南京信息工程大学大气科学专业英语复习资料复习课程

南京信息工程大学大气科学专业英语复习资料课文长难句回顾Various criteria have been devised for dividing the atmosphere into layers. This division can be based on the nature of the vertical temperature profile, on the gaseous composition of the air at different altitudes, and the effect of the atmosphere on aircraft at different altitudes, etc.人们设计了各种标准来将大气分层。

这种划分可以根据垂直温度剖面的性质、不同高度的空气的气体组成、不同高度的空气对飞机的影响等。

The oceans take up large amounts of CO2, about half the amount released by fossil fuel combustion. It is expected that this fraction will diminish with the passing decades whereas the total mass of CO2 released will increase, at least through the early part of the next century.海洋吸收了大量的二氧化碳，大约是化石燃料燃烧释放量的一半。

预计在过去的几十年里，二氧化碳的排放量将会减少，而二氧化碳的总量将会增加，至少在下个世纪初期是如此。

Ozone (O3), another important, highly variable gas, occurs mostly at upper altitudes, but it is also found in urban localities having a great deal of industry and automotive traffic and a generous supply of sunshine.臭氧(O3)是另一种重要的高度可变的气体，主要生成在海拔较高的地方，但在城市地区也有大量的工业和汽车交通，以及大量的阳光也经常被发现。

Man is reversing millions of years of natural evolution by putting into the atmosphere carbon that had been sequestered over the ages as fossil fuels.人类正通过向大气中排放化石能源燃烧产生的碳，从而逆转了数百万年的自然进化。

More of the sun’s radiation is visible light, which passes through the atmosphere largely undeterred. When the radiation strikes the earth, it warms the surface, which then radiates the heat as infrared radiation. However, atmospheric CO2, water vapor, and some other gases absorb the infrared radiation rather than allow it to pass undeterredly through the atmosphere to space. Because the atmosphere traps the heat and warms the earth in a manner somewhat analogous to the glass panels of a greenhouse, this phenomenon is generally known as the “greenhouse effect”.大部分的太阳辐射是可见光，它们穿过大气时几乎没有被阻止。

当辐射撞击地球时，它会使地表变暖，然后地面通过红外辐射来辐射热量。

然而，大气中的二氧化碳、水蒸气和其他一些气体吸收了红外辐射，而不是让它通过大气进入太空。

由于大气吸收热量并使地球变暖的方式有点类似于温室的玻璃面板，这种现象通常被称为“温室效应”。

An increase in surface temperatures would melt snow on land and floating ice and thereby allow the earth to absorb energy that would otherwise be reflected back into space.地表温度的上升会融化陆地上的雪和浮冰，从而使地球吸收那些原本会被反射回太空的能量。

The world’s climate depends largely on circulation patterns by which the atmosphere and the oceans transport heat from warm to cold regions. As a result, any significant change in the difference between equatorial and polar temperatures could dramatically affect climatic patterns.世界的气候在很大程度上取决于大气和海洋将热量从温暖地区输送到寒冷地区的环流模式。

因此，赤道和极地气温差异的任何重大变化都可能对气候模式产生重大影响。

A more immediate concern is that the projected global warming could raise the sea as much as one meter in the next century by heating ocean water, which would then expand, and by causing mountain glaciers and parts of ice sheets in West Antarctica, East Antarctica, and Greenland to melt or slide into the oceans.一个更加紧迫的问题是,预计在下个世纪全球变暖通过加热海水将导致海平面升高1米之多,并且这将扩大,并导致南极洲西部地区,东部地区和格陵兰岛的高山冰川和部分冰盖融化或滑入海洋。

The term “monsoon” is most often applied to the seasonal reversals of wind direction along the shores of the Indian Ocean, especially in the Arabian Sea, that blow from the southwest during one half of the year and from the northeast during the other. “季风”一词最常用于印度洋, 特别是在阿拉伯海沿岸的风向季节性转变, 一年中一半时间吹西南风, 另一半时间则吹东北风。

While the monsoon appears to have a well-defined annual cycle, closer inspection shows that the monsoon varies substantially and that within the cycles a significant substructure exists that becomes evident as the intensity of the monsoon rains wax and wane through the wet season.尽管季风表现为有一个明确定义的年际周期，但近一步的观察表明，季风变化很大，并且在周期内存在一个明显的亚结构，在雨季季风降雨强度有明显的盈余和亏损，证明了这一事实。

A variable of the monsoon system of considerable importance is the timing of the commencement of the set. This, the so-called onset of the monsoon, is usually sudden with the weather changing abruptly from the premonsoon heat, to the weather disturbances, storms, and intense rainfall of an active period.季风爆发的开始时间被认为是季风系统中的一个重要变量。

这也被称为“季风爆发”，通常伴随着天气的急剧从季风前的增温转变为活跃时期的天气尺度扰动、风暴和强降水。

Relationships between the Indian monsoon rainfall and the Southern Oscillation were established by Walker in the beginning of this century and versions of them have been used since for operational forecasting of monsoon rainfall.在本世纪初，沃克建立了印度季风降雨与南方涛动之间的关系，并自这个版本提出以来就被运用于季风降雨的业务预报中。

The summer monsoon rainfall data used in this study is the area weighted average of the percentage departure for each of the 31 subdivisions of India, and is referred to as the whole Indian monsoon rainfall anomaly.本研究中所使用的夏季季风雨量数据是印度31个分区中每个地区所占百分比的加权平均值，代表整个印度季风雨量异常。