着世界变得更加互联互通，个人提升跨文化交流技巧变得越来越重要。
2014年考研英语一真题及答案解析
2014年考研英语一真题及答案解析National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (NETEM)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember ___1___ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain ___2___, we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” ___3___ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) ___4___ impact on our professional, social, and personal ___5___.Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It ___6___ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental ___7___ can significantly improve our basic cognitive___8___. Thinking is essentially a ___9___ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to ___10___ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. ___11___, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ___12___ mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step ___13___ and developed the first “brain training program”designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental ___14___.The Web-based program ___15___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps ___16___ of your progress and provides detailed feedback ___17___ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it ___18___ modifies and enhances the games you play to ___19___ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) ___20___ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.A. where B. when C. that D. why2.A. improves B. fades C. recovers D. collapses3.A. If B. Unless C. Once D. While4.A. uneven B. limited C. damaging D. obscure5.A. wellbeing B. environment C. relationship D. outlook6.A. turns B. finds C. points D. figures7.A. roundabouts B. responses C. workouts D. associations8.A. genre B. functions C. circumstances D. criterion9.A. channel B. condition C. sequence D. process10.A. persist B. believe C. excel D. feature11.A. Therefore B. Moreover C. Otherwise D. However12.A. according to B. regardless of C. apart from D. instead of13.A. back B. further C. aside D. around14.A. sharpness B. stability C. framework D. flexibility15.A. forces B. reminds C. hurries D. allows16.A. hold B. track C. order D. pace17.A. to B. with C. for D. on18.A. irregularly B. habitually C. constantly D. unusually19.A. carry B. put C. build D. take20.A. risky B. effective C. idle D. Familiar【参考答案】A B D C A A C B D C D A B A D B D C C B【试题点评】完型填空为了测试考生实际应用英语的能力和语感。
2014考研《英语一》真题：翻译部分
2014考研《英语一》真题：翻译部分Part BDirections：The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes .Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm .Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, fell into its deep valley in 1911.Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.[B] In another case, American archaeologists Rene million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City .at its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the word. Theresearchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes.in one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural village and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD500 and 850, when Copán collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airbone technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes。
2014考研英语一真题试题及答案(翻译)
2014考研英语一真题试题及答案（翻译）Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. 47) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. 48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring thedisorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. 50) One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason，why引导定语从句，修饰the reason。
2014考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(一)第4篇_毙考题
2014考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（一）第4篇“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences(AAAS),deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAASasking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators,individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarshi p and education.”In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences.Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives,as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable.Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy;stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government;and encourages the use of new digital technologies.To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research,the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century,increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day.The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2? years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart of the matter:the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities.The commission ignores that for several decades America’s colleges and universitieshave produced graduates who don’t know the content and chara cter of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciencesas vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of studywhile portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas--such as free markets and self-relianceas falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education.Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.美国艺术和科学研究院刚发布的”问题核心”报告，肯定了人文和社会科学对美国的繁荣和保障自由民主的重要性，这一点是值得赞扬的。
2014年1月05355商务英语翻译真题及答案
一、句子汉译英（本大题共8小题，每小题3分，共24分）请在答题卡上作答。
1.我厂生产的地毯图案新颖，色调雅致，美丽大方，富丽堂皇。
2.几乎所有的产品广告都是寻求利润的商业活动。
3.实用性——是否能满足某种需要或欲望？4.掌握产品说明的学问。
5.请勿在房间或走廊使用任何燃烧器皿取暖或煮食。
6.通常，每个公司都有一个以上的推销员销售某一种产品。
7.自1948年开始建立电视联播网以来，电视已成为主要的广告媒介。
8.海运提货单常常被认为是信用证所要求的最重要的凭证。
二、句子英译汉（本大题共7小题，每小题3分，共21分）请在答题卡上作答。
9. Make all members benefit from the globalization and New Economy by promoting capacitybuilding and exploring future opportunities.10. DDU11. CIF12. We have decided to launch our advertising on a national scale. The television Advertisements have been scheduled to start in December.13. The tins have been carefully packed in strong carton boxes to prevent damage in tlansit14. Either Party can terminate this Agreement by a three month notice in writing.15. The shipment from the manufacture to the shipping port shall only be effected by the seller within 45 days after the Seller's receipt of the Letter of Credit三、段落汉译英（本大题共5小题，每小题6分，共30分）请在答题卡上作答。
翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试四川外国语大学2014年真题
翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试四川外国语大学2014年真题(总分：94.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the appropriate words derived from the words given in parentheses at the end of the sentences.(总题数：10，分数：10.00)1.The front army troops were 1 by a large contingent of students from the military academy. (strength)（分数：1.00）解析：strengthened[解析] 句意：军校的学生分队加入后，前线部队实力得到了增强。
根据句意，此处表示实力被增强，因此需要填入strength的动词过去分词形式。
2.I was looking forward to a casual stroll, but he walked at a 1 pace. (vigor)（分数：1.00）解析：vigorous[解析] 句意：我希望只是随意逛逛，但是他走起来步伐矫健。
由句意可知，此处需填入vigor的形容词形式。
3.A 1 of cultures or ideas occurs when two very different cultures or people meet and conflict. (collide)（分数：1.00）解析：collision[解析] 句意：当两种截然不同的文化或民族相遇并碰撞时，便会产生文化和观念上的冲突。
此处讲文化和观念的冲突，因此应当是collide的名词形式。
4.The 1 purpose of scientific discourse is not the mere presentation of information and thought, but rather its actual communication. (fundament)（分数：1.00）解析：fundamental[解析] 句意：科学论述的最根本的目的不只是传递信息和表达思想，更重要的是现实的交流。
2014英语一text2全文翻译
2014年英语一考试的text2是一篇关于自然环境变化的文章。
文章总体上呈现了自然环境改变的原因和后果。
以下是对这篇文章的全文翻译：自然环境是人类生存和发展的重要基础，然而，随着工业化和城市化的快速发展，自然环境遭受到了严重的破坏。
这种破坏引起了全球范围内的自然灾害，给人类社会带来了严重的影响。
自然环境的改变主要有两个原因。
人类的过度开发和过度利用自然资源导致了环境的恶化。
另气候变化也是自然环境改变的重要原因之一。
在过去的几十年里，人类活动排放的温室气体导致了全球气候的变暖，进而引发了一系列特殊天气事件，如洪涝、干旱、飓风等。
这些天气事件不仅给人类社会造成了巨大的损失，也对生态系统造成了严重的破坏。
自然环境改变的影响是多方面的。
自然灾害频发给人类社会带来了严重的经济损失。
据统计，全球每年因自然灾害而造成的经济损失高达数百亿美元。
自然环境改变也威胁到了人类的生存和健康。
干旱导致了农作物歉收，洪涝引发了疾病传播，气候变暖加剧了空气污染，这些都直接影响到了人类的生活质量。
自然环境改变还加剧了社会的不平等现象。
在自然灾害中，贫困地区和弱势裙体往往承受着更大的损失，这进一步加剧了社会的贫富差距。
面对自然环境的改变，人类社会应当采取积极的措施来应对。
全球各国应当加强环境保护意识，减少对自然资源的过度开发和利用。
应当采取减排措施，降低温室气体的排放，减缓气候变暖的趋势。
应当加强国际合作，共同应对气候变化和自然环境的改变。
自然环境的改变对人类社会造成了严重的影响，必须采取有效的措施来保护自然环境，减缓气候变化的趋势。
只有这样，才能保障人类社会的可持续发展和未来的生存空间。
以上是对2014年英语一text2的全文翻译，希望对大家有所帮助。
参考资料：1. 2014年英语一考试真题2. Climate Change and the Environment: Protecting People from Nature’s Wrath by Jennifer Leaning在全球范围内，气候变化和自然环境的恶化已成为公认的事实，其影响不仅在自然界中显而易见，也深刻地影响了人类社会。
高考英语全国卷2014 I 卷完形填空翻译与解析
全国卷完形填空真题解析2014 I单词短语：as a general rule 通常来说，一般来说routine /ru:ˈti:n/ n.常规；日常事务adj.通常的；例行的on a routine basis定期，按惯例，在常规基础上basis/'beɪsɪs/ n.基础；准则，方式；要素；原因，缘由as a matter of fact实际上，事实上at work 起作用work v. 奏效，产生预期效果（或作用）be excited about 对…感到兴奋wear off 逐渐消失；磨灭；损耗wear v.（wore，worn）磨损，用旧；穿，戴；留（发，须等）put↔sth away 将…收起，把…放回原处；积蓄，攒钱；猛吃，猛喝put↔sb away 把…关进监狱stamp albums 集邮册album/'ælbəm/ n. 相册；集邮册；唱片monument to sb/sth 某人/某事的纪念碑monument /'mɒnjʊmənt/n. 纪念碑care for sb. 照顾，照料（病、老、幼等）（与take care of 同义)hand over to sb | hand sth↔over to sb 把...移交给某人the same is true of ... ……也是如此，同样的道理pastime n. 消遣，休闲活动（同义词：hobby n.业余爱好）解析：As a general rule，all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine basis．As a matter of fact，we can see this41 at work in people of all42 ．通常来说，所有类型的活动当他们在常规的基础上被执行时，会导致厌倦。
历年考研英语一阅读真题翻译(2004-2014)
2014年考研英语阅读真题Text 1In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit-and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?为了“让生活变得更美好”以及减少“依赖”，英国财政大臣乔治•奥斯本引入了“求职预付金”计划。
只有当失业者带着简历到就业中心，注册在线求职并开始找工作，才有资格获得补助金——然后他们应该每周而非每两周报告一次。
有什么比这更合理呢？More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people say off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsides laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.更加明显的合理性如下。
翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试武汉大学2014年真题
翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试武汉大学2014年真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：40，分数：20.00)1.The U. S government is made up of three portions ; executive, legislative and judicial. （分数：0.50）A.parts √B.ingredientsC.principlesD.proportions解析：[解析] 句意：美国政府由三个部分组成：行政、立法和司法。
portion和part含义相同，均表示“(整体中独立的)部分”。
ingredient(混合物的)组成部分；(构成)要素。
principle原理，原则。
proportion 比例；部分。
2.For 18 months, Iran repeatedly rebuffed all U. S proposals to free the hostages.（分数：0.50）A.rebukedB.rejected √C.abusedD.filtered解析：[解析] 句意：一年半以来，伊朗一再拒绝美国要求释放人质的提议。
rebuff断然拒绝，回绝。
reject 拒绝，驳回。
rebuke非难，指责。
abuse滥用；虐待。
filter过滤；渗入。
3.The common earthworm is made up of round segments , commonly divided into anterior and posterior. （分数：0.50）ansB.cellsC.ringsD.sections √解析：[解析] 句意：一般的蚯蚓都是由一段一段的环形组成的，通常还包括前段和后段。
segment 段；体节。
section节，段。
organ器官。
cell细胞。
ring环状物，圆圈。
round表示“圆"的”，ring与之语义重复，故不选。
2014考研英语一试题及答案解析
Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students’ physical condition.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)2014英语一小作文真题解析今年小作文不出预料，再一次考到了建议信。
在我们英语一的考试当中，建议信已经反复考过三次，分别是2007年，2009年和2012年。
因此，考生要高度重视历年真题，因为考过的话题或是书信类型会反复考查。
今年考题的Direction要求就学校课程给校长提建议。
根据题目的要求，我们可以判断本文为公务信函，语域为正式语域，即不能出现缩写、省略问句和和口语表达。
称呼： Dear Mr. President,注意称呼中，所有实词首字母全部大写，Dear Mr. President 后面的逗号不可丢，也不能写成冒号。
正文第一段：写作内容需涵盖两点：写信目的，表明建议;赞扬在前，建议在后。
文章开头开门见山的表明了写信目的，用到了这样的表达It is my great honor to write to you. 第二句赞扬在前，建议在后。
文中用到了这样的表达As far as I am concerned, we have enough extraordinary lectures and what we need now is physical exercise.第二段：写作内容为建议细节。
2014考研英语一真题试题及答案(翻译)
2014考研英语一真题试题及答案（翻译）Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. 47) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. 48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring thedisorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. 50) One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason，why引导定语从句，修饰the reason。
历年考研英语一阅读真题翻译(2004-2014年)
2014年考研英语阅读真题Text 1In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit-and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?为了“让生活变得更美好”以及减少“依赖”，英国财政大臣乔治•奥斯本引入了“求职预付金”计划。
只有当失业者带着简历到就业中心，注册在线求职并开始找工作，才有资格获得补助金——然后他们应该每周而非每两周报告一次。
有什么比这更合理呢？More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.”he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people say off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsides laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.更加明显的合理性如下。
考研英语一历年翻译真题及答案
考研英语一历年翻译真题：（2016-1994）（此资料由小七i整理，请不要外传，仅用于考研学习借鉴，如有错误地方，请自行参考其他资料。
）【每年的题目单独编译成页是为了便于打印后直接在上面进行书写】翻译主题分析：1994年:天才、技术与科学发展的关系 1995年:标准化教育与心理评估（364词）1996年:科学发展的动力（331词） 1997年:动物的权利（417词）1998年:宇宙起源（376词） 1999年:史学研究方法（326词）2000年:科学家与政府（381词） 2001年:计算机与未来生活展望（405词）2002年:行为科学发展的困难 2003年:人类学简介（371词）2004年:语言与思维（357词） 2005年：电视媒体2006年：美国的知识分子 2007年：法学研究的意义2008年：达尔文的思想观点 2009年：正规教育的地位2010年：经济与生态 2011年：能动意识的作用2012年：普遍性真理 2013年：人类状况2014年：贝多芬的一生 2015年：历史学方面2016年：心理健康46） We don't have to learn how to be mentally healthy， it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend， a broken bone. 47） Our mental health doesn't go anywhere； like the sun behind a cloud， it can be temporarily hidden from view， but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.48） Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles， with kindness if they are in pain， and with unconditional love no matter who they are.49） Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives， it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.50） As you will come to see， knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.46） This movement， driven by powerful and diverse motivations， built a nation out of a wilderness and， by its nature， shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47） The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas， customs， and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. 48） But， the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America， the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another， and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw， new continent caused significant changes.49） The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after thefifteenth- and sixteenth-century explorations of North America.50） The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia in the south. Here was abundant fuel and lumber.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.48)The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.49) Most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic.50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it.46)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.47) While we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.49) Circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.47) But we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.46)He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.48)On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was "superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully."50)Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear preps of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.49)But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.50)They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe.47) In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.49) Crea ting a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.50)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.”61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.64) Tylor defined culture as “...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century."75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder--kitchen rage.71)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools relaxation will be in front of smell-television and digital age will have arrived.73）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration:“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder kitchen rage.71） While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.72） Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.73） During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.74） There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.75） It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.71） But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.72） The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang，first put forward in the 1920s，to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.73） Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures，and may report their findings soon.74） If the small hot spots look as expected，that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.75） Odd though it sounds，cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics，and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.71） Actually，it isn’t，because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.72） Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.73） It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.74） Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect，extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.75） When that happens，it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.71） Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.72 ）This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 73） This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.74） However，the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world more fascinating and delightful aspects.75） New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.1995年考研英语(一)翻译真题71） The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.72） How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.73） Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74） In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined.75） For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.1994年考研英语(一)翻译真题71） Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.72）“In short”，a leader of the new school contends，“the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”73） Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 74） Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.75） Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving for。
2014年北京科技大学翻译硕士英语笔译考研真题及答案
育明教育孙老师整理，来育明教育赠送资料，更多真题可咨询孙
老师。
育明教育考研专业课第一品牌，考研信息可咨询育明教育官网
3
育明教育孙老师解读：翻译硕士报考院校选择 遵循原则
随着现阶段的专业硕士越来越受欢迎，以及就业趋势的引导，翻译专业硕士愈加受欢迎。今天，就 为想要报考翻译硕士的同学解析一下翻译硕士的择校问题。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2014年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题文章翻译Section I Use of English一到中年，很多人开始发现他们的记忆力和思维清晰度大不如前。
我们突然记不起刚才把钥匙放在哪了、也记不起老相识的名字或者曾经热爱的乐队的名字了。
由于大脑退化，我们把这类事件称为瞬间性老年痴呆。
虽然表面看起来没什么，但这种大脑注意力的丧失会对我们的职业、社交和个人幸福产生有害影响。
越来越多的神经系统科学专家表示，对此我们并非无能为力。
大脑像我们的肌肉一样需要锻炼，研究证明适当的智力锻炼能极大提高我们基本的认知功能。
思考是在脑海中建立联系的过程。
某种程度上来说，我们擅长建立驱动智力发展的联系的能力是遗传的。
但是，由于这些联系是通过努力和练习建立，所以科学家们相信智商可以扩展，并根据大脑锻炼而浮动。
现在，一家新的网络公司更进一步，开发了一套大脑训练项目，旨在帮助人们改善和重获头脑敏锐性。
这套网络项目能系统的改善记忆力和专注度。
而且记录下你的进步，并对你的表现和提高提供详细的反馈。
更重要的是，他会不断修正和提高你所玩的游戏来强化你的优势——就像是一项有效的日常锻炼，要求你提高抵抗力、改变肌肉使用。
Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1为了“改善生活”和减少“依赖性”，英国财政大臣乔治·奥斯本引进了一项预先求职计划。
失业者只有带着简历到就业中心进行网上求职注册，并开始找工作，才有资格领取失业津贴。
而后他们应该每周而非每两周汇报求职进展。
还有更为比这更为合理的措施吗？以下是更显而易见的合理之处。
求职者领取失业津贴须等上七天。
这七天应用来找工作而不是申请领取失业津贴，他说：“这些举措旨在帮助人们远离失业救济，并帮助依靠失业津贴生活的人尽快找到工作。
”帮助？当真？乍一听，乔治·奥斯本真是一位关心社会福祉的财政大臣，试图改善生活。
现有的社会福利体系对刚失业者施加的再就业压力不够，纵容他们的惰性，乔治·奥斯本希望完成对这一体系的改革。
据我们的理解，促使财政大臣实施这一计划的是他对基本公平的热忱——维护纳税人利益，控制政府开销，确保只有最符合条件的人才能获得失业津贴。
失业很痛苦。
你不可能心里唱着歌，欣喜地认为可以从慷慨的政府那里得到相当于你两倍收入的救济金，蹦蹦跳跳的去就业中心。
失业在经济上造成恐惧，心里上带来窘迫，收入降到最低而且极难获得。
你不再被需要，被排除在工作环境之外，失去生活的意义和支撑。
更糟糕的是，养家糊口的重要收入也没有了。
问一个刚失业的人最想要什么，答案一定是：一份工作。
但奥斯本认为，失业后你的第一反应就是依赖津贴，如果可以就永远依赖——政府津贴纵容这种错误想法。
好像20年来举步维艰的就业和津贴管理体制改革从未发生过一样。
英国福利体制不再保障你能够抵御失业风险和无条件领取失业津贴。
甚至“求职者津贴”一词将失业者重新定义为“求职者”，而求职者丧失了基本权利，不能享受其通过缴纳国民保险而获得的利益。
相反的，申请人收到补贴是有时间限制的，而且条件是领取人要积极找工作；没有权益和保险，每周71.7英镑的补贴，在欧盟国家是最少的。
Text 2放眼世界，律师可能是除新闻业以外最容易让人产生敌意的行业。
但是没有哪个国家比美国律师的客户更有理由抱怨。
经济危机之前的十年里，美国法律服务花费的增长速度是通过膨胀的两倍。
精英律师日进斗金，引诱着更多的学生入读法学院。
但是大多数法律专业的毕业生却没能进入大公司工作。
相反的，很多人只能处理一些令人厌烦的诉讼，这使美国的侵权法体系成为收费高昂的噩梦。
致使收费高昂的原因有很多。
一是法律教育的成本过高。
在美国大多数州，成为律师的途径只有一个：在非法律专业接受四年的本科教育，然后再在美国律师协会认可的200所法学院中选择一所攻读三年的法律硕士学位，接着要再花一大笔钱准备司法考试。
这使得法学院的毕业生除了本科阶段的贷款之外又增加10万美金的负债。
攻读法律学院的贷款意味着他们必须拼命工作。
改革这一体制对律师和客户都有好处。
改革这一体制的好想法产生已久，但是管理法律行业的州级机构观念太过保守，致使这些想法无法推行。
一种建议是允许人们在本科阶段攻读法学位。
另一种是让学生在法学院读书两年后即可参加司法考试。
如果司法考试对准律师来说真的足够严格，那么就应该允许可以早点参加考试的学生考试。
不需要接受额外培训的学生可以将债务削减三分之一。
收费高昂的另一原因是律师行业的合伙人制度。
除哥伦比亚地区外，非律师不能拥有律师事务所的股份。
这使律师行业收费高，而且革新迟缓。
改革的压力来自行业内部，管理者中反对改革的人坚持认为禁止非律师涉足法律行业可以让律师免于承担赚钱的压力，而尽责地服务客户。
实际上，允许非律师持有律师事务所的股份，鼓励律师事务所使用技术、雇佣职业经理人以提高效率，可以降低成本、提升客户服务质量。
毕竟，其他国家，像澳大利亚和英国，已经开始律师行业的自由化。
美国应该效仿。
Text 3奖金300万美元的基础物理学奖确实是一个有趣的实验，今年三月Alexander Polyakov领取该奖时说。
基础物理学奖并不是唯一一个这种类型的奖项。
正如《自然》杂志的《新闻特写》一文所说，近年来，为研究者设立的一系列奖金丰厚的奖项加入了诺贝尔奖的阵营。
像基础物理学奖一样，很多奖项由互联网企业家数额巨大的银行账户资助设立。
这些捐助人在其各自的领域功成名就，他们说，他们想利用自己的财富为在科学领域已有建树的人带来关注。
有什么理由不喜欢这些奖项呢？用《新闻特写》一文中提到的几位科学家的话来说：理由很多。
俗话说得好，有钱难买贵族身，这些新贵企业家不能给他们的奖项买到诺贝尔奖的声誉。
科学家说这些新奖项是幕后设立者进行自我推销的工具。
他们会扭曲以成就为基础的、以同行评价为主导的研究体系。
会僵化同行评价型研究的现状。
不会为同行评价型的研究提供资金。
他们会使孤独的天才这一神话得以长存。
奖项设立者的目标似乎和奖项招致的批评一样散乱。
有一些想追求轰动效应，也有一些想将人们的注意力吸引到科学上来，或是想给已在研究领域做出一番事业的人更好的奖励。
正如《自然》杂志之前指出的那样，在新老科学奖项如何分配的问题上存在的一些担忧是有道理的。
今年设立的生命科学突破奖在生命科学包含的领域问题上所采取的观点不具有代表性。
但是诺贝尔奖关于每个奖项最多有三个获奖人，而且三个人必须健在的基本限制早已不再适合现在科学研究合作的本质特点。
关于在希格斯玻色子的发现中谁的贡献被忽略这一问题的争论就证明了这一点。
当然，诺贝尔奖本身也是由富有的个人所创立，而他已决定用自己的钱干什么。
时间而非意图已经证明了诺贝尔奖的合理性。
尽管一些科学家对新奖项颇多控诉，但是有两件事情很明确。
其一，大多数研究者如果获奖，他们会去领奖。
其二，金钱和大众注意力都放在了科学上而不是其他地方，这无疑是件好事。
批评怀疑这一机制无可厚非——毕竟这就是科研文化——但这是奖项设立者的钱，如何使用全凭他们的意愿。
心怀感激、有风度的接受这些奖项才是明智之举。
Text 4美国人文与科学学院最近发布了一篇名为《问题的核心》的报告，报告强调了人权和社会科学对美国自由民主的繁荣和安全的重要性，这一点应该受到褒奖。
然而，遗憾的是，报告并未提到自由教育面临危机的本质问题，这可能使其带来的弊大于利。
2010年，国会中民主党和共和党的领导人致信美国人文与科学学院，要求其明确“联邦、州和地方政府、大学、基金会、教育家、个人捐助者和其他机构可以采取的行动以保持美国在人权和社会科学奖学金与教育中的卓越性”。
美国人文与科学学院成立了人权与社会科学委员会作为回应。
委员会的51个成员有顶级大学的校长、学者、律师、法官、商业领袖以及来自外交、制片、音乐和新闻界的杰出人物。
总体而言，报告提出的目标是值得赞扬的。
因为代议制民主政府以全民具备认知能力为前提，所以报告支持实现全民读写能力；强调对历史和政府的研究，尤其是对美国历史和政府的研究；鼓励新的数字技术的使用。
为了促进革新和竞争，报告号召增加对研究的投资，引进系统的课程以提高学生在21世纪解决问题和有效交流的能力，增加对老师的资金支持并鼓励学者将其所学用来应对当今的挑战。
报告还大力提倡研究外语、国际事务和扩大留学项目。
不幸的是，尽管该报告花费了两年半的时间，但《问题的核心》却从未触及问题的核心：国内顶尖大学自由教育的不自由本质。
委员会忽视了一个问题，即几十年来，美国高等学府培养的毕业生根本不知道自由教育的内容和特色，因此也不能从自由教育中受益。
同样不幸的是，美国大学的探究精神已被用作改革派或左翼自由主义宣传工具的人权和社会科学所取代。
今天，教授们习惯把对历史的进步解读和进步公共政策看作理想的研究对象，而把保守或经典的自由思想—如自由市场和自立—看作是常规领域之外的东西，有时候也看作是合理的智力探索。
美国人文和科学学院显示了对自由教育的极大热情。
但是它出具的报告模糊了国会要求其阐明的挑战的深度和广度而阻碍了改革的进程。
Part B【A】有些考古遗址的发现可谓易如反掌——例如希腊雅典的帕特农神庙、埃及的吉萨金字塔群和英格兰东部的史前巨石群。
但是，相对于一般情况而言，这些遗址都是例外。
大多数考古遗址都要经过仔细的搜寻才能确定其位置，也有很多遗址的发现是出于偶然。
奥杜威峡谷是位于坦桑尼亚的一个早期原始人遗迹，它是由一个蝴蝶猎人在1911年时跌落深谷而发现。
成千上万的的阿兹克特手工艺品在20世纪70年代开挖墨西哥城地铁时得以重见天日。
【F】但是，大部分考古遗址是由专门寻找它们的考古学家发现的。
这样的搜寻耗时数年。
英国考古学家Howard Carter从其他遗址发现的信息中得知了埃及法老Tutankhamun墓冢的存在。
Carter花费七年时间仔细筛查了帝王谷的碎石才于1922年确定了法老墓的位置。
19世纪晚期，英国考古学家Arthur Evan仔细搜寻了希腊雅典的古董商的商店，寻找小雕刻印章。
这枚印章来自公元前15世纪到公元前13世纪主导希腊的古迈锡尼文明。
Evans对这些雕刻品的解读最终在1900年引导他发现了位于克里特岛的克诺索斯的米诺斯王宫。
【E】如今，为了找到考古遗迹，考古学家十分依赖系统勘测法和各种各样的高科技工具和技术。
各种雷达和由飞机或航天器搭载的图像设备等一些航空技术使得考古学家能不用挖掘就知道地面以下的状况。
空中勘测可以定位大致的目标区或更大的隐藏地貌，如古建筑或古战场。
【G】地面勘测可以帮助考古学家精确定位挖掘地点，以一击即中。
大多数地面勘测需要进行大量的步行，寻找地面线索，如陶器碎片。
他们经常在整片区域选择几个点进行测试性挖掘，用以寻找被埋藏物品。