TED演讲【你真的可以识破孩子的谎言么】20160525.docx

0:12 Hi. Let me ask the audience a question: Did you ever lie as a child? If you did, could you please raise your hand? Wow! This is the most honest group of people I've ever met.

大家好我先问大家一个问题：作为一个孩子的时候您撒过谎么？如果有过可以举手么？天啊！这是我遇见过的最诚实的一群人

0:27 So for the last 20 years, I've been studying how children learn to tell lies. And today, I'm going to share with you some of the discoveries we have made.

在过去的二十年，我一直在研究孩子们如何学会撒谎。今天我将与给分享我们的一些成果。

0:37 But to begin, I'm going to tell you a story from Mr. Richard Messina, who is my friend and an elementary school principal. He got a phone call one day. The caller says, "Mr. Messina, my son Johnny will not come to school today because he's sick."

不过首先我想先讲一个理查德·梅西纳先生的故事。他是我的朋友也是一名小学校长。一天他接到了一通电话来电的人说，“梅西纳先生，我的孩子乔尼今天不去学校了因为他生病了。“

0:57 Mr. Messina asks, "Who am I speaking to, please?"

梅西纳先生问道”请问您是谁？“

1:01 And the caller says, "I am my father."

来电的人说：”我是我爸爸。“

1:09 So this story –

所以这个故事--

1:12 sums up very nicely three common beliefs we have about children and lying. One, children only come to tell lies after entering elementary school. Two, children are poor liars. We adults can easily detect their lies. And three, if children lie at a very young age, there must be some character flaws with them, and they are going to become pathological liars for life. Well, it turns out all of the three beliefs are wrong.

很好的总结了三个我们对于孩子撒谎的常识。第一，孩子通常在上小学后开始撒谎。第二，孩子不会撒谎成人可以简单地识破他们。第三，如果孩子很早就开始撒谎那么他们一定有一些人格缺陷，并且一生都将是病态的撒谎者。然而结果是，这三个认识都是错的

1:49 We have been playing guessing games with children all over the world. Here is an example. So in this game, we asked children to guess the numbers on the cards. And we tell them if they win the game, they are going to get a big prize. But in the middle of the game, we make an excuse and leave the room. And before we leave the room, we tell them not to peek at the cards. Of course, we have hidden cameras in the room to watch their every move. Because the desire to win the game is so strong, more than 90 percent of children will peek as soon as we leave the room.

之前我们一直和全世界的孩子们一起玩竞猜游戏。这里有一个例子。在这个游戏中，我们请孩子们猜测卡片上的数字。并告诉他们如果他们猜中了，他们会得到丰厚的奖励。在游戏的中间，我们会借故离开。离开前会告诉孩子们不要去偷偷看卡片。当然了，隐藏的摄像头在房间观察孩子们的一举一动。因为孩子太想赢这个游戏，超过90%的孩子在我们离开后马上偷偷看了卡片。

2:36 The crucial question is: When we return and ask the children whether or not they have peeked, will the children who peeked confess or lie about their transgression?

关键的问题是：当然们回来并且问孩子们他们是否偷看了卡片时，那些偷看了卡片的孩子会承认他们违反了游戏规则么？

2:50 We found that regardless of gender, country, religion, at two years of age, 30 percent lie, 70 percent tell the truth about their transgression. At three years of age, 50 percent lie and 50 percent tell the truth. At four years of age, more than 80 percent lie. And after four years of age, most children lie. So as you can see, lying is really a typical part of development. And some children begin to tell lies as young as two years of age.

我们发现无论性别国籍宗教信仰30%的2岁孩子撒谎了。70%承认了他们违反游戏规则。三岁的孩子中，撒谎的人占了50%。四岁的孩子超过80%都在撒谎。大于四岁的孩子绝大部分都在撒谎。如您所见，撒谎是成长典型的一部分。很多孩子在2岁的时候就已经学会了撒谎。

3:31 So now, let's take a closer look at the younger children. Why do some but not all young children lie? In cooking, you need good ingredients to cook good food. And good lying requires two key ingredients. The first key ingredient is theory of mind, or the mind-reading ability. Mind reading is the ability to know that different people have different knowledge about the situation and the ability to differentiate between what I know and what you know. Mind reading is important for lying because the basis of lying is that I know you don't know what I know. Therefore, I can lie to you.

现在我们仔细研究小孩子。为什么不是所有的孩子都撒谎？在烹饪领域想做出好的食物需要好的原料。一个好的谎言需要两个关键的原料。第一个是心智理论，换言之读心的