跨文化交际课程期末考试题型+考试大纲
跨文化交际期末考试复习题
跨文化交际期末考试复习题Define the following items:1.intercultural communication: is simply defined as interpersonal communication between people from different cultural background.2.interethnic communication: refers to communication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds.3.verbal communication：communication done both orally and in written language.4.nonverbal communication: involves all nonverbal stimuli i n a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.4. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.5. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once.6. ethnocentrism ：the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.7. stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed groupmembership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。
跨文化交际导论期末考试题
对外经济贸易大学《跨文化交际（英）》期末考试I.True-False: Decide whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Write T for “true” and F for “false”.（每题1分，共20分）1.The term “intercultural communication” was first used by Geert Hofstede in1959.2.Hall defines culture as the "software of the mind" that guides us in our dailyinteractions.3.In most of Africa, Argentina and Peru, putting one’s index finger to his templemeans ‘You are crazy.’4.Stereotyping is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes yourexperiences and guides your behavior toward a particular group of people.5.V alues are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture.They are the innermost “skin of the onion.”6.People from some cultures may lower their gaze to convey respect, whereas thismay be understood as evading or even insulting in other cultures.7.Unbuttoning one’s coat is a sign of openness, friendliness or willingness to reachan agreement.8.In order for intercultural negotiation to be successful, the parties must provide fora win-lose situation.9.Edward Hall’s theory states that the four levels embody the total concept ofculture like an onion – symbols, heroes, rituals, and values.10.Successful intercultural business communication involves knowing theethnocentrisms of persons in other cultures. Understanding the mindsets of both oneself and the person of another culture will result in more efficient communication.11.Ethnocentrism is the belief that somebody else’s cultural background, includingways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication, is better than our own.12.People in the United States place a greater emphasis on history and do not likechange as compared with people of Asian and Latin cultures.13.When dealing with German business people, you should avoid jokes and otherforms of humor during the actual business sessions.14.In the business circle, American business people use first names immediately.panies should avoid sending female employees to the Middle East, as inArab countries men may refuse to work with women.16.In Southeast Asia, you should avoid presenting your business card with your righthand.17.When accepting a business card, German business people carefully look at thecard, observe the title and organization, acknowledge with a nod that they have digested the information, and perhaps make a relevant comment or ask a polite question.18.The OK sign may be interpreted as asking for money by Japanese businesspeople.19.Nonverbal communication is important to the study of interculturalcommunication because a great deal of nonverbal behavior speaks a universallanguage.20.In short, intercultural communication competence requires sufficient awarenessknowledge, motivations, and skills. Each of these components alone is sufficient to achieve intercultural communication competence.II.Translation: Translate the following Chinese terms into English and English terms into Chinese.（每题1分，共20分）1. stereotypes2. paralanguage3. ethnocentrism4. masculinity5. high-context culture6. monochronic time7. speech act 8. conversation taboos9. vocal qualifiers 10. power distance11. 译码12. 偏见13. 文化震惊14. 不确定性回避15. 概念意义16. 语用错误17. 礼貌原则18. 归纳法19. 空间语言20. 礼仪与礼节III.Multiple Choice: Choose the ONE appropriate answer.（每题1分，共20分）1. Understanding another culture ________.a.enables businesspeople to know why foreign associates believe and actas they dob.is best achieved through “do’s and don’ts” listsc.is important for businesspeople because they can appear to be betterinformedd.isn’t necessary for businesspeople2. Non-linear languages ______.a.are object orientedb.see time as a continuum of present, past and futurec.are circular, tradition oriented and subjectived.lead to short-range planning in business practices3. Which statement about values is incorrect?a. V alues are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in aculture.b. V alues are learned by contacts with family members, teachers, andreligious leaders.c. V alues will be influenced by what is seen on television or read innewspapers.d. People in various cultures have basically similar values.4. People from cultures that follow the monochronic time system tend toa. do one thing at a time.b. be committed to people.c. borrow and lend things often.d. build lifetime relationships.5. Which statement regarding haptics is incorrect?a. In Thailand, it is offensive to touch the head.b. Japan is considered a "don't touch" culture.c. Greece is considered a "touch" culture.d. In Latin American countries, touching between men is unacceptable.6. The opinion that everyone has a position and clearly defined privileges is _____.a. a view of hierarchical structure of social relationshipb. a view of group orientation structure of social relationshipc. a view of individual orientation structure of social relationshipd.none of the above7. General guidelines to follow when conversing with someone from anotherculture include all of the following except:a. politics is a safe topic in most cultures.b. avoid telling jokes.c. avoid personal questions.d. keep the conversation positive.8. Which statement best describes an incorrect handshake?a. In the U.S., a handshake should be firm.b. An Asian handshake is usually gentle.c. Germans repeat a brusque handshake upon arrival and departure.d. A British handshake is firm and repeated frequently.9. Which statement referring to thought patterns is incorrect?a. Asians typically use the inductive method of reasoning.b. Thought patterns impact oral communication.c.When using the deductive method of reasoning, one starts with the factsand goes to generalizations.d. Recognizing different thought patterns is important in negotiation withdifferent cultures.10. Which statement is incorrect?a. Costly business blunders are often the result of a lack of knowledge ofanother culture's nonverbal communication patterns.b. Processes of reasoning and problem solving are the same in all cultures.c.Attitudes toward time and use of space convey nonverbal messages inintercultural encounters.d.When in another culture, an appropriate caution would be to watch thebehavior of the persons you are talking with and match their style.nguage is important because it _____a.helps us shape concepts, controls how we think, and controls how weperceive others.b.allows us to be understood by foreigners.c.is determined by colonialism.d.is stable, easily understood, and free of diversity.12. Which of the following countries uses high-context language?a.Canadab.Germanyc.Japand.United States13. Slang is generally _____a.understood by everyone.b.spoken by the masses.c.easily translated.ed by subgroups.14. Nonverbal communication does not include _____a. chromatics.b. chronemics.c.haptics.d. semantics.15. Dominance, harmony, and subjugation are all value orientations that correspond to which of the following cultural problems?a.What is the nature of human beings?b.What is the relationship of humans to nature?c.What is the orientation of humans to time?d.What is the human orientation to activity?16. Proverbs are significant to the study of intercultural communicationbecause_______.a.they provide a compact description of a culture’s valuesb.they tell a great deal about what a culture praises and what it rejectsc.they unite a people with the wisdom of their ancestorsd.all of the above17. Which statement highlights weak uncertainty avoidance?a. One group's truth should not be imposed on others.b. Scientific opponents cannot be personal friends.c. Citizen protest should be repressed.d. Negative attitudes are expressed toward young people.18. The main idea of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is thatnguage is just a device for reporting a person's experience.b.two languages can represent the same social reality.c.the social reality can be conveyed to a person who does not speak thelanguage.nguage functions as a way of shaping a person's experience.19. Many multinational firms find that cultural shock can be alleviated bya. sending only top executives abroad.b. sending only young, single associates on overseas assignments.c. testing associates to see who is most qualified.d. selecting employees for overseas assignments who possess certainpersonal and professional qualifications.20. Which of the following statement is incorrect?a.Knowing cultural variations in the use of silence is helpful whenconversing with persons in another culture.b.We need to keep things in perspective and not get offended each time wedeal with someone who has a different attitude toward touchingc.Good advice when communicating with persons in other cultures is tokeep gestures to a minimumd.Although oral communication varies from culture to culture, non-verbalcommunication is almost always interpreted the same in each culture.IV.Answer the following essay question. (共20分)Compare and contrast the following proverbs from two different cultures: “It is the duck that squawks that gets shot”and “The squeaky wheel gets the grease.” How do people from these cultures perceive silence and talk? In light of their different perceptions, how might they view each other? What problems might arise in their interactions?V.Case Analysis: Analyze the following conversation from an intercultural perspective.(共20分)The following conversation took place between two Chinese friends.A: We’re going to New Orleans this weekend.B: What fun! I wish we were going with you. How long are you going to be there?A: Three days.B: Do you need a ride to the airport? I’ll take you.A: Are you sure it’s not too much trouble?B: No, no. It’s no trouble at all.Case Analysis: Analyze the following conversation from an intercultural perspective.参考答案及评分标准A卷VI.True-False: Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for “true” and F for “false”.（每题1分，共20分）1. F2. F3. F4. T5. T6. T7. T8. F9. F 10. T11. F 12. F 13. T 14.T 15. T 16. F 17. F 18. T 19. T 20. FVII.Translation: Translate the following Chinese terms into English and English terms into Chinese.（每题1分，共20分）1. stereotypes 定势/刻板印象2. paralanguage 辅助语言/副语言3. ethnocentrism 民族中心主义4. masculinity男性特征5. high-context culture高语境文化6. monochronic time单一时间观念7. speech act 言语行为8. conversation taboos对话禁忌9. vocal qualifiers 声音修饰10. power distance权力距离11. 译码 decoding 12. 偏见 prejudice13. 文化震惊cultural shock 14. 不确定性回避 uncertaintyavoidance15. 概念意义denotational meaning 16. 语用错误pragmatic failure17. 礼貌原则the Politeness Principle 18. 归纳法inductivepattern19. 空间语言spatial language/proximics 20. 礼仪与礼节etiquetteand protocolVIII.Multiple Choice: Choose the ONE appropriate answer.（每题1分，共20分）1. a2. a3. d4. a5. d6. a7. a8. d9. c 10. b11. a 12. c 13. d 14. d 15. b 16. d 17. a 18. d 19. d 20. dIX.Answer the following essay question. (共20分)测试重点：Compare and contrast the proverbs “It is the duck that squawks thatgets shot”and “The squeaky wheel gets the grease.”The former is an English proverbwhile the latter is a Chinese proverb. In light of their different perceptions, the twocultures might differ in terms of silence and talk etc. and problems might arise in theirinteractions.评分标准：从以上角度进行分析，其他根据具体答题情况酌情。
《跨文化交际》教学大纲、考试说明、样题及参考 答案
《跨文化交际》教学大纲辅导老师:适用班级:09春/秋英语(本科)单元简述第一单元语言、文化与交际内容：介绍语言、文化和交际之间的关系，跨文化交流模式，交流中的各种意义等。
教学目的：帮助学员认识到语言和文化是不可分的，对语言的充分理解需要文化意识。
学习目标：通过各种练习了解决定交际质量的基本要素，认识交际双方在交际过程中的交互作用，把握交际场合的定义、程式和价值观等。
第二单元文化冲击内容：介绍不同文化背景的人接触时常常感到的种种“文化诧异”现象。
教学目的：通过对各种“文化诧异”现象的分析培养学员的文化意识。
学习目标：通过练习认识到英汉在好客、谦逊、隐私、礼貌等方面的文化差异，进一步体会不同的文化价值观对交际行为的影响，初步学会如何适应一个新的文化环境。
第三单元姓名里的文化内容：姓名、称呼语和亲属语中的文化内涵。
教学目的：通过对姓名、称呼语和亲属语中的文化内涵的分析，使学员更加清楚地认识到英汉在这方面的文化差异。
学习目标：通过各种练习学会正确使用姓名、称呼语和亲属语。
第四单元人际间的交互作用内容：介绍在处理日常生活琐事过程中人际间的交互作用。
教学目的：培养学员对人们在处理日常生活琐事过程中不同行为模式的认识。
学习目标：通过练习学会处理邀请、约会、付帐、馈赠、请求、恭维、招待等行为中的文化差异，了解其中的一些不成文规则，更清楚地意识到自己的行为是如何受本族文化影响的。
第五单元角色和关系内容：介绍社会角色，如男和女、父母和孩子、朋友、社会身份等中的文化内涵。
教学目的：帮助学员分析社会角色和关系在不同文化中的期望值。
学习目标：意识到不同角色的不同期望值；意识到不同角色的不同责任；做到同其他文化背景的人交往时能够调整自己的期望值。
第六单元体态语交流内容：介绍体态语在跨文化交际中的重要作用。
教学目的：使学员熟悉不同种类的体态语以及不同文化对体态语的不同解释。
学习目标：通过练习能够描述体态语的不同意义；意识到成功的跨文化交际不仅需要知道如何用语言表达，而且要知道伴随恰当的体态语，在交流中有意识地注意脸部表情、目光接触、手势和身体位置、身体距离等。
《跨文化交际》课程教学大纲及样卷4
《跨文化交际》课程教学大纲课程编码： 30615016 学分：2 总学时：36说明【课程性质】《跨文化交际》是英语专业的专业任意选修课程。
【教学目的】通过比较系统、全面地介绍跨文化交际的相关知识，帮助学生认识人类交际活动的重要性、复杂性和丰富性，使其了解东西方文化的差异，用宽容的心态处理文化冲突，提高文化意识，达到有效交流。
【教学任务】要求学生能够清晰地审视各民族语言与文化的差异，在交际中克服母语的干扰，增强文化交流的灵活性和有效性，强化跨文化意识，提高文化交际能力。
【教学内容】本课程立足于中国学生实际，培养学习者的跨文化交际能力。
从文化的视角，全方位，多角度的进行东西方语言与文化的对比；讲解在交际中，语言，交际，文化的概念及相互关系；探讨各民族文化的差异；了解言语交际和非言语交际的作用；讨论如何克服跨文化障碍，提高交际水平。
【教学原则和方法】教学原则：兼顾理论性和实践性，突出指导性和可操作性。
教学方法：以学生为中心，结合东西方语言和文化的特点，通过案例分析来培养学生的分析和鉴别能力，扩展学生对跨文化交际研究的了解和认识。
【先修课程要求】英语语言学，英汉翻译理论、英美概况等专业课程的学习【学时分配】教材：顾曰国《跨文化交际》外语教学与研究出版社， 2000年。
参考书：宋利《跨文化交际导论》哈尔滨工业大学出版社， 2002年。
大纲内容第一部分交际中的语言和文化【教学目的和要求】教学目的：学生了解交际的种类；懂得交际的基本要素；学会交流的基本模式；了解文化交际的内涵。
教学要求：要求学生掌握文化交际的互动过程；认知不同的社会条件；熟悉非言语交际所传递的信息；了解交际的作用。
【内容提要】第一节语言与文化第二节交际的基本要素第三节交际的基本模式第四节交际的文化内涵第五节社会交流第六节跨文化交际【教学重点与难点问题】教学重点：语言、文化、交际、跨文化交际的概念；文化交际的基本要素；文化的特点教学难点：语言与文化的关系；文化与交际的关系【复习参考题】1．如何理解语言与文化的关系？2．如何看待文化与交际的关系？第二部分文化冲击【教学目的和要求】教学目的：学生了解英汉民族在好客、谦逊、隐私等方面存在的差异；学会鉴别东西方不同的文化理念；适应新的文化环境。
跨文化期末复习大纲
跨⽂化期末复习⼤纲Chapter 1 Introduction to Intercultural Communication 1.Definition of Intercultural Communication1.1Definition of Intercultural CommunicationICC is the term first used by Edward Hall in 1959 andis simply defined as interpersonal communication between members of different cultures.1.2According to Rich, ICC can be classified into five forms:(1)Intercultural communication(2)International communication(3)Interracial communication(4)Interethnic of minority communication(5)Contracultural communication1.3Gudykunst and Hammer(1987) classified ICC by using interactive-comparative and mediated-interpersonal dimensions to divide the realm of the inquiry intofour categories:(1)Intercultural communication(2)Cross-cultural communication(3)International communication(4)Comparative communication1.4As a phenomenon, ICC has the following features:(1)Universal phenomenon(2)Long history(3)Daily Occurrence2.Development of ICC2.1The History of ICC Studies in America2.1.1The Burgeoning PeriodUS government in 1946 passed the ForeignService Act and established Foreign Service Institute.2.1.2From 1960 to 1970Books: Oliver’s Culture and Communication(1962) and Smith’s Communication andCulture (1966)The first ICC training actually started in the 1960s with Peace Corps members.The first college class in this field was in 1966 at the University of Pittsburgh.2.1.3From 1971 to 19801970 and 1971 ICA & NCA1975 SIETAR-International (the International Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research)1977 International Journal of Intercultural Relations-Dan Landis2.1.4From 1981 to the Present Time1960s scholars began to make their contribution to ICC in 1980sHart (1996) summarized, the study of ICC gained acceptance through training and testing practice in the 1960s and 1970s, formed its basic framework in the late 1970s and has made great achievements in theory and practice ever since the 1980s both inside and outside the US.2.2The History of ICC Studies in China Professor Hu Wenzhong (1999)(1)The Germinating Period:1980-1990(2)The Establishing Period:1991-2000(3)The Expanding Period:2001-present3.Reasons for Studying ICC3.1Global Demographics(全球⼈⼝统计)3.2Global Economy3.3Technological Development3.4Effective Outcomes3.5Peace and Conflicts3.6Ethical Imperative4.Challenges in Studying ICC4.1Potential Problems in Learning ICC4.1.1Avoidance of the unfamiliar4.1.2Uncertainty4.1.3Withdrawal(退缩)4.1.4Stereotype(刻板印象)4.1.5Prejudice4.1.6Racism4.1.7Ethnocentrism(民族优越感)4.1.8Cultural shock(⽂化冲击)4.2Cultural Shocks and Cross-cultural Adaption3 cross-cultural interactions(1)short-term travelers(2)sojourners(3)immigrantsThe typical pattern of cultural adjustment often consists of distinct phases.(1)Honeymoon(2)Crisis(3)Recovery(4)Adjustment((5) Re-entry Shock-going home)“w-curve” figureHoneymoon-Crisis-Recovery-Adjustment-Honeymoon at home- Crisis at home (reentry shock)-Recovery at home-Adjustment at homeChapter 2 Communication and Culture1.Basics of Communication1.1Definition of CommunicationThe act and process of sending and receiving messages among people.1.2Functions of Communication(1)Practical functions(2)Social functions(3)Decision making functions(4)Personal growth functions1.3Types of CommunicationBased on the channels used for communication(1)Verbal communication(2)Nonverbal communicationBased on the style of communication(1)Formal communication(2)Informal communicationBased on the social levels(1)Intrapersonal communication(2)Interpersonal communication(3)Organizational communication(4)Mass communication1.4Components of Communicationmessage, sender, receiver, channel,noise(disturbances along the communication process), feedback, encoding, decoding1.5Communication Models1.5.1Lasswell’s 5W Linear Model1.5.2Wilbur Schramm’s Ring Model1.5.3The Contextualized Model1.6Characteristics of Communication Communication is dynamic, symbolic, contextual, self-reflective, interactive, learned.2.Basics of Culture2.1Definition of CultureThe total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values behaviors, institutions and communication patternsthat are shared, learned, passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. (Hall) Little culture is concerned with spiritual product such as language, literature, and art.Big culture refers to the sum total of human-made material product and non-material product. Dominant culture includes the cultural components common to most members of society, including the views of politics, conceptions of self and others, basic roles, standard forms of speech and general norms. E.g. Han culture in ChinaSubcultures can be ethnic, regional, occupational, social, economical, religious or gender-related in nature. E.g. northern and southern culture in China 2.2Functions of CultureDressler and Carns (1969):Culture enables us to communicate with others through a language that we have learned and that we share in common.Culture makes it possible to anticipate how others in our society are likely to respond to our actions. Culture gives us standard for distinguishing between what is considered right or wrong, beautiful and ugly, reasonable and unreasonable, tragic and humorous, safe and dangerous.Culture provides the knowledge and skill necessary for meeting sustenance needs.Culture enables us to identify with – that is, include ourselves in the same category with – other people of similar background.2.3Components of CultureCommunication aspect: language and symbols. Environment aspect: geography, climate ad places in the country.Science and technology aspect: math, physics,inventions, roads, bridges, railways.Economic system: money, finance, trade.Spiritual aspect: religion, mythology.Cognitive aspect: values, belief.Artistic aspect: art, literature, architecture.Behavioral aspect: laws, rituals(仪式惯例), mores(习俗)Daily life aspect: family, education, entertainment,dress, food, transportation, house.Social structure: social classes, ethnicityCulture consists of two levels:A level of values (invisible)A level of resultant behavior or artifacts of someform (visible)2.4Characteristics of CultureLearned, transmitted, selective, ethnocentric(民族中⼼主义的), dynamic(动态的), integrated(综合的)2.5Metaphor of Culture2.5.12.5.22.5.32.5.43.Relationship between Communication and CultureOn the one hand, culture is largely created, shaped, shared and learned through communication.Communication is the very medium of human interaction through which created and shared. Culture is considered more as a natural by-product of human communication and interaction than an intentional creation of human beings. In a sense, culture is the “residue(剩余)” of communication. Without communication, culture cannot be passed on and reinforced from generation to generation. Owing to the communication medium and other factors, culture is experiencing constant change.On the other hand, communication is also created, shaped, and transmitted by culture. When people communicate within an intercultural context, they take with them different cultural backgrounds, experiences, values and ways of thinking. Inevitably, human beings communicate with the imprint or mark of their own cultures.!!Chapter 3 Cultural Value Orientation Values are matters of preferences.Behavior Effectiveness) Study(1) Society an Hierarchy in China (2) Role of Family and Family Life (3) Politeness (4) Face(5) Guanxi (Interpersonal relationship) (6) Reciprocity(互惠) (7) HarmonyDeveloping&changing!!Chapter 4 Culture and Verbal Communication1.The Relationship between Language and Culture1.1Language Reflects the EnvironmentWe (only) label the things that are around us.1.2Language Reflects Cultural ValuesE.g. The kinship structure shows a complex butorderly communication system in which a clearterminology describes each positional role. There isan elaborate system of kinship terms, becauseChinese families used to be very big and highlyhierarchical.1.3Language Affects People’s Way of ThinkingLanguage determinism(语⽤决定论) is based on thehypothesis that the language people speakdetermines the way they perceive the world anddetermines culture.(Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)2.Culture-loaded WordsIt is said in Chapter 2 that the fundamental general communication principle is that symbols the sender uses to communicate must have essentially the same meaning in BOTH the sender’s and the receiver’s minds.(Misunderstanding occurs when the sender and the receiver attribute different meanings to the same word or use different words to express the same meaning.)2.1Denotational(指称)meanings refer to definitionmeaning depending upon our choice of wordselection.2.2Connotational(隐含) meanings refer to extendedmeanings or associated meanings.As busy as a beeAs cunning as a foxAs strong as a horseAs slippery as an eel(鳝鱼)As blind as a batAs meek as a lamb(温顺)As happy as a kingAs foolish as a donkeyAs stubborn as a muleAs wise as an owlAs majestic as a lion(庄严宏伟的)As stupid as a goose3.Culture Rules of SpeakingPragmatic transfer(语⽤迁移) is the use of rules of speaking from one’s own native speech community when interacting with members of the host speech community or simply when speaking in a second language.3.1Addressing(1) A proper Chinese name is arranged in the orderof surname plus given name(s).A proper Englishname is arranged in reverse order.(2)Some Chinese kinship term(亲属⽤语) are notonly used within one’s own family, but also onknown or unknown people to show one’spoliteness, respectfulness and friendliness.(3)Most occupational titles(⼯作职称) can be usedas addressing terms(称谓语) in Chinese, buttheir English equivalents are not necessarilyused in the same manner.3.2Greeting and Leave-taking3.2.1GreetingChinese often start with asking personalinformation to show warmth and to shortensocial distance.Native English prefer impersonal questionslike weather.3.2.2Leave-takingChinese: others-orientedWesterner: self-orientedIn English, informal offers are often performed by interrogative sentences(疑问句).Chinese offers may sound a little bit commanding.3.5Invitation and ResponseIn China, a successful inviting-transaction often takes several talk exchanges or preferred pairs, which an American may think the host is imposing and aggressive and the guest is hypocritical(虚伪).3.6Compliment and ResponseChinese regard compliments as virtues, as Americansaccept them as a kind of recognition of theirindividual efforts.3.7ApologiesFor the Chinese, apology most often occurs betweenpeople of unequal social status, and it is usually theperson with less power apologizes to the peosonwith more power.But for the native English speakers, an apology isnecessary whenever inconvenience or offense ismake with little consideration of the status or socialpower of the people concerned.4.Verbal Styles4.14.25 key aspects of Chinese verbal style(1)implicit communication （含蓄）(2)listening centeredness （听话）(3)politeness （客⽓）(4) a focus on insiders （⾃⼰⼈）(5)face-directed communication strategies （⾯⼦）4.38 Chinese and North Americans clash(冲突) ineveryday interactions:(1)What is not said vs. What is said(2)The use of We vs. I(3)Polite vs. Impolite talk(4)Indirect vs. Direct talk(5)Hesitant vs. Assertive speech(6)Self-effacing(谦逊的) vs. Self-enhancing talk(7)Private vs. Public personal questions(8)Reticent(沉默的) vs. Expressive speech!!Chapter 5 Culture and Nonverbal communication 1.The Nature of Nonverbal Communication1.1Definition of Nonverbal Communication Edward Hall: nonverbal communication is metacommunication(元信息传递), paralinguistic(副语⾔如⼿势等，超语⾔如叹息声等), second-order messages, the silent language, and the hidden dimension of communication.Judee Burgoon defined nonverbal communication as all those messages that people exchange beyond the words themselves.We may simply say that nonverbal communication is communication without the use of words contrary to verbal communication.1.2The Importance of Nonverbal communication Research shows: less than 35% of communication is verbal. 65% of communication takes place nonverbally.1.3Functions of Nonverbal Communication(1)Replacing means that using body language and other gestures to replace verbal communication. (2)Contradicting means that our nonverbal being opposite from the literal meaning.(3)Repeating signifies(表⽰) using body languageto add to the verbal meaning.(4)Conveying means using gestures and expressions to express the emotions and attitudes.(5)Modifying is using expressions, body language and other nonverbal means to correct the verbal meaning.(6)Regulating means using nonverbal gestures to guide the order of speaking.(7)Complementing is adding to the verbal meaning.1.4Similarities and Differences between Verbal andNonverbal communications (Characteristics of Nonverbal communication) 1.4.1Similarities(1)Use symbols(2)Are products of an individual(3)Require that someone attach meaningto these symbols(4)Are coding systems that we learn andpass on as part of the culturalexperience1.4.2Differences(1)Clear vs. ambiguous(2)Conscious vs. unconscious(3)Acquired and controllable vs. Naturaland uncontrollable(4)Nonverbal communication is moreuniversal than verbal communication.1.5Classification of Nonverbal Communication(1)Body movement(Kinesics)⾝势语(2)Eye contact(Oculesic)眼神学(3)Touching(Haptic)接触(4)Spatial language(Proxemics)空间语⾔(5)Chronemics(temporal language)时间语⾔(6)Paralanguage副语⾔学2.Nonverbal Communications in Different cultures 2.1Body Movement2.1.1PostureStanding-northern Europeans (slouch ×)Sitting-Japanese (sit on legs, cross legs ×) Bowing-AsiansSquating-northern and northwesternfarmers in China and Mexicans(less sophisticated)2.1.2GestureVictory,Peace: U.SOffensive Gesture: Britain; South Africa2.1.3Head Movement@Bulgaria no=nod2.1.4Facial expressionsOn the whole, Asian cultures tend to restrictthe range of facial expressions by Western standards.Reasons: People who have rich facial expressions in Asia would be considered as shallow persons (浅薄的⼈). People shouldhide our real feelings2.2Eye ContactVery direct: Middle Easterners, some Latin American groups, FrenchModerate: Mainstream Americans, Northern Europeans, BritishMinimal: East Asians, Southeast Asians, East Indians, Native Americans2.3Body touchTouch: Arabs, Southern and Western Europeans, Jews and Latins.Non-touch: Americans, Northern Europeans, Orientals.2.4Spatial LanguageAccording to Edward Hall, people from high-context cultures tend to stand close when talking to someone. Low-context cultures prefer a greater amount of interpersonal space.2.5.1Monochromic(单时制):Things scheduledonce at a time. @Germany, America2.5.2Polychronic(多时制) different things with2.6.1refers to nonverbal voice qualities, such astone, rate, pitch, accents, laughing, cryingand shouting2.6.2nonword noises “un-huh” in English, “hai” inJapanese2.6.3silence has different interpretations indifferent culturesChapter 6 Thought Patterns and Language1.Culture, Thought Patterns and Language1.1 The Relationships among Culture, Thought and LanguageLanguage is an instrument used in the communication of thought. Thought is influenced by language.Each of them influences and shapes others.They are seen as three parts of a whole.1.2Different Ways of Thinking between Chinese and Westerners1.2.1Cognitive Differences in language learningbetween East Asian and Western cultures:(1)Science and Mathematics(2)Attention and Perception(洞察⼒)(3)Casual Inference(4)Organization of Knowledge(5)Reasoning1.2.2Conceptual differences between Chineseand Western Thinking(1)Chinese traditional way of thinkingemphasizes on the morality andharmony of the society, and promotesthe collectivism, responsibility,devotion and so on.(2)The western way of thinkingemphasizes on logic and science,individual achievement or competition,and so on./doc/3517372007.htmlparing Thought Patterns between Chinese andWesterners2.1Synthetic(综合的) Thinking Mode vs. TheAnalytic(分析的) Thinking Mode(1) Chinese philosophy emphasizes unity of heavenand man, harmony”, t he blending of objects and man.(2) Westerners: man and objects should beseparated from each other, emphasize the formcoherence, logical deduction.2.1.1Holistic(整体论的) Thinking Mode vs.Analytic Thinking ModeChinese: Holistic (整体论的) Thinking:Orientation to the context as a whole, rely on experience-based knowledge Westerners: Analytic Thinking ModeDetachment of the object from its context,Tendency to focus on attributes of the object in order to assign it to categories2.1.2Dialectical(辩证的)-focus Thinking Mode vs.Formal Logical-focus Thinking ModeChinese: Dialectical-focus Thinking ModeRecognition of contradiction, ”middle way”(中庸之道)Westerners: Formal Logical-focus ThinkingModeAvoidance of contradiction, black of white 2.2The Curvilinear(曲线的) Thinking Mode vs. The Linear(直线) Thinking ModeRobert Kaplan (1966)line”represents the Oriental languagegroup, including Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, and so on.2.3The Image Thinking Mode vs. The Abstract Thinking Mode(1)Chinese itself is the imagery language.Chinese characters are the mimicry (模仿) ofnatural phenomenon. Chinese people expressabstract things through concrete images.(2)English is a kind of alphabetic writing, man-made regulated signals.Determine the meaning by the soundcombinationWestern people prefer using the abstract notionto express the concrete objects.2.4The Ontological(本体论) Thinking Mode vs. The Objective Thinking Mode(1)The Chinese people regard man as the center to observe, analyze, deduce and study the objects.(2)The English-speaking people take the objectiveworld as the center.Chapter 7 Culture and Interpersonal Relationship1.The Nature of Interpersonal Relationship1.1Types of Interpersonal Relationship(1)Kinship and Family Relations(2)Friends(3)Comradeship(同事关系)(4)Soul mates1.2Principles for Establishing Good Interpersonal RelationshipsMutual attractions to both sides(2)Credit principle(诚信原则)Treat others with trust and sincerity(3)Respect principleMaintain equal positions of each party(4)Tolerance PrincipleSeek for common grounds while putting asidedifferences(5)Moderation principleTime, distance, frequency for communicationshall be moderate. The degree of closenessshould be properly maintained.2.Cultural Differences in Interpersonal RelationshipsIn the US, people tend to use four dimensions to distinguish among different types of relationships(1)Cooperative-friendly to competitive-hostile(2)Equal to unequal(3)Intense to superficial(4)Socio-emotional(社会情感性的)-informal to task-oriented-formalIn Japan,(1)In-group(2)Those whose background is fairly well known(3)Out-group/stranger2.1Intercultural FriendshipsGenerally, friendships are closer in collectivistcultures than in individualistic cultures.2.2Intercultural Romantic RelationshipsGenerally speaking, in high power distance cultures,romantic relationships are expected to take placewithin your cultural class. In low power distancecultures, a person is expected to select romanticpartners on the basis of individual factors such aspersonality and appearance.In Western cultures, marriage is seen as the union ofmarriage is seen as the alliance between two families.2.3Intercultural MarriageSubmission(顺从), compromise, obliteration(忘却),consensus(⼀致)(best)2.4Internet Friendship and Love3.Challenges to Intercultural Personal Relationships3.1Possible stumbling block(绊脚⽯) for interculturalrelationships(1)Cultural differences(2)Prejudice and discrimination(3)Historical relationships(4)Different perceptions(认知,观念) ofcommunication competence3.2A key to having a successful intercultural relationshipis establishing an effective relational culture(确⽴相互关系的⽂化).In essence, relational partners develop their ownculture –a mix of both of their larger culturalbackgrounds and their idiosyncratic(有⽓质的)behaviors and personalities.3.3Effective relational cultures are based on(1)Positive affect toward the partner(2)Perception of positive motives (assuming yourpartner is supporting you)(3) A perception of the relationship(4)As a benefit to each other (e.g. I am better offwith my partner than without her.)Chapter 8 Culture and Business Etiquette1.The Basis of Business EtiquetteEtiquette is a set of practices and forms which are followed in a wide variety of situations. Carl Nelson’s eight common protocol element areNamesRank and titleTimeCommunicationsGift givingFood and drink2.Creating a Powerful First Impression2.1Introducing yourself and othersRule 1: show respect for the most important person in the setting by mentioning his/her name first.Rule 2: try to include a brief comment about each person being introduced so that they have some basic knowledge about each other.2.1.1Introducing yourselfTell the name and information about the circumstance2.1.2Introducing othersSay the “more respected” person’s namefirst2.2Greeting peopleUS: first name, middle name, last nameFrench: Monsieur/MadameGermany: last name basisItaly: titles and surnamesBritish: use of first names is prevalent(普遍的)Latin America: add mother’s maiden name to their surnameChina: surname first, often titles are used2.3Card ExchangingBilingual cards: name, job title, company name, address, telephone number, facsimile number, e-mail address2.4Business DressComfortable, tasteful and stylishA reflection of your social status and relative success3.Business Scheduling3.1Appointing MakingMake appointments in advance. E.g. Germans3.2Recognizing Rules and CustomsThe first thing you should know is their typical hoursof work, lunch, and break time so as to makeappointments at a proper time.4.Social Entertaining 4.1Dining Practices4.1.1SeatingBritish method:4.1.2Table setting4.1.3Eating StylesAsians: chopsticksMiddle Easterners: Eat with your fingers, if the host does. But use the right hand only4.1.4Table MannersDo not point or gesticulate with your knife(or any other implement for that manner)while engaged in conversation at table.4.1.5FoodFrance: You may ask for more water, but notwine. You are supposed to wait for your hostto serve you.4.2Drinking ProtocolIn Russia and South Korea, in northern Europe,theability to consume a great quantity of alcohol isconsidered a measurement of an individual'smanhood.Toast:The first toast is offered before eating and serves towelcome the guests.A toast to the guest of honor is made after thedessert course when the wine glasses have been4.3Tipping ProtocolChina, Japan, Australia, New Zealand are some of thenon-tipping countries.A tip of 15% considered generousA tip of 20% when service is excellent5.Gift-giving EtiquetteU.S.Presenting a gift is a thoughtful gesture, but not expected.Business gifts are often presented after the deal is over.In most situations, gifts are opened immediately and shown to all present.For your business associates, you can choose gifts such as useful office items, liquor, wine, or something that comes from your country.JapanGift giving is an important part of business protocol.Business culture emphasizes on the ritual of gift-giving, rather than the gift itself.It is a good policy to prepare enough gifts for your trip.“this is only a small gift or it is a dull thing”Gifts should not be opened in the presence of the giver.Favorite gifts for the Japanese are imported liquor, designer-made also musical tapes and CDs.6.Digital Etiquette6.1Telephone EtiquetteDon’t be distracted by other work or chew gum whileon the phone.This lack of respect is transferred to the other end of the conversation, even though the person can’t see you.If you need to find information for a caller while he or she is on the line, put the caller on hold; offer to phone the caller back if you need to place him or her on hold for more than a minute.Always try to smile when you speak; your warmth and sincerity will come through the person with whom you are speaking.6.2Email EtiquetteBusiness email may involve more traditional use of capitalization and spelling.For external emails, use the recipient’s formal title.Add headings, lists, or numbers that will make your email easier to skim.Use jokes, slang, emotional punctuations, and emotions with care.Chapter 13 Intercultural Communication Competence1.The Challenges in the Setting of Glocalization1.1The Concept of Glocalizationthe local considerations.“Think globally and act locally.”全球化视⾓本⼟化⾏动1.2Facing the Challenges of Glocalization1.2.1The ethics of intercultural competenceThree dilemmas(1)How much do you think we should giveup of ourselves to become “Romans”?(2)Should belief, value, norm or socialpractice be judged by your ownknowledge and value system?(3)Should all intercultural contacts be encouraged?Is ICC always positive?1.2.2Appropriateness and EffectivenessThey are two primary criteria of Intercultural Communication CompetenceAppropriateness means that the valuedrules, cultures, norms and expectances ofthe relationships are not violatedsignificantly.Effectiveness is the achievements of thegoals.2.Becoming a Competent Intercultural Communicator 2.1The Components of Intercultural Communication Competence2.1.1Cross-cultural Attitude ModelThis approach pays more attention tocultural knowledge and affective aspect ofthe communicator.2.1.2Behavioral-skill ModelIncorporate the different approachesThey believe that the most ideal condition ofICC competence occurs when an individual possesses high degrees of interculturalknowledge, motivation and skills.2.1.3Young Yun Kim’s ICC Competence ModelCognitive components (knowledge ofcommunication codes/rules, culturalunderstanding, cognitive complexity)Affective components ( adaptationmotivation, identity flexibility, emotionalcoorientation成对取向).[inward components] in one’s mindOperational components (technicalcompetence, synchrony⼀致性,resourcefulness善于随机应变)[outward components] behavior The three facts are inseparable in reality.⼗⼩时泣⾎之作T T2013-1-9 0:42:56加油！！灰⾊背景为2013.1.9的问答框架Case analysis 是到中国来教外语的mark和中国同事的相处⽭盾判断和选择要求对知识点感性认识，注意重点细节问答注意那种不太长⼤概涉及四五个知识点的内容，还要举个栗⼦=w=Case analysis要扯术语，上课好好听Ps知识点整理和考试题回忆都不是重点，上课要好好听考前好好复习！！⾄少两个下午⼀个晚上吧学姐只能帮你到这了T T2013-1-9 13:21:25。
跨文化交际考试大纲
跨⽂化交际考试⼤纲跨⽂化交际考试⼤纲跨⽂化交际考试⼤纲课程编码：跨⽂化交际课程性质：专业必修课时：36 学分：2开课学期：第6学期先修课程：英语国家概况，语⾔学，英美⽂学适⽤专业：商务英语专业⼀、考试⽬的本课程的考试⽬的主要考核学⽣对理论知识的掌握与联系实际情况，即对课内教材和教师的授课内容的掌握与联系实际情况等。
⼆、考试的内容及要求（⼀）绪论考试内容：1. 跨⽂化交际的概念、意义。
2. 跨⽂化交际学的学科性质和发展历史。
要求：掌握跨⽂化交际的概念，了解跨⽂化交际的意义、历史、学科发展史。
（⼆）第⼀章交际与⽂化考试内容：1. 交际的概念和特性。
2. ⽂化的定义与特征。
3. ⽂化与交际的关系。
要求：掌握⽂化与交际的概念，了解交际的特性、⽂化的特征，理解⽂化与交际之间的关系。
（三）第⼆章⽂化的影响考试内容：1. ⽂化的多样性2?⽂化的深层结构要求：掌握⽂化模式的概念，了解交际的多样性, 理解⽂化的深层结构。
（四）第三章语⾔与⽂化考试内容：1. 语⾔与交际的关系，其中包括语⾳、语义、句法、语⽤与跨⽂化交际的关系。
2. 语⾔的翻译。
要求：通过各种实例、练习了解语⾳、语义、句法、语⽤与跨⽂化交际的关系。
（五）第四章⾮⾔语交际考试内容：1. ⾮⾔语交际的概念、功能、特征。
2. ⾮⾔语的词义和语⽤。
3. ⼈体语、时间语、空间语4. 其他⾮⾔语信息。
要求：了解⾮⾔语交际的研究概况、功能、特征, 了解并学会恰当使⽤⼀批常⽤的⾮⾔语，掌握⼀些常见的不同⽂化背景下的体态语。
（六）第五章⽂化对商业语境的影响考试内容：1. ⽂化与商业语境2. 国际商业语境3. 国内商业语境要求：了解⽂化价值观对商业语境的影响，并通过与中国传统交易⽅式的对⽐，掌握经济全球化形势下如何进⾏有效沟通，成功进⾏国际竞争的原则和技巧。
（七）第六章⽂化对教育语境的影响考试内容：1. 教育体制差异性2. 多元⽂化教育背景3?多元⽂化背景下的教学⽅式要求：通过学习中外教育体制，了解不同⽂化中教育理念的差异，以及课堂中师⽣⾓⾊的期待差异所导致的不同课堂风格和教学⽅法。
跨文化交际课程期末考试资料
跨文化交际课程期末考试资料1. privacyprivacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.2.collectivist cultureCollectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is thein-group or collective.3. culture shockculture shock：It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture. Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture4.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.5. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.6.Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.7. NormsNorms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.8身势语行为Kinesics：is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.9.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.10. ParalanguageParalanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message11.proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space.12.跨文化能力intercultural competence:refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behavein an appropriate way and to regulate one’s communication and interaction according to the context13.uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man’s search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍程度。
2021年最新跨文化交际期末考试复习题（完整版）
跨文化交际期末考试复习题Define the following items:1.Culture：On the surface: customs and behaviorMore deeply: what the behavior and customs mean t o the people who are following themIn a word: Culture is all about meaningsHall: Culture is everything and everywheremunication：Communication is our ability to share our ideas and feelings.(the basis of all human contact)3.intercultural communication：Intercultural communication is communicationbetween people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities.4.high-context culture：In high-context messages, meaning is not necessarilycontained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliation).5.low-context culture：In low-context messages, the majority of the informationis vested in the explicit code.6.relationship between culture and language：7.verbal communication8.analytical thinking patterns (inductive)9.synthetic thinking patterns (deductive)10.nonverbal communication：Nonverbal communication involves allnonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver11.body language：Body language refers to all nonverbal codes which are associatedwith body movements.Body language includes gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can beused to communicate.12.monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In thesecultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbonstretching from the past into the future.13.polychronic time (P Time)：P-time schedules several activities at the sametime. It is more flexible and more humanistic.People from P-time system emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.14.ethnocentrism：the view of things in which one’s own group is the center ofeverything, and al l others are scaled and rated with reference to it” (WilliamG. Sumner)15.stereotypes：Stereotypes are a form of generalization about some g roupof people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people 16.prejudice： It refers to negative attitudes towards other people that arebased on faulty and inflexible stereotypes.It is an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards another group of people. ( Lusting & Koester)17.discrimination：It refers to the behavioral manifestations of theprejudice, it can be thought of as prejudice “in action”. ( Lusting & Koester)18.racism：19.culture shock：Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness,confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture. (Linell Davis)20.acculturation：It is culture change that results from continuous firsthandcontact between two distinct cultural groups.It is through acculturation that personal transformation from cultural contact takes place.Acculturation includes psychological, physiological and social changes.Essay Writing1.Describe your personal intercultural experiences in about 300-500words.2.From the perspective of intercultural communication, analyze thefollowing movies.(1)Joy Luck Club(2)Guasha(3)Crash。
跨文化交际考试大纲
跨文化交际考试大纲课程编码：跨文化交际课程性质：专业必修课时：36 学分：2开课学期：第6学期先修课程：英语国家概况，语言学，英美文学适用专业：商务英语专业一、考试目的本课程的考试目的主要考核学生对理论知识的掌握与联系实际情况，即对课内教材和教师的授课内容的掌握与联系实际情况等。
二、考试的内容及要求（一）绪论考试内容：1．跨文化交际的概念、意义。
2．跨文化交际学的学科性质和发展历史。
要求：掌握跨文化交际的概念，了解跨文化交际的意义、历史、学科发展史。
（二）第一章交际与文化考试内容：1．交际的概念和特性。
2．文化的定义与特征。
3．文化与交际的关系。
要求：掌握文化与交际的概念，了解交际的特性、文化的特征，理解文化与交际之间的关系。
（三）第二章文化的影响考试内容：1．文化的多样性2．文化的深层结构要求：掌握文化模式的概念，了解交际的多样性，理解文化的深层结构。
（四）第三章语言与文化考试内容：1．语言与交际的关系，其中包括语音、语义、句法、语用与跨文化交际的关系。
2．语言的翻译。
要求：通过各种实例、练习了解语音、语义、句法、语用与跨文化交际的关系。
（五）第四章非言语交际考试内容：1．非言语交际的概念、功能、特征。
2．非言语的词义和语用。
3．人体语、时间语、空间语。
4．其他非言语信息。
要求：了解非言语交际的研究概况、功能、特征，了解并学会恰当使用一批常用的非言语，掌握一些常见的不同文化背景下的体态语。
（六）第五章文化对商业语境的影响考试内容：1．文化与商业语境2．国际商业语境3．国内商业语境要求：了解文化价值观对商业语境的影响，并通过与中国传统交易方式的对比，掌握经济全球化形势下如何进行有效沟通，成功进行国际竞争的原则和技巧。
（七）第六章文化对教育语境的影响考试内容：1．教育体制差异性2．多元文化教育背景3．多元文化背景下的教学方式要求：通过学习中外教育体制，了解不同文化中教育理念的差异，以及课堂中师生角色的期待差异所导致的不同课堂风格和教学方法。
跨文化交际期末考试
跨文化交际期末考试名词解释Unit 1:Economic globalization: the integration of national economic into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.*Barter system: farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.Global village: all the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the internet.Melting pot: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.Cultural diversity: the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.Communication: meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part to share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.Intercultural communication:communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough alter the communication eventComponents of Communication：①Source: The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.②Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting an idea intoa symbol.③Message: The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process ,the verb; the message is the resulting object.④Channel:The term channel is used technical to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.⑤Noise: T he term noise technically refers to anything that the message the source encodes.⑥Receiver: The receiver is the person who attends to the message.⑦Decoding:The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.⑧Receiver response: It refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.⑨Feedback:Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.10．Context: The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes places and which helps define the communication.Pragmatics: the study of effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior. Semantics: the study of the meaning of words.Denotation:the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.Connotation: the suggestive meaning of a word --- all thevalues, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word. the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.Taboo:some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.Euphemism: the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.Unit 5:Chronemics: the study of how people perceive and use time.Monochromic time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.Polychromic time: being involved with many things at once.Proxemics: the perception and use of space.Kinetics: the study of body language.Paralanguage:involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.Unit 9:A planetary culture: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalism.Intercultural person: represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.caseUnit11.What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village?1）Convenient transportation systems 2）Innovation communication systems3）Economic globalization 4）Widespread migrations2.What are the three aspects where the cultural differences exist?The three aspects where the cultural differences exist are:1)the material and spiritual products people produce2)What they do3)What they think3.What are the three ingredients of culture?1. Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce)2. behavior (what they do)3. concepts (beliefs, values, world views…) (what they think)4.How to understand cultural iceberg?What we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg, which refers to something changing more rapidly such as clothing, language, gestures etc.The majority of the iceberg is intangible and beyond sight, which refers to something deeply rooted and hard to change such as belief, interpersonal relationship, values, etc.5.What are the characteristic of culture?Culture is shared, learned, dynamic and ethnocentric.Enculturation6.What are the characteristic of communication?Communication is dynamic, irreversible, symbolic, systematic, transactional and contextual.Unit 2-47.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?The Americans tend to address only with given names while the Chinese may use the full name. Even when the full names areused in some formal accessions by the Americans, the given names would be placed before the surname while the Chinese would do the opposite.Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage while the Americans seldom do so.The Chinese tend to address the people with titles but in English only a few occupation or titles could be used.8.How is the Chinese writing style different from the American style?The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre.’ The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly.In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing with the factual-inductive pattern. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay.9.What are the social functions of compliments?Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment.Unit 510. What are the different features of M-time and P-time?M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure. P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time andtime is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.Unit 611. How is gender different from sex?Sex: biological、permanent、with an individual property.Gender: socially-constructed、varied over time and across cultures、with a social and relational quality.12.What has influenced the gender socialization?According to researchers,there are two primary influences on gender socialization: family communication, particularly between mothers and children, and recreational interaction among children.13. What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication?1) Suspend judgement; 2) Recognize the validity of different communication styles;3) Provide translation cues. 4) Seek translation cues.5) Enlarge your own communication style. 6) Suspend judgementUnit 914.What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck? （ppt中的补充内容）As far as the human nature is concerned, American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese cultureholds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group.)。
跨文化交际期末复习资料
Final examPart 1 prehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习APart 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习CPart 4 Term-matching（10*1）Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。
Terms/questions:1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2. Barber system–Farming munities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.–Human society has always traded goods across great distances.3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space pression–All the different parts of the world form one munity linked together by electronic munications, especially the Internet.4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.6. Intercultural munication: refer to munication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their munication event. Perception7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior.11. munication: mean to share with or to make mon, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.12. ponents of munication：Source交际邀请The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to municate.Encoding编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your munication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to municate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel交际渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face munication.Noise干扰The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the munication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver response接受反应The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message. Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context场景The final ponent of munication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the munication takes place and which helps define the munication.13. Pragmatics语用学:the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.14. Semantics语义学：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.15. Denotation：the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.16. Connotation：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.17. Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.18. Euphemism委婉语：means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.19. Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.20. Proxemics（空间学）：refers to the perception and use of space.21. kinesics（肢体语言）：The study of body language .22. Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal munication .23. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.24. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once25. Planetary culture行星文化: is explored, which integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism.26.Intercultural personhood(跨文化人格)：Represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.1. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village？P8~9Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative munication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations2. What are the three aspects where cultural differences exist?Verbal difference: language, thought patterns…Non-verbal munication: body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage, environment…Perception: values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes3. What are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三个成分（three Ingredients）P5~6 An shared artifact（the material and spiritual products people produce）shared Behavior（what they do）shared Concepts（beliefs, values, world views……what they think）4. How to understand cultural Iceberg?P6~7Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.(Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (P7))5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentricCulture is shared. All munications take place by means of symbols.Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes. Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation .Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.6. What are the six characteristics of munication?Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextual munication is dynamic.munication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you municate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action. munication is irreversible.Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.munication is symbolic.Symbols are central to the munication process because they represent the shared meanings that are municated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be municated to another person.munication is systematicmunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction.munication is transactional. (P8)A transactional view holds that municators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation. munication is contextual. (P8)All munication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.7. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(三方面)P22~24 In Chinese the surname es first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed.Addressing by names: In China seniority is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (intimacy and equality)Addressing by relationship: Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Addressing by title, office, profession: A nother mon Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office, profession to indicate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.8. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre’. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series ofsubdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.9. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97M: Do one thing at a timeTake time mitments seriouslyAre mitted to the jobAdhere religiously to plans Emphasize promptnessAre accustomed to short-term relationships P: Do many things at onceConsider time mitments an objective to be achieved, if possibleAre mitted to people and human relationshipsChange plans often and easilyBase promptness on the relationship Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationshipsM-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure.P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.10. What different worldview can be drive from Buddhism and Christianity? Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain.Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.11. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?As far as the human nature is concerned, the American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work.As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem.They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.12. What is the Chinese cultural value like in terms of value orientation?P What is the character of innate human nature?What is the relation of man to nature?What is the temporal focus of human life?What is the mode of human activity?What is the mode of human relationships?11. It is evil but perfectible/ Man can conquer the nature / present / being-orienteda non-developmental model of society/ petitive12. Good but corruptible/ harmony with nature / Past/ being-and-being is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace/ cooperation13. How is gender different from sex? P119~120Sex: biological, permanent, with a individual propertyGender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality14. What are the two primary influences processes of Gender Socialization? P121 Family municationRecreational interaction15. Identify the features of each of four Hofsted’s cultural dimensions and the contrast between high-context and low-context culture.（语境案例分析）P192~193 Individualism VS collectivism /Masculinity VS femininity /Power distance/Uncertainty avoidanceHigh-context VS. low-contextHigh-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in munication.Low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective munication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.谚语：Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁More haste, less speed. 欲速不达To pass fish eyes for pearls 鱼目混珠as stubborn as a mule 犟得像头牛dumb bell 笨蛋to fish in the air 水底捞月to drink like a fish 牛饮as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蜡to be at the end of one’s rope 山穷水尽landscape engineer 园林工人tonsorial artist 理发师sanitation engineer 清洁工shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠soft in the head 发疯的reckless disregard for truth 撒谎to take things without permission 偷窃industrial climate 劳资关系紧张justice has long arms 天网恢恢，疏而不漏diamond cut diamond 棋逢对手golden saying 金玉良言fat office 肥缺You will cross the bridge when you get to it船到桥头自然直better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 宁为鸡头，勿为牛后tread upon eggs 如履薄冰。
《跨文化交际》期末复习应考指南
《跨⽂化交际》期末复习应考指南《跨⽂化交际》期末复习应考指南第⼀部份课程考核说明⼀、复习应考基本要求本学科是由中央电⼤开设的英语本科专业的⼀门必修课，开课⼀期，学完考试及格记4.5学分。
本门课程所有与考试相关的要求均由中央电⼤制定，复习时请以中央电⼤下发的有关资料及中央电⼤教学平台上所挂内容为准。
1. 考核⽬的⽬的在于考查学⽣通过对本门课程的学习，运⽤英语进⾏跨⽂化交际的能⼒。
要求学⽣能够掌握适应不同场合和交际⽬的的⼝头和书⾯交际的技能，能够介绍我国国情和⽂化，讨论有关交际的问题。
能够在阅读时获得整体交际信息或把握主要内容及⼀些细节。
2. 考核⽅式本课程的考核采取两种形式：形成性考核和期末考试。
课程总成绩为百分制，形成性考核占20%，课程期末考试占80%。
（1）形成性考核：包括平时作业、参与⾯授辅导和各项教学活动的情况，以及学⽣对学习过程的⾃我监控情况，占课程总成绩的20%。
（2）期末考试包括⼝试和笔试两部分。
⼝试满分100分，占课程总成绩的15%；笔试包括单项选择，阅读理解和案例分析，满分也为100分，占课程总成绩的65%。
3．适⽤教材考试命题的教材为顾⽈国主编，外语教学与研究出版社2000年9⽉第2版《跨⽂化交际》教材。
4. 命题依据本课程的命题依据是《跨⽂化交际》课程的教学⼤纲、教材、实施意见。
5. 考试要求本课程的期末考试以考查读写技能为主，听说技能为辅，适当包括课程中介绍的语⾔和⽂化知识。
6. 笔试试题结构⼆、复习应考资料及其使⽤本学科本次考试有下列3种资料，可供学员复习应考⽤。
（⼀）中央电⼤下发的形成性考核作业册的4次作业。
形成性考核作业册是由中央电⼤的责任教师重新编写的，与考试题型相同，难度基本⼀致，对本期期末考试有较强的指导性，所以⼀定要认真⽤好。
形成性考核作业⽼师均作过评讲，请按⽼师平时所评讲的要求掌握。
（⼆）在线⾃测题。
在线⾃测题的内容由市电⼤课程责任⽼师设置，并且给出了相应的解析，这四套⾃测题既是对平时作业的补充，同时也是对考试内容的补充和强调，请各位学员⼀定要引起重视。
《跨文化交际》 考试大纲
《跨文化交际》考试大纲一、课程基本作息：课程编码：课程类型：专业方向课所属教研室：外语专业教研室学时及学分：34 学时；2学分考核对象：英语专业二、课程教学目的及任务：《跨文化交际》课程是英语专业的一门专业核心必修课程。
要求学生通过这门课程的学习，基本掌握本课程的基础理论知识、具备对跨文化交际及其相关问题的分析能力，提高与来自不同文化背景的人进行交往的技能。
为检查学生对此门课的知识结构及其交际技能的掌握情况，特制定本考试大纲。
本大纲的考核对象是本科英语专业的学生。
通过课堂教学、课外辅导，及学生自学相结合的方式，学生在修完本课程时需具备一定的跨文化理论知识及交际技能。
三、考试目的：本课程的考试目的主要考核学生对理论知识的掌握与联系实际情况，即对课内教材和教师的授课内容的掌握与联系实际情况等。
要求学生通过该课程的学习了解英语文化的具体文化知识、文化功能、价值观念及与本族文化的差异，增强文化意识，培养跨文化交际的能力，提高文化学习能力。
四、教材和主要参考资料：教材：《跨文化交际实用教程》胡超主编，外语教学与研究出版社，2006.6主要参考资料：《跨文化交际》Samovar主编，外语教学与研究出版社，2000.08《跨文化交际概论》胡文仲主编，外语教学与研究出版社，1999.11《跨文化交际学》唐德根，中南大学出版社，2000.04《跨文化交际》顾曰国，外语教学与研究出版社，2009.09《新编跨文化交际英语教程(修订版) 》许力生、吴丽萍，上海外语教育出版社，2013.04《跨文化商务交际(第2版)》窦卫霖，高等教育出版社，2011.05《跨文化交际视听说》樊葳葳，《大学英语选修课/学科课程系列教材》项目组高等教育出版社2009.03《翻译与跨文化交际》陈建平、何其莘、仲伟合、许钧，外语教学与研究出版社 2012.09五、考试内容和要求：Unit 11. The elements of culture2. The characteristics of culture3. The elements of intercultural communicationUnit21. Form of address2. Greetings3. Initiating conversation and conversation topic4. Visiting5. PartingUnit 31. Compliments and compliment responses2. Social functions of compliments3. Differences between Chinese and English compliments4. Common response formulas of English and Chinese compliments5. Cultural assumption6. Expressions of gratitude and apology in English and ChineseUnit 41. Culturally loaded words2. Cultural reflections on proverbs3. Taboos4. Differences in cultural thought patternUnit 51. Nonverbal communication, its understanding status2. Nonverbal communication, its study areas3. Cultural differences in nonverbal communication4. Time language5. Space language6. Body language7. ParalanguageUnit 61. Sex and Gender2. Feminine and Masculine communication cultures3. Understand cross-gender communication4. Six principles for effective cross-gender communicationUnit 71. Cultural variations in conducting business2. Cultural variation in selecting negotiators3. Cultural variations in decision-makingUnit 81. Humor as a pathway to intercultural communication competence2. Converting enthymeme into syllogism3. Locating Analogous cultural contexts4. The metastep5. SummaryUnit 91. Eastern and western world views2. A synthesis3. Complementarity4. Toward Intercultural personhood考试方式及试卷结构：1、平时成绩：占总评成绩的60%。
跨文化交际复习提纲
《跨文化交际》期末考试题型及复习提纲I. True-False: Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for “true” and F for “false”. （本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）来自课后练习判断题部分II. Multiple Choice: Choose the ONE appropriate answer. （本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1.the concept and the origin of intercultural communication2.addressing in English3.safe topics in intercultural communication4.the social functions of compliments5.culturally loaded words6.gift-giving in the United States7.M-Time and P-time cultures8.touch culture9.learning styles10.adaptation to a new culture1。
这个概念和跨文化交际的起源2在英国。
3在跨文化交际中安全的话题。
4赞美的社会功能。
文化负载词5个。
6赠送礼物在美国。
7 m倍和P-文化。
8触摸文化。
9学习风格。
10适应一种新文化。
III. Translation: Give the Chinese equivalents of the following expressions: （本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）给下列表达式的汉语对应词：unit 4 verbal communication口头交流IV. Answer the following questions. （本大题共1小题，每小题20分，共20分）stereotypes and ethnocentrism,刻板印象和种族中心主义，文化的冲击与调适culture shock and adaptationV. Case Analysis: Analyze the following conversation from an intercultural perspective. You are expected to use the questions to aid your analysis. （本大题共1小题，每小题20分，共20分）从跨文化的角度分析下列对话。
期末英语专业跨文化交际试题试题及参考答案
中央广播电视大学2003--2004学年度第二学期“开放本科”期末考试英语专业跨文化交际试题注意事项一、将你的学号、姓名及分校(工作站)名称填写在答题纸的规定栏内。
考试结束后，把试卷和答题纸放在桌上。
试卷和答题纸均不得带出考场。
二、仔细阅读题目的说明，并按题目要求答题。
答案一定要写在答题纸指定的位置上，写在试卷上的答案无效。
三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题，使用铅笔答题无效。
Information for the Examinees：This examination consists of FOUR sections. These are：Section I：Listening(20 points, 30 minutes)Section II：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy(30 points, 20minutes)Sectionlll：Reading Comprehension(20 points, 30 minutes)Section lV：Communication Analysis(30 points, 40 minutes)The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Timeallowed for competing this examination is 2 hours(1 20 minutes)allowed for completing this examination is hours (120 minutes).Section I：Listening [20 points]Instructions：Part 1：Questions 1-5 are based on this part . (10 points)You are going to listen to an interview. Then choose the best answer from A, B, C and D to answer each question . Write your answers on the Answer Sheet1. Concerning the issue of maternity, what ideas prevail among Chinese women?A . The modern concept .B . The traditional concept .C . The responsibility to the society. ’D The responsibility to the family2. According to the passage, raising children ----- .A is an unbearable burden to womenB . is a significant part of a woman' s lifeC . is the permanent task of womenD is the task 0f both a man and a woman3. Giving birth.A . brings great pleasure to womenB . differs men from women physically and spirituallyC . makes the women' s life completeD all the above4. Those oppose giving birth think that _______ .A giving birth is something rather primitiveB.women do not need to follow their mothers' ideasC.they are not educated and influenced to live with maternityD.giving birth is necessary for women5. According to the passage, which statement is true9.A.City dwellers have children to take care of them when they get 01c LB.Rural dwellers have children to give them emotional comfort.C.City dwellers have children to give them emotional comfort.D.Rural dwellers have children only to ensure the bloodline.Part 2：Questions 6-15 are based on this part. (10 points)You are going to listen to a lecture on celebrating diversity As you listen, fill in the blanks to complete Sentences 6—1 5 .Note：Only one word is necessary for each blank.6. Diversity ---- o ur lives .7. Cultural diversity brings together the resources and talents of many people for the benefit of all .8. Yet consider how ---- life would be if we all looked alike, thought alike, and acted alike!9. Together we can overcome ______ and intolerance and work towards a more peaceful andproductive world10. People may fear diversity simply because they are ________ to the way things used to beand change makes t hem uncomfortable11. Others may somehow feel ______ . because they perceive increased participation bytraditionally underrepresented groups in the workplace12. Education universalizes the human.13. The word university is to this idea .14. I believe that the ______ i s also true：if you lose a language, you lose a world .15. We can cross ______ a nd feel comfortable in other worlds .This is the end of the Listening TestSection II：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy [30 points]Instructions：There are altogether 1 5 statements below You are offered four choices marked withA,B,C,and D for each statement Choose the most appropriate one and write it on the Answer Sheet 16. Maybe it's asking too much Of you to follow the idea of 'love me love my dog’, but at least you should tolerate my love for jazz .A 10ve my dog as much as loving meB 10ve everything about me because you love meC . tolerate my love for jazz music like your tolerating my dogD . 10ve jazz music the same as you love my dog17. What a fabulous car- I'l very jealous.A . red with envyB blue with envyC green with envyD white with envy18. As a man with plenty of guts , he is the person who is expected to bring success to this company which is on the verge of bankruptcyA the great white hopeB the great red hopeC the great green hopeD the great black hope1 9 . He is always shooting his mouth off about how many VIPs he knows.A boastingB imagingC.telling lies aboutD.denying20.I’ m not surprised at the downfall of the President because of the promises he made before hecame into office turned out to be plans that are unlikely to be fulfilledA.Dutch courageB.fl piece of cakeC.the salt of the earthD.castles in the air21.These days Mr.. Smith looks anxious and restless. What happened?I heard his wife was in the family way this month.A. badly sickB．deadC．dyingD．pregnant22.“Well, “ said the Master, “if you won ' t listen to what I say , I refuse to be responsible for you and your examination chances.A. zip my lips ofB.wash hands ofC.1ick my boots ofD.sit at my feet of23.She is always hiding her light under a bushel when it comes to giving US her ideas. A．keeping ideas to herselfB．1eaving the office with her ideasC．telling everyone her bright ideasD. agreeing with others 'ideas24.It' s not easy to organize such a party, as everyone has his own likes and dislikes.A．every dog has his dayB．every tide has its ebbC．a clear conscience is a sure cardD. one man' s meat is another' s poison.25.When Greeks meet, then comes the tug of war.A.If too many people try to do, the same thing at the same time chaos will reign.B.Empty—headed persons are always the most talkative and noisy.C.There must be something better after every piece of unpleasantness.D.When two adversaries are of equal strength of character, the contest of wills is certain to be long and hard—fought.26.Which of the following statements are true of collectivist culture?A.Disclosure of private feeling is distasteful.B.People are suspicious of outsiders.C.Uniformity is not highly thought of.D.There is a positive attitude about words of disagreement27.. I can' t stand listening to jazz . It' s just ___ .A a storm in a tea cupB not my cup of teaC not for all the tea in ChinaD a cuppa28.. Which one in the following expressions is Not True?A . as wise as a fox . ’B as happy as a larkC as strong as a horseD as stupid as a goose29.Xiao wang was trying his best to explain the Chinese proverb "驴唇不对马嘴”to hisAmerican friend Bob. What he means is _________ .A.the donkey' s lip is not suitable to the horse' s mouthB.1eft right outC．out of left fieldD.1eft way out30.The 'ring' gesture is an insult in ________ .A.FranceB.the U. S. A.C.South AmericaD．TunisiaSectionlll：Reading Comprehension [20 points]Part 1：Questions 3 1-35 are based on this part. (10 points)Read Passage 1 and then answer Questions 3 1 ---------- 35 briefly. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet．Passage 1Proxemics is the Study of what governs how closely one person stands to another. People who feel close will be close, though the actual distances will vary between cultures. For Americans we can discern four main categories of distance：intimate, personal, social and public . Intimate distance ranges from direct Contact to about 45 centimeters. Beyond this comes personal stance. . This stands at between 45 and 80 Centimeters , It is the most usual distance maintained for conversations between friends and relatives o Social distance coversPeople who work together or are meeting at social gatherings Distances here tend to be kept between 1 . 3 to 2 meters . Beyond this comes Public distance, much as that between a lecturer and his audienceAll Cultures draw lines between what is an appropriate and what ills an inappropriate Social o t distance for different types of realty o unship They differ,however,in where they draw these lines . Look at an international reception with representatives from the U S. and Arabic countries, conversing and you will see the American pirouetting backward surround the hall pursued by their Arab partners The Americans wilt be trying to keep a distance between themselves and their partners—which they have grown used to and regard as "normal”. They probably will not even notice themselves trying to adjust the distance between themselves and their Arab partners whom they regard as being a bit” pushy". The Arabs, On the Other hand, coming from a cherisher, e much closer distance is the norm, may feel that the Americans are a little 'stand-offish' . Finding themselves happier standing close to and even touching those they are in conversation With,they will relentlessly pursue the Americans round the room trying to close the distance between themThe appropriateness of physical contact varies between different cultures 0ne study 0f the number of times people converse in coffee shops over a one—hour period showed the following interesting variations：London, 0；Florida, 2；Paris, 10；and Puerto Rico 18b . Not only does it vary between societies, however, it also varies between different sub——cult rues within one society . Young people in Britain, for example, are more likely to touch and hug friends than the older generation This may be partly a matter of growing older,but it also reflects the fact that the older generation grew up at fl time when touching was less common for all age groups Forty years ago,for example,footballers would never hug and kiss one another on the field after a goal as they do today31.. What are the four main categories of distance for Americans?32.. How far apart should people who work together stand when communicating with each other?33.Why are Americans trying to adjust the distance between themselves and their Arabpartners?34.Why do Arabs feel that Americans are being 'stand—offish’ ?35.When conversing, do the English and Americans touch each other more than the French? Part2：Questions 3 6-40 are based on this part. (1 0 points)Read Passage 2 and then decide whether Statements 36 —40 are True or False according to the information given in the passage. Write ”T" for true and "F" for false on the Answer Sheet.Passage 2Nobody actually wants to cause offence but, as business becomes even more international, it is increasingly easy to get it wrong. There may be a single European market but it does not mean that managers behave the same in Greece as they do in Denmark.In many European countries handshaking is an automatic gesture. In France good manners require that on arriving at a business meeting a manager shakes hands with everyone present. Handshaking is almost as popular in other countries, including Germany, Belgium and Italy. But Northern Europeans, such as the British and Scandinavians, are not quite so fond of physical demonstrations of friendliness.In Europe the most common challenge is not the content of the food,but the way you behave as you eat .In France it is not good manners to raise tricky questions of business over the main course. Business has its place：after the cheese course. Unless you are prepared to eat in silence you have to talk about something ----------------------------------------------- s omething, that is, other than the business deal,which you are continually chewing over in your head.Italians give similar importance to the whole process of business entertaining.In fact, in Italy the biggest fear,as course after course appears,is that you entirely forget you are there on business. If you have the energy , you can always do the polite thing when the meal finally ends, and offer to pay. Then, after a lively discussion, you must remember the next polite thing to do—let your host pick up the bill.The Germans are notable for the amount of formality they bring to business.As a1) outsider,it is often difficult to know whether colleagues have been working together for 30 years or have just met for the first time in their life . 1f you are used to calling people by their first names this can be a little strange．To the Germans,titles are important．Forgetting that someone should be called Herr Doctor or Frau Directory might cause serious offence．It is equally offensive to call them by a title they do not possess．In Italy the question of title is further confused by the fact that everyone with a university degree can be called Nott ore and engineers,lawyers and architects may also expect to be called by their professional titles．These cultural challenges exist side by side with the problems of doing business in a foreign language. Language, of course, is full of difficulties ----------------- disaster may be only asyllable away．But the more you know of the culture of the country you are dealing with,the less likely you are to get into difficulties．It is worth the effort．It might be rather hard to explain that the reason you lost the contract was not the product or the price,but the fact that You offended your hosts in a light-hearted comment over an aperitif Good manners are admired：they can also make or break the deal．36．People in Britain shake hands just as much as people in Germany．37.In France people prefer talking about business during meals.38.It is not polite to insist on paying for a meal if you are in Italy.39.German business people don' t like to be called by their titles. 40．Italian professionals areusually addressed by their titles．Section IV：Communication Analysis [30 points]Instructions：The following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication．In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon．Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding in each case by answering Questions4 l - 43 respectively. Your analysis of each case should be about l00 —l 50 words. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Note! Your writing ability will also be assessed in this section of the testCase 1(7 points)I have an American friend. I have invited him several times, and at long last he invited me to his home one day. He told me to get there at 3 pm. I thought we could chat and have a meal together. I gave him a Chinese calendar, a woman' s scarf and a bottle of Chinese white wine. He only took out a dish of nuts, a plate of bread and a bottle of wine. After two hours chat, I found there was no hint of a meal and said good —bye to him. He only gave me a box of chocolate as a present for the New Year After I got home, I found the box had already been opened. I was Very surprised.Question 4 1：What surprised me?Case 2(10 points)Lin had traveled 20 hours from Beijing to New York He needed a good meal. His American friend, Mike, met him. But Mike only offered him a plate of roasted chicken and a glass of orange juice. Lin was used to having a main course, and asked Mike if he had any rice. Mike said he only had fried noodles, and Lin had to make do with it. Though Lin knew Americans didn' t care very much about what food they ate, he still felt surprised because he had taken Mike to the most famous duck restaurant in Beijing -------------------------------------------------------- Q uanjude ------ when he arrived in Beijing．Question 42：Why did Lin feel surprised? Offer some advice to him about adjusting to his new environment in America．Case 3(13 points)When Zhang Tao traveled in America , he lived in the home of his American friend , Bill．0nce after he had traveled back,he found Bill was in a bad mood．When he asked what the problem was,Bill told Zhang Tao that his son Adam got furious about the noise Zhang made when walking upstairs and also because he was using too much water in the solar powered shower and Adam had to have his shower in cold water．Bill told Zhang Tao that he should walk more softly in future,and have a fast shower to save water．Zhang Tao felt uneasy．How could the host set such rules for his guest!Question 43：Why did Zhang Tao feel uneasy?试卷代号：1028中央广播电视大学2003--2004学年度第二学期“开放本科”期末考试英语专业跨文化交际试题答案及评分标准(供参考)2004年7月Section I：Listening [Bo points] Part 1. (10 points, 2 points each.)1. B2. B3. D4. A5. CPart 2. (10 points, 1 point each. The exact words are required.)6. enriches7．shared8．dull9. prejudice10．accustomed11 ．threatened12．spirit13．related14．reverse1 5．boundariesSection II：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy [30 points'](30 points,2 points each．)16.B 17.C 18.A 19.A 20.D21.D 22.B 23.A 24.D 25.D26.B 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.CSectionlll：Reading Comprehension [20 points]Part 1. (10 points, 2 points each. 0. 5 point off for each grammar/ spelling mistake, but at most 1 point can be deducted for each item for the grammar / spelling mistakes. The exact wording is not required, but the meaning must be the same.)3.1. Intimate, personal, social and public.32.Between 1. 3 and 2 meters.33.Because they are trying to follow their own standards about the appropriate distance to maintain．34.Because in the Arabian culture, standing very close is the norm.35.N0.Part 2．(10 points,2 points each．)36. F 37. F 38. T 39. F 40. TSection W：Communication Analysis [30 points]Question 41.Case 1(7 points,5 points for the analysis,2 points for overall language quality．)1)In China,a visit to home always includes a meal．And the guest always brings a relatively richpresent to the host．And the present should be well wrapped or untouched．2)In the west,a visit to home only means a meeting,not necessarily including a meal．And thepresent is treated not as importantly as it is in China．3)I acted in a way that was based on Chinese customs,So I felt the American way was veryinteresting(unusual)．Question 42．Case 2(1 0 points,8 points for the analysis,2 points for overall language quality．) 1)On the topic of hospitality, the Chinese stress is on warmth and demonstrating friendship.They take the guest to a famous or luxurious restaurant to have a very good (expensive) meal to show their hospitality．And the Chinese are used to having a big meal．The more dishes they put out, the greater the warmth and friendship they show , 2)In western countries,people stress on freedom．They give the guest great freedom to choose their own foods．And westerners tend to have only one main course and some juice or dessert, which is viewed as casual in the eyes of the Chinese. [Note ! If the student answers that Western people have only three courses, this is also correct!]3)Lin lived in American surroundings and should have adjusted himself quickly to the newworld(1ifestyle). He should have known the custom there first, and felt more at ease in Mike' s home.Question 43．Case 3(13 points, 11 points for the analysis, 2 points for overall language quality ,) 1)In China, when people host someone, they put the guest in the place of honor to show hospitality．They try to take care of the guest,and try to make the guest feel comfortable and at ease．2)In America,people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually,naturally and truthfully．3)Zhang Tao knew he was a guest, and thought in terms of Chinese expectations of hospitality．He thought Bill should treat him courteously instead of setting rules for him4)Since Zhang Tao lived in American surroundings he should have known about the customs there sooner.。
跨文化交际课程期末考试题型+考试大纲
跨文化交际课程期末考题型和分值分布课堂讲义材料内容占期末卷面3/4以上，其他1/4为讲义外部分题型：1.名词解释（5个) （20%）（手写）2.填空(16题) （16%）（选词填空形式，有干扰项）3.判断正误(16题) （16%）（填T or F）4.例子分析(4个) （32%）（手写）5.简答（3题）（16% 5%+5%+6% ）（手写）跨文化交际课程期末考试大纲Chapter 1 Basic Concept名词解释：1. Culture (Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs,…. group of people.) （see P3）2. Intercultural communication ( In its most general sense, intercultural communication …. a member of another culture. (P15)3. Power distance4. Individualism5. Collectivism6. Femininity7. Masculinity问题：1. Introduce the seven characteristics of culture.（culture is shared/learned/symbolic/integrated/dynamic/ethnocentric/adaptive）2. What is cultural fish?3. What is cultural iceberg?4. What are the three styles of communication?5. What are the five main barriers in intercultural communication?6. What are the four primary dimensions for differentiating cultures?7. Explain cultural differences between eastern and western countries.了解：The differences between large and small power distances.Characteristics of individualistic and collectivist cultures.Characteristics of masculine and feminine cultures.练习：阅读后练习。
跨文化交际期末复习
跨文化交际期末复习Unit1Term interpretationEconomic globalization 经济全球化The integration of national economics of national economics into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of the technology.Barter System 物物交换Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of moneyGlobal Village地球村All the different parts of the world from one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.Melting pot大熔炉To assimilate the cultures of different backgroundsCultural Diversity文化多样性Countries have been mixed instead of assimilateBrief Answer1.What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village?1)convenient transportation systems2)Innovative communication systems3)Economic globalization4)widespread migration2.What are the three aspects where the cultural differences exist?(选择)1)verbal difference; language, thought patterns2)Non-verbal communication; body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage…3)values; world views, beliefs, attitudes…Unit 1 后半Term interpretationCultureCulture can be seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in orderto act appropriately in a given cultureEnculturation 文化习得The process of learning one’s own cultureAcculturation文化适应Adapt the cultures learning by the other culturesPs：文化习得，文化适应需要对比Ethnocentrism 文化中心主义Think your culture is superior to the othersBrief AnswerWhat are the three ingreduents of culture?Products, behaviors, and ideas.How to understand cultural iceberg?Culture like an iceberg can be divided into two parts: culture above the waterline and culture below the waterline. Culture above the waterline is explicit, visible, tangible, easy to change with time, a tip of the iceberg. Culture below the waterline is implicit, invisible, intangible, hard to change with time, the majorityWhat are the characteristic of culture?Culture is dynamic, shared, learned, ethnocentric(文化中心主义)Unit 2Term interpretationSource发出信息的人Person who send out informationEncoding 编码The process of putting your thoughts into symbolsMessageEncoded thoughtsChannel渠道The way the message is deliveredDecoding解码Assign a meaning to the wordsReceiverPerson who attends to the informationContext内容The physical environment that surround usBrief AnswerWhat are the three characteristics of communication?（简答/选择）Communication is transactional（互换性）, dynamic, irreversible, symbolic, systematic and contextual.What are the three basic aspects to communication? And on which aspect does the success ofinterpretation communication greatly depend on?Our individual personality, the culture we operate in, the physical environment that surrounds us.Depend on the culture we operate in.Unit2后半Term interpretationVerbal Intercultural Communication非言语行为People from different cultural backgrounds communicate with other people through languagePragmatics语言学The study of the effect that language has on human perceptions（感知）and behaviorShort answer question1.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?In Chinese, the surname is put before the given name.In American, vice versa, the name order.In recent years, many English-speaking people tend to address others by their given names, even when meeting for the first time. But in Chinese, we tend to address each other with the full name.Another common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title office, or professionTherefore, one can conclude that the Chinese customs of addressing members with the kinship terms(亲戚关系) even not related by blood or marriage 2.Who should be introduced first in the west?The senior, the female, the guest3.How is Chinese hospitality different from American hospitality?A: In China, a guest usually observes the principle of avoiding bringing trouble to the host.In American, in contrast, it is the host who tries to avoid interferingin guests’ freedom of action by leaving room for the guests to make choices.B: The Chinese host usually goes to trouble to make sure there is something left after the meal; the “wastefulness” of this practice has been criticized in American, and some advocate ordering more sensible quantities.PS: 1.appropriate topics i .e Jim Smith—Uncle Jim2. response to complaint3. make apologyUnit3Term interpretationA cultural assumption 文化定式A cultural assumption Is when we assume that a person has particular values and attitudes based on their cultural backgrounds.Brief AnswerHow would Americans misunderstand the Chinese responses to the compliments?1.In the first case, the implication was that the praisor had poor judgement2.The praisor was not sincere3.The Chinese would be suspected of “fishing for compliments”Why are the Chinese reluctant to pay a compliment?1.The same compliment was given by a Chinese man to a Chinese woman, the compliment can be.taken as a kind of flirtation（调戏）2..People are cautious about drawing a line between compliment and flattery.3.A positive subtle form of request.（重要）How is the Chinese different from Americans in expressing gratitude?1.Chinese people don't usually say "thank you" to those who are very close and who are in a lower position. Thank you is very common in American, so they tend to thank people all day long regardless of relationship2.Traditional Chinese customs don't require people to express thanks for the small favorsThe Americans would thank you all the way for very small and most ordinary things.Unit4Term interpretationSemantics 语意学The study of the meaning of wordsDenotation 本义The literal(字面意义) meaning or definition of a word-the explict, particular, defined meaningConnotation 延伸义Extended meaning of associated meanings, the suggestive（隐含）meaning. Taboo 禁忌语Some words,objects or actions that you should avoid in a certain culture. Euphemism 委婉语The act of substituting a mild, indirect or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensiveBrief AnswerWhat are the 4 major verbal differences between Chinese and English ?1.A term in one language doesn’t necessarily have a counterpart(对等的人事物) in the other language.2.Words or terms in both languages appear to refer to the same object or concept only on the surface, but actually refer to quite different things3.Things or concepts are represented by one or perhaps two terms in one language, but by many more terms in the other language, for example, finer distinctions in the other language4.Terms have more or less the same primary meaning, but have secondary or additional meanings that may differ considerably from each other.PS：make some examples for the differencesThe thought patterns of people around the worldThe United States were more linear and directThe Semitic individuals solved problems using a combination of tangential and semi-direct approaches,Romance is circuitous(迂回) approachRussians employed a combination of indirect and circuitous approachesUnit5(选择为主)Term interpretationChroxemics 时间学Mono chronic time = M-time 单时性文化Emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness(efficiency)and punctuality. It features one event at a time.Polychronic time = P-time 多时性文化practiced by most other peoples is less rigid and clock-bound. People from P-time cultures schedule several activities at the same time ,and time for them is more flexible and more human-centeredProxemics 空间学the perception and use of spaceKinesics 身势学more than just hand or arm gestures ;it refers to any little movement of any part of the bodyParalanguage 副语言language lies between verbal and nonverbal communication. It involves sounds but not words ,it means the set of nonphonemic properties of speech ,such as speaking tempo(节奏) ,vocal pitch（音高） and intonational contours （语音语调）Brief AnswerWhere are the different features of M-time and P-time ？M-time :means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. Emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness(efficiency)and punctuality. It features one event at a time.P-time: practiced by most other peoples is less rigid and clock-bound. People from P-time cultures schedule several activities at the same time ,and time for them is more flexible and more human-centeredPS: 1.touch/nontouch culture& long/short body distancei.e Arab—touch/shortUSA—nontouch/medium2.seat—China: facing the door is distinguishedUSA: acrossing the cornerUnit6Brief AnswerWhat is the difference between sex and gender?书P120表6.1Sex(生理性别)：biological(生理的),permanent and with an individual propertyGender(社会性别)：socially-constructed, varied over time and across cultures and with a social and relational qualityIn all, gender and sex are not synonymous.What are the two primary influences on the socialization?1..family communication, particularly between mother and children2.recreational interaction among childrenUnit7(以案例分析为主)Brief AnswerIdentify the contrast between high-context and low-context culture and then use it to interpret the difference between American and Japanese or Chinese negotiating style?1.Negotiation atmosphere:American: efficient, professionalism（职业精神）and compromise(妥协，让步)Japanese: socializing, trustChinese: socialization2.DetailAmerican: the facts, written agreements or contrastJapanese: fewer specific issues and less detail oriented, brief written agreementsChinese: general written agreementsmunication styleAmerican: more interested in logical arguments than in the people they are dealing with dislike silenceJapanese: encourage covert, fragmentedChinese: avoid openly confront conflict4.Cultural variations in selecting negotiators:American: technical expertise :younger negotiators are common; women are included; having full authority to make decisionsJapanese:(Chinese): Status, knowledge, age, seniority5.Problem-solving ProcessAmerican:universal problem solvers; rational thinking and concrete data, utilize a factual inductive style of persuasionJapanese: consensus-buildingChinese: high level authoritiesanizational StructureAmerican:task-related stage is the most important; negotiating outcomes depend on events at the negotiation tableJapanese: pre-negotiation is slowly and cautiously; mediator is used Chinese: concession only comes at the endUnit9Brief AnswerWhat contrasting world views can be drawn from Buddhism and Christianity?1.Chiristans sees each one was born with sins and therefore we should salvage ourselves(自我拯救). The salvation of the individual is achieved through hard work and piety.Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property.2.Buddhists believes that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that the universes runs based on a dynamic balance.They don’t attach themselves to the impermanent objects and the pursuit of material well-being. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise..(重要)What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluekhohn and Strodthbeck?1.Human nature(人生) is evil but perfectible (American)Good but corruptible (Chinese)2.Relation to the natureHuman beings can/should master/conquer with nature (American)Live harmoniously with nature (Chinese)3.Sense of timeAmericans are future oriented.Chinese are past oriented.4.Attitudes toward work and human activityAs to Americans, doing leads to external/achievementsChinese,being-and-becoming is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace.5.Social relationshipAmerican: Self is more important than group (individualism) Chinese: In cultures with group values, people make decisions by consemsus (重要)Identify the features of each of four Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and apply it in the case study辨别+分析+结合案例1.individualism VS collectivism (个人/集体主义)2.low power distance VS high power distance(远/近权力距离)3.masculinity VS femulinity (男性/女性文化)4.low uncertainty avoidance VS high uncertainty avoidance (不确定性)5.high context culture VS low context culture考试题型1.T/F Exercise A Unit1-9原题2.Choice (单选) Exercise E 1/3会变 1/3 Unit5 细节题Smile—friendness (USA) —sharow (Korea)The land of smile—Thailand1/3 从简答题演变3.Term matching (术语匹配) 26选104.英译中预言，习语 Unit1-4 Exercise C P74-76(见下)1.新官上任三把火。
跨文化交际导论(含答案)
对外经济贸易大学远程教育学院2009-2010学年第二学期跨文化交际导论(英) 复习大纲课程名称: ENG338a【跨文化交际导论(英)】考核方式: 开卷笔试[占总分的70%]复习范围：以指定教材（第1-9章）为主，课件内容为辅。
试题形式：客观试题50 题，每题2分，题型共三种形式：I. Definition Matching.Match the terms with their definitions. （给术语配对定义，10题，1题2分，共20分）II． True-False. Circle A if the statement is true; circle B if it is false. （判断各句是否正确，20题，1题2分，共40分）III. Multiple Choice. Circle the letter corresponding to the correct response. （在所给的4个选项中选择一个最恰当的答案，20题，1题2分，共40分）复习方法：●认真学习指定教材，结合课件的教学内容，全面复习，从总体上掌握这门跨学科课程的特点；●理解各讲中的主要教学内容，即每讲开始前的Learning Objectives，不要死记硬背，重理解、勤思考、细观察，从跨文化交际的角度对文化差异进行分析、记忆、总结；●要力图将跨文化交际理论与交往实践相结合，将西方文化交际的理论与实践与中国的本土文化相结合，通过大量真实生动的交际的成败案例的学习，提高分析问题和解决问题的能力；●参考指定教材各章后的练习以及书后附的两套模拟自测题，术语定义配对题、是非题和多项选择题可帮助复习检验对所学内容熟悉的掌握程度，熟悉客观题型，问答题和案例有助于进一步理解。
跨文化交际导论课程期末考试模拟题（答案供参考）Ⅰ. Match the following terms with their definition. （20%）1.the study of the way that people use physical space to convey messages. B2.the way in which time is used in a culture. A3.the actual practice of concepts or beliefs. E4.the total activity of learning one's culture. C5.social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture. DA.Temporal language/chronemicsB.Behavior communicationC.Spatial language/proxemicsD.EnculturationE.Values6. between nations and governments rather than individuals A7. perceptions about certain groups of people or nationalities C8. a learned organization of rules for making choices and for solving conflicts B9. volume, pitch, and rate that affects message meaning E10. the idea that every act of communication must happen in some sort of surroundings DA.internationalB.contextC.valueD.stereotypesE.paralanguageⅡ.True or FalseMark A if the statement is true; mark B if it is false.11.When engaging in small talk with a person of another culture, remember that discussing one'sfamily and political discussions are inappropriate topics in all cultures. B12.Transference of pragmatic rules refers to the transference of corresponding words andsentence structure from mother tongue to target language. A13.Since all cultures share the same basic values, cultures attach the same meanings to thesebasic values. B14.Primary values are the most important. A15.Some countries officially recognize religious rituals that affect business encounters. A16.People in the United States place a greater emphasis on history and do not like change ascompared with people of Asian and Latin cultures. B17.The behavior of John lying in bed and reading a novel is a two-way contact. B18.Linear Model is one of the earliest and still the most useful attempts to describe thecommunication process A19.International communication takes place between such groups as African Americans andLatin Americans. B20.Intercultural communication as a discipline was not established in U.S. until the 1980s. A21.Without the cultural rules people also can behave properly. B22.Culture is not something we are born with, but rather it is learned. A23.Kisses and hugs are not appropriate greeting behavior between males of any culture. B24.In Germany, business gifts are usually exchanged at the beginning of formal negotiations.A25.New and improved technology, growth in the world’s population, and shifts in the globaleconomic arena have increased globalization. A26.No country is completely self-sufficient. A27.All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which the politeness is achievedmay vary significantly. A28.International English is used only by businesspeople who practice English as a secondlanguage. B29.International communication takes place between such groups as African Americans andLatin Americans. B30.The process of learning culture is always conscious. B31.Ethnocentrism leads to a objective evaluation of how another culture conducts its dailybusiness. A32.The hierarchy is a theory has not been proven applicable to all the countries. A33.Cultures may differ, but communication practices do not differ. B34.Culture is ongoing and subject to change. A35.The term “co-cultures” suggests the inequal ity between groups. B36.Chinese is an example of linear language. Amunication barriers are caused by the same communication having different meanings indifferent cultures. B38.New and improved technology, growth in the world’s population, and shifts in the globaleconomic arena have increased globalization. A39.Power distance in the United States is comparatively high. B40.Pragmatic failure is the inability to understand what is meant by what is said. A41.Values motivate people. A42.Attitudes are the same thing as values. A43.Eventually, with the spread of technology everyone will have the same values. B44.In order to understand a culture's values, you need only to learn the "do's and taboos" of behavior in that culture. A45.Social class is unimportant in negotiator selection. B46. Relationship building is important in Arab and Latin America. A47. Achievement in countries with high masculinity scores is expressed through material possessions. B48. Acculturation is the socialization process of how people learn their own culture through what is said and done. A48. Consumers in high uncertainty avoidance cultures tend to perceive little or no risk in the purchase of new products . A49. Intercultural communication competence requires sufficient awareness, knowledge, motivations, and skills. A50. Values are enduring attitudes about the preferability of one belief over another. B51. Cultures are so different that we will never be able to communicatesuccessfully. B52. Transference of pragmatic rules refers to the transference of corresponding words andsentence structure from mother tongue to target language. A53. Today intercultural communication encounters are different from encountersof the past. A54. All languages can, in their own way, distinguish between present and pastevents, but they may not feel that this distinction is important enough to createa system of verb tense. A55. Kisses and hugs are not appropriate greeting behavior between males of anyculture. B56. Values are learned; they are not innate. A57. Long-term-oriented cultures are characterized by patience, perseverance, and respect forone’s elders and ancestors. A58. Nonverbal aspects are very important in low-context cultures. B59. When engaging in small talk with a person of another culture, remember that discussingone's family and political discussions are inappropriate topics in all cultures. A60. Chinese is an example of a linear language. B61. Language serves as the only guide to how a culture perceives reality. A61. All languages can, in their own way, distinguish between present and past events, but they maynot feel that this distinction is important enough to create a system of verb tense. A 62. Globalization is the ability of a corporation to take a product and market it anywhere in theworld. A63. In order for intercultural negotiation to be successful, the parties must provide for a win-losesituation. A64. In some countries, using gifts to assure success in sealing an agreement is an accepted way ofdoing business. B65. As they become globalized, companies will have to train their work forces to deal with multiculturality. A66. People from countries with strong uncertainty avoidance are more likely to remain closefriends in spite of differing opinions. B66. Even if the language is common to both cultures, one culture may restrict the meaning of certain words. A67. In their business letters, the French do not usually apologize for mistakes. A68. Achievement in countries with high masculinity scores is expressed throughmaterial possessions. B69. Acculturation is the socialization process of how people learn the ir own culturethrough what is said and done. A70. In the Japanese society, knowing the rank of people with whom you conduct business is veryimportant. A、Ⅲ. Multiple ChoicesMark the letter corresponding to the correct response. C1. What country ranks the lowest on individualism?A.AustraliaB. CanadaC.GuatemalaD. United States2.Proponents of which attitude feel that self-interest is an appropriate goal? CA.Uncertainty-reductionB. AttributionC. IndividualismD. Collectivism3. Language is important because it AA.helps us shape concepts, controls how we think, and controls how weperceive others.B. allows us to be understood by foreigners.C.is determined by colonialism.D.is stable, easily understood, and free of diversity.4. Which of the following countries uses high-context language? CA.CanadaB. GermanyC.JapanD. United States5. Which one of the following statements is not among the functions of culture offered by Dressler and Carns? CA.Culture makes it possible to anticipate how others in our society are likely to respond toour actions.B.Culture enables us to communicate with others through a language that we have learnedand that we share in common.C.Culture leads to better understanding in business.D.Culture provides the knowledge and skill necessary for meeting sustenance needs.6. Culture can be classified in all the following ways except Ba)Artifact, concepts and behaviorb)Positive culture and negative culturec) A level of values and a level of resultant behaviour or artifacts of some formd)An invisible level and a visible level7. "The part was found defective, and it was determined that there is a defect in the button causingit not to fit into the chassis." This statement is an example of a DA.linear explanation.B.verbose explanation.C.nonlinear explanation.D.why explanation.8. Which of the following would be an example of a translation problem? Ding the intention of the speaker rather than the actual words in the translation.B.Qualifying slang terms.C.Not translating conversation taboos.ing a word for which no exact word or concept is available in the second language.9.Which of the following greeting way is somewhat unique to Chinese? BA. Giving regards to others.B. Commenting on something.C. Using address forms as greeting.D. Using nonverbal forms as greeting.10.The styles of paragraph development for oriental countries could be described as DA. a vertical straight line.B. zigzagged lines.C. a circular, spiral lineD. a digressive, back-and-forth zigzag.11. Which statement referring to thought patterns is incorrect? CA. Asians typically use the inductive method of reasoning.B. Thought patterns impact oral communication.C.When using the deductive method of reasoning, one starts with the facts and goes togeneralizations.D. Recognizing different thought patterns is important in negotiation with differentcultures.12. Which statement is incorrect? BA. Costly business blunders are often the result of a lack of knowledge of anotherculture's nonverbal communication patterns.B. Processes of reasoning and problem solving are the same in all cultures.C. Attitudes toward time and use of space convey nonverbal messages inintercultural encounters.D. When in another culture, an appropriate caution would be to watch the behavior ofthe persons you are talking with and match their style.13.People of which type of society believe their truth is the only truth? AA.IndividualisticB. Strong-uncertainty avoidanceC.CollectivisticD.Weak-uncertainty avoidance14.What we are willing to die for and what we deem worthy of protection is determined byour ___? BA.belief systemB.value systemC.attitude processesD.social organizations15. Slang is generally DA.understood by everyone.B.spoken by the masses.C.easily translated.ed by subgroups.16. Nonverbal communication does not include DA. chromatics.B. chronemics.C. haptics.D. semantics.17. As a result of globalization, new issues facing corporations include DA.cultural differences in work ethicsB.stereotyping by members of international teamsC.personnel who are overqualified for overseas positionsD. a & b18. The classic The Silent Language published in 1959, was written by DA.KluckhohnB.BenedictC.MeadD.Edward Hall19. Which of the following has occurred due to advances in technology? BA.People are beginning to spend more time with family members.B.The number of relationships we have with people have decreased.C.People have more frequent contact with people from other cultures.D.People are gaining a clearer sense of who they really are.20. It is important to study intercultural communication because CA. it is a necessary and worthwhile pursuit.B. most people are more alike than they realize.C. cultural differences bring people together.D. intercultural communication is subjective.21. ______ are the most important. AA. Primary valuesB.Secondary valuesC.Tertiary valuesD.None of the above22. In cultures that tend toward individualism, what aspects are encouraged? DA. competitionB.personal goalsC.individual rightsD.all of the above23. We learn culture DA.from folk tales, legends and mythsB.in conscious or unconscious waysC.through art and mass mediaD.all of the above24. Which statement least represents U.S. values? CA. U.S. Americans value directness over indirectness.B. U.S. Americans value time management over leisure.C. U.S. Americans value history over planning for the future.D.U.S. Americans value equality over inequality.25. Which statement highlights weak uncertainty avoidance? DA.One group's truth should not be imposed on others.B.Scientific opponents cannot be personal friends.C.Citizen protest should be repressed.D.Negative attitudes are expressed toward young people26. Which time orientation is held by cultures that value living and realizing the potential of today? CA.past orientation to timeB.immutable orientation to timeC.present orientation to timeD.mutable orientation to time27. Which of the following value orientations emerged from the Chinese research team? AA.long-term versus short-term orientationB.masculinity/femininity orientationC.preferred form of activity orientationD.uncertainty avoidance orientation28. The notions of masculinity and femininity BA.are universal for every culture across time.B.are not just based on biological differences.C.have not changed through the ages.D.have well-established and understood meanings.29. From what areas of the world do most of today's immigrants to the United States come? D and Latin AmericaB.Mexico and Eastern EuropeC.Haiti and ChinaD.Eastern Europe and the Middle East30. The China Association for Intercultural Communication is held ______. BA. once a yearB. every two yearsC. every three yearsD. every four years31. Who of the following would feel most comfortable with silence during a conversation? Amanager from _____. CE.the United StatesF.GermanyG.Great BritainH.Japan32 Which statement related to work attitudes is incorrect? AA.U.S. attitudes toward work are more relaxed than those in Europe.B.In the United States, hard work is applauded and often rewarded.C.The Japanese attitude toward work is very group-oriented.D.In the United States, the attitude toward work is ingrained from an early age.33. Which statement referring to thought patterns is incorrect? DA.The structure of a language affects the perceptions of reality of its speakersB.The structure of a language influences thought patterns and worldviews of its speakersnguage functions as a way of shaping one’s experienceD.There is a general agreement concerning the validity of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis34. Which statement is incorrect? Dnguage is a reflection of the environmentnguage is reflection of cultural valuesnguage is a reflection of culture, and culture is a reflection of language.D. A good mastering of a foreign language equals a complete understanding of its culture.35. Which statement referring to thought patterns is incorrect? Ca. Asians typically use the inductive method of reasoning.b. Thought patterns impact oral communication.c.When using the deductive method of reasoning, one starts with the facts and goesto generalizations.d. Recognizing different thought patterns is important in negotiation with differentcultures.36. Which statement is incorrect? Ba. Costly business blunders are often the result of a lack of knowledge of anotherculture's nonverbal communication patterns.b. Processes of reasoning and problem solving are the same in all cultures.c.Attitudes toward time and use of space convey nonverbal messages inintercultural encounters.d.When in another culture, an appropriate caution would be to watch thebehavior of the persons you are talking with and match their style.37. Language is important because it Aa.helps us shape concepts, controls how we think, and controls how weperceive others.b.allows us to be understood by foreigners.c.is determined by colonialism.d.is stable, easily understood, and free of diversity.38. Which of the following countries uses high-context language? DB.CanadaC.GermanyD.JapanE.United States39. Slang is generally HE.understood by everyone.F.spoken by the masses.G.easily translated.ed by subgroups.40. General guidelines to follow when conversing with someone from another culture includeall of the following except: Ca. politics is a safe topic in most cultures.b. avoid telling jokes.c. avoid personal questions.d. keep the conversation positive.41. Which statement best describes an incorrect handshake? Ca. In the U.S., a handshake should be firm.b. An Asian handshake is usually gentle.c. Germans repeat a brusque handshake upon arrival and departure.d. A British handshake is firm and repeated frequently.42. Language is important because it Ee.helps us shape concepts, controls how we think, and controls how weperceive others.f.allows us to be understood by foreigners.g.is determined by colonialism.h.is stable, easily understood, and free of diversity.43. Which of the following countries uses high-context language? AF.CanadaG.GermanyH.JapanI.United States44. Slang is generally LI.understood by everyone.J.spoken by the masses.K.easily translated.ed by subgroups.45. Nonverbal communication does not include Da. chromatics.b. chronemics.c.haptics.d. semantics.46. "The part was found defective, and it was determined that there is a defect in the buttoncausing it not to fit into the chassis." This statement is an example of a HE.linear explanation.F.verbose explanation.G.nonlinear explanation.H.why explanation.47. Which of the following would be an example of a translation problem? Hing the intention of the speaker rather than the actual words in the translation.F.Qualifying slang terms.G.Not translating conversation taboos.ing a word for which no exact word or concept is available in the secondlanguage.48. Which statement highlights weak uncertainty avoidance? Ba. One group's truth should not be imposed on others.b. Scientific opponents cannot be personal friends.c. Citizen protest should be repressed.d. Negative attitudes are expressed toward young people.49. The main idea of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is that Dnguage is just a device for reporting a person's experience.b.two languages can represent the same social reality.c.the social reality can be conveyed to a person who does not speak thelanguage.nguage functions as a way of shaping a person's experience.50. Many multinational firms find that cultural shock can be alleviated by Da. sending only top executives abroad.b. sending only young, single associates on overseas assignments.c. testing associates to see who is most qualified.d. selecting employees for overseas assignments who possess certain personal andprofessional qualifications.。
完整版跨文化交际考试题型
Intercultural communication paperI.Fill in the blanks to make the statements complete (25%)(共8小题，25个空格，每空1分)1.There are roughly five types of communication: human communication, ()com muni cati on, huma n-ani mal com muni cati on, huma n-mach ine com muni cati on andmach in e-to-mach ine com muni cati on.2.Past-oriented people tend to believe tradition is important. Present-oriented cultures maintain thatthe moment is the most significant. If you tend to look to the future and make pla ns, you arefuture-orie nted. Gen erally speak ing. Chin ese are accepted as past-orie nted while () are thoughtto be future-orie nted.II.Choose one correct answer from the four choices (共20 个单选，每个1 分，共20 分)6.Socrates together with __________________ and Aristotle are thought to be the founder ofWester n philosophy. Their emphasis is on self in stead of on n ature. From Socrates there is divisiotime, n from n ature and man.A. DescartesB. HegalC. PlatoD. Archimedes7.The Chin ese Three Character Classics orie nts huma n n ature as ________________ .A. good but corruptibleB. evil but perfectibleC . mixture of good and evil D. evil and corruptible11.The ________ meditatio n is the most abstract of all because it is the thinking of thi nking.Thinking becomes the subject of its own in vestigati on.A. HinduB. Chin eseC. GreekD. Japa nese12.The ___________ t ends to use their reas on as a spectacle in which to see the world. Hencethinking is the means to un dersta nd the world.A. HinduB. Chin eseC. GreekD. Japa nese13.The ____________ tend to dist in guish mind from body, people from n ature, and God fromMan, while the Chin ese are used to look ing at the world as a whole un it.A. Wester nersB. Hin dusC. ArabsD. Indon esia ns17.The ________ discourse style is characterized as layi ng emphasis on impressi on rather tha non information while the ____________________ discourse style features laying emphasis onin formati on rather tha n on impressi on.A. Western …ChineseB. English …KoreanC. American …JapaneseD. Chinese …Westerners'18.Westerners are direct in express ing ideas while the Chin ese are in direct. So the deductive(topic first) patter n is prevale nt in ______ and the in ductive (topic delayed) patter n is moreaccepted by the Chin ese and other Asia ns.A. the WestB. Chi naC. KoreaD. Japa n19.The function of non verbal sig ns is sometimes in dispe nsible. For example, placi ng yourin dex fin ger to your lips as an alter native to say ing Please calm dow n so that I can speak'is a caseof _____________________________ .A. compleme ntingB. repeat ingC. con tradict ingD. substitut ing20.In ___________ culture, a good girl does not meet the eyes of an adult.A. AmericanB. Puerto RicanC. GermanD. French21.In ___________ cultures, it is not uncommon to see men crying in public.A. AsianB. Middle EastC. MediterraneanD. Far East22.Most Arabs, Mediterranean people, Indonesians and people in the Middle East evaluate closeness as . Theybelong to _____________ cultures.A. n egative …low con tactB. positive …high con tactC. positive …low con tactD. n egative high con tact23.People in __________ cultures usually view silence as lack of communication and aregenerally ___________ with it.A. low context … uncomfortableB. high context … uncomfortableC. low context … comfortableD. high context … comfortable24.___________ have __________ p ersonal territory than South Americans.A. North Americans … biggerB. North Americans … smallerC. Africa ns …biggerD. Africa ns …smaller25.Traditionally, all people encounter two families: the family they are born into and the onethat is formed. The first is bonded by __________ and the second is from _______________ .A. blood …marriageB. marriage •••bloodC. duty…romaneeD. romanee•…duty28.川.Judge the following statements whether they are true or false （10% ）（共1 0个句子，每句1 分）29.In English speaking countries physical contact is generally avoided in conversation among ordinary friends oracquaintances .30.Americans often smile to cover up confusion or embarrassment.28.Dropping the names of wealthy or famous people the family knows is done in the United States, and it is viewedpositively.29.It's one part of American privacy that notebooks should not be looked at by anyone without its owner 's permission.31.Values are the core of culture and most culture is hidden.33. White is the traditional color for brides at Chinese weddings.38…IV . Translate the following （20% ）Section A Put the following into Chinese （共10 个，每个1 分，共10 分）39live-in couples.40their immediate family.41funerals and weddings.42Chinese parents long to see their sons become successful.43Every dog has his day.44Mo Tze preached the concept of universal love.45filial piety.48…Section B Put the following into English （共10 个，每个1 分，共10 分）49 红眼病50 开门红51 白眼狼52 她皮肤白皙53 我白忙了54 纸老虎55 败家子56 荤段子V.Fill in the missing information (共5 个空格，每个空格1 分，共5 分)According to Mythical Legends of Mountains and Seas or Shanghaijing: grandsonof Yandi,伯陵，had love affairs with Wu Gang ' s wife during the three years of Wu ' s being away for celestial being, and they gave birth to three sons. Wu killed 伯陵outof furious rage which offended the god of sun, Yandi and Wu ————————(57)。
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跨文化交际课程期末考题型和分值分布
课堂讲义材料内容占期末卷面3/4以上，其他1/4为讲义外部分
题型：
1.名词解释（5个) （20%）（手写）
2.填空(16题) （16%）（选词填空形式，有干扰项）
3.判断正误(16题) （16%）（填T or F）
4.例子分析(4个) （32%）（手写）
5.简答（3题）（16% 5%+5%+6% ）（手写）
跨文化交际课程期末考试大纲
Chapter 1 Basic Concept
名词解释：1. Culture (Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs,…. group of people.) （see P3）
2. Intercultural communication ( In its most general sense, intercultural communication …. a member of another culture. (P15)
3. Power distance
4. Individualism
5. Collectivism
6. Femininity
7. Masculinity
问题：1. Introduce the seven characteristics of culture.
（culture is shared/learned/symbolic/integrated/dynamic/ethnocentric/adaptive）
2. What is cultural fish?
3. What is cultural iceberg?
4. What are the three styles of communication?
5. What are the five main barriers in intercultural communication?
6. What are the four primary dimensions for differentiating cultures?
7. Explain cultural differences between eastern and western countries.
了解：The differences between large and small power distances.
Characteristics of individualistic and collectivist cultures.
Characteristics of masculine and feminine cultures.
练习：阅读后练习。
例子分析：1. A Chinese company fails to sign a contract with an American business delegation.
2. Grandparents and grandchildren
Chapter 2 Verbal Communication
名词解释：1. Verbal communication
问题: What are the three attributes characterizing verbal communication?
了解：The relationship between language and culture.
例子分析：1. Middle-aged Western woman refused a Chinese student’s help rudely.
2. Huizhen is always eager to want her foreign teacher to correct her grammatical
mistakes.
练习：阅读后练习。
Chapter 3 Non-verbal communication
名词解释：1. Nonverbal communication
2. Kinesics
3. Proxemics
问题：1. The importance of nonverbal communication
2. Introduce the six functions of nonverbal communication and give examples to explain
them.
3. Describe how to make “OK”, “Victory” and “Good” gesture.
4. What is personal territory?
了解：facial expression, gesture, posture, eye-contact
例子分析：1. Goodnight kiss
2. An American friend
练习：阅读后练习
Chapter 4 Culture Shock
名词解释：1. Culture shock
2. The adjustment stage
3. The bi-culturality stage
4. Reverse culture shock
问题：1. The stages of culture shock
2. Symptoms of culture shock
3. How to alleviate culture shock?
例子分析：1. A helping hand
2. Hand in the report in 15 days
练习：阅读后练习。