《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析(张韵斐)

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影响英语词汇发展的重要因素

影响英语词汇发展的重要因素2019-07-08摘要作为世界上应⽤范围最为⼴泛的语⾔，英语的词汇发展过程受到许多因素的影响。

本⽂从环境、历史、宗教、价值观和风俗习惯等⼏个⽅⾯分析了它们对英语词汇的发展所起的重要作⽤，并⽤举例的⽅式列出了相关的英语词汇的引⼊、变迁和发展过程，以了解词汇的发展规律，掌握词汇发展⽅向。

关键词词汇发展环境历史宗教价值观风俗习惯中图分类号：H319.3 ⽂献标识码：A DOI：10.16400/ki.kjdkz.2015.02.066Important Factors Affecting the Development of English VocabularyHUANG Xianping（Yingkou Vocational and Technical College， Yingkou， Liaoning 115000）Abstract As the world's most extensive range of applications of the language， the English vocabulary development process is affected by many factors. In this paper， several aspects of the environment， history， religion， values and customs，such as analysis of the important role they played in the development of English vocabulary and are listed by way of example related to the introduction of English vocabulary， the process of change and development in order to understand the development of the law of vocabulary， master the vocabulary development.Key words vocabulary development; environment; history; religion; value; customs0 引⾔据统计，当今世界以英语为母语的国家有英国、美国、爱尔兰、加拿⼤、澳⼤利亚、新西兰、南⾮和加勒⽐海诸国。

Lecture1《英语词汇学》第一章教案

Lecture1《英语词汇学》第一章教案Self IntroductionName: ZHENG JiaqinProfessional tile: Associate ProfessorAcademic degree: Bachelor?s degreeCellular phone: 135********E-mail:jiaqinzheng1966@/doc/9510006114.html, Ways of MarkingClassroom attendance20%Assignments 20%Final test60%Text Book:《现代英语词汇学概论》张韵斐主编,北京师范大学出版社，2004-10出版◆R eference books:1. 《现代英语词汇学》-新版(陆国强, 2002, 上海:上海外语教育出版社)2.《英语词汇学教程》（汪榕培，卢晓娟，1997,上海: 上海外语教育出版社）Leture 1讲授题目：1. A Brief Introduction to the Course---English Lexicology2. The Development ofEnglish Vocabulary所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》第1章计划学时：2 periods教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对英语词汇学的研究对象、性质、特点以及英语语言的发展进程等基本知识有了一定的了解。

IntroductionWhat is linguistics?Generally speaking, linguistics can be defined as the scientificstudy of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies the general principles upon which all human languages areconstructed and operate as systems of human communication.LEXICOLOGY1.The term lexicology contains two Greek morphemes: “lexikon”and “logie”; the former means “word or phrase”, while the latter “learning or the study of”.2. The literal meaning is the “science of the word”.3. It is the study of the signification/meaning and application/uses of words.4. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics inquiring into the origins and meanings of words ( WNWD-Webster?s New World Dictionary of the American Language ).THE FIVE SUB-BRANCHES OF LEXICOLOGY 1.Semantics: the study of the meanings of words and other parts of language.2.Etymology: studies the meanings, origin and history of individual words and their development.3. Historical lexicology: studies from a historical point of viewthe development of vocabulary4. Phraseology(成语学）: mainly deals with set expressionsand idioms.5. Lexicography: studies the writing and making ofdictionaries.English lexicologyEnglish lexicology deals with English words, their origin, meaning, morphological structures, semantic structures, sense relations , idioms, historical development, formation and usages.The Nature of English LexicologyEnglish lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and many usages examples. Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved.THE AIMS OF THIS COURSEOffer an insight into the origin and development of the Englishvocabulary.Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation Study the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations.THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COURSEDevelop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your wordpower (active vocabulary).Understand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words moreeffectively.Raise your awareness of meaning and usages, use words more accurately and appropriately.Develop your skills and habits of analyzing and generalizinglinguisticphenomena in your learning experiences.Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in languageprocessing as well as language production.TWO APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ENGLISHLEXICOLOGYA synchronic approach is an approach to the study of a language at one period of time,A diachronic approach is an approach to the study of the change in a language that took place over a period of time.There are two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. For example the word …wife? now means ……a married woman, esp. in relation to her husband??. This is the current meaning.It has an obsolete meaning …woman?, which is only preserved in midwife, housewife, Bathwife, etc. However if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning. In this light, the word …wife? evolved from the old English … wif ?, meaning … woman?, but later it became specialized in the course of development to the modern meaning …a married woman?.TWO APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ENGLISHLEXICOLOGYModern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language (English words), but we need the diachronic approach as a supplement, for a knowledge ofhistorical development of the vocabulary will definitely be of great help to us in our language study.Questions and Tasks1. What is lexicology?2. What is the nature and scope of English lexicology?3. Why should a student of English study English lexicology?。

英语词汇学对英语词汇学习的启示

万方数据英语词汇学对英语词汇学习的启示作者：孔令然作者单位：哈尔滨师范大学刊名：职业技术英文刊名：ZHIYE JISHU年，卷(期)：2011(1)1.张韵斐现代英语词汇学概论 20042.索绪尔;高名凯普通语言学教程 19933.Howard Jackson;Etienne ze.words Meaning and Vocabulary An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology 20001.郭志艳.GuoZhiyan公选课英语词汇学元认知学习策略研究[期刊论文]-吉林工商学院学报2010,26(5)2.王连柱.WANG Lian-zhu词汇学视角下的大学英语词汇教学[期刊论文]-河南职业技术师范学院学报（职业教育版）2009(4)3.汪榕培《英语词汇学》--国外英语词汇学著作述评之二[期刊论文]-外语与外语教学2001(6)4.ZHOU Fang The Different Indication of the Same Words in Different Contents between Different Cultures[期刊论文]-科技致富向导2011(4)5.刘旭亮把英语词汇学知识引入大学英语公外教学初探[期刊论文]-海外英语(中旬刊)2010(1)6.唐年青从隐喻的和词汇学的视角探讨“V-ed”的多义性[学位论文]20057.孙振亮运用词汇学理论指导英语教学[期刊论文]-和田师范专科学校学报2009(4)8.朱伟伟.Zhu Weiwei英语词汇学在高职高专英语词汇教学中的运用[期刊论文]-空中英语教室（新教师教学）2010(9)9.汪榕培《词,意义和词汇:现代英语词汇学引论》--国外英语词汇学著作述评之一[期刊论文]-外语与外语教学2001(5)本文链接：/Periodical_zyjs201101012.aspx。

词汇学名词解释（张韵斐主编版）

词汇学名词解释（张韵斐主编版）名词解释1,word:fundamental units of speech and hacing a mininum, free form.it is a unity of sound and meaning,capable of performing a given syntactical function.2,morpheme:the minimal meaningful unit of the english language,possesses both sound and meaning.the morpheme is not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.An allomorph(词素变体)is any of the various form of a morpheme.3,freemorpheme:is one that can stand by itself as a complete utterance.4,bound morpheme:cannot exist on its own,mit must appear with at least one other morpheme.5,roots and affixes:a root is the basic unchangeable part of a word,and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.6,inflectional affixes and derivational affixes:An inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality,tense,and the comparative or superlative degree.it does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. inflectional affixes have only thier particular grammatical meaning.derivational affixes are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes,which are used to related to the formation of new words.7,free root and bound root:Free root can stand alone as woeds and provide the language with a basis for the formation of new words.Bound root cannot appear as woeds in modern English, although they were once words,nor can they be used to form new words.8,hybrid:a hybrid is a word made up of elements from two or more different language.9,compounding/composition:it is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit,a conpound word.10,word-formation rule:the rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.11,initialisms and acronyms:Initialism is a type of shortening,using the first letters of wors to form a proper name,a technical term , or a phrase. Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scietific term.12,polysemy:it means a single word having several or many meanings.13,homonyms:homonyms are words different in meaning,but identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in spelling or sound.14,syonyms:words which nearly the same denotative meaning are syonyms,and the relationship between them is one of synonymy.15,antonymy:words that are opposite are antonyms.16,huponymy:it is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical item. 17,blending:it is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words , one of which is not in its full form or both of which are notin their full forms.18,back-formation: it is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.19,reduplication:it is a minor type of word-formation by a compound word which is created by the repetition of one word like go-go.20,grammatical meaning and lexical meaning:Grammatical meaning is indispensable in determining the position a word occupies in a sentence.it consists of word-class and inflectional paradigmlexical meaning is that aspect of sense proper to the word as a lexical item.21,semantic field theory:it is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrrelated lexical networks. 22,linguistic context:three main types of linguistic context are the lexical,grammatical and vorbal context in its broad sense. 23,extra-linguistic context/context of situation:(1)the actual speech situation in which a word(or an utterance,or a speech event)occurs.(2)The entire cultural back ground agaicst ehich a word ,or an utterance or a speech eventhas to be set.24,clipping:deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun),which is also available in its full form.词语辨析1 Plains /pleinz/ a large strentch of flat landPlanes /pleinz/ aeroplane2 row / r?u/ a neat line (of people or things) side by sideRow /rau/ uproar,noisy distuibance3 sound / saund/ n. PronounceSound / saund/ adj. Healthy4 waist /weist/ the narrow part of the human body between the ripes and the hips.Waste /weist/ a useless or profitless spending.Compound words(1) 1 someone who writes songs. Songwriter2 someone who cleans windows. Window-cleaner3 the race for arms. Arms race4 the train in the morning. Morning train5 gold mine6 sunbathing7 dirt cheap8 sun-tanned(2)1 a drop of rain ; the bed for flowers2 impermeable to air ; as green as sew3 a remark that is meant well ; a person that behaves well4 houses ruined by war5 one who designs computer ; one who baths in the sun6 steam powers or operates engine ; an engine prevents fire7 the worm produces silk ; ;the gas produces light8 one who writes by hand ; one who finds fault9 a ship that goes across oceans ; people who love peace10 one who teaches language ; one who sits with the babaies11 boys bred in country1 knee-deep2 lifelike3 snow-white4 nation-wide5 shoulder-high6 pitch-dark/black7 carefree 8 soundproof 9 fireproof 10 lifelong填空Reject 拒绝；退回，摈弃n.不合格产品Refuse 拒绝做某事Decline 谢绝帮助Rapid 瞬间的Fast 快速的Range/fury 狂怒Indignation 义愤近义词反义词Fair-dark empty-full faint-loud low-high gloomy-bright sad-joyful/cheerful dark-bright rough-soft/gentle decline-accept/rise peculiar-common/average light-dark/heavy fresh-stale/faded thin-fat/thick wild-domestic/garden dull-interesting/clever deep-shallow/surface seldom-often hard-easy/soft over-under scarce-plentiful backward-forward总分关系。

《现代英语词汇学》(新版)复习

英语词汇学复习的内容：.一、考试题形式分为：Ⅰ.选择题(20分)：完全是考书中的理论与例子的结合,即知识点等。

1-9cahptersⅡ.填空（30分）：考定义概念。

1-10chaptersⅢ.（20分）习语英译汉：教材中汉语部分idioms: 习语的特点Ⅳ.(10分) 论述题：第三章为主Ⅴ. 树形图（依据上下义关系作图）(20分)：第二、六章二、教材内容简介陆国强编著：《现代英语词汇学》（新版），上海外语教育出版社，2003年7月第一章词的概述；第二章词的结构和词的构成方式；第三章词的理据；第四章词的语义特征；第五章词义的变化；第六章词的语义分类；第七章词的联想与搭配；第八章英语习语；第九章美国英语；第十章词的使用和理解；第十一章词汇衔接；第十二章词汇衔接和语篇连贯。

教学内容是: 词形结构构词法, 词法特点及分类, 词义转换, 英文习语, 美式英语, 词汇及文学风格, 英语词汇学, 词汇学研究方法及其新的发展方向等方面的理论与研究动态。

《现代英语词汇学教材》以现代语言理论为指导，以英语词汇为研究对象。

主要内容有单词的结构、构词法、单词的意义及词义关系、英语词汇的构成、词义的历史演变、成语及词典知识。

本课程可以使学生比较系统地掌握英语词汇的知识，比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及历史演变过程，并能对现代英语词汇发展的趋势和所出现的现象作出分析和解释，提高运用英语的能力。

本课程特别强调和重视研究生广泛阅读英语词汇学、语言学、语义学、词源学方面的书籍，以教师精讲、学生宽学为目的。

本课程的教学目的, 在于指导学生用现代语义学和语法学的有关理论分析研究现代英语词汇现象, 揭示现代英语词汇规律。

要求学生通过英汉词汇的对比研究, 探讨英语词汇教学规律, 指导英语语言实践, 不断提高对现代英语词汇的理解, 应用和研究能力。

主要参考书汪榕培，《英语词汇学研究》，上海外语教育出版社，2000年4月第一版王文斌，《英语词汇语义学》，浙江教育出版社，2001年6月第一版汪榕培、卢晓娟编著：《英语词汇学教程》，上海外语教育出版社，1997年10月第1版.汪榕培主编：《英语词汇学高级教程》，上海外语教育出版社，2002年11月张韵斐:《英语词汇学》北京师范大学出版社.汪榕培《英语词汇学教程读本》上海外语教育出版社.1. Carter, R. (1987), V ocabulary: Applied Linguistic Perspectives. London: Allen & Unwin.2. Carter, R. & M. McCarthy, (1988), V ocabluary and Language Teaching. Harlow; Longman.教学手段：采用多媒体教学本课程要求学生能够比较全面、比较系统地了解现代英语词汇学这一领域的一些最主要、最有影响的语言学理论，能够运用词汇学理论去分析和解决词汇学习中的一些问题。

英语词汇学chapter1

The Old English (449-1100)
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The vocabulary of Old English was chiefly AngloSaxon with a small mixture of Old Norse words as a result of the Scandinavian or the Danish conquests of England in the ninth century, such as, cake, call, egg, knife, take, give, etc. The English continued to adopt words from Latin during the Old English period due to the Angles and Saxons’ various contacts with the Romans, such as, candle, kettle, mountain, school, cup, etc.
The Middle English (1100-1500)
The Middle English (1100-1500)
The Norman Conquest: William, the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded and conquered England and the AngloSaxons in 1066 AD.
Influences
Celts (the earliest inhabitants) 450 790 1066 The conquest and settlement of the Angles, Saxons, and the Jutes the Scandinavian or the Danish conquests The Norman Conquest

英语专业本科词汇学教师ppt课件Cha

Байду номын сангаас
Old English was a highly inflected language. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs had complex endings or vowel changes marking distinction of number, case and of gender.
(ME) And he seide, A man hadde twei sones: 12 and the ʒonger of hem seide to the fadir. Fadir. Ʒyue me the porcioun of catel. that fallith to me. And he departide to hem the catel. 13 And not aftir many daies. whanne alle thingis weren gederid togider, the ʒonger sone wente forth in pilgrymage in to a fer countre; and there he wastide hise goodis in lyuynge lecherously.
Modern English (1500—1700: Early; 1700—the present: Late): Sources of the new words: Latin and Greek (Renainssance): Latin (scientific and abstract words), chemist, scientific, vacuum, theory, education, exist; Greek (literary, technical and scientific words), drama, comedy, tragedy, physics Romance languages (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Rumanian and others developed from Latin 罗曼语；拉丁语系诸语言): French, café; Italian, concert, piano, balcony; Spanish, cargo, cigar, cocoa; Portuguese, pagoda Other European languages: German, nickel, zinc; Dutch, freight; Russian, vodka, tsar Non-European languages: Australian, boomerang, kangaroo; Arabic, sugar, alcohol; Chinese, loquat; Japanese, kimono; African, zebra

现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版

现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
《现代英语词汇学概论》是英国语言学家约翰·西诺特（John Sinclair）所著，于1966年出版的一本关于英语词汇学的经典著作。

该
书第一章的主要内容涉及了词汇学研究的背景和目标。

第一章的汉语版主要包括以下内容：
1.引言：介绍了词汇学研究的重要性和目的，以及该书的结构和内容。

2.词汇学的起源和发展：回顾了词汇学研究的历史背景和不同阶段的
发展，包括传统历史语言学和现代语言学的贡献。

3.词汇研究的方法和工具：介绍了进行词汇学研究所需的方法和工具，包括词汇统计、语料库、词典和计算机技术的运用等。

4.词汇学的理论框架：探讨了几种主要的词汇学理论，包括认知语义学、联想语义学和构式语法等，并解释了它们在研究词汇结构、意义和使
用方面的作用。

5.词汇学的研究领域：概述了词汇学研究的不同领域，包括词汇结构、词汇意义、词汇使用和词汇变化等，并举例说明了不同领域的研究方法和
发现。

总之，第一章的汉语版主要介绍了词汇学研究的基本概念、方法和理
论框架，为后续章节的词汇学内容打下基础。

《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析汇报(张韵斐)

张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》一一解析第一部分Chapter I英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。

然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。

首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the , a , my这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。

另外，Bloomfield 的定义侧重在于语法(syntax )却没有涉及到词的意义。

随着词汇学的发展跟完善，人们给词下了较为完整的定义。

“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。

”(《辞海》1984 (上) 375页，上海辞书出版社)一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。

纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。

特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。

现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。

一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。

英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。

根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。

口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。

基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。

第二部分Chapter H 到Chapter IV英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of Englishwords and word-formati on )(一) 词素(Morphemes )单词是有词素(morphemes )构成的。

词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。

单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。

如：n ati on是一个词素，national 有nation+al 两个词素。

American English is easier to learn than British English 小论文：美式英语比英式英语好学

American English is Easier to Learn than British English American English (AmE) and British English (BrE) are the two major English from in the world, relating with, as well as differing from, each other in every aspect, such as pronunciation, spelling, grammar, usage,and vocabulary. The English language was first introduced to America by British colonizationists in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia (Zhang 211). However, as time went by, the from of English used in the America have differed from the British one, leading to the current versions of AmE and BrE. The total different environment, the independence of the new nation and the help of Noah Webster’s An American Dictionary of English language finally shaped the American English to a new standard of English instead of a brunch or an dialect. Both AmE and BrE are studied by numerous people around the world, but judging from personal experiment and the evidence below, AmE is easier to learn than BrE.What differ American English and British English most lies in V ocabulary, and many examples support the idea that AmE words are shorter and easier to spell than British ones. There are many words, which you will find it different in spelling between AmE and BrE, and, most of the time, the AmE is shorter. In BrE, it saves the redundant “U ”, while AmE choose to remove them and rewrite the word in a simpler way. For example, favor(AmE) - favour (BrE) , and color(AmE) - colour (BrE). There are many loanwords that borrowed from other languages, like, Latin and French, in English which have been reforming its spelling (Lu 134). The American way of reforming these words is considered to be more consistent with its pronunciation,which have less exceptions. Some words originated from French, Greek or Latin end with -re are actually pronounce like -er (/ər/). For example, center (AmE) - entre (BrE), meter (AmE) - metre (BrE).Besides in vocabulary, the differences are also clear in pronunciation, and most English learner will find AmE easier to pronounce. First, the pronunciation rules is simple and AmE follow these rules, which makes it even more easier to speak in AmE. British people only pronounce the letter "r" when it is followed by a vowel. American people pronounce this letter always. The sound /r/ has usually changed the pronunciations of the previous vowel. Moreover, In BrE all the vowels can be classified as short ( /æ/ /ə/ , etc) or long ( /u: / /a:/ , etc). In AmE they are all the same in length, or the difference is much smaller than in Britain. The difference is usually made with a contrast between tense and non-tense pronunciation rather than long and short.The flatter intonation in AmE is another major element that distinguish AmE and BrE in pronunciation. Even if we ignore the British accent, one can still tell the difference between AmE and BrE when listening to a passage. When we speak and read, our voices will go up and down. The British people tend to speak and read with a large-range of intonation,whose voice can go very high and quite low. While American people speak with a flatter tone.Memorizing the irregular change of verbs has always been a problem to the English leaner. Comparatively speaking, In AmE, verbs change in a less-complicated way, which will greatly reduce the difficulty for the English leaner. For words likelearn (learned, learnt), dream (dreamed, dreamt), in BrE, both irregular and regular forms are acceptable, while in AmE, the irregular forms are never or rarely used. As for another problem, the use of tense, in recent AmE, it has been using the simple tense to represent the time meaning. For example, previously, we would use present perfect and the words just, already and yet to talk about an event in the recent past,and this usage is still used by the BrE speaker. However, the simple past tense is being increasingly used in this situation by the AmE speaker and this usage is now recognized by many grammar book of English as an AmE grammar.Eg: I have just brushed my teeth. ( present prefect in BrE)I just brushed my teeth. (simple past in AmE)And, undoubtedly, this usage help the English learner to learn easily and deal with the tense more flexibly.AmE and BrE differ in vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar and many other ways, which will influence the English learner greatly. In AmE, vocabulary tend to be shorter, more consistent and better organized according to the pronunciation; pronunciation rules tend to bei simpler and have less exception; grammar tends to be flexible and easier to remember. Thus, there will be increasing English learner chose AmE rather than BrE for its simplicity in many ways. As leaner reach deep in the differences between AmE and BrE, more examples will be found to support this thesis.Work CitedZhang, Yunfei 张韵斐, ed. An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology 现代英语词汇学概论. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Press, 2004.Algeo, John. British or American English?. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Foster, Brian, The Changing English Language. New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 1970.Lu, Guoqiang 陆国强. Modern English Lexicology 现代英语词汇学. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2007.Stevens, Peter. British and American English. London:Collier-Mcmillan Publishers, 1972.。

浅析英语中的名词动词化现象

浅析英语中的名词动词化现象摘要:“名词动词化”是一个十分常见的语言现象,它有其自身的语言学理论依据和实际应用的特点。

本文从人体部位、动物名称和表示气候名称的动词化现象三方面分析英语中名转动词的实际运用特点。

关键词:名词;动词;名词动词化;语言学理论引言在现代英语中,越来越多的名词被用作动词。

英语中的“名词动词化”在词汇中是最活跃、数量最多的[1],比例约为l0.5%。

“名词动词化”, 即名词转化为动词,就是名词不作任何形态的变化直接用作动词。

名词被动词化后,常常表示具有该名词的活动特点或性质特征的动作,语言既精炼又生动,富于表现力,能引起读者的兴趣和共鸣。

一、名词动词化的语言学理论依据名词动词化有其自身的语言学理论依据。

1.1名词动词化的语义学原则语义学上研究的词的功能转换(functional shift)是指在句子中,一个词可以从某一词类转用作另一词类,名词转化动词是其中一类[2]。

英语名词动词化具有“语义增值”之效,即除了增加原名词所没有的描述性和过程化动作意味之外,更主要的还在于它能激发读者的心理联想。

因为根据意象理论,语言信息是以意象的形式储存于记忆之中。

名词动词化的最大优势就在于能迅速激起读者记忆储存中该名词的动作意象,使原名词在其原语义基础上衍生出动作、状态、意象、手段等意味来。

1.2名词动词化的语用学原则从语用学的角度来看,最理想的语言表达方式就是能够用最经济的话语来表达最充分的信息[3]。

英语名词的动词化现象恰恰体现了这种“语言经济原则”或“语言效率原则”,因而被广泛应用。

1.3名词动词化的修辞效能名词到动词的转化既能体现“语言经济原则”,又能提高语言的表达效果,达到生动、形象、言简意赅的修辞目的。

1.4 名词动词化的认知语言学理据在认知语言学看来,名词转换为动词属于人们认知侧面的转换。

人们以不同的方式描述想象情境的某些方面,即人们认为哪些成分是突显的,当名词被转换为动词时,其意象已经不是事物,人们的感知侧面由事物转向其突显动作的一面。

第1章：现代英语词汇学概论【A general servey of English vocabulary】

没有上面描述特征的词，不属于语言的正常核心。它们包括下面：
1.术语Terminology: technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.包括特定学科和学术领域的技术术语，例如在医学上：光扫描，肝炎，消化不良，青霉素；在数学上：代数，三角学，微积分；音乐上，交响乐，管弦乐队，奏鸣曲，协奏曲，教育上：视听教学，自休大学，微型教学等等。 2.行话。Jargon（行话）: the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves.用于特定的词汇，通过特定艺术，科学，商业和专业领域的成员在彼此之间交流。
1.1一个词是什么？
词语是什么？多年来已经引起了语言学家的关注。争议较大。尽管已经提出了很多的定义，没有一个是最好的。学者们仍然没有在词语的定义上达成一致。当我们谈起一个词语，我们倾向于根据视觉条件来思考。在这个角度，一个词可以被定义为平印在或者写在纸上的字母的有意义的集合。当根据口语定义的时候，词被看成是一个发音或发音的集合，是由人的发音器官自由的发出的。根据语义学家的意见，一个词是一个意义单位。

——自然现象：雨雪火，水，太阳月亮春夏风山 ——人的身体和亲属：头足手脸父母兄弟姐妹儿子女儿 ——动植物：橡树松树草梨苹果树马牛羊猫狗小鸡 ——动作，尺寸，范围，状态：来去吃听打带好邪恶老年轻热冷重白黑 ——数词代词介词连接词：一十百我你你的，谁，在里，在外，在下等，和但直到如同这些词不能被英语会话者回避。不能不考虑词源教育专业地区文化等等。

《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析

张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析第一部分Chapｔer Ⅰ英语词汇得概论(Ａｇenｅrａｌsurvey ofＥｎglｉｓh vocａbu ｌａry）Bloｏmfieｌd193３中对词得定义就是,每个单词都就是最小得自由词.然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。

首先，不就是所有得单词都可以独立出现，如ｔhe ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义.另外,Bｌoomfield得定义侧重在于语法（ｓyntax)却没有涉及到词得意义。

随着词汇学得发展跟完善，人们给词下了较为完整得定义.“词，今指语言组织中得基础单位,能独立运用,具有声音、意义与语法功能。

”(《辞海》1984(上）3７5页，上海辞书出版社)一种语言中所有得单词汇集起来便构成了该语言得词库。

纵观英语得发展历史,我们可以知道,大多数得英语词汇都就是外来词，它从拉丁语,法语与希腊语等语言中汲取词汇,不断得扩充自己，为己所用.特别就是第二次世界大战之后,英语词汇得到了空前得发展。

现代英语词汇快速发展得原因主要有四方面。

一就是科学技术得快速发展，二就是社会经济得全球化,三就是英语国家得政治与文化变化,最后就是其她文化与语言对英语得强烈影响。

英语词汇就是由各种不同类型得单词组成,而这些单词有着不同得分类标准。

根据词得起源可以分为本族语与外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。

口头词汇,俚语以及科学术语.基础语库得基本特征就是具有民族特征，稳定性,构词得能力与搭配能力。

第二部分Cｈaｐter Ⅱ到Ｃhａpter Ⅳ英语词汇得形态结构与词得构词(Morｐhｏｌogicaｌsｔｒucture of Eｎgli ｓｈｗoｒds ａnd wｏｒd—ｆormａtioｎ)(一)词素（Mｏrｐhｅmeｓ)单词就是有词素(mｏrphemes)构成得。

词素即英语语言中有意义得最小单位,同时具有声音与意义.单词可以有一个或一个以上得词素组成。

如:ｎaｔｉon就是一个词素，ｎatｉonal有nation+al 两个词素。

英语中缀浅议-精品教育文档

英语中缀浅议-精品教育文档英语中缀浅议: The view on the infixation phenomenon is divergent in current academic world for its ambiguous definitions in modern grammar and the misinformation of the lexical construction on its names and nature. This paper explores English infixation in the perspectives of comparing its definitions and attached nature, the similarities and differences between the infixation and the lexical insertion, as to prove the existence of English infixation.0引言近年来,一些专家、学者对于英语中是否有中缀在学术期刊上发表过自己的见解,但由于中缀的定义和其归属性存在不一致,大家在研究中仁者见仁智者见智,但始终没有得出一致的观点, 并且争议颇大,张吉生(1998;2000) 、王文斌(2001)和赵彦春(1999;2000;2003)均有论述, 但这三位学者的观点分歧颇大,张吉生认为英语中存在中缀,但举出的例证并不让人信服,王文斌也持大致相同看法,还提出了“准中缀”的说法,而赵彦春却认为英语中的中缀尚不能确定,并提出“异词合并”的概念。

那么英语中有中缀吗?1基本概念我们讨论中缀问题,首先把中缀归入词缀的范畴应该是没有任何争议的。

首先我们来看一看不同的词缀和中缀的定义。

David Crystal(2004)认为“Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.”张韵斐对此看法一致。

英文

Introduction
• 0.3 Methods of Study • The synchronic approach: studies words at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place • The diachronic approach: looks into the origins and changes of words in form and meaning
• 1.3 Sound and Form • similar in its earliest stage (i.e. Old English) • Differences occur with the development of the language -the English alphabet -the pronunciation -the early scribes -the borrowing In Spite of the differences, 80% of English words fit consistent spelling patterns.
• 1.5.1 Basic Word Stock and Non-basic Vocabulary • The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and form the common core of the language 1. All national character -natural phenomena -human body and relations -names of plants and animals -action, size, domain, state -numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions

大连海事大学2012年硕士研究生招生参考书目

大连海事大学2012年硕士研究生招生参考书目2011-10-07 Google提供的广告Online MSc in PsychologyMSc Forensic Psychology & Criminal Investigation -Apply Online Now 2012年硕士研究生入学考试初试笔试科目考试范围考试科目参考书目211翻译硕士英语1.《新视野大学英语读写教程》郑树棠总主编外语教学与研究出版社2008年（4—6册）2.全新版《大学英语综合教程》李荫华总主编上海外语教育出版社2003年（4—6册）213翻译硕士日语《新版中日交流标准日本语》中级上、下册人民教育出版社2008年241二外英语《新视野大学英语读写教程》(1-2册) 郑树棠总主编外语教学与研究出版社2008年242二外俄语《大学俄语》（1-3册）北京外国语大学外语教学与研究出版社243二外日语1.《新版中日交流标准日本语》初级上、下人民教育出版社2005年2.《新版中日交流标准日本语》中级（上）人民教育出版社2008年244二外德语《新编大学德语》（1-3册）朱建华主编外语教学与研究出版社2007年245二外法语《新大学法语》李志清高等教育出版社1-3册357英语翻译基础《英汉互译实用教程》（第四版）郭著章等武汉大学出版社2010年9月359日语翻译基础《新编日译汉教程》第3版陈岩大连理工大学出版社2009年6月448汉语写作与百科知识无参考书目601数学分析《数学分析》（上、下册）刘玉琏高教出版社第4版602高等数学《高等数学》同济大学应用数学系编高等教育出版社第五版611公共行政学《公共行政学》张康之经济科学出版社2010年10月版612生物化学《生物化学》王镜岩高等教育出版社613法理、民法、民事诉讼法1.《法理学》张文显法律出版社2007年1月版；2.《民法学》彭万林中国政法大学出版社2011年1月第7版；3.《民事诉讼法》谭兵李浩法律出版社2009年版。

英语词汇学课程简介

英语词汇学课程简介课程编号: 050244课程名称: 英语词汇学课程名称(英文): English Lexicology适用专业：英语先修课程：综合英语、泛读、写作学时：36学分：2教学层次：本科课程简介: 英语词汇学是为英语专业高年级学生开设的一门英语专业知识课程，其目的在于使学生了解和掌握现代英语词汇现象和规律。

本课程有利于学生正确理解和运用英语词汇，扩大英语词汇量；亦有利于拓宽学生的思路和视野，全面提高学生的素质。

本课程为英语本科专业高年级阶段的必修课，旨在培养学生掌握词汇学的基本理论知识，提高实际应用语言的能力。

英语词汇学是以现代语言学理论为指导，以英语词汇为研究对象的课程，主要内容包括词的基本知识、词的形态结构、词的构成方式、词的意义及语义关系、英语词汇的来源及发展、词义的变化、习语及词典知识。

教材：丁建新，2004，《现代英语词汇学教程》，重庆：重庆大学出版社。

主要参考书目：陆国强，2007，《现代英语词汇学教程》，上海外语教育出版社Lewis, Norman.1978,.Word Power Made Eas. U.S.A林承璋, 2005 ,《英语词汇学引论》, 武汉：武汉大学出版社。

汪榕培，2006，《英语词汇学高级教程读本》，上海：上海外语教育出版社。

汪榕培，2002, 《现代英语词汇学教程》，上海：上海外语教育出版社。

杨文秀，2005，《英汉学习词典中的语用信息研究》，上海：译文出版社。

张维友, 2004, 《英语词汇学教程》,武汉：华中师范大学出版社。

张韵斐，1986，《现代英语词汇学概论》，北京：北京师范大学出版社。

考核方式：考试成绩评定：课程总成绩为百分制，平时成绩占30%，课程终结考试占70%。