税收 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 企业税收筹划的主要途径
外文翻译--保持税收筹划
本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译原文：Planning forever tax savingsNow is the best time to think about reducing your business’s tax bill even lower than the point the economy may have driven it to ... and, of course, to keep that tax bill at its legal minimum for many years to come.While many of us rely on the advice and help provided by tax professionals or utilize software programs to ensure a low tax bill, the real goal should be a low tax bill not just for this tax year but also for years to come. The best guarantee of consistently low tax bills, this year, next year, and so-on down the road is, of course, tax planning.Tax planning refers to the taxpayers to reduce the tax burden and to achieve the purpose of taxation zero risk, to the extent permitted by the tax law, the operation of the business, investment, financial management, organization, transactions, and other activities arranged process.From the concept of tax planning can be seen in: the short term, the corporate tax planning purposes through the operating activities of the arrangement, reduce taxes, saving costs and expenditures, so as to enhance the economic efficiency of enterprises, from a long-term perspective, enterprise consciously to implement the requirements of the various tax laws to its business activities, which allow the enterprise tax concepts, have been enhanced awareness of the law. Therefore, whether in the long term or the short term, corporate tax planning are of great significance.Grasp the concept of tax planning on the basis of how the successful implementation of corporate tax planning？It is necessary to fully understand the country's tax policies, and to understand the tax authorities on "reasonable and legitimate" tax explain. Tax planning at the national tax policy within the system, therefore, a prerequisite for the plan is to have anational tax regulations, and policies, tax authorities understand the "reasonable and legitimate" tax explain. On the one hand, from the Constitution and the existing laws in clear what is "reasonable and lawful." On the other hand, tax authorities and tax management activities, as well as the judiciary and the trial admissible tax cases, the specific understanding of the executive and the judiciary in law enforcement and the judicial process to "reasonable and lawful" defined.Second, we should draw a clear tax planning, tax avoidance and tax evasion boundaries. From the country's financial point of view, though, tax evasion and tax avoidance, tax planning would reduce the country's tax revenue, but the reduction is fundamental to the nature of the distinction. In theory, tax evasion is a blatant violations and has subsequently; tax avoidance and tax planning has the purpose of planning in advance, for features, but both legitimacy of the existence of difference of tax avoidance is not illegal but with the tax laws legislative purpose contrary to the interests of not receive tax revenue legislators expect interest and tax planning is entirely legitimate, is entirely consistent with the government's policy orientation, follow the legislative intent.Third, we need to use brain, hiring professional tax planning experts. Tax planning is a high-level financial management and systems engineering, requirements planning staff proficient in tax, accounting, investment, finance, trade, and other professional knowledge, professionalism, more integrated. Therefore, those who are not competent their own projects, experts should be employed to carry out tax planning, tax planning to raise the standard and rationality of tax planning completed the formulation and implementation of the programme. In China, accounting firms, law firms and offices, and other intermediary agencies have gradually carry out tax planning in the business, with their strong professional services capabilities, a wide range of information channels, which can increase their probability of the success of tax planning .Fourth, we must accurately grasp the scale of tax planning. First, non-tax benefits should not be overlooked. Taxpayers in the course of business is not just the concern of tax-related interests, also concerned with the non-tax benefits. Taxplanning process, we need to pay attention to the taxpayers have a significant impact on political interests, environmental interests, the interests of economies of scale, economic benefits and other non-advertising tax benefits, not too much value on tax-related interests while ignoring important non-tax benefits. Second, we should not only tax planning staff "alone." Tax planning should not only the isolation of tax planning staff planning, "behind closed doors" and should be strengthened with other departments, other staff communication and coordination, gain their understanding and support. Third, it is tax-related risks should not be ignored. Corporate tax planning, it must take full account of the hidden tax-related risks and take steps to spread the risks, so that appropriate and balanced risk, seizing the opportunity to make a, and strive for greater tax receipts. Fourth, to enjoy preferential tax policies should not overlook the potential opportunity cost. Enterprises in the planning, the need to engage in serious cost-benefit analysis, determine economic viability, if necessary, can bring net economic benefits to the enterprise increase, only the dominant tax planning costs and hidden costs are lower than planned proceeds, the programme to be, otherwise we should abandon the plan.Tax planning is easy: The more tax deductions taken, the lower the business’s taxable income will be — at least for this tax year. Of course, ignoring potential tax deductions this year may mean signifi cant savings in later years when profi ts — and tax bills —are higher. Either way, in order to count, the time to make the moves necessary for those low tax bills is before the end of the tax year.Tax planning basicsWhen thinking about any type of tax planning, every business should keep in mind that although the IRS may occasionally disagree, the courts strongly back every taxpayer’s right to choose the course of action that will result in the lowest legal tax liability. Thus, as the end of the tax year fast approaches, every dealer faces several different options as to how to complete certain taxable transactions.Our tax system has graduated rates that increase along with the income of the business at various tax rates. Thus, one strategy for saving taxes means reducing the tax bracket of the business. Getting the most from the temporary 15% tax rate fordividends means fi nding another way to reduce corporate level income … and taxes.Obviously, no business owner can literally reduce the federal income tax rate. They can, however, take actions that will have a similar effect. For example: ✔Choosing the optimal form of organization for the business –such as sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, or S corporation – while not a year-end tax planning strategy, deserves attention in the overall tax planning process, especially in light of the current (and temporary) 15% tax rate on dividends paid by incorporated businesses.✔Structuring transactions so that payments received are capital gains. Long-term capital gains earned by noncorporate taxpayers are subject to lower tax rates than other income.✔Shifting income from a high-tax bracket individual (such as you, the business owner), to a lower-bracket individual (such as your child). One fairly simple way to accomplish this is by hiring your children. Another possibility is to make one or more children partners in the business, so that net profi ts are shared among a larger group.While the tax laws limit the usefulness of this strategy for shifting “unearned” income to children under the age of 14, some opportunities to lower tax rates still do exist. Remember, however, the time to think about those strategies is during the course of the tax year.Be consistentAlthough the goal is usually to reduce taxes this year, to be really effective the tax bracket should be consistent year after year. If income is up this year but expected to be down next year, for instance, a dental equipment manufacturer might want to postpone asset sales or other unusual transactions until next year when the additional profi ts may not be as likely to put the operation into a higher tax bracket. Or, conversely, if income and profi ts are down this year, disposing of unneeded equipment or business assets via a profitable sale just might generate extra income, income taxed at the business’s current low tax rates.Depending on the circumstances, a number of legitimate strategies a manufacturer or dealer can employ before year’s end will help them remain in thesame bracket this year, next year, and for many years thereafter. Those basic year-end savings strategies include:Delaying collections: A cash-basis business can delay year-end billings until late enough in the year so payments will not come in until the following year.Accelerate payments: Wherever possible, prepay deductible business expenses, including rent, interest, taxes, insurance, etc. Also, keep in mind that the tax rules limit tax deductions for some prepaid expenses.Accelerate large purchases: Close the purchase of depreciable personal property or real estate within the current year.Accelerate operating expenses: If possible, accelerate the purchase of supplies or services or the making of repairs.Accelerate depriciation: Elect to expense or immediately write off the cost of new equipment instead of depreciating it. Remember, the new Section 179 tax rules now permit as an expense up to $250,000 in expenditures for new equipment.Naturally, what a business can do depends a great deal on the accounting method used by the operation. A cash basis business, for example, deducts expenses as paid and receipts become income when received, or made available. An accrual-basis equipment business realizes income when billed and expenses when incurred, regardless of when income is actually received, or when payment is made.This year’s law changesThe American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) earlier this year extended a number of expiring provisions and created a few more that will affect the year-end planning process. For example:✔First-year 50% bonus depreciation: ARRA extended the 50% bonus fi rst-year depreciation allowance available for 2008 to 2009.✔Increased Section 179 expensing: During 2009, businesses can choose to expense and immediately deduct up to $250,000 of the cost of qualifying property and equipment. The $250,000 maximum expensing amount is reduced if the cost of all Section 179 property placed in service in 2009 exceeds $800,000.✔S corporation built-in gains holding period: For tax years beginning in 2009 or 2010, ARRA eliminates the corporate level tax on the built-in gains of an S corporation that converted from regular C corporation status at least seven tax years before the current tax year.Going, going, goneMaking year-end planning more urgent than usual, a number of provisions in our tax law expire in 2009. Among the expiring provisions are:✔The tax credit for research and experimentation expenses✔Increased alternative minimum tax (AMT) exemption amounts✔15-year straight-line cost recovery for qualified leasehold improvements, qualifi ed restaurant buildings and improvements, and qualifi ed retail improvements ✔Additional fi rst-year depreciation for 50% of basis of qualifi ed property✔Increase in expensing to $250,000/$800,000✔Expensing of “Brown Fields” environmental remediation costs✔Empowerment zone tax incentives✔Tax incentives for investment in the District of Columbia✔Renewal community tax incentives✔The FUTA surtax of 0.2%✔65% subsidy for payment of COBRA health-care coverage continuation premiums✔Reduced estimated tax payments for small businesses .Tax tail should not wag the dogThere is a great deal of pressure in many businesses to continue cutting costs, including taxes. This coincides with increased scrutiny of tax returns on many levels of government. Identifying opportunities for tax deductions without running afoul of cash-strapped state and local tax authorities should play a role in the planning process.On a similar note, the fi nancial or operational strengths of a business transaction should always stand on their own, aside from any tax benefi ts derived from them. There is also the question of whether a tax deduction should be taken or, if legally feasible, ignored.An excellent illustration of the fl exibility of our tax rules are those governing bonuses. A business operating on the accrual basis has the opportunity to fi x the amount of employees’ bonus payments before January 1 — but to pay them early next year. Generally, the bonuses are not taxable to employees until 2010, but are deductible on the operation’s 2009 tax return — so long as announced before the end of 2009, and paid before March 16, 2010.On the other hand, while few businesses are in a position to pay employee bonuses, a business may benefi t by delaying income until next year. Remember, however, there is constructive receipt when income is made available to the business.Tax planning all the timeAlthough tax planning should be a year-round process, a number of year-end strategies can reduce not only this year’s tax bill, but future tax bills as well.The owners and managers of every business should also be taking additional steps to ensure the success of the operation in 2010. Whether or not the business is facing a large tax bill or severely lower taxable income, professional advice is almost a necessity. There should, however, be no uncertainty regarding the need for planning to minimize the bite of taxes this year as well as in future tax years.Source:Mark E.Battersby,2009.“Planning tax savings”.Ornamental&Miscellaneous Metal Fabricator,vol.92,no.2,november,pp.72-73.译文：保持税收筹划现在是最好的时机去考虑把企业的税收减少，使其甚至低于经济驱使它到达的那个点。
跨国公司的税收筹划【外文翻译】
本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译原文：A Framework for International Tax Planning for ManagersCreating a balance between minimizing all of the applicable taxes subject to additional constraints requires a tax planning framework which recognizes the coordination of legal methods to minimize taxes. Leitch and Barrett (1992) assert that a multinational firm exists to exploit a variety of advantages which occur due to differentials in ownership, location, and internationalization factors across country boundaries. These same sorts of advantages can be considered related to tax minimization. The multinational manager in the hypothetical firm of Global Co. must consider tax planning strategies subject to differences in: (1) jurisdiction; (2) time periods; (3) entities; (4) contractual forms; and (5) activities.JurisdictionIn a regulatory sense, taxation exists to accomplish a variety of societal objectives. Consequently, these objectives are manifested in differing tax rates and schemes among nations. Some nations offer a tax holiday to corporate entities to stimulate local investment and employment, while others offer no incentives. Similarly, allowable exclusions and deductions used in determining taxable income may differ among countries. Global Co. must consider all of these elements when selecting countries for operations. The multinational firm is in a position to exploit these differences to legally avoid taxes and minimize the overall tax burden. Complications arise when managers make tax policy decisions in isolation from the overall business needs of the firm. The optimal strategy includes international tax policy in conjunction with business strategy.’ If Global Co.selects countries for operating activities solely for tax considerations, then the firm may fail to derive the maximum benefit from a multinational strategy which seeks to exploit a variety of advantages.Time PeriodsSince the multinational firm often produces goods or services in a variety of places over different economic cycles, there are choices available which allow the firm to defer payment of tax or recognition of taxable income. The objective of this sort of planning is to allow income to be taxed at the lowest possible rate. For example, Global Co. might vary production schedules at locations in different countries to take advantage of differing tax rates. The cross-jurisdictional differences in effective tax rates for a multinational enterprise may change over time. During low points in a business cycle, an entity in one country may have net operating losses which result in a net income tax rate of zero. If that entity is unable to immediately apply the net operating losses, then the parent firm’s strategy might be to shift income into that country to take advantage of the net operating losses. The parent could shift income by raising the transfer prices paid on products from that country, or by reducing the royalty payments that the subsidiary .pays to other entities. Accelerating recognition of taxable income could also be advantageous if a firm expects favorable tax incentives will be expiring in the next year. During high points in a business cycle, the multinational enterprise could attempt to defer recognizing income in high-tax countries. For example, installment sales contracts could be written to defer income recognition to future periods. The sales contract could be revised to lower the price on initial purchases, and increase the price on future maintenance and upgrades. They could accelerate expense recognition by performing more currently deductible maintenance than constructing facilities that must be depreciated over long time periods.Choice of EntityThe multinational may select a variety of organizational forms with which to conduct transactions with distributed units in other countries. This choice has legal as well as tax implications for the combined entity. If foreign units are organized as subsidiaries, the parent may be allowed to defer recognition of income from the subsidiary until dividends are distributed to the parent. Organizing units as branches will result in the inclusion of all branch income in the worldwide income of the parent.In some countries, the parent may elect to form partnerships where any income or loss will flow directly through to the partners without taxing the foreign entity. A hybrid entity also may be formed which results in one jurisdiction taxing the unit as a partnership and another as a corporation. These choices will affect Global Co. in characterizing the income received in the venture as active, passive, or triggering capital gains. Each result yields differing tax effects. In any event, the choice of entity from a tax planning perspective must be balanced with the needs of the firm overall. Tax regulations are rather fluid, and the multinational must be prepared to face changing situations over time. More importantly, it may be difficult to change the organizational form of a foreign unit once established. Global Co. would need to evaluate the business purpose for a particular choice of entity in conjunction with the related tax effects to determine the optimal arrangement. Particular legal considerations may be so acute that Global Co. would elect to form a type of entity even if it resulted in less tax benefit.Contractual FormsVarious contractual forms for the structure and workings of the entity can affect the tax situation of the multinational. One of the fundamental choices for Global Co. is how to finance the foreign entity. Sekely and Collins (1988) show that the capital structure choice of a firm is influenced by the country location. Financing through debt or equity will have different tax effects related to the deductibility of interest expense and lack of deductibility for equity contributions. Similarly, interest income would be recognized as income to the recipient, whereequity received is generally not taxed as income. Convertible or hybrid securities may be considered as debt or equity for the multinational, depending upon the circumstances.Operational choices, such as whether to hire personnel as contractual employees or independent contractors, will also have different tax effects for Global Co. A similar situation exists with respect to owning or leasing various assets. Tax differentials among countries may exist requiring the multinational to balance these choices across foreign units.Corporate ActivitiesPerhaps the most logical, yet less direct, concern for tax planning involves an evaluation of the various activities undertaken by the multinational.Figure 1 provides a diagram of the activities of a U.S. parent corporation and its foreign subsidiary. For example, Global Co. might provide assistance to a foreign subsidiary in the form of research and development, financing, production, and marketing and distribution. When Global Co. (the parent) provides technology, the subsidiary pays the parent in the form of royalites or management fees which are taxable income to the parent and deductible by the subsidiary. The parent may provide oversight to the subsidiary in production decisions without creating a taxable event. Marketing and distribution activities may generate gains for either the parent or the subsidiary depending upon where title passes for the goods. Similarly, any transfers and the location of the sale of goods also affects value-added taxes and tariffs.In terms of financing, the taxation situation for Global Co. depends upon whether debt or equity was used to assist the subsidiary. Equity in foreign subsidiaries generates dividends or capital gains which are taxable to the parent by the full amount of the distribution.To minimize taxes for the combined corporate entity, taxation and source of income issues must be considered in all phases of Global Co.‘s activities. Particular activities may be desirable from a business perspective, but create less than ideal tax implications. For example, Global Co. may wish to exercise control over a subsidiary in the form of a significant equity interest, but may prefer merely to loan funds and generate taxable interest on the loan repayment in the very distant future. The rules for sourcing income of the combined enterprises in the U.S. or foreign countries are summarized in Table 3.The type of goods or services offered may influence the location of taxation of the transaction, and thus the eventual effective tax rate of the muItinational entity and any foreign subsidiaries. For example, if Global Co. exports inventory it purchased in the U.S. and title passes in Country X, then the income on that sale is classified as foreign-source income and any contract disputes would be determined under country X’s laws. To shift the sourcing of income on the sale of purchased inventories fromCountry X to the U.S., Global Co. could restructure its marketing so that title passes to the purchasers in the U.S. When a corporation manufactures goods in one country and exports them to its foreign branch, the income from the sale of those goods must be allocated between U.S.- and foreign-source income. If an arm’s_length transfer price can be estimated, then that transfer price is used to source income between the countries. If not, the gross income is classified as U.S. or foreign source using an appo~ionment formula based on the ratio of the firm’s property and sales in the U.S. and foreign countries. Passive investment income (interest and dividends from unrelated firms) is often subject to a type of withholding tax when the income is transferred out of the country. Capital gains on property are taxed according to the type of property. Tangible property gains typically are taxed in the country where the property is located. Gains on intangible property may be taxed in the country where the owner of the intangible property resides. This result may make it necessary for Global Co. to consider the ownership of any intangible property that the foreign entity may require for operations.Once Global Co. determines the appropriate tax strategy given an overall business strategy, compliance is the next phase which confronts the manager with a set of choices. The results of a U.S.-based multinational firm’s efforts at tax minimization on a global scale are first apparent in calculations on the U.S. income tax return. For foreign income taxes paid, the taxpayer may select each year either a deduction to reduce taxable income or a foreign tax credit that directly reduces the tax liability. For taxes paid other than income, deduction is the only treatment allowed. For Global Co., the optimal choice between a tax deduction or tax credit will depend upon the type of income created by the specific foreign entity and related types of worldwide income generated by the combined entity. Choices that Global Co. made previously with regard to the type of entity, financing decisions, location of foreign operations, and passing of title, etc. for the foreign entity will be reflected in the type and character of income generated by the foreign entity.While multinationals attempt to create a tax policy which minimizes total taxes and maximizes after-tax cash flow, the governments who administer tax regulationalso pursue their own goals. These governments try to maximize their own social policy goals given a variety of constraints and external factors. Multinationals can improve their own tax planning by evaluating the position of foreign governments with respect to their own tax policy objectives and future changes. Therefore, for planning purposes, the multinational should evaluate tax policy goals of foreign governments and method of collection for each country where the firm maintains operations.In achieving their revenue goals, governments may adjust either the tax rate or the tax base, or attempt to stimulate total economic output through incentives. Employment goals for the workforce provide incentives for firms to support job growth in particular regions, or to expand specific targeted industries. Govemments could also seek to create a neutral environment which mitigates incentives for firms to adjust their business behavior solely in response to tax differences. This type of consideration is also reflected in allowing credit for taxes paid to foreign governments to avoid double taxation for multinationals. Cooperation between the governments of nations is evidenced by the creation of multilateral trade treaties and bilateral tax treaties. These agreements greatly simplify compliance and minimize uncertainty for multinationals. Another aspect which will affect the tax policy of multinationals is the tax administrative process in each country. Transactions in the U.S. are characterized by a set of formal rules, while negotiated settlements are much more common in countries such as the Netherlands. At present, relative instability in the administrative process in the former Soviet Union greatly complicates tax planning for multinationals with operations there.Most countries employ a mix of several methods to execute their tax policy. Taxable income can be calculated using worldwide or territorial income. The relative effects of such policies on a multinational depend upon specific calculations for income according to source. Non-resident corporations may also be subject to a withholding tax on income earned.For Global Co., an optimal international tax minimization strategy has involved the use of subsidiaries in tax haven countries, FSCs, transfer pricing, income sourcingand characterization decisions affecting active and passive distinctions, and the creation of a financing subsidiary. All of these decisions were made in conjunction with the overall global strategy of the company and the motivations for creating a multinational entity. Tax considerations outside of the U.S. were balanced with legal, political and economic risks. Ultimately, Global Co.‘s strategy incorporates these risks and evaluates competitive situations to choose the appropriate form of entity and location. Financing and operational decisions would seek to minimize taxes, but not to the detriment of the overall strategic purpose in creating foreign operations.The central theme of this paper is that multinational firms can use a variety of techniques to reduce or defer payment of income taxes. In developing strategies to maximize after-tax cash flow, both tax and non-tax factors must be considered. Sometimes the tax benefits of implementing a particular tax-minimizing strategy are less than the non-tax costs. Previous sections of this paper have shown basic concepts and examples of the international tax implications of the choice of jurisdiction, timing, entity form, contractual form, and activities. Although the legal details are complex, all managers in multinational firms should be aware of the basic concepts of international taxation that have implications for operational and financing choices. Table 8 provides a summary of the major operational and organizational issues facing the multinational firm, along with related international tax issues. It is critical to consider how the entire corporate entity is affected by the collective impact of a variety of business decisions with differing tax treatments.Source: William F.Yancey,1998.“A Framework for International Tax Planning for Manager ”.Auditing&Taxation.July,pp.252-272.译文：跨国公司的税收筹划在最少化所有的应纳税款和他们的约束条件之间达到平衡，依靠一个合法的税收筹划框架，以减少税收。
纳税筹划文献综述及外文文献资料
纳税筹划文献综述及外文文献资料本文档包括改专题的：外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献文献信息标题：Effect of Tax Planning on Firms Market Performance: Evidence from Listed Firms in Ghana 作者：Kawor, Seyram; Kportorgbi, Holy Kwabla期刊：International Journal of Economics and Finance第6卷，第3期，页码：162-168，2014年Effect of Tax Planning on Firms Market Performance: Evidence from Listed Firms in GhanaKawor, Seyram; Kportorgbi, Holy KwablaAbstractThe study sought to ascertain the level of tax planning of firms and to explore the relationship between tax planning and firms' market performance. The study used 22 non-financial companies listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange over a twelve year period from 2000. The longitudinal correlative designed was used. The results indicate that that firms' tendency to engage in intensive tax planning activities reduces when tax authorities maintain low corporate income tax rates. Secondly, tax planning has a neutral influence on firms' performance. This finding challenges the general perception that every cedi of tax savings from tax planning reflect in the pocket of investors. It is concluded that investors must institute systems to ensure tax planning benefits reflect significantly in their pockets.Keywords: Ghana stock exchange, tax planning, market performance, longitudinal correlative design, investors1. IntroductionOver the years and throughout the world, the history of taxation brings out one fact; that taxes are coercive in nature and therefore economic units which are assigned the tax liability never wholly intend to bear the actual tax burden (Commonwealth Association of Tax Administrators (CATA), 2007). Economic units, more specifically, corporate bodies are always adopting ways to minimise, postpone, or avoid entirely, the payment of tax. The attempts by the economic units to reduce, postpone or avoid tax payment can be legal or illegal. The legal means is called tax planning while the illegal means is called tax evasion. The dire consequence of tax evasion makes it an unattractive option for listed companies (Murphy, 2004).The practice of tax planning dates back to 1947 when learned judge Hand, in the case Commissioner v Newman, held that there is nothing sinister in arranging ones affairs so as to keep taxes as low as possible. Hoffman's (1961) tax planning theory supports this argument. According to Hoffman, it is a necessity for firms to understand the prevailing tax laws and apply the laws in a manner that ensures the firms minimise their tax exposure. Hoffman posits that it makes no economic sense to pay more tax than what the law demands. Scholes and Wolfson's (1992) tax planning framework also underscores the need for corporate bodies to engage in tax planning. According to Scholes and Wolfson, a successful company is the one that is properly attuned to its tax environment.International governmental organizations, such as CA TA (2009), suggest that corporate bodies in Ghana, especially the large entities, engage in complex tax planning activities. Research by civil society groups such as Christian Aid (2008), Action Aid (2011), and Dan Watch (2011), confirm this assertions made bythe Domestic Revenue Division. The missing element in the findings is thequantitative expression of the tax planning activities of the firms.The traditional thinking is that firms that derive maximum benefit from tax planning perform better than those that do not plan their taxes (Murphy, 2007). From the empirical perspective, tax planning is positively associated with firms' performance. For instance, Desai and Hines (2002); Chen, Chen, Chen and Shelvin (2010) reported positive association between tax planning savings and firm performance. The argument is that tax represents cost of doing business, and any action that has the potential of minimising tax cost reflects in higher firm performance. This argument presupposes that tax planning cost and risk does not exceed the savings from the planning.Few studies in the UK dispel the traditional relationship between tax planning and firm performance. While admitting that tax planning has a positive association with accounting performance, Desai and Dharmaphala (2007) reported that tax planning has a neutral association with market performance. Indeed Abdul-Wahab (2010) found a negative association between tax planning and firm performance. Kportorgbi (2013) suggested that corporate governance strength plays a mediating factor in the tax planning-firm performance relationship.A study of the effect of tax planning savings on firms' market performance is crucial for all stakeholders in the emerging security markets such as the Ghana stock Exchange. In fact each possible relationship has a unique implication for the players. For instance, a positive association implies that tax planning produces a win-win situation for both management andshareholders (investors). A negative association connotes that tax planning benefits may not eventually trickle to the pocket of the shareholder. Indeed, a negative association may be an indicative of the existence of agency problem, where management is inclined to pursue tax planning to enhance their own lot rather than advancing the interest of the investor. Where a neutral association is established, it will invoke a follow up study on the possible factors that could influence the relationship either positively or negatively. Secondly, the study is necessary to inform tax planning agents and investors on the dynamics of tax planning1.1 Objective of the StudyThe primary objective of this study is to explore the relationship between tax planning savings of firms listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange and firm market performance. The study also seeks to examine the simultaneous influence of other firm specific variables on the tax planning-market performance relationship.1.2 Tax Planning Intensity of Firms in GhanaCommentators on tax behaviour of firms in Ghana paint a picture that suggests that large firms engage in tax planning activities. For instance CATA (2009) posits that Ghana Revenue Authority lost seventy-four million pounds between 2005 and 2007 to the European Union (EU) in tax revenue as a result of tax avoidance by several multinational companies. Murphy (2004) also reported that firms have complex gamut of arsenals to reduce their tax burden. The reports indicate that the tax avoiding mechanism of firms are largely allowed by the tax laws. There are also indications that the firms take advantage of the loopholes in the tax laws to derive unintended tax benefits. Theavenues for tax planning usually revolve around locational reliefs, industry-specific concessions and capital allowance provitions. Others are time variables and entity variables.Most of the reports are not precise in their estimation of the benefits that firms achieve through tax planning. The lack of precision in measuring tax planning intensity is largely attributed to the insufficient reporting of issues of taxation by firms. Aside the mandatory disclosures to tax authorities, firms are reluctant in disclosing much on tax behaviours. This is due to the perceived thin line that exist between tax planning and tax evasion. Listed companies, however, provide provide adequate information necessary to estimate the tax savings of the firms. This is made possible by virtue of the financial reporting guidelines provided by the security exchange commision.2. Review of Related LiteratureThis section is subdivided into theoretical review and empirical review. The theoritical review encapsultes the Hoffman's (1961) tax planning theory. Three main empirical studies are reviewed. They are Desai and Hines (2002), Desai and Dharmaphala (2009) and Abdul-Wahab (2010).2.1 Hoffman's Tax Planning TheoryAccording to Hoffman (1961) tax planning seeks to divert cash, which would ordinarily flow to tax authorities, to the corporate entities. Tax planning activities are desirable to the extent that they reduce taxable income to the barest minimum, without sacrificing accounting income. The theory is premised on the fact that firms tax liability is based on taxable income rather than accounting income. The idea is thus to intensify activities that reduce taxable income but has no indirect relationship on accounting profit. The theory thus recognised a positiveassociation between firm tax planning activity and firm performance.Hoffman (1961) also recognised the role of tax cost in the tax planning activities. The theory thus provided that the positive association between tax planning and corporate performance is on a basic assumption that tax benefits from the tax planning exceed tax cost. The scope of the Hoffman's tax planning theory does not address the dynamics of tax planning and market performance. As capital markets develop and the separation of ownership and control of corporate bodies become well-spread, the need for a comprehensive tax planning theory is imperative. This need is rather addressed through the empirical perspective than through theoretical perspective (Inger, 2012).2.2 Empirical Review and Development of HypothesisDesai and Hines (2002) provide evidence on firm performance and tax planning behaviour of firms. Again, the study investigates the relationship between tightening of tax systems and market value of firms. The study was based on 850 listed US firms. The study sample was purposively selected to reflect the characteristics desired by the researchers. The study was cross sectional and the data relates to year 2000. Correlative-description design was adopted. Simple regression and t-tests were used to establish the relationships. Desai and Hines established that intensive tax planning is associated with higher firm performance. On the other hand, the study reported that tightening of the tax system is positively associated with higher market performance of firms. The findings of Desai and Hines (2002) are similar to that reported by Chen, Chen and Chen (2010). Desai and Dharmapala (2007) provided a comprehensive study that incorporates tax planning, corporate governance andfirm performance. The study used 4,492 observations on 862 firms over the period 1993 to 2001. This panel data was drawn from the Compustat and Execucomp databases, merged with data on institutional ownership of firms from the CDA/Spectrum database. Firms' performance is measured using Tobin's q and governance quality is proxied by the level of institutional ownership. Tax planning is measured by inferring the difference between the income reported to capital markets and tax authorities (the book-tax-gap). Two analysis models were adopted-the OLS model and the IV estimation model. The OLS results shows that the average effect of tax planning on corporate performance is not significantly different from zero. In other words, there is no relationship between tax planning and firm performance. The study howeverreports a positive association between tax planning savings and performance for well-governed firms. Desai and Dharmapala (2007) thus concluded that corporate governance mediates the tax planning-firm performance relationship. The IV estimate shows a higher effect of corporate governance on firm performance.Abdul-Wahab (2010) provides a result that differs from the findings of Desai and Hines (2002), Desai and Dhamarpala (2009), and Chen, Chen, Chen and Shelvin. Abdul-Wahab's (2010) study sought to establish a relationship between tax planning savings of firms and their value. The study simultaneously investigates the moderating influence of corporate governance. Abdul-Wahab's study employed 240 firms listed on the London stock exchange from 2005 to 2007. Tax planning was proxied by the difference between the effective tax rate of the entities and the applicable statutory tax rates. Self-constructed governance indexwas constructed using corporate governance mechanisms. Firms' value was represented by the Tobin's Q. The data was analysed using panel regression analysis model. As a check, the OLS model was also used.The results indicate a negative relationship between firm value and tax planning activities. Abdul-Wahab (2010) explains the relationship with reference to tax planning cost and risk. The study suggested that tax planning cost and risks associated with tax planning have the potential of derailing the benefits that should have accrued to shareholders. The researcher maintains that as tax planning activities increase, the tax costs and risks outweighs the benefits.Due to the diversity of the relationships found between tax planning and firms' market performance, it is right to develop a null hypothesis as:H1: There is an association between tax planning and firms' market performance.It is unreasonable to suggest that tax planning is the only determinants of firm performance. Baring the existence of multicollinearity between (among) the explanatory variables, sales growth, financial leverage, firm size and age of the firms will be introduced into the regression models. Several studies, including Desai and Hines (2002), Desai and Dharmaphala (2007), Abdul-Wahab (2010) reported positive association between firm performance and sales growth, firm size and financial leverage. It is thus clear to develop the null hypothesis that:H2: Firm performance and sales growth and firm size are positively associated.Firms' age, according to Desai and Dharmapala (2007) and Abdul-Wahab (2010) has a negative association with marketperformance of firms. This gives rise to the third null hypothesis that:H3: Firms age and financial leverage are negatively associated with firms' market performance. 3. Methodology Longitudinal correlative design is adopted for the study. Longitudinal design is essential if the same research entities sampled in a cross section are then re-sampled at different times (Creswell, 2009; De Vaus, 2001). According to the authors, the design helps overcome limitations associated with the "snap shot" approach of cross sectional designs.The study population comprises all non-financial firms listed on the Ghana stock exchange. As of June 2013, twenty-three (23) out of thirty-five (35) firms listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange were non-financial companies. Financial companies are excluded from the population. Previous researchers posit that the financial sector is a highly regulated sector and as such regulations blur the relationship that exist among the variables to be studied (O'Hamon & Taylor, 2007; Desai & Dharmapala, 2009; Abdul-Wahab, 2010).The study uses a panel data for twelve-year period, from 2000 to 2011. Data for the study is collected from the database of the Ghana Stock Exchange. Panel regression model is adopted fordata analysis and the Ordinary least square (OLS) been the method of regression.The regression model is summarized as:(1)α = (alpha) shows the constant affecting net profit margin on corporate tax.Tobin's q (market performance) = (market capitalization ofentity) ÷ (book va lue of shareholders fund).Tax savings = Statutory tax rate -Effective tax rate.Statutory tax rate = flat rate as mandated by the Ghana Revenue Authority.Effective tax rate = Corporate income tax expense/profit before tax.Sgrowth (sales growth) = (Previous Sales revenue -Current sales revenue) ÷Previous sales revenue.Fsize (firm size) = Natural log of firm's total assets.fLev (Financial leverage ) = Long term debt/shareholders fund.Age (Age of firms) = log(the difference between the year of establishment and years of observation).4. Results and DiscussionFigure 1 and Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics for two key variables, namely tax planning of firms and market performance over the twelve year period.Like the statutory rate, tax savings of firms show a decreasing trend. As tax authorities take steps to reduce the tax burden on firms, the leakages in tax revenue due to firms tax planning activities reduce. From figure 1, the statutory tax rate reduced from about 32% to 25%. Tax savings of firms reduced also from 15% to 8% by 2011. That is to say each percentage point decrease in the statutory rate leads to a corresponding decrease in firms' tax planning savings.The policy implication of this finding is two-fold. Firstly, the notion of increasing tax rate in order to rake in more tax revenue may not hold. As tax rates increased, the motivation of firms to deny the state of revenue through intensified tax planning machinery is enhanced. Secondly, as the tax rate is decreased, thenet benefit of planning tax is derailed. The way forward for tax revenue optimisation is to maintain lower tax rates and drag more firms into the tax net.Table 1 provides the market performance of the firms over the twelve year period.The farther the Tobin's Q is from unity, the better the company performance. From Table 1, all the company groups recorded an average score higher than 1.00. The overall average score is 1.78 (the median represents the average as skewness is negative). The high average market performance by the firms is driven by only the mining sector and the manufacturing companies. All the remaining classes of companies recorded lower than the average score.This finding confirms the observation of business persons in Ghana that business climate in Ghana gives unmatched advantage to the mining sector. The service sector records the lowest market performance. This raises a major concern as the sector is the major contributor to gross domestic product (GDP) in Ghana. Another sector to watch out for is the oil and gas. This sector has the most recent history. It was expected that the high hopes of investors in the sector after the discovery of oil in commercial quantities in Ghana would have positive influence on the performance. It is expected that the sector will be one of the major drivers of firms' market performance in the future.Table 2 provides correlation results on the variables. This result is essential for at least two reasons. Firstly, it shows basic association between the dependent variable (market performance) and theindependent variable. Secondly, it shows if the "so-called" independent variables are indeed independent. In other words, ittests the multicollinearity status of the independent variables. From Table 2, the correlation co-efficient between tax savings and Tobin's Q is 0.112. This is however significant at 0.097. This significant level is compared with the default alpha of 0.05. As rule of thumb, we reject the null hypothesis if the actual significant level is higher than the expected alpha and do not reject if the actual significant is less than the expected alpha. In this instance p-value of 0.097 is greater than the expected alpha of 0.05. The null hypothesis that:H1: There is an association between tax planning and firms' market performance is rejected.The correlation results do not suggest causation but gives an indication of association between the variables. The "no relationship" finding between tax planning and firms' market performance supports the reports of Desai and Dharmapala (2007) but differ from the findings of Desai and Hines (2002) and Abdul-Wahab (2010). The findings suggest that although savings from tax planning reflect in higher profit after tax, it does not necessarily reflect in the pocket of shareholders. This finding ignites studies aimed at uncovering factors that mediate the tax planning-firm performance relationship. Indeed, it might be the reasons behind the works of Desai and Dharmapala (2007), Desai and Dharmapala (2009) and Abdul Wahab (2010).Another finding in table 3 is the relationship between market performance (proxied by tobin's Q) and the firm specific variables. Sales growth and firm size shows positive and significant association with firms' market performance. On the other hand financial leverage and age of the firms shows a negative association with firm performance. The findingsWe do not reject the null hypotheses (H2 and H3) stated asH2: Firm performance and sales growth and firm size are positively associatedH3: Firms age and financial leverage are negatively associated with firms' market performance. Further Table 3 gives an indication that multicollinearity among the independent variables does not exist. The rule of thumb is that if the correlation coefficients between any two of the variables is above 0.50 (either positive or negative), those two variables are multi-correlated and should not be simultaneously included in the regression model. From Table 3, this condition does not exist. The variables can be regressed against the dependent variables.Table 3 shows the regression of Tobin's Q (proxy of firms' market performance) and all the independent variables.The adjusted R2 connotes that the five independent variables explain 55.3% of the variations in the dependent variable. The model is significant at 0.0001. This is a strong indicator that the variables used in the model have sufficiently explained the firms' market performance.The regression results found a relationship that is largely consistent with the correlation results shown in table 3. The results affirm that tax planning plays an insignificant role in the determination of firms' market performance. Again this supports the agency theory's argument that it not all actions of management that help achieve the wealth maximisation objective of management. From the results sales growth and the financial leverage are the two most influential variables. Firms should maintain low financial leverage ratio and pursue sales growth strategies in order to boost their market performance.5. ConclusionsThe study sought to ascertain the level of tax planning offirms and to explore the relationship between tax planning and firms' market performance. The study used 22 non-financial companies over a twelve year period from 2000. The longitudinal correlative designed was used. Thefollowing conclusions are reached.Firstly firms' tax savings decrease as tax authorities reduce the statutory corporate income tax rates. This indicates that leakages in tax revenue as a result of intensive tax planning of firms reduce when tax authorities maintain low corporate income tax rates.Secondly, tax planning has a neutral influence on firms' performance. This finding challenges the general perception that every cedi of tax savings from tax planning reflect in the pocket of investors. Agency problem is much present in the issue of tax planning. The efforts of management to reduce tax burden of firms benefit other stakeholders rather than shareholders. There may be other factors that could ensure that substantial benefits of tax planning accrue to shareholders. Some researchers arguably, root for good corporate governance. This falls outside the scope of this study.Finally, sales growth, firm size, age of firms, financial leverage and tax planning simultaneously play a major role in determining firms' market performance. These variables explain 55.3% of the variations in firms' market performance. Sales growth and financial leverage are the two most influential variables that determine firm market performance.References二、文献综述企业纳税筹划文献综述摘要：20 世纪以来并购已经成为企业快速扩张和整合的重要手段之一。
企业增值税纳税筹划外文文献翻译最新
企业增值税纳税筹划外文文献翻译最新This article discusses the importance of value-added tax (VAT) XXX is a tax on the value added to a product or service at each stage of n and n。
ns pliance.The first step in XXX includes identifying the VAT rates。
ns。
XXX。
It is also XXX.Once the VAT rules are understood。
ns XXX and report VAT。
as well as training XXX.XXX。
This can include taking advantage of VAT ns and ced rates。
as well as optimizing the timing of VAT payments and refunds.Overall。
XXX their financial performance。
It requires a thorough understanding of the VAT rules and ns。
as well as a XXX.译文本文讨论了对于公司而言，增值税规划的重要性。
增值税是对于每个生产和分销阶段所增加的产品或服务价值的税收。
公司可以通过增值税规划来最小化其税务责任，并避免违规行为的罚款。
增值税规划的第一步是了解公司运营所在国家的增值税规则和法规。
这包括确定增值税率、免税和门槛。
同样重要的是确定增值税注册要求和截止日期。
一旦了解了增值税规则，公司可以制定增值税合规策略。
这包括实施系统和程序来准确计算和报告增值税，以及培训员工以确保合规性。
增值税规划还涉及识别增值税节省的机会。
这可以包括利用增值税免税和减税，以及优化增值税支付和退款的时机。
税收筹划中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：税收筹划税收筹划涉及的设想和实施各种策略的目的是尽量减少对一定时期内支付的税款。
对于一个企业，尽量减少税务负担可以提供更多的钱费用于支付费用和用于投资。
通过这种方式，税收筹划工作可以筹集更多资金来源。
根据小企业的企业家杂志顾问，两个基本规则适用于税务规划。
首先，小企业不应该承担的额外开支只获得税收减免。
在纳税年度结束时购买必要的设备可以成为有价值纳税筹划方法，使不必要的采购不建议。
第二，小企业要始终企图尽可能推迟纳税。
推迟纳税使该公司能够利用这些钱免息，有时甚至是赚取利息税，直到下一次到期。
专家建议企业家和小企业主在每一个纳税年度的年中进行正式的税收筹划会议。
这会给他们制定纳税计划提供足够的时间。
这种意识对于小企业家说来很重要，因为这可以节约税收支出。
即使企业中有专业会计人员，中小企业主也应该细心关注税务筹划工作，不错过能够节税的每一个机会。
“不论是你否任用一个企业外部人员来帮助你进行节税工作，你都应该了解税法的基本规定”艾伯特说，“就像你不会将自己的钱交给别人管理一样，你也不应盲目让别人去完成管理你的纳税的责任”。
弗雷德里克在他的书中写到：“税收知识拥有强大的盈利的可能性。
知道税法规定可以在竞争中给你提供更好的底线。
”一般领域的纳税筹划有几个一般税收筹划方法,适用于各种小型企业。
包括选择会计方法和存货计价方法，采购设备的支付时间，选择有利有纳税的投资方案。
这些一般领域税务规划策略如下所述会计处理方法。
有两个会计方法用于记录：收付实现制和权责发生制。
选择不同的记录方法会对企业的纳税筹划有不同的影响。
使用收付实现制记录会计事项时，收入被记录是在收到现金时而不是在业务发生时。
费用的记录也是在支付时而不是在发生时。
在这种会计方法,就可能延缓其应纳税所得额的付款方式,一般是用拖延当年没有收到的收入和支付以后返销的费用的方法。
收付实现制的记录比权责发生制简单，它可以提供一个精确的现金流，而且收入不会在现金收到以前被记录。
企业所得税中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文资料对照外文翻译企业所得税的税收法律体系的结构研究摘要中华人民共和国企业所得税法于2008年1月1日起颁布实施，根据这部法律，企业所得税法律制度已经改变。
这部法律经历了较长时间才得以颁布，并且需要一定时间对该法从宪制性法律到税收政策进行系统地整合。
宪法约束下的征税权力的缺乏，基本税法的沉默，以及税收政策的任意颁布导致了企业所得税法体系的不稳定。
立法者应宣布根据宪法法律的征税权力，形成一个一般的税收法律，一段时间来筛选税收政策，使税收系统得到进一步的完善。
关键词：企业所得税法重组比较1.简介公司所得税是一个针对公司每一纳税年度的应纳税所得额而征收税款的税种。
它长期、广泛地被应用于世界各国，例如美国的公司税。
而中国长期实行的公司所得税是“企业所得税”，2008年最新颁布的法律被命名为“中华人民共和国企业所得税法”（以下简称“企业所得税法”）。
它针对企业的各项收入，如销售、服务、利息，或出租所得进行征税，税收是在中国起着越来越重要的作用。
然而中国的所得税结构是不稳定的，主要有两个原因。
首先，企业所得税的税收法律体系正在建设中。
在过去的几十年里，为满足社会和经济发展的需要，法律和法规不断地被制订、修改和修订，企业所得税法律制度也经历着相同的发展历程。
法律界不仅做出巨大努力填补企业所得税法领域的空白，如在2008年颁布的“企业所得税法”，同时也废除了部分法规和规章，以适应WTO的要求，例如，国家税务总局发布分别于2006年和2008年下发了两个通知以规范企业相关税法规定。
特别是第二个通知尤为重要，因为新的企业所得税法已经颁布，致使旧法下的旧政策不适用了。
这种调整是一个持续的过程，并且会一直持续下去。
其次，经济的高速发展导致了税收政策和裁决的任意发布。
中国每年都在进步，并且伴随市场的变化变得越来越复杂。
同时，问题在不断地涌现，其中有一些类似的情况，而另一些则是特别的或独特的案例。
税收筹划分析英文外文
Tax planning refers to the extent permitted by laws and regulations, through business, investment, financial activities and arrangements in advance planning to minimize tax costs, to maximize the tax benefits of an economic act. The expectation of any taxpayer to reduce tax burden because they often require a minimum of input, maximum output, in order to achieve the goal of maximizing enterprise value, which is the demand for tax planning motives and economic base. In recent years, people have come to understand that although the importance of tax planning, but often as a result of tax planning provisions in the tax laws of the edge of the operation, and the state’s tax policy, tax laws and regulations and changing risk estimates of tax planning not enough, resulting in a tax were economic, such as a waste of time, more harm than good, and they even find stolen, the abyss of tax fraud. Therefore, the risk of all times.For enterprises, the only fully aware of the existence of tax planning risks and understand their motives have, in accordance with the current tax law, combined with their own conditions, with the preferential policies the state fully in order to make effective tax planning measures, The ultimate goal to reduce corporate tax burden, improving economic efficiency.。
外文翻译---企业中的税收筹划：以孟加拉国为视角
中文6270字XXX科技学院学生毕业设计（论文）外文译文院（系）经济管理学院专业班级会计学本科2006级学生姓名XXX学号XXX译文要求1.外文翻译必须使用签字笔，手工工整书写，或用A4纸打印。
2.所选的原文不少于2万字印刷字符，其内容必须与课题或专业方向紧密相关，注明详细出处。
3.外文翻译书文本后附原文（或复印件）。
译文评阅评阅要求：应根据学校“译文要求”，对学生译文的准确性、翻译数量以及译文的文字表述情况等作具体的评价。
指导教师评语：指导教师（签字）年月日译自：Social Science Research Network企业中的税收筹划：以孟加拉国为视角斯瓦潘库马尔巴拉，FCMA达卡大学，达卡副教授会计及资讯系统系摘要：本文强调了税收筹划在孟加拉国的问题范围内的经营环境。
由于在复杂的和模糊的孟加拉国现行税法中，这个文件包含了传统的税务规划战略装置以及一个简短的税务规划。
财务筹划是非常有用的被现有的和潜在的商人所期待的税法的有关规定（附录提到在一个非常有组织的方式）。
关键词：税收遵从，税收最小化的有效税收筹划，税务策略，税收优惠。
1 导论税务筹划这一学术术语在经营中包括三个主要词：税务，规划和业务。
“税务是国家强制要求的贡献”——议院英文词典（1992年）。
税款这一专业术语是指被强制的义务，无偿支付给政府——（经济合作组织，1988年：37；随威尔金森，1992.2）。
规划是“预先的决策过程中实现既定目标的必要因素;设计一种有效的方式来达到一些未来目标（结尾）”——柯勒会计词典（库珀和依基瑞，1984.383）。
商业的意思是“不断开展商业或贸易，包括资金投入和以出售商品或服务获得收入作为主要目的”——柯勒会计词典（库珀和依基瑞，1984.378）。
根据第2部分（14）所得税条例（国际贸易组织），1984，商业包括任何贸易，商业或制造，或任何冒险或涉及自然交易，商业或制造业。
1因此，商业税务筹划在企业自愿遵守有关税法规定后，确保税收实体在税务事项后的投资回报率最大化。
企业税收筹划外文翻译文献
企业税收筹划外文翻译文献企业税收筹划外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Corporate Tax-Planning Effectiveness: The Role of Compensation-BasedIncentives (Ⅰ)John D. Phillips University of ConnecticutABSTRACTThis study investigates whether compensating chief executive officers andbusiness-unit managers using after-tax accounting-based performance measures leads to lower effective tax rates, the empirical surrogate used for tax-planning effectiveness. Utilizing proprietary compensation data obtained in a survey of corporate executives, the relation between effective tax rates and after-tax performance measures is modeled and estimated using a two-step approach that corrects for the endogeneity bias associated with firms' decisions to compensate managers on a pre- versus after-tax basis. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that compensating business-unit managers, but not chief executive officers, on an after-tax basis leads to lower effective tax rates.KEYWORDS tax planning; performance measures; endogenous treatment effects.I. INTRODUCTIONEffective tax planning, defined by Scholes et al. (2002) as tax planning that maximizes the firm's expected discounted after-tax cash flows, requires managers to consider their decisions' after-tax consequences. In this paper, I investigate whether after-tax accounting-based performance measures lead to lower effective tax rates (ETR), my empirical surrogate for tax planning effectiveness.1 The ETR, an income-statement-based outcome measure calculated as the ratio of total income tax expense to pre-tax income, generally measures the effectiveness of tax reduction strategies that lead to higher after-tax income. A lower ETR, however, can only proxy for tax savings and does not always imply that after-tax income and/or cash flows have been maximized.2 Despite this limitation, the ETR has been used to measure the effectiveness of spending on the tax function (Mills et al. 1998) and corporate tax department performance (Douglas et al. 1996). Also, lowering the ETR is frequently cited as a way to increase earnings (e.g., Ziegler 1997) and increase share price (e.g., Mintz 1999; Swenson 1999).Accounting research has addressed the relation between accounting-based compensation and managers' actions (e.g., Larcker 1983; Healy 1985; Wallace 1997). This paper is the first to address whether after-tax accounting-based performance measures motivate managers to take actions that help lower their firms' ETR and does so at both the chief executive officer (CEO) and business-unit (SBU) manager levels.Prior after-tax performance measure research has focused only on the determinants of compensation CEOs using pre- versus after-tax earnings (e.g., Newman 1989; Carnes and Guffey 2000; Atwood et al. 1998; Dhaliwal et al. 2000) and provides no evidence concerning after-tax compensation's effectiveness in lowering a firm's tax liability. Extending this investigation to the SBU level is motivated out of the apparent conflict between arguments that taxes should be allocated to SBU for incentive compensation purposes (e.g., McLemore 1997) with empirical observations that a majority of firms do not do so (e.g., Douglas et al. 1996).4 The current investigation provides evidence concerning the incremental effectiveness of explicitly motivating CEOs and SBU managers to incorporate tax consequences into their operating and investment decisions.A common issue in cross-sectional studies that attempt to link a particular management accounting choice to an outcome measure is that all sample firms may be optimizing with respect to the choice being investigated (Ittner and Larcker 2001). Without addressing the endogeneity of a firm's choice, it is difficult to provide evidence consistent with this choice leading to an improved outcome. To address this issue, the relation between ETR and CEO and SBU-manager after-tax performance measures is estimated using a two-step approach that helps correct for the potential endogeneity bias associated with these two choice variables. As a first step in implementing this approach, the Antle and Demski (1988) controllability principle is used to model a firm's decisions to adopt after-tax CEO and SBU-manager performance measures. To include a particular measure in a manager's compensation contract, this principle requires that the expected benefits from holding a manager responsible for a measure must be greater than the additional wage that must be paid to compensate the manager for the resulting additional risk and effort. Accordingly, an after- tax performance measure should be used as a contracting variable in a manager's incentive compensation contract only if the manager's involvement in tax-planning efforts leads to a difference between pre-tax and after-tax accounting results, which is generally reflected in the ETR. Consistent with prior research, the pre- versus after-tax CEO and SBU-manager selection models include variables that control for a firm's tax-planning opportunities because the presence of such opportunities reflect the extent to which a manager's actions can be expected to lower the ETR.Even if a manager's efforts are expected to lead to a lower ETR, a firm will use an after-tax performance measure only if the expected benefits exceed the expectedcosts of doing so. An after-tax performance measure is expected to lead to a lower ETR because it motivates the manager's increased cooperation with tax professionals to help identify, develop, and execute tax-planning strategies. McLemore (1997, 1) cites Hewlett Packard's tax director to support the need for SBU-manager involvement in tax-planning efforts:Tax planning is only as good as being involved in the early stages of such things as business planning, strategic planning, and merger and acquisition work....Your tax department has to be represented at the table when those decisions are made. The evolving model for the future is the tight integration of tax people with business unit planning.Costs associated with using after-tax performance measures include the additional wage that must be paid to compensate the manager for the increased risk due to potential tax law changes and the increased effort that results from including income tax expense in the compensation contract. Other potential costs associated with after-tax compensation include the administrative cost of allocating tax expense to a firm's SBU, increased tax examination costs, and increased tax authority scrutiny. Contrary to measuring after-tax compensation's benefits via observed ETR, there are no clear empirical surrogates for after-tax performance measures' costs. This study thus focuses on the realized benefits of compensating managers on an after-tax basis but does not provide evidence of the associated costs' magnitude.Proprietary data obtained in a survey of corporate executives are used to construct certain test variables, including those indicating whether CEOs and SBU managers are compensated using after-tax accounting-based performance measures. Publicly available data are used to construct ETR and other test variables. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that compensating SBU managers, but not CEOs, on an after-tax basis leads to lower ETR, resulting in an estimated median tax savings of $13.3 million annually. Sensitivity tests performed on a subsample of firms with high simulated MTR (Graham 1996) provide further evidence that low-MTR firms' potential ETR-lowering actions that could have ambiguous effects on cash flows and after-tax profits are not driving this result. Further sensitivity tests help rule out the proportion of tax function outsourcing as an alternative explanation for the statistically and economically significant negative relation between after- tax SBU-manager compensation and ETR.The results contribute to the accounting-based compensation literature by linking after- tax accounting-based performance measures to SBU-manager involvement that is incrementally effective in lowering firms' ETR. Consistent with Guidry et al. (1999) who document bonus-induced earnings management at the SBU level, this finding provides additional insight into the effect that SBU-manager accounting-based incentives have on managers' actions. Also, the estimated explicit tax savings resulting from after-tax performance measures provide corporate decision makers with information relevant to the design of SBU-manager incentive compensation plans.The paper proceeds as follows. The next section sets forth the hypotheses tested in this study. Section III outlines the empirical models and estimation procedures used in testing these hypotheses. Section IV provides a discussion of the data and sample, including a brief overview of the survey used to obtain proprietary compensation data. Results are presented in Section V. The final section provides the conclusion and a discussion of the study's limitations.II. HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENTNewman (1989), Cares and Guffey (2000), and Atwood et al. (1998) investigate firms' choices of after-tax earnings as the contracting variable in CEO bonus plans. These studies hypothesize that firms with greater tax-planning opportunities, consistent with the Antle and Demski (1988) controllability principle, are more likely to use after-tax performance measures. Using proxies for tax-planning opportunities, these studies collectively find that multinational status, number of operating segments, firm size, and capital intensity are positively associated with after-tax CEO compensation. Atwood et al. (1998) also presents evidence that leverage is negatively associated with this choice.企业税收筹划的有效性：基于对报酬的激励作用（上）约翰D·菲利普斯康涅狄格大学摘要本研究探讨首席执行官是否修正主管和业务部门经理利用税后会计为基础的绩效措施，导致较低的实际税率，以报酬激励用于税收筹划的有效性。
做好税务筹划英语作文
做好税务筹划英语作文Title: Effective Tax Planning Strategies。
Tax planning is an essential aspect of financial management for individuals and businesses alike. By strategically organizing financial activities and transactions, one can minimize tax liabilities while remaining compliant with tax laws. In this essay, we will explore various effective tax planning strategies.1. Understand Tax Laws: The foundation of effective tax planning lies in understanding the tax laws applicable to your situation. This includes income tax, capital gains tax, estate tax, and any other relevant taxes. Keeping abreastof changes in tax legislation ensures that you can adapt your strategies accordingly.2. Utilize Tax-Advantaged Accounts: Take advantage oftax-advantaged accounts such as Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs), 401(k)s, and Health Savings Accounts(HSAs). Contributions to these accounts may be tax-deductible, grow tax-deferred, or even be tax-free upon withdrawal, depending on the account type and circumstances.3. Strategic Asset Allocation: Asset allocation plays a crucial role in tax planning. By holding certaininvestments in tax-advantaged accounts and others intaxable accounts, one can optimize tax efficiency. For example, investments with high dividend yields or frequent capital gains may be better suited for tax-deferred accounts.4. Tax-Loss Harvesting: Tax-loss harvesting involves selling investments at a loss to offset capital gains and reduce taxable income. Losses can be used to offset gains dollar for dollar, and if total losses exceed gains, up to $3,000 can be deducted against ordinary income per year.5. Timing of Income and Expenses: Timing therecognition of income and expenses can significantly impact tax liabilities. For example, deferring income to a future year or accelerating deductible expenses into the currentyear can help manage tax burdens effectively.6. Charitable Giving: Charitable contributions not only support worthy causes but also provide tax benefits. Donations to qualified charitable organizations are tax-deductible, reducing taxable income. Additionally, donating appreciated assets can eliminate capital gains taxes on the appreciation.7. Business Structures: Choosing the right business structure is vital for tax planning for entrepreneurs and business owners. Each structure, whether sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, or LLC, has different tax implications. Consulting with a tax professional can help determine the most tax-efficient structure for your business.8. Tax Credits and Deductions: Take advantage of available tax credits and deductions. Tax credits directly reduce tax liability dollar for dollar, while deductions reduce taxable income. Common credits include the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and the Child Tax Credit, whiledeductions may include mortgage interest, medical expenses, and state and local taxes.9. Estate Planning: Estate planning is essential for minimizing estate taxes and ensuring a smooth transfer of assets to heirs. Strategies such as establishing trusts, gifting assets, and utilizing life insurance can help reduce estate tax exposure and preserve wealth for future generations.10. Stay Compliant: Finally, staying compliant with tax laws is crucial to avoid penalties and legal issues. Filing tax returns accurately and on time, maintaining proper documentation, and seeking professional advice when needed are essential components of effective tax planning.In conclusion, effective tax planning requires a comprehensive understanding of tax laws and diligent implementation of strategic measures. By employing these strategies, individuals and businesses can minimize tax liabilities while maximizing financial efficiency and achieving their long-term goals.。
企业纳税筹划外文文献翻译
文献出处：MUCAI G P, KINYA G S, NOOR A I, et al. Tax Planning and Financial Performance of Small Scale Enterprises in Kenya[J].2014：3：1236-1243.原文Tax Planning and Financial Performance of Small Scale Enterprises in KenyaMUCAI G P, KINYA G S, NOOR A IAbstractIn order to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of activities, reliability and compliance with applicable laws, small scale enterprises need to have adequate tax controls. The study sought to find out the extent to which expenditure on capital assets in tax planning, to determine how tax planning by Capital Structure influence performance of small enterprises, find out how tax planning through Advertisement expenditure influence performance of small enterprises and to assess how tax planning through Legal Forms of enterprise influence performance of small enterprises in Embu CBD. The study had a total population of one hundred and forty nine respondents and a sample of 30 percent was drawn from each stratum. The data was then presented in form of Percentages and Tables. The study found the influence of tax planning by capital structure, tax planning in investment, capital asset planning through advertisement expenditure and found that the Legal Forms of small enterprises in Embu CBD has no significant relationship. The study recommends that small scale enterprises should be ready to seek advice on tax planning. Further to this, the study recommends that there is need to have NGOs to sensitize the respondents as to the need to do formal tax planning as it could increase their Business profitability. Key Words: Tax Avoidance, Tax Evasion, Tax Planning, Capital Structure.IntroductionThe concept of taxation has been a concern of global significance as it affects every economy irrespective of national differences (Oboh et al., 2012). Within thecontext of Africa, tax, a concept as old as mankind can be described as an amount, effort, contribution or service rendered either in kind (goat, cow, farm produce, clearing of grass etc.) or monetary value contributed into a common purse for the running of the society. According to Omotoso (2001), in his definition of the modern taxes, defined tax as a compulsory charge imposed by a public authority on the income of individuals and companies as stipulated by the government decrees, acts or case laws irrespective of the exact amount of services rendered to the payer in return. Thus, taxes constitute the principal source of government revenue and the beauty of any government is for its citizen to voluntarily execute their tax obligations without much coercion and harassment (Adedeji and Oboh, 2012).Tax evasion and fiscal corruption have been a general and persistent problem throughout history with serious economic consequences, not only in transition economies, but also in countries with developed tax systems (Raza, 2011). In general, tax evasion and corruption can have ambiguous effects on Economic growth: tax evasion increases the amount of resources accumulated by entrepreneurs, but it also reduces the amount of public services supplied by the government, thus leading to negative Consequences for economic growth (Roy and Raffaella, 2011). Previous studies highlight reports of declining effective tax rates and a rising proportion of firms that report little or no tax liability. To date, the maintained assumption in much of the literature is that aggressive tax behavior, rather than economic trends, is the driving factor behind this decline (Desai and Dharmapala 2009).The Kenya Revenue Authority (K.R.A) is the tax collection agency of Kenya. It was formed July 1, 1995 to enhance tax collection on behalf of the Government of Kenya. It collects a number of taxes and duties, including: value added tax, income tax and customs. Since KRA's inception, revenue collection has increased dramatically, enabling the government to provide much needed services to its citizenry like free primary education and Health Services to all. Over 90% of annual national budget funding comes from local taxes collected by the KRA (GOK, 2010).It is however important to establish whether the observed increased revenue collection effectiveness has resulted from aggressive tax management by Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA) or whether it is, in part, due to increased use of the new economy business model. This is important because the sources of tax avoidance have distinct policy implications. The policy response to tax avoidance arising from aggressive tax schemes and investments in tax planning is likely to be very different from the response to tax avoidance stemming from a shift in many firms' organizational, operating, and financing attributes, which enable them to exploit their operating flexibility to naturally align with tax incentives that generate tax savings (Drucker 2006).The decreasing trend in effective tax rates may not be solely due to aggressive tax management but Rather, firms' modifications to their business models resulting from changing economic trends potentially enabling them to reduce tax burdens without additional investments in tax planning (Blouin, and Larcker 2011). Performance of Small EnterprisesDifferent approaches are used for performance evaluation in which goal approach, time frame approach, balanced scorecard , system approach, and ineffectiveness approach are included (Jean-Francois, 2004). In stakeholder approach, centre of attention is the ability of a business to meet the needs and expectations of its stakeholders (Daft, 1995).Competing values approach expands the range of other approaches.By using competing values approach, four other models are developed in which rational goal; internal process, open system and human relations are included (Quinn and Rohrbaugh, 1983). Performance of an organization can be evaluated by focusing on problems and retarding factors that inhibit the performance of organizations (Camaron, 1984). Out of the above mentioned approaches, goal approach is the superlative approach to evaluate the performance due to its straightforwardness (Pfeffer and Salancik 1978). Most trendy approach of performance evaluation ofSME's is balanced scorecard approach. Balanced scorecard has four dimensions in which financial growth, quality, customers and learning growth is built-in (Kaplan and Norton, 1992).Balance scorecard actually focuses on maintaining symmetry between monetary and non monetary measures (Neely et al. 1996).Book-tax differences, on average, are systematically related to earnings growth, future stock returns, and earnings persistence (Hanlon, 2005) and among other implications, book-tax differences are useful measures in evaluating firm performance. Consistent with these studies, Shevlin (2002) and Hanlon, Laplante, and Shevlin (2005) find that while book income explains a firm's annual stock returns better than estimated taxable income, estimated taxable income, on average, has incremental explanatory power for book income. However , there is little evidence regarding taxable income as an alternative performance measure and, in particular, cross-sectional differences in firms that mitigates or enhances the ability of taxable income to inform investors regarding firm performance (Lev and Nissim, 2004).Some SME's compare their performance with that of other SME's. They evaluate their performance by means of comparative analysis. Performance can also be evaluated by means of ineffectiveness approach. In ineffectiveness approach, focus is on the factors that hampers the feat of organizations. Therefore this study seeks to investigate the extent to which Tax Planning influences Financial Performance of Small Enterprises in Embu town CBDTax PlanningThe implementation situation of SME income tax planning is distorted tax planning, that is to say, on the one hand, more and more SME pay tax in accordance with the law, and on the other hand, because of the role of the interest mechanism and other various reasons, more and more SME tax-related cases appear (Karing and Wanjala, 2005). According to the survey, the vast majorities SME have not yet started or are considering carrying out tax planning, which can not fight for the legitimate tax interests and ruin financial interests leading to a large number of emerging additionaltax burden (Fjeldstad and Rakne, 2003). In addition, SME tax planning is treated unreasonable. Due to the limitations of the concept, SME tax planning activities often encounter misunderstanding, punishment and censor from some basic taxation law enforcement agencies (Karing and Wanjala, 2005).Tax law is said to be barely connected with the universe and with universal law as we understand it. However, tax law is founded not only on principles but also on practicality. There is no element of perpetuity about tax law, only the constant clash of the immediate and semi permanent (Kibua and Nziok, 2004). A State cannot run a democracy well without taxation and a taxation system cannot be run well without democracy. Oliver Wendell Holmes has said on one occasion, "Taxes are what we pay for civilized society" (Neely et al. 1996).Statement of the ProblemTax reform today has been moving towards considering new legislation, such as whole new taxes or reliefs, rather than patching of existing taxes by either increasing or decreasing the amount of taxation. This breaks down into the fact that there are ongoing considerations of widening the tax base. Kenya is no exception to this and there are ongoing considerations into taxing the informal or "jua kali' sector including the taxation of the "mitumba', the second hand clothing industry as well as the taxation of all informal tax payers of small amounts.A question that appears to generate surprisingly little debate in Kenya is the scope for legally mitigating taxes payable by individuals and corporate entities. Tax planning is bound to gain increasing significance with the ever greater aggressiveness and sophistication of the Kenya Revenue Authority and other tax collecting bodies. The trend of increased aggressiveness and sophistication in tools and methods is occurring against a backdrop of a public policy of domestic sources being the primary sources of revenues for budgetary purposes. This results in governmental pressure on tax collecting agencies to improve their revenue collection performance. The result of this trend is the more stringent enforcement of taxation laws. The past and presentpractice by many of outright evasion is, and likely will continue to be, fraught with risk.Examining the relation between the new economy business model, tax avoidance and investments in tax planning is important as previous Studies in the tax avoidance literature generally examine how specific firm attributes are related to tax avoidance independently, rather than investigating how firms' overall business models facilitate or hinder effective tax planning (Frank, Lynch, and Rego 2009). Hanlon and Heitzman (2010) argue that despite the much literature, these do not explain the variation in tax avoidance very well. Therefore due to this and such seemingly inexorable trends, the question of tax mitigation by legitimate avoidance naturally occurs. This study intends to find out the influence of small Enterprises tax planning within the current legal environment so as so minimize their tax burden. ConclusionDue to the corruption levels, low business growth, and management of public finances in the economy, where there is a great extent of corruption, has a related to a high level of tax evasion and the study concluded that there was no relationship between tax planning in investment in capital asset and performance of small enterprises in Embu CBD. The study concludes no significant relationship. The study concludes also that no significant relationship exists between tax planning through advertisement expenditure and performance of small enterprises in Embu CBD and also concluded there was no significant relationship the Legal Forms of enterprise tax planning and performance of small enterprises in Embu CBD. RecommendationsThe tax authorities should address the lack of formal tax planning as this may be a way of evading taxation in the name of tax avoidance. The small scale enterprises should also be ready to open up to advice on tax planning to make savings lather than playing a hide and seek game with tax authorities. Further to this, the study recommends that there is need to have NGOs to sensitize the respondents as to theneed to do formal tax planning as it could increase their Business profitability Implications on Policy Theory and PracticeThis study though confined to investigate the influence of tax planning on financial performance of small scale enterprises has established that little tax planning take place among the small enterprises and therefore tax Authorities and the chamber of commerce should write a position paper to address the awareness and use of tax planning by small scale enterprises. This would improve the growth rate of the small enterprises and there after the growth of the economy.译文肯尼亚小规模企业的纳税筹划与财务业绩保罗，萨洛姆，努尔摘要为了确保活动的效率和有效性，适用性法律的可靠性与遵从性，小规模企业需要有足够的税收管制。
企业所得税税收筹划研究外文翻译文献
企业所得税税收筹划研究外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Study on the Tax Planning of Enterprise Income TaxHongceng Cao & Xiaohui XuCollege of Economics, Shenyang UniversityShenyang 110044, ChinaGuojie AoDepartment of Accounting and Financial Affairs, Shenyang UniversityShenyang 110044, ChinaAbstractThe enterprise income tax occupies is very important status in the tax paying of enterprise, and it has large space of tax planning. Under the background that the new enterprise income tax law was issued, we discussed the problem how to use tax planning to reduce the tax burden of enterprise and realize the maximization of the total profit for the enterprise. In this article, we studied the tax financing in the stage of enterprise financing from the selection of financing mode and the confirmation of financing channel, and put forward that the enterprise should select the liability financing mode to the largest extent in the critical risk range of equity structure. We studied the tax planning in the stage of investment of enterprise from three aspects including correctly selecting theinvestment direc tion, confirming proper enterprise organization form and selecting tax saving investment subject. We studied the tax planning from two aspects such as income and charge deduction. We studied the tax planning in the distribution stage of enterprise management result from first utilizing taxable income to compensate the loss, the loss recovering sequence of domestic investment profit return and the profit distribution strategy in the low tax region. For above aspects, we all put forward our own new theoretical opinions.Keywords: Enterprise income tax, Tax planning, Tax preferenceComparing with the old enterprise income law, the new enterprise income law changed in many aspects such as the taxpayer, the pre-tax deduction, and the tax preference, which put forward new task for the tax planning of the enterprise income tax. Under the background of new enterprise income tax, we will discuss the tax planning in the main stages such as the enterprise financing, investment, management and distribution.1. Tax planning in the stage of enterprise financingThe tax planning of the income tax in the stage of enterprise financing mainly includes the contents about the financing mode and the financing channel.1.1 Tax planning of financing modeThe financing modes of enterprise mainly include the equity financing and liability financing, and two different financing modes will produce different tax results. Generally speaking, under the fixed tax rate level, the liability financing can produce the interest rigid cost which can be reported before tax. When the account profit is adjusted as the taxable income, the tax law allows that the interest expenditure induced by the liability can be deducted before tax in the same interest rate regulated by the Bank in the same period, which equals that the state finance assumes a quarter of interest cost fro the enterprise. The equity financing is the flexi ble cost of bonus stock which can be reported after tax. The mode that the enterprise provides bonus stock and dividend to the investors is only one item of the distraction of post-tax profit (net profit), and it must be distributed after tax. The tax saving difference between two financing modes is very obvious. In the equity structure of enterprise, the proportion of the liability equity is higher, and the saving effectof the tax cost is more significant. So under the prem ise that the rate of or return on inv estment is higher than the liability cost rate, enhancing the proportion of liability financing will bring extra economic benefits for the owner of the enterprise, and finally increase the value of the enterprise. But we should also pay attention to that will increase the financial risk of the enterprise, and excessive liability will even induce the ab normality of the enterprise equity structure, and the liability crisis will make the financial status of the enterprise fall into collapse. Therefore, before the enterprise makes the tax planning of financing mode, it must ensure that the equity structure is in the critical risk range.1.2 Tax planning of enterprise financing channelThe financing channels of enterprise mainly include bank loan, self-accumulation of enterprise, inter-enterprise lending interior collection of en terprise, bond or stock issuance and commercial credit. Under usual situation, the sequence of the tax burden from heavy to light is self-accumulation of enterprise, bank loan, inter-enterprise lending and interio collection of enterprise. The prin ciple of tax planning of financing channel is that under the premise that the equity structure is to select the channel with higher profit and lower harm in the critical risk range, through comparing the advantages and disadvantages of various financing channels.2. Tax planning in the investment stage of enterpriseFor the tax planning in the investment stage of enterprise, we mainly consider three aspects, i.e. the selection of investment direction, the selection of enterprise organization form and the selection ofinvestment mode.2.1 Selecting correct investment directionThe new enterprise income tax established the new tax preference which gave priority to the industrial preference assisted by the regional preference, giving attention to the social advancement . Investors should select the investmen industry to reduce the tax burden according to the regulations about the national industrial policies and tax preference and response the industrial policy gui dance of the government. First, because the industrial select possesses strategicmeanings for the development trend of the enterprise, so when the investors make the decision of industrial investment they should scientifically demonstrate the investment and carefully make the decision, and they should consider not only their own industrial advantages, but also national industrial support policies, industrial tax preference policies, and make the rare resources of the enterprise to the green sunrise industries such as the agriculture, scientific technology environment protection and energy saving. Second, the enterprise income tax regulated regional preference for Chinese western regions, minority regions and special economic zones, and the enterp rise should study out multiple selectable investment programs in possible investment regions, and it should not only compare the cost incomes of various regional investment programs, but compare the tax levels of various programs, and make the comprehensive evaluation for the comprehensive benefits of variou s regional investment programs, which can not only reduce the tax burden, but find the regional investment program with maximum economic benefit.2.2 Selecting proper enterprise organization formThe tax planning of enterprise organization form should mainly consider four parts including establishment, expansion, division and merger. First, we will study the tax planning when the enterprise is established and select the organization form. According to the organization form, the enterprise types include individual proprietorship enterprise, partnership enterprise and limited corporation which can be divided into limited liability company and joint stock limited partnership, and because the tax system regulates different tax burden levels for the enterprises with different organization forms, so the establishment costs and advantages of different organization forms are different, and the tax is one of factors we should consider when we select the organization form of the enterprise. Especially when the organization form of the enterprise has large influence to the production and management, the tax will be the important factor which we should consider, and investors can select the organization form of the ent erprise to reduce the tax burden for the enterprise. Second, we will research the tax planning when the enterprise is expanded and needs to select the organization form. Enterprise always actualizes the scale expansion by increasing branches, but the tax policies for the branches with different forms in the tax law are obviously different, so enterprise should select the organization form of the branch. For the filiale and the subsidiary company, they respectively have their advantages and disadvantages for the tax, so the loss of the branch can counteract the gain of the parent company and reduce the total taxable income of the company. The subsidiary company and the parent company are regarded as two entities in the law, but the subsidiary company can obtain various tax preference policies regulated by the laws or local government. So the enterprise should comprehen sively consider the profit ability of the branch when it selects the form of the branch, and it should adopt the form of filiale when the branch is in the loss period, and adopt the form of subsidiary company when the branch is in the profit period. Third, we will study the tax planning in the division and merger of the enterprise. According to the regulations of the enterprise income law, enterprises should pay the income tax by 25%, but it also regulates that the small-sized profit-mak ing enterprise can pay the income tax by 20%, so the middle and small-sized enterprise can adopt the division measure to separate the branch from th e enterprise to reduce the taxable income and the tax burden. Theenterprise income tax regulates that the profitable enterprise a nnexes unprofitable enterprise, it can use the accumulated loss of the unprofitable enterprise to counteract the profit of the profitab le enterprise and reduce the taxable income and the tax burden. Therefore, in the merger of enterprises, the profitable enterprise can reduce the enterprise income tax by annexing unprofitable enterprises.2.3 Selecting the investment subject of tax savingAccording to different forms of investment subject, the investment of enterprise can be divided into monetary investment, tangible investment and im material investment. The monetary investment doesn’t increase the tax burden of investors, but it w ill influence the cash flux and payment ability of the enterprise. Different tax regulations aim at different tangible investment types, for example, fo r the estate investment, investors need not pay relative sales tax (if investor belongs to the real estate enterprise, the land value increment tax needs not be paid temporarily), and the depreciation of the estate can be deducted before tax to reduce the tax base of the en terprise income tax. For the sock-in-trade investment, the tax law will regard it as the sales goods and increase the tax bases of the value increment tax and the enterprise income tax, and the enterprise need pay the increment tax and the enterprise income tax. The immaterial investment can deduct the withholding income tax for the enterprise, and realize the deduction before tax through amortization year by year, which can reduce the tax base of the enterprise income tax. So when the enterprise selects the investment subject, it can select the tangible investment and immaterial investment which are better than the monetary investment from the view of the invested enterprise. Certainly, for the view of investing enterprise, it will assume more tax burdens such as the enterprise income tax, the increment tax and the consump tion tax when it selects the tangible investment and immaterial investment, so the investing enterprise should comprehensively consider the tax burdens of two parties to select the proper investment form.3. Tax planning in the production and management stage of enterpriseThe tax base of the enterprise income tax is the taxable income amount which equals to that an enterprise’s total income amount of each tax year deducts the tax-free incomes, tax-exempt incomes, each deduction items as well as the permitted remedies for losses of the previous years. And the income items, tax-free incomes and tax-exempt incomes and each deduction items are all generated in the production and management of the enterprise. So the tax planning of the enterprise income tax in the production and management can be implemented from two items such as the income items and the deduction items.3.1 Tax planning of incomeThe total income amount of the enterprise in the present term is decided by the sales amount of the product, the unit sales price of the product and the selected sales mode of the product, so the tax planning of the enterprise income tax about the income mainly includes the scale of production and sale, the sales price and the sales mode. First, for the planning of production and sale scale, under the premise of certain sale unit price, the income scale of the enterprise is decided by the sales amount. The scale of production and sale belongs to the item independently controlled by the enterprise, and the scale of production and sale will influence the tax burden of the enterprise which will influence the scale of production and sale in the same way. Therefore, when the enterprise confirms the scale of production and sale, it must consider the tax burden at term. According to the en terprise’s self management ability, the enterprise should find the critical point of profit and loss, and seek the scale of production and sale with maximum profits. Second, for the planning of sales price, under the premise of certain production and sale amount, the income scale of the enterprise is decided by the price level which is also the item independently controlled by the enterprise. The enterprise should consider many factors such as the cost level, the market de mand and thecompetition strategy, and the tax burden level is the important factor which should be considered by the enterprise, and the confirmation of the sales price can not only include the pre-tax income and income tax of the enterprise, but will directly influence the increment tax and other relative taxes. In the tax planning of income, we should take the sales price as the factor we should mainly considered. Third, for the planning of sales mode, in the sales proce ss of the product, the enterp rise possesses the independent selection right to the sales mode, and different sales mode always apply in different tax policies, i.e. the treatment difference of tax exists in this aspect, which offers the possibility to utilize different sales mode to plan the income tax. In a word, under the premise disobeying the tax law, the enterprise should compress the income scale which has exceeded the critical point of the tax rate from the sales scale and the sales price, and make the enterprise obtain the preference policies of low tax rate. For the selection of sales mode, the enterprise should delay the implementation of the income and the tax obligation to the best, which will not only compress the income scale in the present term to make the enterprise obtain the preference policy of low tax rate, but also make the enterprise obtain the profit of interest-free loan because of delaying the implementation of tax obligation.3.2 Tax planning of cost charge deductionThe payout of the enterprise can be divided into the profitable payout and the capital payout according to the time of the profitable term. The profitable payout should be reported in th e present cost charge, and the capital payout is divided and respectively reported in the cost charges of the present and future terms. For these two sorts of payout, the planning of the enterprise income tax should treat them differently.3.2.1 Tax planning of profitable payoutBecause different situations of profit and loss, and different tax preferences will differently influence the tax planning of enterprise, so we should respectively plan the tax of the profitable payout aiming at different situations of profit and loss. First, suppose the enterprise is profitable, because the profit able payout can be deducted from the enterprise income tax, the enterprise should select the planning method with large prophase cost. To make the tax deduction effect of the cost exert its function as soon as possible, and delay the realization of the pr ofit, then enterprise should delay the tax obligation time of the income tax. Second, suppose the enterprise is in loss, the planning method should be combined with the loss remedy of the enterprise. The enterprise should try to make the cost charge in the year with pretax loss remedy higher and make the cost charge in the year w ithout or incompletely with pretax loss remedy lower, and accordingly ensure the tax reduction effect of the cost charge will be exerted to the largest extent. Finally, suppose the enterprise is enjoying th e preference policy of the enterprise income tax, because the taxdeduction effect of the cost charge in the tax deduction period will completely or pa rtly be deducted through the deduction preference, so the enterprise should select the planning method which has few costs in the tax deduction period and has more costs in the non-tax-deduction period.3.2.2 Tax planning of capital payoutAs the modernization degree of enterprise is gradually enhanced, the proportion of the purchase payout of the long-term assets such as the fixed assets and immaterial assets which reflect the progress of the technology of the enterprise is higher and higher, and the tax planning of the fixed assets depreciation and the immaterial assets salesmanship possesses special importance in the tax planning of th e enterprise income tax. First, the tax law doesn’t recognize the devaluation preparation of long-term assets which the enterprise picks up, but the taxpayer can utilize the relative regulations about the subseq uent expenses of the long-term assets to adjust the depreciation base. The enterprise should combine the long-term development, rebuild the fixed assetsdesignedly, enhance the technical level of the enterprise, and improve the comprehensive competition strengthen of the enterprise. At the same time , the enterprise can put the subsequent expenses acco rding with the capitalization cond itions into the fixed assets cost, increase the depreciation picking base, and accordingly increase the depreciation amount of the deduction, reduce the taxable inco me of the present term and save the tax. For various payouts which don’t accord with the confirmation conditions of long-term assets, they should be counted into the profit and loss of th e present term. Second, the “Chinese Enterprise Income Tax Law” regu lated that the fixed assets of the enterprise needed to be depreciated quickly because of technical progress, the enterprise could reduce the depreciation fixed number of year or adopt the method of quick depreciation. To reduce the depreciation year can quicken the withdrawal of the costs, move the anaphase cost charges to the anterior period, and move the prophase account profit to the latter period. When the tax rate is fixed, the delayed payment of the income tax equals to obtain an interest-free loan from the country. When the tax rate is not fixed, the extension of the depreciation term can also reduce the tax burden for the enterprise. And the selection of the depreciation method of the long-term assets should be scientific, reasonable and legal. Finally, when the enterprise is in the non-deduction period of the income tax, taxpayer should apply for reducing the residual proportion for the tax department in time according to the characters of the assets. When the residual proportion is reduced , the depreciation tax de duction will increase, which could not only maintain the taxpayer’s right, but bring large tax benefit for the taxpayer.4. Tax planning in the management result distribution stage of enterprise4.1 First utilizing the taxable income to compensate the lossFor the yearly loss of the enterprise, the tax law regulates to allow the enterprise uses the pretax profit in the next year to compensate it. And if the profit in the next year is not enough to compensate, the enterprise is allowed to compensate the loss year after year, but the longest term should be limited in 5 years. In this way, the enterprise can use the selection right of the assets price counting and amortization method allowed by the tax law, and the selection right of the expenses reported range standard to more report the pretax deduction items and deduction amount, and continue to induce the loss before the term of five years is at term, accordingly to prolong the term of the preference policy.4.2 Arranging the domestic investment return to compensate the loss according to the sequence from low tax rate to high tax rateAccording to the enterprise income tax, the investors’ after-tax profits returned from the associated enterprise should pay the income tax, but if the enterprise which is the investor has loss or past yearly loss which has not be remedied, the returned profit can be used to remedy the loss, and for the surplus part, the enterprise should pay the income tax. Therefore, if the investor is the enterprise which can be applicable for different income tax rates, the enterprise can select the sequence from low tax rate to high tax rate, to use th e returned investment profit remedy the loss and make the taxpayer’s income tax reduce to the least level.4.3 Keepin g that the investment return in the low tax region doesn’t be distributedIn the existing enterprise income tax, for the taxpayer’s profit returned from other enterprise which has paid the income tax, the tax amount of the tax payment can be adjusted when computing the income tax of the enterprise. If the profit of the invested enterprise has not be distributed to the investors, the investors need not to pay the income tax, and in this way, to keep that the investment return in the low tax region doesn’t be distributed and turn it into the investment capital can reduce investors’ tax burden.ReferencesChinese CPA Association. (2008). Tax Law. Beijing: Economic Science Press.The Fifth Session of the Tenth NPC. (2007). Enterpri se Income Tax Law of China. Mar. 16, 2007.Wang, Xinjian. (2006). The Method of Enterprise Tax Planning. Shandong Commercial Accounting. No.2.Zhou, Yan. (2008). Influences of New Enterprise Income Tax Law on Enterprise Tax Planning. Friends of Accounting.No.15.Zhuang, Fenrong. (2007). Hundred Classic Practical Examples of Tax Planning.Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press.企业所得税税收筹划研究曹宏层、徐晓慧（沈阳工业大学经济学院）、敖国杰（沈阳工业大学会计财务部）摘要企业所得税的税收空间很大，在企业的纳税额中占有很大的比重。
企业税收筹划中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)1、Enterprises of the major means of tax planningTax planning is the premise of strict enforcement of tax laws to minimize tax, customs tax called. Enterprises to carry out the correct tax, the need for the adoption of the following major route of transmission.First, reasonable means of financing options. In accordance with the provisions of China's current tax law, corporate interest payments on the loan within a certain range can be pre-tax expenses, and dividends can only be spending the after-tax profits of enterprise expenses. From a tax point of view, appropriate to the bank business loans and financing between enterprises, rather than directly to thefund-raising benefits.Second, a reasonable choice of trading partners. China's existing value-added tax system has a general taxpayers and small-scale taxpayers on the points, choose a different supplier object, the tax burden on enterprises is not the same. For example, when the Department of suppliers of value-added tax general taxpayer, the businessafter the purchase of goods, according to the amount of tax deduction of input tax amount of the corresponding balance after payment of value-added tax; if the purchase of goods for small-scale taxpayers, VAT can not be achieved Its not contain the amount of input tax deduction, the tax burden more than the former. Such as open invoices can also be part of deduction.Third, "the easy way out" tax conversion. Enterprises will be converted tohigh-tax low-tax, refers to economic activities in the same, there are a variety of revenue options to choose from, the taxpayers to avoid "high-tax point", choose the "low tax" and reduce the tax liability . The most typical example of this is to runnon-taxable to the tax planning services. From the tax point of view, run mainly two: First, the same taxes, different tax rates. Systems such as supply and marketing enterprises, the general operating tax rate is 17% of the means of subsistence, but also the operating value-added tax rate of 13% of the agricultural means of production and so on. Second, different taxes, different tax rates. This usually refers to types of enterprises in their business activities, both value-added business project, the project also involves the business tax.Fourth, the cost of reasonable expenses. Enterprises does not violate tax laws and financial system under the premise of the full cost of the reasonable expenses, that may occur on the full estimated losses and narrow the tax base and reduce the amount of taxable income. Countries allow for costs incurred in the projects, such as wages, respectively, the total amount of tax by 2%, 14%, 1.5% extracts of trade union funds, staff welfare, staff education funding should be sufficient to mention as much as possible to the whole. For some of the losses that may occur, such as bad debt losses, businesses should be fully expected in the tax law as far as possible the extent permitted by the cap enough to reserve. This is in line with the national tax law and financial system, can receive the tax effect.Fifth, to reduce tax liability. Factors that affect the tax liability there are two, namely, tax base and tax rates, the smaller the tax base, lower tax rates, tax liability is also smaller. Tax planning can start from these two factors to find legitimate ways to reduce tax liability. For example, an enterprise December 30, 2005 estimated taxableincome amounted to 100,200 yuan, the enterprise income tax liability 25050 yuan (100200 ×25%). If the corporate tax planning, tax consulting fees to pay 200 yuan, the corporate taxable income 100,000 (100200-200), income tax liability 27,000 yuan (100000 × 27%), can be found by comparing, for tax planning to pay only 200 yuan, 6066 yuan tax is (33066-27000).Sixth, to weigh the severity of the overall tax burden. For example, manyvalue-added tax planning programs have the general taxpayer and the taxpayer to choose small-scale planning. If an enterprise is a non-tax-year sales of about 900,000 yuan of production enterprises and enterprises to buy the materials each year the price of non-value-added tax of 70 million or less. The company's accounting system, the conditions identified as the general taxpayers. If that is the general taxpayer, the company's products are value-added tax rate applies to 17% capital gains tax liability 34,000 yuan (90 × 17% -70 × 17%); If it is small-scale taxpayers, the rate is 6%, 5.4 VAT liability million (90 × 6%)> 3.4 million. Therefore, from the perspective of value-added tax general taxpayer should be selected. But, in fact, althoughsmall-scale VAT taxpayers pay 20,000 yuan, but the input tax amount of 119,000 yuan (70 × 17%), although it can not offset the costs, thereby increasing the cost of 119,000 yuan, the income tax reduction of 2.975 million (11.9 × 25%), than pay a 20,000 yuan of value-added tax. Therefore, the business tax planning in the selection of programs, not only to look in a certain period of time watching the program on tax less, and to consider business development goals, to choose to increase their overall revenue program.Seventh, take full advantage of preferential taxation policies. For taxpayers, the use of tax incentives for tax planning focuses on how the rational use of tax policies and regulations shall apply to the lower or more favorable tax rates, a well-planned production and operation activities, the actual tax burden to a minimum in order to achieve Festival tax effect. For example, according to China's Law of the State Council for approval of high-tech industrial development zone of the high-tech enterprises, since the production from the fiscal year income tax exemption for 2 years. To-business use of wastewater, waste gas, waste residue and other waste as themain raw materials for production, 5 years in the income tax reduction or exemption. In addition, to support agriculture and the development of UNESCO Wei investment, countries have different tax incentives. Business operators should refer to policy, comparing the investment environment, investment income, investment risks and other factors, decided to invest in the region, investment direction, as well as investment projects, a reasonable tax planning, in order to reduce the corporate tax burden.企业税收筹划的主要途径纳税筹划是在严格执行税法前提下，尽量减少缴税，习惯称其为节税。
外文翻译---企业税收筹划的主要途径
外文翻译---企业税收筹划的主要途径企业税收筹划的主要途径纳税筹划是在严格执行税法的前提下，尽量减少缴税的方法，通常称为节税。
为正确地进行节税，企业需要采取以下主要途径。
一、选择合理的筹资方式。
根据我国现行税法规定，企业的借款利息支出在一定范围内可以税前列支，而股息支出则只能在企业的税后利润中列支。
从节税的角度来看，企业适度向银行借款和企业间的相互融资，比企业直接向社会筹资更优惠。
二、选择合理的交易对象。
我国现行增值税制度规定有一般纳税人和小规模纳税人之分，选择不同的供货对象，企业所负担的税负则不同。
例如，当供货方是增值税一般纳税人时，企业购进货物后，可按销项税额抵扣相应的进项税额后的余额缴纳增值税；如果购买小规模纳税人的货物，不能取得增值税专用的，其含有进项税额不能抵扣，税负比前者要多。
开专用也可抵扣一部分。
三、转换纳税义务，避重就轻。
企业将高纳税义务转换为低纳税义务是指在同一经济行为中，有多种税收方案可供选择时，纳税人避开“高税点”，选择“低税点”，可减轻纳税义务。
最典型的例子就是对兼营非应税劳务进行的节税筹划。
从税收角度来看，兼营主要包括两种：一是税种相同，税率不同。
例如供销系统企业，一般既经营增值税率为17%的生活资料，又经营增值税率为13%的农用生产资料等。
二是不同税种，不同税率。
该种类型通常是指企业在其经营活动中，既经营增值税项目，又涉及营业税项目。
四、合理列支各项费用。
企业可以在不违反税法和财务制度的前提下，通过对各项费用充分合理的列支，对各项可能发生的损失进行充分估计，缩小税基，减少应纳税所得额。
对于国家允许在费用中列支的项目，如分别按计税工资总额的2%、14%、1.5%提取的职工工会经费、职工福利费、职工教育经费，应尽可能地提足提全。
对于一些可能发生的损失，如坏账损失等，企业应充分预计，在税法允许的范围内尽可能按上限提足准备金。
这既符合国家税法和财务制度的规定，又能收到节税的效果。
企业所得税税收筹划研究大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：企业所得税税收筹划研究文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14Study on the Tax Planning of Enterprise Income TaxHongceng Cao & Xiaohui XuCollege of Economics, Shenyang UniversityShenyang 110044, ChinaGuojie AoDepartment of Accounting and Financial Affairs, Shenyang UniversityShenyang 110044, ChinaAbstractThe enterprise income tax occupies is very important status in the tax paying of enterprise, and it has large space of tax planning. Under the background that the new enterprise income tax law was issued, we discussed the problem how to use tax planning to reduce the tax burden of enterprise and realize the maximization of the total profit for the enterprise. In this article, we studied the tax financing in the stage of enterprise financing from the selection of financing mode and the confirmation of financing channel, and put forward that the enterprise should select the liability financing mode to the largest extent in the critical risk range of equity structure. We studied the tax planning in the stage of investment of enterprise from three aspects including correctly selecting the investment direc tion, confirming proper enterprise organization form and selecting tax saving investment subject. We studied the tax planning from two aspects such as income and charge deduction. We studied the tax planning in the distribution stage of enterprise management result from first utilizing taxable income to compensate the loss, the loss recovering sequence of domestic investment profit return and the profit distribution strategy in the low tax region. For above aspects, we all put forward our own new theoretical opinions.Keywords: Enterprise income tax, Tax planning, Tax preferenceComparing with the old enterprise income law, the new enterprise income law changed in many aspects such as the taxpayer, the pre-tax deduction, and the tax preference, which put forward new task for the tax planning of the enterprise income tax. Under the background of new enterprise income tax, we will discuss the tax planning in the main stages such as the enterprise financing, investment, management and distribution.1. Tax planning in the stage of enterprise financingThe tax planning of the income tax in the stage of enterprise financing mainly includes the contents about the financing mode and the financing channel.1.1 Tax planning of financing modeThe financing modes of enterprise mainly include the equity financing and liability financing, and two different financing modes will produce different tax results. Generally speaking, under the fixed tax rate level, the liability financing can produce the interest rigid cost which can be reported before tax. When the account profit is adjusted as the taxable income, the tax law allows that the interest expenditure induced by the liability can be deducted before tax in the same interest rate regulated by the Bank in the same period, which equals that the state finance assumes a quarter of interest cost fro the enterprise. The equity financing is the flexi ble cost of bonus stock which can be reported after tax. The mode that the enterprise provides bonus stock and dividend to the investors is only one item of the distraction of post-tax profit (net profit), and it must be distributed after tax. The tax saving difference between two financing modes is very obvious. In the equity structure of enterprise, the proportion of the liability equity is higher, and the saving effectof the tax cost is more significant. So under the prem ise that the rate of or return on inv estment is higher than the liabilitycost rate, enhancing the proportion of liability financing will bring extra economic benefits for the owner of the enterprise, and finally increase the value of the enterprise. But we should also pay attention to that will increase the financial risk of the enterprise, and excessive liability will even induce the ab normality of the enterprise equity structure, and the liability crisis will make the financial status of the enterprise fall into collapse. Therefore, before the enterprise makes the tax planning of financing mode, it must ensure that the equity structure is in the critical risk range.1.2 Tax planning of enterprise financing channelThe financing channels of enterprise mainly include bank loan, self-accumulation of enterprise, inter-enterprise lending interior collection of en terprise, bond or stock issuance and commercial credit. Under usual situation, the sequence of the tax burden from heavy to light is self-accumulation of enterprise, bank loan, inter-enterprise lending and interio collection of enterprise. The prin ciple of tax planning of financing channel is that under the premise that the equity structure is to select the channel with higher profit and lower harm in the critical risk range, through comparing the advantages and disadvantages of various financing channels.2. Tax planning in the investment stage of enterpriseFor the tax planning in the investment stage of enterprise, we mainly consider three aspects, i.e. the selection of investment direction, the selection of enterprise organization form and the selection of investment mode.2.1 Selecting correct investment directionThe new enterprise income tax established the new tax preference which gave priority to the industrial preference assisted by the regional preference, giving attention to the social advancement . Investors should select the investmen industry to reduce the tax burden according to the regulations about the national industrial policies and tax preference and response the industrial policy gui dance of the government. First, because the industrial select possesses strategicmeanings for the development trend of the enterprise, so when the investors make the decision of industrial investment they should scientifically demonstrate the investment and carefully make the decision, and they should consider not only their own industrial advantages, but also national industrial support policies, industrial tax preference policies, and make the rare resources of the enterprise to the green sunrise industries such as the agriculture, scientific technology environment protection and energy saving. Second, the enterprise income tax regulated regional preference for Chinese western regions, minority regions and special economic zones, and the enterp rise should study out multiple selectable investment programs in possible investment regions, and it should not only compare the cost incomes of various regional investment programs, but compare the tax levels of various programs, and make the comprehensive evaluation for the comprehensive benefits of variou s regional investment programs, which can not only reduce the tax burden, but find the regional investment program with maximum economic benefit.2.2 Selecting proper enterprise organization formThe tax planning of enterprise organization form should mainly consider four parts including establishment, expansion, division and merger. First, we will study the tax planning when the enterprise is established and select the organization form. According to the organization form, the enterprise types include individual proprietorship enterprise, partnership enterprise and limited corporation which can be divided into limited liability company and joint stock limited partnership, and because the tax system regulates different tax burden levels for the enterprises with different organization forms, so the establishment costs and advantages of different organization forms are different, and the tax is one of factors we should consider when we select the organization form of the enterprise. Especially when the organization form of the enterprise has large influence to theproduction and management, the tax will be the important factor which we should consider, and investors can select the organization form of the ent erprise to reduce the tax burden for the enterprise. Second, we will research the tax planning when the enterprise is expanded and needs to select the organization form. Enterprise always actualizes the scale expansion by increasing branches, but the tax policies for the branches with different forms in the tax law are obviously different, so enterprise should select the organization form of the branch. For the filiale and the subsidiary company, they respectively have their advantages and disadvantages for the tax, so the loss of the branch can counteract the gain of the parent company and reduce the total taxable income of the company. The subsidiary company and the parent company are regarded as two entities in the law, but the subsidiary company can obtain various tax preference policies regulated by the laws or local government. So the enterprise should comprehen sively consider the profit ability of the branch when it selects the form of the branch, and it should adopt the form of filiale when the branch is in the loss period, and adopt the form of subsidiary company when the branch is in the profit period. Third, we will study the tax planning in the division and merger of the enterprise. According to the regulations of the enterprise income law, enterprises should pay the income tax by 25%, but it also regulates that the small-sized profit-mak ing enterprise can pay the income tax by 20%, so the middle and small-sized enterprise can adopt the division measure to separate the branch from th e enterprise to reduce the taxable income and the tax burden. The enterprise income tax regulates that the profitable enterprise a nnexes unprofitable enterprise, it can use the accumulated loss of the unprofitable enterprise to counteract the profit of the profitab le enterprise and reduce the taxable income and the tax burden. Therefore, in the merger of enterprises, the profitable enterprise can reduce the enterprise income tax by annexing unprofitable enterprises.2.3 Selecting the investment subject of tax savingAccording to different forms of investment subject, the investment of enterprise can be divided into monetary investment, tangible investment and im material investment. The monetary investment doesn’t increase the tax burden of investors, but it will influence the cash flux and payment ability of the enterprise. Different tax regulations aim at different tangible investment types, for example, fo r the estate investment, investors need not pay relative sales tax (if investor belongs to the real estate enterprise, the land value increment tax needs not be paid temporarily), and the depreciation of the estate can be deducted before tax to reduce the tax base of the en terprise income tax. For the sock-in-trade investment, the tax law will regard it as the sales goods and increase the tax bases of the value increment tax and the enterprise income tax, and the enterprise need pay the increment tax and the enterprise income tax. The immaterial investment can deduct the withholding income tax for the enterprise, and realize the deduction before tax through amortization year by year, which can reduce the tax base of the enterprise income tax. So when the enterprise selects the investment subject, it can select the tangible investment and immaterial investment which are better than the monetary investment from the view of the invested enterprise. Certainly, for the view of investing enterprise, it will assume more tax burdens such as the enterprise income tax, the increment tax and the consump tion tax when it selects the tangible investment and immaterial investment, so the investing enterprise should comprehensively consider the tax burdens of two parties to select the proper investment form.3. Tax planning in the production and management stage of enterpriseThe tax base of the enterprise income tax is the taxable income amount which equals to that an enterprise’s total inco me amount of each tax year deducts the tax-free incomes, tax-exempt incomes, each deduction items as well as the permitted remedies for losses of the previous years. And the income items, tax-free incomes and tax-exempt incomes and each deduction items are all generated in the production and management of the enterprise. So the tax planning of the enterprise incometax in the production and management can be implemented from two items such as the income items and the deduction items.3.1 Tax planning of incomeThe total income amount of the enterprise in the present term is decided by the sales amount of the product, the unit sales price of the product and the selected sales mode of the product, so the tax planning of the enterprise income tax about the income mainly includes the scale of production and sale, the sales price and the sales mode. First, for the planning of production and sale scale, under the premise of certain sale unit price, the income scale of the enterprise is decided by the sales amount. The scale of production and sale belongs to the item independently controlled by the enterprise, and the scale of production and sale will influence the tax burden of the enterprise which will influence the scale of production and sale in the same way. Therefore, when the enterprise confirms the scale of production and sale, it must consider the tax burden at term. According to the enterprise’s self management ability, the enterprise should find the critical point of profit and loss, and seek the scale of production and sale with maximum profits. Second, for the planning of sales price, under the premise of certain production and sale amount, the income scale of the enterprise is decided by the price level which is also the item independently controlled by the enterprise. The enterprise should consider many factors such as the cost level, the market de mand and the competition strategy, and the tax burden level is the important factor which should be considered by the enterprise, and the confirmation of the sales price can not only include the pre-tax income and income tax of the enterprise, but will directly influence the increment tax and other relative taxes. In the tax planning of income, we should take the sales price as the factor we should mainly considered. Third, for the planning of sales mode, in the sales proce ss of the product, the enterp rise possesses the independent selection right to the sales mode, and different sales mode always apply in different tax policies, i.e. the treatment difference of tax exists in this aspect, which offers the possibility to utilize different sales mode to plan the income tax. In a word, under the premise disobeying the tax law, the enterprise should compress the income scale which has exceeded the critical point of the tax rate from the sales scale and the sales price, and make the enterprise obtain the preference policies of low tax rate. For the selection of sales mode, the enterprise should delay the implementation of the income and the tax obligation to the best, which will not only compress the income scale in the present term to make the enterprise obtain the preference policy of low tax rate, but also make the enterprise obtain the profit of interest-free loan because of delaying the implementation of tax obligation.3.2 Tax planning of cost charge deductionThe payout of the enterprise can be divided into the profitable payout and the capital payout according to the time of the profitable term. The profitable payout should be reported in th e present cost charge, and the capital payout is divided and respectively reported in the cost charges of the present and future terms. For these two sorts of payout, the planning of the enterprise income tax should treat them differently.3.2.1 Tax planning of profitable payoutBecause different situations of profit and loss, and different tax preferences will differently influence the tax planning of enterprise, so we should respectively plan the tax of the profitable payout aiming at different situations of profit and loss. First, suppose the enterprise is profitable, because the profit able payout can be deducted from the enterprise income tax, the enterprise should select the planning method with large prophase cost. To make the tax deduction effect of the cost exert its function as soon as possible, and delay the realization of the pr ofit, then enterprise should delay the tax obligation time of the income tax. Second, suppose the enterprise is in loss, theplanning method should be combined with the loss remedy of the enterprise. The enterprise should try to make the cost charge in the year with pretax loss remedy higher and make the cost charge in the year w ithout or incompletely with pretax loss remedy lower, and accordingly ensure the tax reduction effect of the cost charge will be exerted to the largest extent. Finally, suppose the enterprise is enjoying th e preference policy of the enterprise income tax, because the taxdeduction effect of the cost charge in the tax deduction period will completely or pa rtly be deducted through the deduction preference, so the enterprise should select the planning method which has few costs in the tax deduction period and has more costs in the non-tax-deduction period.3.2.2 Tax planning of capital payoutAs the modernization degree of enterprise is gradually enhanced, the proportion of the purchase payout of the long-term assets such as the fixed assets and immaterial assets which reflect the progress of the technology of the enterprise is higher and higher, and the tax planning of the fixed assets depreciation and the immaterial assets salesmanship possesses special importance in the tax planning of the enterprise income tax. First, the tax law doesn’t recognize the devaluation preparation of long-term assets which the enterprise picks up, but the taxpayer can utilize the relative regulations about the subseq uent expenses of the long-term assets to adjust the depreciation base. The enterprise should combine the long-term development, rebuild the fixed assets designedly, enhance the technical level of the enterprise, and improve the comprehensive competition strengthen of the enterprise. At the same time , the enterprise can put the subsequent expenses acco rding with the capitalization cond itions into the fixed assets cost, increase the depreciation picking base, and accordingly increase the depreciation amount of the deduction, reduce the taxable income of the present term and save the tax. For various payouts which don’t accord with the confirmation conditions of long-term assets, they should be counted into the profit and loss of th e present term. Second, the “Chinese Enterprise Income Tax Law” regulated that the fixed assets of the enterprise needed to be depreciated quickly because of technical progress, the enterprise could reduce the depreciation fixed number of year or adopt the method of quick depreciation. To reduce the depreciation year can quicken the withdrawal of the costs, move the anaphase cost charges to the anterior period, and move the prophase account profit to the latter period. When the tax rate is fixed, the delayed payment of the income tax equals to obtain an interest-free loan from the country. When the tax rate is not fixed, the extension of the depreciation term can also reduce the tax burden for the enterprise. And the selection of the depreciation method of the long-term assets should be scientific, reasonable and legal. Finally, when the enterprise is in the non-deduction period of the income tax, taxpayer should apply for reducing the residual proportion for the tax department in time according to the characters of the assets. When the residual proportion is reduced , the depreciation tax de duction will increase, which could not only maintain the taxpayer’s right, but bring large tax benefit f or the taxpayer.4. Tax planning in the management result distribution stage of enterprise4.1 First utilizing the taxable income to compensate the lossFor the yearly loss of the enterprise, the tax law regulates to allow the enterprise uses the pretax profit in the next year to compensate it. And if the profit in the next year is not enough to compensate, the enterprise is allowed to compensate the loss year after year, but the longest term should be limited in 5 years. In this way, the enterprise can use the selection right of the assets price counting and amortization method allowed by the tax law, and the selection right of the expenses reported range standard to more report the pretax deduction items and deduction amount, and continue to induce the loss before the term of five years is at term, accordingly to prolong the term of the preference policy.4.2 Arranging the domestic investment return to compensate the loss according to the sequence from low tax rate to high tax rateAccording to the en terprise income tax, the investors’ after-tax profits returned from the associated enterprise should pay the income tax, but if the enterprise which is the investor has loss or past yearly loss which has not be remedied, the returned profit can be used to remedy the loss, and for the surplus part, the enterprise should pay the income tax. Therefore, if the investor is the enterprise which can be applicable for different income tax rates, the enterprise can select the sequence from low tax rate to high tax rate, to use th e returned investment profit remedy the loss and make the taxpayer’s income tax reduce to the least level.4.3 Keeping that the investment return in the low tax region doesn’t be distributedIn the existing enterprise income tax, for the taxpayer’s profit returned from other enterprise which has paid the income tax, the tax amount of the tax payment can be adjusted when computing the income tax of the enterprise. If the profit of the invested enterprise has not be distributed to the investors, the investors need not to pay the income tax, and in this way, to keep that the investment return in the low tax region doesn’t be distributed and turn it into the investment capital can reduce investors’ tax burden.ReferencesChinese CPA Association. (2008). Tax Law. Beijing: Economic Science Press.The Fifth Session of the Tenth NPC. (2007). Enterpri se Income Tax Law of China. Mar. 16, 2007.Wang, Xinjian. (2006). The Method of Enterprise Tax Planning. Shandong Commercial Accounting. No.2.Zhou, Yan. (2008). Influences of New Enterprise Income Tax Law on Enterprise Tax Planning. Friends of Accounting.No.15.Zhuang, Fenrong. (2007). Hundred Classic Practical Examples of Tax Planning.Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press.企业所得税税收筹划研究摘要企业所得税的税收空间很大，在企业的纳税额中占有很大的比重。
税务筹划的主要方法
税务筹划的主要方法Tax planning is an essential aspect of financial management for individuals and businesses alike. It involves taking proactive steps to minimize tax liabilities within the confines of the law, ensuring compliance while maximizing savings. Tax planning can encompass various strategies, such as income deferral, tax credits, deductions, and legal loopholes, all aimed at reducing the tax burden imposedby government authorities. Effective tax planning requires a thorough understanding of tax laws, regulations, and changes that may impact one's financial situation.税务筹划是个人和企业财务管理中的一个重要方面。
它涉及采取积极措施，在法律限制范围内最大限度地减少税负，确保遵守法规同时最大化储蓄。
税务筹划可以涵盖各种策略，如收入推迟、税收抵免、扣除和法律漏洞，所有这些都旨在减少政府机构征收的税收负担。
有效的税务筹划需要对税法、法规和可能影响财务状况的变化有深刻的了解。
One of the main methods of tax planning is income deferral, which involves delaying the receipt of income to a later tax year. By postponing the recognition of income, individuals and businessescan potentially lower their current tax liabilities, benefiting from a lower tax rate in the future. This strategy is particularly useful for those expecting a decrease in income in the following year or anticipating changes in tax regulations that may reduce the tax burden. However, income deferral should be approached cautiouslyto ensure compliance with tax laws and regulations.税务筹划的主要方法之一是收入推迟，这涉及将收入推迟至以后的税收年度。
税收筹划的外文文献及翻译
Planning forever tax savings●Learn how to keep your tax bill at the legal minimum…and keep it there!By Mark E.BattersbyNow is the best time to think about reducing the ornamental and miscellaneous metal operation’s tax bill even lower than the point the economy may have driven it to.And,of course,aim to keep that tax bill at its legal minimum for many year to come.While many of us rely on the advice and help provided by tax professionals or utilize software programs to ensure a low tax bill,the real goal should be a low tax bill for not just this tax year but year-after-year.The best guarantee of consistently low tax bill,this year,next year,and so-on down the road is,of course,tax planning.Tax planning is easy:the more tax deductions taken,the lower the fabricating operations taxable income will be----at least for this tax year.Of course,ignoring potential tax deductions this year might mean significant savings in later years when profits----and tax bills---are higher.Either way,in order for deductions to count,the time to make the moves necessary for those low tax bills is before the end of the tax year.Tax Planning BasicsWhen thinking about any type of tax planning,every metal fabricator should keep in mind that although the IRS may occasionally disagree,the courts strongly back every taxpayer’s right to choose the course of action that will result in the lowest legal tax liability.Thus,as the end of the tax year quickly approaches,every fabricator faces several different options as to how to complete certain taxable transactions.Out tax system has graduated rates that increase along with the income of the metal fabrication business at various tax rates.Thus,one strategy for saving taxes means reducing the tax bracket of the fabricating operation.Getting the most from the temporary 15-percent tax rate for dividends,means finding another way to reduce corporate level income----and taxes?Obviously,neither an ornamental metal fabricating business nor any business owner can literally reduce their federal income tax rate.They can however,take actions that will have a similar effect.For example:●Choosing the optimal from of organization for the business(such as soleproprietorship,partnership,corporation or S Corporation).Although not ayear-end tax planning strategy,this option deserves attention in the overall taxplanning process especially in light of the current,and temporary,15 percenttax rate on dividends paid by incorporated metalworking businesses.●Structuring transactions so that payments received are capitalgains.Long-term capital gains earned by non-corporate taxpayers are subjectto lower tax rates than other income.●Shifting income from a high-tax bracket individual(such as you,the businessowner),to a lower-bracket individual(such as your child).One fairly,simpleway to accomplish this is by hiring your children.Another possibility is tomake one or more children partners in the business,so that net profits areshared among a larger group.While the tax laws limit the usefulness of this srtategy for shifting “unearned”income to children under the age of 14,some opportunities to lower tax rates still do exist.Remember,however,the time to think about those strategies is during the course of the tax year.Consistently ConsistentAlthough the goal is usually to reduce taxes this year,to be really effective the tax bracket should be consistent year-after-year.If income is up this year but expected to be down next year,for instance,an ornamental metal business might want to postpone asset sales or other unusual transactions until next year when the additional profits may not be as likely to put the operation into a higher tax bracket.Or,conversely if income and profits are down this year,disposing of unneeded equipment or business assets via a profitable sale just might generate extra income,income taxed at the operation’s current low tax rates.Depending on the circumstances,a number of legitimate strategies a metal fabricating business can employ before year’s end will help them remain in the same bracket this year,next year,and for many year thereafter.Those basic year-end savings strategies include:●Delaying Collections:A cash basis metal fabricating operation can delayyear-end billings until late enough in the year so payments will not come inuntil the following year.●Accelerate Payments:Wherever possible, prepay deductible businessexpenses,including rent,interest,taxes,insurance,etc.Also,keep in mind thatthe tax rules limit tax deductions for some prepaid expenses.●Accelerate Large Purchases:Close the purchase of depreciable personalproperty or real estate within the current year.●Accelerate Operating Expenses:If possible,accelerate the purchase ofsupplies or services or the making of repairs.●Accelerate Depreciation:Elect to expense or immediately write-off the costof new equipment instead of depreciating it.Remember,the new Section 179tax rules now permit every metal fabricator to deduct,as an expense,up to$250,000 in expenditures for new equipment.Naturally,what a particular business can do depends a great deal on the accounting method used by the operation.A cash basis metal fabricating operation,for example,deducts expenses as paid and receipts become income when received----or made available.An accrual-basis business realizes income when billed and expenses when incurred----regardless of when income is actually,received,or when payment is made.This year’s law changesThe American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) earlier this yearextended a number of expiring provisions and created a few more that will affect the year-end planning process.For example:●First-year 50% bonus depreciaton:ARRA extended the 50% bonus first-yeardepreciation allowance available for 2008 for 2009.●Increased Section 179 expensing:During 2009,ornamental metal businessescan choose to expenses and immediately deduct up to $250,000 of the cost ofqualifying property and equipment.The $250,000 maximum expensingamount is reduced if the cost of all Section 179 property placed in service in2009 exceeds $800,000.●S corporation built-in gains holding period.For tax years beginning in either2009 or 2010,ARRA eliminates the corporate level tax on the built-in gainsof an S corporation that converted from regular‘C’corporation status atleast seven tax years before the current tax year.Going,going,goneMaking year-end planning more urgent than usual,a number of provisions in our tax law expire in 2009.Among the expiring provisions are:●The tax credit for research and experimentation expenses.●Increased alternative minimum tax (AMT) exemption amounts.●15-year straight-line cost recovery for qualified leasehold improvements,qualifiedrestaurant buildings and improvements,and qualified retail improvements.●Additional first-year depreciation for 50% of basis of qualified property.●Increase in expensing to $250,000/$800,000.●Expensing of “Brownfield’s”environmental remediation costs.●Empowerment zone tax incentives.●Tax incentives for investment in the District of Columbia.●Renewal community tax incentives.●The FUTA surtax of 0.2 percent.●Sixty-five percent subsidy for payment of COBRA health care coveragecontinuation premiums.●Reduced estimated tax payments for small businesses.●Use of single-employer defined benefit plan’s prior year adjusted fundingtarget attainment percentage to determine application of limitation on benefitaccruals.Tax tail should not wag the dogThere is a great deal of pressure in many metal fabricating businesses to continue cutting costs,including taxes.This coincides with increased scrutiny of tax returns on many levels of government.Identifying opportunities for tax deductions without running afoul of cash-strapped,state and local tax authorities should play a role in the planning process.On a similar note,the financial or operational strengths of a business transaction should always stand on their own,aside from any tax benefits derived from them.There is also the question of whether a tax deduction should be taken or iflegally,feasible,ignored.An excellent illustration of the flexibility of our tax rules are those governing bonuses.A metal fabricating business operating on the accrual basis has the opportunity to fix the amount of employees’ bonus payments before January 1 --- but to pay them early next year.Generally,the bonuses are not taxable to employees until 2010,but are deductible on the operation’s 2009 tax return –so long as announced before the end of 2009,and paid before March 16,2010.On the other hand,while few businesses are in a position to pay employee bonuses,an ornamental and miscellaneous metalbusiness may benefit by delaying income until next year.Remember,however,there is constructive receipt when income is made available to the fabricating business.Tax planning all the timeAlthough tax planning should be a year-round process,a number of year-end strategies can reduce not only this year’s tax bill,but future tax bills as well.The owners and managers of every metal fabrication business should also be taking additional steps to ensure the success of the operation in 2010.Whether or not the metalworking operation is facing a large tax bill or severely lower taxable income,professional advice is almost a necessity.There should however,be no uncertainty regarding the need for planning to minimize taxes this year as well as in future tax years.For your informationThe goal:You should always strive to keep your tax bill at the absolute minimum.The key is good tax planning,and looking at what decision work best in the long-run.For instance,sometimes it’s better to ignore a potential tax deduction one year to save more in a later year when tax bills are higher.Optimize your company:Do you have the best structure for your company,such as a partnership,proprietorship,or S corporation?Other tips:Have you structured transactions so that payments received are capital gains?Can you shift income from a high-tax bracket individual,such as yourself,to a lower-bracket individual,such as a child?One way to accomplish this is to hire your children or make them a partner in the business, which allows the next profits to be shared among a larger group.While the tax laws limit the shifting “unearned”income to children under age of 14,some opportunities do exist.永久节税筹划■学会怎样在合法范围内将税额减少到最低并一直保持下去现在是考虑降低金属饰品和五金经营税额的最好时机，因为那甚至可以比自然经济趋势下所能达到的税额更低。
纳税筹划外文文献原文及翻译
Tax PlanningTax planning involves conceiving of and implementing various strategies in order to minimize the amount of taxes paid for given period. For a small business, minimizing the tax liability can provide money for expenses, investment, or growth. In this way, tax planning can be a source of working capital. According to The Entrepreneur Magazine Small Business Advisor, two basic rules apply to tax planning. First, a small business should never incur additional expense only to gain a tax deduction. While purchasing necessary equipment prior to the end of tax year can be a valuable tax planning strategy, marking unnecessary purchases is not recommended. Second a small business should always attempt to defer taxes when possible. Deferring taxes enables the business to use that money interest-free, and sometimes even earn interest on it, until the next time taxes are due.Experts recommend that entrepreneurs and small business owners conduct formal tax planning sessions in the middle of each tax year. This approach will give them time to apply their strategies to the current year as well as allow them to get a jump on the following year. It is important for small business owners to maintain a personal awareness of tax planning issues in order to save money. Even if employ a professional bookkeeper or accountant, small business owners should keep careful tabs on theirs own tax preparation in order to take advantage of all possible opportunities for deduction and tax savings.＂Whether or not you enlist the aid of an outsider, you should understand the basic provisions of the tax code.＂Just as you would not turn over the management of your money to another person, you should not blindly allow someone else to take complete charge of your tax paying responsibilities." In addition, as Frederick W. Dailey wrote in his book Tax Savvy for Small Business, "Tax knowledge has powerful profit potential. Knowing what the tax law has to offer can give you a far better bottom line than your competitors who don't bother to learn.General Areas of Tax PlanningThere are several general areas of tax planning that apply to all sorts of small businesses. These areas include the choice of accounting and inventory-valuation methods, the timing of equipment purchases, the spreading of business income among family members, and the selection of tax-favored benefit plans and investments. There are also some areas of tax planning that are specific to certain businessforms—i.e., sole proprietorships, partnerships, C corporations, and S corporations. Some of the general tax planning strategies are described below:ACCOUNTING METHODS.Accounting methods refer to the basic rules and guidelines under which businesses keep their financial records and prepare their financial reports. There are two main accounting methods used for record-keeping: the cash basis and the accrual basis. Small business owners must decide which method to use depending on the legal form of the business, its sales volume, whether it extends credit to customers, and the tax requirements set forth by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The choice of accounting method is an issue in tax planning, as it can affect the amount of taxes owed by a small business in a given year.Accounting records prepared using the cash basis recognize income and expenses according to real-time cash flow. Income is recorded upon receipt of funds, rather than based upon when it is actually earned, and expenses are recorded as they are paid, rather than as they are actually incurred. Under this accounting method, therefore, it is possible to defer taxable income by delaying billing so that payment is not received in the current year. Likewise, it is possible to accelerate expenses by paying them as soon as the bills are received, in advance of the due date. The cash method is simpler than the accrual method, it provides a more accurate picture of cash flow, and income is not subject to taxation until the money is actually received.In contrast, the accrual basis makes a greater effort to recognize income and expenses in the period to which they apply, regardless of whether or not money has changed hands. Under this system, revenue is recorded when it is earned, rather than when payment is received, and expenses recorded when they are incurred, rather than when payment is made. The main advantage of the accrual method is that it provides a more accurate picture of how a business is performing over the long-term than the cash method. The main disadvantages are that it is more complex than the cash basis, and that income taxes may be owed on revenue before payment is actually received. However, the accrual basis may yield favorable tax results for companies that have few receivables and large current liabilities.Under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), the accrual basis of accounting is required for all businesses that handle inventory, from small retailers to large manufacturers. It is also required for corporations and partnerships that have gross sales over $5 million per year, though there are exceptions for farmingbusinesses and qualified personal service corporations—such as doctors, lawyers, accountants, and consultants. Other businesses generally can decide which accounting method to use based on the relative tax savings it provides.INVENTORY VALUATION METHODS. The method a small business chooses for inventory valuation can also lead to substantial tax savings. Inventory valuation is important because businesses are required to reduce the amount they deduct for inventory purchases over the course of a year by the amount remaining in inventory at the end of the year. For example, a business that purchased $10,000 in inventory during the year but had $6,000 remaining in inventory at the end of the year could only count $4,000 as an expense for inventory purchases, even though the actual cash outlay was much larger. Valuing the remaining inventory differently could increase the amount deducted from income and thus reduce the amount of tax owed by the business.The tax law provides two possible methods for inventory valuation: the first-in, first-out method (FIFO); and the last-in, first-out method (LIFO). As the names suggest, these inventory methods differ in the assumption they make about the way items are sold from inventory. FIFO assumes that the items purchased the earliest are the first to be removed from inventory, while LIFO assumes that the items purchased most recently are the first to be removed from inventory. In this way, FIFO values the remaining inventory at the most current cost, while LIFO values the remaining inventory at the earliest cost paid that year.LIFO is generally the preferred inventory valuation method during times of rising costs. It places a lower value on the remaining inventory and a higher value on the cost of goods sold, thus reducing income and taxes. On the other hand, FIFO is generally preferred during periods of deflation or in industries where inventory can tend to lose its value rapidly, such as high technology. Companies are allowed to file Form 970 and switch from FIFO to LIFO at any time to take advantage of tax savings. However, they must then either wait ten years or get permission from the IRS to switch back to FIFO.EQUIPMENT PURCHASES. Under Section 179 of the Internal Revenue Code, businesses are allowed to deduct a total of $18,000 in equipment purchases during the year in which the purchases are made. Any purchases above this amount must be depreciated over several future tax periods. It is often advantageous for smallbusinesses to use this tax incentive to increase their deductions for business expenses, thus reducing their taxable income and their tax liability. Necessary equipment purchases up to the limit can be timed at year end and still be fully deductible for the year. This tax incentive also applies to personal property put into service for business use, with the exception of automobiles and real estate.WAGES PAID TO FAMILY MEMBERS. Self-employed persons can also reduce their tax burden by paying wages to a spouse or to dependent children. Wages paid to children under the age of 18 are not subject to FICA (Social Security and Medicare) taxes. Under normal circumstances, employers are required to withhold 7.65 percent of the first $62,700 of an employee's income for FICA taxes. Employers are also required to match the 7.65 percent contributed by every employee, so that the total FICA contribution is 15.3 percent. Self-employed persons are required to pay both the employer and employee portions of the FICA tax.But the FICA taxes are waived when the employee is a dependent child of the small business owner, saving the child and the parent 7.65 percent each. In addition, the child's wages are still considered a tax deductible business expense for the parent—thus reducing the parent's taxable income. Although the child must pay normal income taxes on the wages he or she receives, it is likely to be at a lower tax rate than the parent pays. Some business owners are able to further reduce their tax burden by paying wages to their spouse. If these wages bring the business owner's net income below $62,700—the threshold for FICA taxes—then they may reduce the self-employment tax owed by business owner. It is important to note, however, that the child or spouse must actually work for the business and that the wages must be reasonable for the work performed.BENEFITS PLANS AND INVESTMENTS. Tax planning also applies to various types of employee benefits that can provide a business with tax deductions, such as contributions to life insurance, health insurance, or retirement plans. As an added bonus, many such benefit programs are not considered taxable income for employees. Finally, tax planning applies to various types of investments that can shift tax liability to future periods, such as treasury bills, bank certificates, savings bonds, and deferred annuities. Companies can avoid paying taxes during the current period for income that is reinvested in such tax-deferred instruments.Tax Planning for Different Business Forms"The first step in tax planning—for small business owners and professionals, at least—is to select the right form of organization for your enterprise," according to Albert B. Ellentuck in the Laventhol and Horwath Small Business TaxPlanning Guide. "You'll end up paying radically different amounts of income tax depending on the form you select. And your odds of being audited by the IRS will change, too." Many aspects of tax planning are specific to certain business forms; some of these are discussed below:SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPS AND PARTNERSHIPS. Tax planning for sole proprietorships and partnerships is in many ways similar to tax planning for individuals. This is because the owners of businesses organized as sole proprietors and partnerships pay personal income tax rather than business income tax. These small business owners file an informational return for their business with the IRS, and then report any income taken from the business for personal use on their own personal tax return. No special taxes are imposed except for the self-employment tax (SECA), which requires all self-employed persons to pay both the employer and employee portions of the FICA tax, for a total of 15.3 percent.Since they do not receive an ordinary salary, the owners of sole proprietorships and partnerships are not required to withhold income taxes for themselves. Instead, they are required to estimate their total tax liability and remit it to the IRS in quarterly installments, using Form 1040 ES. It is important that the amount of tax paid in quarterly installments equal either the total amount owed during the previous year or 90 percent of their total current tax liability. Otherwise, the IRS may charge interest and impose a stiff penalty for underpayment of estimated taxes.Since the IRS calculates the amount owed quarterly, a large lump-sum payment in the fourth quarter will not enable a taxpayer to escape penalties. On the other hand, a significant increase in withholding in the fourth quarter may help, because tax that is withheld by an employer is considered to be paid evenly throughout the year no matter when it was withheld. This leads to a possible tax planning strategy for a self-employed person who falls behind in his or her estimated tax payments. By having an employed spouse increase his or her withholding, the self-employed person can make up for the deficiency and avoid a penalty. The IRS has also been known to waive underpayment penalties for people in special circumstances. For example, theymight waive the penalty for newly self-employed taxpayers who underpay their income taxes because they are making estimated tax payments for the first time.Another possible tax planning strategy applies to partnerships that anticipate a loss. At the end of each tax year, partnerships file the informational Form 1065 (Partnership Statement of Income) with the IRS, and then report the amount of income that accrued to each partner on Schedule K1. This income can be divided in any number of ways, depending on the nature of the partnership agreement. In this way, it is possible to pass all of a partnership's early losses to one partner in order to maximize his or her tax advantages.What’s more, enterprises to carry out the correct tax, the need for the adoption of the following major route of transmission.First, reasonable means of financing options. In accordance with the provisions of China's current tax law, corporate interest payments on the loan within a certain range can be pre-tax expenses, and dividends can only be spending the after-tax profits of enterprise expenses. From a tax point of view, appropriate to the bank business loans and financing between enterprises, rather than directly to the fund-raising benefits.Second, a reasonable choice of trading partners. China's existing value-added tax system has a general taxpayers and small-scale taxpayers on the points, choose a different supplier object, the tax burden on enterprises is not the same. For example, when the Department of suppliers of value-added tax general taxpayer, the business after the purchase of goods, according to the amount of tax deduction of input tax amount of the corresponding balance after payment of value-added tax; if the purchase of goods for small-scale taxpayers, VAT can not be achieved Its not contain the amount of input tax deduction, the tax burden more than the former. Such as open invoices can also be part of deduction.Third, "the easy way out" tax conversion. Enterprises will be converted to high-tax low-tax, refers to economic activities in the same, there are a variety of revenue options to choose from, the taxpayers to avoid "high-tax point", choose the "low tax" and reduce the tax liability . The most typical example of this is to run non-taxable to the tax planning services. From the tax point of view, run mainly two: First, the same taxes, different tax rates. Systems such as supply and marketing enterprises, the general operating tax rate is 17% of the means of subsistence, but also the operatingvalue-added tax rate of 13% of the agricultural means of production and so on. Second, different taxes, different tax rates. This usually refers to types of enterprises in their business activities, both value-added business project, the project also involves the business tax.Fourth, the cost of reasonable expenses. Enterprises does not violate tax laws and financial system under the premise of the full cost of the reasonable expenses, that may occur on the full estimated losses and narrow the tax base and reduce the amount of taxable income. Countries allow for costs incurred in the projects, such as wages, respectively, the total amount of tax by 2%, 14%, 1.5% extracts of trade union funds, staff welfare, staff education funding should be sufficient to mention as much as possible to the whole. For some of the losses that may occur, such as bad debt losses, businesses should be fully expected in the tax law as far as possible the extent permitted by the cap enough to reserve. This is in line with the national tax law and financial system, can receive the tax effect.Fifth, to reduce tax liability. Factors that affect the tax liability there are two, namely, tax base and tax rates, the smaller the tax base, lower tax rates, tax liability is also smaller. Tax planning can start from these two factors to find legitimate ways to reduce tax liability. For example, an enterprise December 30, 2005 estimated taxable income amounted to 100,200 yuan, the enterprise income tax liability 25050 yuan (100200 ×25%). If the corporate tax planning, tax consulting fees to pay 200 yuan, the corporate taxable income 100,000 (100200-200), income tax liability 27,000 yuan (100000 × 27%), can be found by comparing, for tax planning to pay only 200 yuan, 6066 yuan tax is (33066-27000).Sixth, to weigh the severity of the overall tax burden. For example, many value-added tax planning programs have the general taxpayer and the taxpayer to choose small-scale planning. If an enterprise is a non-tax-year sales of about 900,000 yuan of production enterprises and enterprises to buy the materials each year the price of non-value-added tax of 70 million or less. The company's accounting system, the conditions identified as the general taxpayers. If that is the general taxpayer, the company's products are value-added tax rate applies to 17% capital gains tax liability 34,000 yuan (90 × 17% -70 × 17%); If it is small-scale taxpayers, the rate is 6%, 5.4 VAT liability million (90 ×6%)> 3.4 million. Therefore, from the perspective of value-added tax general taxpayer should be selected. But, in fact, although small-scaleVAT taxpayers pay 20,000 yuan, but the input tax amount of 119,000 yuan (70 ×17%), although it can not offset the costs, thereby increasing the cost of 119,000 yuan, the income tax reduction of 2.975 million (11.9 × 25%), than pay a 20,000 yuan of value-added tax. Therefore, the business tax planning in the selection of programs, not only to look in a certain period of time watching the program on tax less, and to consider business development goals, to choose to increase their overall revenue program.Seventh, take full advantage of preferential taxation policies. For taxpayers, the use of tax incentives for tax planning focuses on how the rational use of tax policies and regulations shall apply to the lower or more favorable tax rates, a well-planned production and operation activities, the actual tax burden to a minimum in order to achieve Festival tax effect. For example, according to China's Law of the State Council for approval of high-tech industrial development zone of the high-tech enterprises, since the production from the fiscal year income tax exemption for 2 years. To-business use of wastewater, waste gas, waste residue and other waste as the main raw materials for production, 5 years in the income tax reduction or exemption. In addition, to support agriculture and the development of UNESCO Wei investment, countries have different tax incentives. Business operators should refer to policy, comparing the investment environment, investment income, investment risks and other factors, decided to invest in the region, investment direction, as well as investment projects, a reasonable tax planning, in order to reduce the corporate tax burden.It should be noted that the above-mentioned methods taxpayers use tax, on the one hand, it is necessary to comply with the characteristics of enterprise production and management, overall planning, comprehensive consideration and can not cater for all kinds; On the other hand, to keep learning and understanding of national trends and policies on tax reform measures amendments and adjustments, accurately grasp the limits of tax regulations and policies, in-depth study of the relevant provisions of tax laws to prevent tax and give rise to other problems.税收筹划税收筹划涉及的设想和实施各种策略的目的是尽量减少对一定时期内支付的税款。
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外文文献翻译企业税收筹划的主要途径纳税筹划是在严格执行税法前提下，尽量减少缴税，习惯称其为节税。
企业要正确地进行节税，需要通过以下的主要途径。
一、选择合理的筹资方式。
根据我国现行税法规定，企业的借款利息支出在一定范围内可以税前列支，而股息支出则只能在企业的税后利润中列支。
从节税的角度看，企业适度向银行借款和企业间的相互融资，要比企业直接向社会筹资优惠。
二、选择合理的交易对象。
我国现行增值税制度规定有一般纳税人和小规模纳税人之分，选择不同的供货对象，企业所负担的税负则不相同。
例如，当供货方系增值税一般纳税人时，企业购进货物后，可按销项税额抵扣相应的进项税额后的余额缴纳增值税；如果购买小规模纳税人的货物，不能取得增值税专用发票的，其含有进项税额不能抵扣，税负比前者要多。
如开专用发票也可抵扣一部分。
三、“避重就轻”转换纳税义务。
企业将高纳税义务转换为低纳税义务，是指在同一经济行为中，有多种税收方案可供选择时，纳税人避开“高税点”，选择“低税点”，可减轻纳税义务。
最典型的例子就是对兼营非应税劳务进行的节税筹划。
从税收角度来看，兼营主要包括两种：一是税种相同，税率不同。
例如供销系统企业，一般既经营增值税率为17%的生活资料，又经营增值税率为13%的农用生产资料等。
二是不同税种，不同税率。
该种类型通常是指企业在其经营活动中，既经营增值税项目，又涉及营业税项目。
四、合理列支各项费用。
企业可以在不违反税法和财务制度的前提下，通过对各项费用充分合理的列支，对各项可能发生的损失进行充分估计，缩小税基，减少应纳税所得额。
对于国家允许在费用中列支的项目，如分别按计税工资总额的2%、14%、1.5%提取的职工工会经费、职工福利费、职工教育经费，应尽可能地提足提全。
对于一些可能发生的损失，如坏账损失等，企业应充分预计，在税法允许的范围内尽可能按上限提足准备金。
这既符合国家税法和财务制度的规定，又能收到节税的效果。
五、降低应纳税额。
影响应纳税额的因素有两个，即计税基数和税率，计税基数越小，税率越低，应纳税额也越小。
进行税务筹划可从这两个因素入手，找到合法的办法来降低应纳税额。
例如，某企业2005年12月30日测算的应纳税所得额为10.02万元，则企业应纳所得税25050元（100200×25%）。
如果该企业进行了税务筹划，支付税务咨询费200元，则该企业应纳税所得额100000元（100200-200），应纳所得税27000元（100000×27%），通过比较可以发现，进行税务筹划支付费用仅为200元，却节税6066元（33066-27000）。
六、权衡整体税负的轻重。
例如，很多筹划方案中都有增值税一般纳税人与小规模纳税人选择的筹划。
如某企业是一个年不含税销售额90万元左右的生产企业，企业每年购进的材料不含增值税的价格大致在70万元左右。
该公司会计核算体系健全，有条件认定为一般纳税人。
如果是一般纳税人，公司产品的增值税适用税率是17%，应纳增值税 3.4万元（90×17%-70×17%）；如果是小规模纳税人，税率为6%，应纳增值税5.4万元（90×6%）＞3.4万元。
因此，仅从增值税角度考虑应选择一般纳税人。
但实际上，虽然小规模纳税人多纳增值税2万元，但其进项税额11.9万元（70×17%），虽然不能抵扣却可以计入成本，从而增加成本11.9万元，所得税减少2.975万元（11.9×25%），大于多纳的增值税2万元。
因此，企业在选择税务筹划方案时，不能仅把目光盯在某一时期纳税较少的方案上，而要考虑企业的发展目标，选择有利于增加企业整体收益的方案。
七、充分利用税收优惠政策。
对于纳税人来讲，利用税收优惠政策进行纳税筹划的重点在于如何合理运用税收政策法规的规定，适用较低或较优惠的税率，妥善规划生产经营活动，使其实际税负最低，以达到节税的效果。
例如，根据我国税法规定，对国务院批准的高新技术产业开发区内的高新技术企业，自投产年度起免征所得税2年。
对企业利用废水、废气、废渣等废弃物为主要原料进行生产的，可在5年内减征或免征所得税。
此外，对用于支持农业以及教科卫事业发展的投资，国家也有不同的税收优惠政策。
企业经营者应参照政策规定，综合比较投资环境、投资收益、投资风险等因素，决定投资区域、投资方向以及投资项目，合理进行税务筹划，以减少企业税负。
需要说明的是，纳税人运用上述方法进行节税，一方面，要符合企业生产经营特点，统筹规划，综合考虑，不能顾此失彼；另一方面，要经常学习，了解国家税制改革动向及优惠政策措施的修订和调整，准确把握税收法规政策界限，深入研究税法的相关规定，防止因节税而引发其他问题。
外文文献原文Enterprises of the major means of tax planning Tax planning is the premise of strict enforcement of tax laws to minimize tax, customs tax called. Enterprises to carry out the correct tax, the need for the adoption of the following major route of transmission.First, reasonable means of financing options. In accordance with the provisions of China's current tax law, corporate interest payments on the loan within a certain range can be pre-tax expenses, and dividends can only be spending the after-tax profits of enterprise expenses. From a tax point of view, appropriate to the bank business loans and financing between enterprises, rather than directly to thefund-raising benefits.Second, a reasonable choice of trading partners. China's existing value-added tax system has a general taxpayers and small-scale taxpayers on the points, choose a different supplier object, the tax burden on enterprises is not the same. For example, when the Department of suppliers of value-added tax general taxpayer, the business after the purchase of goods, according to the amount of tax deduction of input tax amount of the corresponding balance after payment of value-added tax; if the purchase of goods for small-scale taxpayers, VAT can not be achieved Its not contain the amount of input tax deduction, the tax burden more than the former. Such as open invoices can also be part of deduction.Third, "the easy way out" tax conversion. Enterprises will be converted tohigh-tax low-tax, refers to economic activities in the same, there are a variety of revenue options to choose from, the taxpayers to avoid "high-tax point", choose the "low tax" and reduce the tax liability . The most typical example of this is to runnon-taxable to the tax planning services. From the tax point of view, run mainly two: First, the same taxes, different tax rates. Systems such as supply and marketing enterprises, the general operating tax rate is 17% of the means of subsistence, but also the operating value-added tax rate of 13% of the agricultural means of production and so on. Second, different taxes, different tax rates. This usually refers to types ofenterprises in their business activities, both value-added business project, the project also involves the business tax.Fourth, the cost of reasonable expenses. Enterprises does not violate tax laws and financial system under the premise of the full cost of the reasonable expenses, that may occur on the full estimated losses and narrow the tax base and reduce the amount of taxable income. Countries allow for costs incurred in the projects, such as wages, respectively, the total amount of tax by 2%, 14%, 1.5% extracts of trade union funds, staff welfare, staff education funding should be sufficient to mention as much as possible to the whole. For some of the losses that may occur, such as bad debt losses, businesses should be fully expected in the tax law as far as possible the extent permitted by the cap enough to reserve. This is in line with the national tax law and financial system, can receive the tax effect.Fifth, to reduce tax liability. Factors that affect the tax liability there are two, namely, tax base and tax rates, the smaller the tax base, lower tax rates, tax liability is also smaller. Tax planning can start from these two factors to find legitimate ways to reduce tax liability. For example, an enterprise December 30, 2005 estimated taxable income amounted to 100,200 yuan, the enterprise income tax liability 25050 yuan (100200 ×25%). If the corporate tax planning, tax consulting fees to pay 200 yuan, the corporate taxable income 100,000 (100200-200), income tax liability 27,000 yuan (100000 × 27%), can be found by comparing, for tax planning to pay only 200 yuan, 6066 yuan tax is (33066-27000).Sixth, to weigh the severity of the overall tax burden. For example, manyvalue-added tax planning programs have the general taxpayer and the taxpayer to choose small-scale planning. If an enterprise is a non-tax-year sales of about 900,000 yuan of production enterprises and enterprises to buy the materials each year the price of non-value-added tax of 70 million or less. The company's accounting system, the conditions identified as the general taxpayers. If that is the general taxpayer, the company's products are value-added tax rate applies to 17% capital gains tax liability 34,000 yuan (90 × 17% -70 × 17%); If it is small-scale taxpayers, the rate is 6%, 5.4 VAT liability million (90 × 6%)> 3.4 million. Therefore, from the perspective ofvalue-added tax general taxpayer should be selected. But, in fact, althoughsmall-scale VAT taxpayers pay 20,000 yuan, but the input tax amount of 119,000 yuan (70 × 17%), although it can not offset the costs, thereby increasing the cost of 119,000 yuan, the income tax reduction of 2.975 million (11.9 × 25%), than pay a 20,000 yuan of value-added tax. Therefore, the business tax planning in the selection of programs, not only to look in a certain period of time watching the program on tax less, and to consider business development goals, to choose to increase their overall revenue program.Seventh, take full advantage of preferential taxation policies. For taxpayers, the use of tax incentives for tax planning focuses on how the rational use of tax policies and regulations shall apply to the lower or more favorable tax rates, a well-planned production and operation activities, the actual tax burden to a minimum in order to achieve Festival tax effect. For example, according to China's Law of the State Council for approval of high-tech industrial development zone of the high-tech enterprises, since the production from the fiscal year income tax exemption for 2 years. To-business use of wastewater, waste gas, waste residue and other waste as the main raw materials for production, 5 years in the income tax reduction or exemption. In addition, to support agriculture and the development of UNESCO Wei investment, countries have different tax incentives. Business operators should refer to policy, comparing the investment environment, investment income, investment risks and other factors, decided to invest in the region, investment direction, as well as investment projects, a reasonable tax planning, in order to reduce the corporate tax burden.It should be noted that the above-mentioned methods taxpayers use tax, on the one hand, it is necessary to comply with the characteristics of enterprise production and management, overall planning, comprehensive consideration and can not cater for all kinds; On the other hand, to keep learning and understanding of national trends and policies on tax reform measures amendments and adjustments, accurately grasp the limits of tax regulations and policies, in-depth study of the relevant provisions of tax laws to prevent tax and give rise to other problems.。