2018年高考英语语法大全(绝对精品)

2018年高考英语语法
大全
(名师详细讲解语法+配套实战练习，零基础也可以学好
英语，建议下载保存)
(绝对精品文档，价值很高，值得下载打印收藏)
(每天背诵提高英语语感。

零基础学英语，每天
进步一点点！)
卷首寄语
Wilkins指出：“没有语法不能很好地表达，而没有词汇则什么也不能表达。

”
语言的学习是一个漫长又艰难的过程，而语法与语言能力之间的关系也是紧密关联的。

语法是语言的应用规则，虽然wilkins更加着眼于词汇，但对于母语为非英语语言的学生来讲，在学习英语的过程中系统地学习一些基础语法，是提高学生应用语言能力的一个有效途径。

对于目前国内中高考考生来讲，语法知识也是应试考核的一个重要项目，尤其是对于中考高考生，语法项目的考核占有很大的卷面比例。

具体考核题型以单项选择、用所给词适当形式填空，句型转换为主基于这样的考核模式，对于中考高考考生来讲，在整合应试能力的过程中，系统地学习语法知识，并进行大量的练习的必要性则是显而易见的了。

这本小册子针对初高中学生的认知水平和语言解构能力，较通俗浅显地对大纲要求的语法项目，并附加了一部分习题，希望该册子对中考高考考生能有所助益。

一、冠词用法小结
冠词的用法在英语学习中较为复杂，千头万绪，尤其是惯用法，请同学们平时学习时注意积累。

以下不过是谈谈冠词的一些常规的用法。

一、不定冠词的用法：
1、泛指人或事物的类别，相当于any, 如:
A hammer is tool. A steel worker makes steel.
2、泛指某人或某物。

A boy is waiting for you. There is a book on your desk.
3、表one或every。

We work 8 hours a day. I go home twice a month.
4、表示the same 的意思。

Birds of a (= the same) feather flock together; people of a kind come together.
5、用在不可数名词前
a)（用在物质名词前）一种，一份
A large coffee for me. It was a wonderful tea.
b)（用在某些表示风、雨等的名词前）
It was clear daylight now and a fine rain was falling. There is a cold wind this morning.
c)（用在抽象名词前）一种
That is a great disappointment. It’s a pleasure to work with you.
6、（用在某些专有名词前）某个叫…的人，一张…的画，一个象…的人等。

I saw a Mrs. Smith on the 12th at 2:00. He had a Van Gogh in the dining-room.
What a strange London they saw! He’s a living Lei Feng.
7、用于某些固定词组中。

a few, a little, a good many, a lot of, all of a sudden, as a rule, have a cold等。

8、在元音音素开头的名词前应用an, 如an apple, an English book。

要以发音为准，并非以元
音字母而定。

如a university, an hour, an “h”, an X-ray examination.
二、定冠词的用法。

1、表特定的或上文提到的人或物。

The boy likes the film. Shut the door, please.
The old poor peasant has a son. The son is a model worker.
2、表示世界上独一无二的东西。

the earth, the moon, the stars, the sun（但space前不用）
3、用在序数词、形容词或副词最高级前。

the second, the tallest, the last, the first.
4、用在由普通名词构成的国家、党派或组织机构等的专有名词前。

the United States; the People’s Republic of China; the Communist Party of China; the Chinese
People’s Liberation Army; the No. 15 Middle School; the department of Education.
5、用在某些建筑物名称前。

The Great Hall of the P eople; the Monument to the People’s Heroes; the Great Wall; the Capital Theatre; the Space Museum; the Peace Hotel。

6、用在江河海洋，山脉群岛，海峡海湾等专有名词前。

The Changjiang River, the Red Sea, the Dabie Mountains, the English Channel, the Taiwan Straits, the Persian Gulf。

7、用在报纸、会议、条约等专有名词前。

the People’s Daily（但：China Daily）the New York Times, the 15th Party Congress, the Geneva Agreement
8、用在方位名词前，某些习惯短语中或结构搭配中。

on the left, in the east, in the morning, on the other hand, in the end, hit sb on the head, catch sb by the arm
9、用在形容词前表一类人。

the poor, the dead, the young, the rich, the wounded.
10、用在双方都知，不言而喻的名词前。

Give me the book. Who’s the man?
用在姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妇二人。

the Smiths, the Greens, the Wangs, the Turners
11、用在单数可数名词前泛指某类人或物(指整个一类)。

The horse is a useful animal.
The computer was invaded not long ago. （但更多时候表特指：The horse is ill. ）
12、指世纪的年代。

in the 1890’s或in the 1890s
13、用在表示乐器的名词前。

play the piano (the guitar, the violin, the flute)
14、用在某国语言前，构成the … language的形式。

The English language is very widely used all over the world.
如果单用国家变来的语言名词形式，则不用the。

Chinese has the largest number of speakers in the world.
15、用于“论（或按）……计”之类的意思。

He got paid by the hour. They sell the cloth by the meter.
三、不用冠词的场合。

1、专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名前一般不用冠词。

China, Johnson; Air is matter. Sound is invisible.
2、当名词已被指示代词、物主代词、名词所有格限制时。

This book is good. I read my English book every day.
3、注：指示代词和物主代词亦不能并用。

＊my that book, 应该说：that book of mine.
街名、广场名、公园名前。

Wall Street. Tian’anmen Square, Hyde Park.
4、省市、大学名前。

Hubei Province (但the Province of Hubei); Wuhan City(但the City of Wuhan); Qinghua University(但：the University of Qinghua)
5、湖泊前一般不用冠词。

East Lake, Salt Lake, Dongting Lake
6、山峰前不用冠词。

Mount Hua, Mount Tai, Mount Everest
7、月份、星期、节日、三餐饭的名词前。

March, Christmas, Sunday; Have you had lunch? Spring is the best season of the years.
(但月份或季节被限定则须冠词。

I arrived here in the winter of 1993.)
8、称呼语，表示头街或职务作宾补或同位语的名词。

What’s this, John?We made Li Hai monitor.
9、学科名、球类、棋类名词六前。

We like maths. They often play football.
10、泛指的复数名词前。

Students must work hard at their lesson.
11、与by连用的交通工具或表示方式、手段的名词前。

by bus, by hand, by radio, by air, by water.
冠词用法巩固练习
1.—I’m afraid I dare not speak in ______ public.
— Just have ______ try.
A. a; 不填;
B. 不填; a
C. the; a
D. the; the
2.As you know, _____ man can’t live without ____ water.
A. 不填; 不填;
B. a; the
C. a; 不填;
D. 不填; the
3.The police have ______ power to arrest bad people by _____ law.
A. the; the
B. 不填; the
C. 不填; 不填;
D. the; 不填;
4.Paris is ______ most beautiful city, where you can see _____ famous Eiffel Tower.
A. a; the
B. a; 不填;
C. the; a
D. 不填; the
5.— Do you like the novels?
—I don’t like either of them. Please show me _______ third one.
A. a
B. the
C. X
D. an
6.Keep away from the cage. _____ lion is ______ fierce animal.
A. The; the
B. A; the
C. A; 不填;
D. The; a
7.The class named _______ Lei Fang is one of the best classed in this school.
A. in honor of
B. in the place of
C. in favor of
D. in the way of
8.— What about ______ bike?
— Do you think it all right to buy him that bike as ____ birthday gift?
A. a; a
B. the; a
C. a; the
D. the ; the
9.First aid is _____ science of giving ____ medical care to ______ person.
A. the; 不填; a
B. the; the; a
C. a; 不填; the
D. 不填; a; the
10.Please pay attention to your spelling. You’ve dropped _____ “n” here.
A. an
B. the
C. 不填;
D. a
11.Bill Clinton took _____ office on January 20th, 1993, and became _______ 42nd US President.
A. an; the
B. 不填; the
C. the; 不填;
D. 不填; 不填;
12.— Have you seen _______ pen? I left it here this morning?
— I think I saw _____ one somewhere. Is it ______ red one?
A. a; the; a
B. a; a; the
C. the; 不填; a
D. a; 不填; a
13.— The news is spreading from mouth to mouth.
—Yes, it’s become ______ talk of _____ town.
A. a; a
B. the; 不填;
C. the; the
D. a; 不填;
14.Now the machine runs at double _______.
A. a speed
B. speed
C. the speed
D. for speed
15.— I hope you will be ready to leave on time.
—Don’t worry. I’ll be ready ____ the taxi arri ves.
A. by the time
B. in time for
C. at the time of
D. until the time when
16.If he goes on swimming in that lake for _____ four hours, he _______ in it for twelve hours.
A. another; will have been swimming
B. a; will swim
C. other; has swum
D. the; will be swimming
17.— Charley Oakley, _______ NBA All-star, hasn’t missed ______ game in past three years.
—I can’t believe it.
A. an; a
B. a; the
C. the; a
D. an; the
18.— What did you think of the place?
—I didn’t car for it at ____ first, but after _____ tim e I got to like it.
A. 不填; the
B. the; a
C. the; 不填;
D. 不填; a
19.— In the past ten years, there have been many changes in family life.
— Are these changes ______?
A. better or worse
B. for best or for worst
C. for the good or for the bad
D. for the better or for
the worse
20.The letter _______. I should have received it this morning.
A. is to be mailed
B. has been mailed
C. had been mailed
D. was being mailed
21.Towards ____ morning, _____ heavy snow began to fall.
A. the; a
B. an; a
C. a; 不填; D不填; the
22.My mother is usually on ________ duty in her office every ______ few days.
A. the; a
B. 不填; a
C. 不填; 不填;
D. a; 不填;
23.He has finished _______.
A. a day work
B. day’s working
C. a day’s work
D. a day-work
24.— May we come in right now?
— Certainly, but only two are allowed ______.
A. at a time
B. in a while
C. at one time
D. for a while
25.No wonder _____ failed in the driving test for _____ second time.
A. has she; the
B. she has; the
C. has she; a
D. she has; a
26.— When did you recognize her?
— _________ I met her.
A. A moment
B. The moment
C. The moment when
D. For a moment
27.— Is this radio show still _______?
— No. It will be broadcast again next month.
A. by air
B. through the air
C. on the air
D. in the air
28.The evening meal for Americans is usually long and _____ for families to gather together.
A. time
B. a date
C. a time
D. the date
29.Duffield White, who is in _____ charge of the competition, said that the boy was the youngest
winner of _______ prize.
A不填; a B. the; the C. 不填; the D. one; the
30.The building was named Ford Hall ________ a man named James Ford.
A. for memory of
B. in the memory that
C. in memory of
D. in a memory for
31.Oh, Mary, _______ you have given us! I _______ so soon.
A.how pleasant surprise; had no idea that you come
B.how pleasant surprise; don’t su ppose you will come
C.how pleasant a surprise; didn’t suppose you would come
D.what pleasant surprise; don’t think you have come
32.These two rooms are of _____ size. But another two rooms are three times _____ size of them.
A. the; the
B. a; the
C. a; a
D. the; a
33.It is not rare in _____ that people in _____ fifties are going to university for further education.
A. 90s; the
B. the 90s; 不填;
C. 90’s; their
D. the 90’s; their
34.—What’s your elder sister?
— She is ____ teacher and _______ writer.
A. the; the
B. a; 不填;
C. a; a
D. the; a
35.Professor Smith had not given _____ talk on Shakespeare for a long time, so he had to brush up on
some of ______ plays.
A. 不填; 不填;
B. a; the
C. the; 不填;
D. the; the
36.______ played an important roll in field hospitals during the war.
A. A X-ray equipment
B. An X-ray equipment
C. X-ray equipments
D. X-ray equipment
37.At midnight they reached _____ small village _____ east of _____ Ever-white Mountain.
A. a; 不填; the
B. a; 不填; 不填;
C. the; the; the
D. the; an; an
38.Young as he is, David has gained _______ rich experience in _____ society.
A. 不填; 不填;
B. the; the
C. a; 不填;
D. 不填; the
39.—What do you think of the TV play “Hand in Hand”?
— Just so-so. However, I don’t think it is worth watching ________.
A. a second time
B. the second time
C. for the second time
D. secondly
40.The warmth of ______ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _____ wool used.
A. the; the
B. the; 不填
C. 不填; the
D.不填；不填
Key
1—10. BADAA DABAA 11—20. BDDCA AADAD
21—30. ACCAD BCCCC 31—40. CBDBB DAAAB
二、介词
介词又叫做前置词，是一种虚词，不能单独在句子当中担当成分，它后面必须接名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类搭配（介词＋宾语）构成介词短语；和动词搭配构成短语动词，然后才能够在句子当中充当成分。

介词分为简单介词，如：at, in, on, besides, since, for等；合成介词，如：inside, outside, without, within, into, onto等；短语介词（或成语介词），如：because of, in front of, instead of, in spite of等；二重介词，如：from behind, until after等。

一、介词短语的句法功能
介词在句子中可以充当定语、状语、表语、以及宾语补足语等。

1.作定语
介词短语在句中做定语时须位于被修饰词之后。

The key to the door is missing.
The water-tower in front of our school was built in 1988.
2.作表语（或称为：主语的补足语）
Some students are in the classroom, and some on the playground.
As we know, Japan is to the east of China.
3.作宾语补足语（或称为：宾语的表语）
Did you see a pen under my desk this morning?
They have sent another rocket into the sky.
4.作状语
1)On Sundays, the family are mostly out. （时间状语）
2)On top of the hill stands a TV tower. （地点状语）
3)He is used to sleeping with all the windows open. （伴随状语）
4)In the search for the lost child, the villagers went all out. （目的状语）
5)All the work must be done by hand. （方式状语）
6)At times, I go to the cinema. （频度状语）
7)She is by fa r the best student in our class. （程度状语）
8)Because of poverty, he couldn’t go to school. (原因状语)
9)To my surprise, he got the first prize in the contest. （结果状语/ 或评注性状语）
10)Without our Party, we couldn’t live a happy life. （条件状语）
11)In spite of great efforts we failed to carry our plans through. （让步状语）
12)As a matter of fact, nobody agreed to his project. （评注性状语）
In my opinion,you’d better go with us.
二、介词的复合结构
“介词＋宾语＋补足语”可以构成介词的复合结构，在句子当中可充当表语、定语、状语、补语等。

这种结构中的宾语和补足语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，使得句子意义更加丰富。

常见的这类介词有with, without, like, of等。

1.介词＋宾语＋形容词
He is used to sleeping with all the windows open.
2.介词＋宾语＋分词
Bamboo leaves swing in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.
At the beginning of school, the noise of desks being opened and closed and lessons (of being) repeated at the top of the children’s voices could be heard out in the street.
The wounded boy glared at the nobleman with his teeth clenched.
3.介词＋宾语＋不定式
The cat humped its back just like a fierce tiger to jump upon me.
4.介词＋宾语＋副词
The little boy rushed out of the house without anything on.
5.介词＋宾语＋介词短语
The teacher entered the classroom with a book under his arm.
三、介词的叠用
在少数介词之后还可接另一个介词短语，也就是我们所称的二重介词。

如：
The naughty boy suddenly rushed out from behind the tree to frighten the girl.
In the spring, new bamboo shoots come out from around their own roots.
He kept on working until after lunch.
四、介词＋and＋介词
有些介词短语用两个意义相反的介词构成从而使句子精简化。

Not knowing what to do, the worried officer walked up and down the room.
There are many trees in and outside the town.
五、介词与其同形的与副词区别
有些介词可做副词用，但我们知道副词可以单独在句子中担当成分，而介词须加宾语构成短语才可在句子中充当成分。

试比较：
Please come in. (in为副词= into the room)
We have no car, but we can go there without. (without为副词= without a car)
Although the exam was difficult, I managed to get through. (through为副词= through the exam)
六、常易混用介词的区别
1.表示“上、下”等方位的介词。

见下图：
2.表示地点的in和at的区别
a)at表示位置，in表示“在…内”如：
— Where is he? — He is at the cinema. (问话者想知道的是位置)
— Is he in the cinema? — Yes, he is. (问话者可能已经在影院门外)
b)at表示小地点，in表示大地点
They arrived at the village at seven.
They arrived in Beijing at seven.
但若某一个大地点并不是最后的终点，仍然用at。

例如：
The train from Beijing to Guangzhou will arrive at Wuhan at twelve o’clock.
(武汉只是从北京开往广州这趟列车途中的一个站，并非目的地。

)
3.in, to和on在方位名词前的区别
in表示在某范围之内；to表示某范围之外的地方；on表示“毗邻、接壤”
Taiwan lies in the east of China.
Taiwan lies to the east of the mainland of China.
Mongolia (蒙古) is (lies) on the north of China.
4.表示时间的in和after
用于将来时态时，in后面接“时段”；after后面接“时点”。

试比较：
He will be back in five hours.
He will be back after five o’clock.
after后面也可接“时段”，但应该用在过去时态的句子中。

They came back after five days.
5.表示时间的at, in和on
1)at表示“钟点时刻、黎明、正午、黄昏、夜晚、午夜、周末、节日期间”
He often gets up at daybreak (dawn).
They will begin their journey at New Year.
2)in表示“上(下)午、晚间、星期、月份、年份、世纪”
He was born in 1988.
3)on表示具体日期或具体的上（下）午，节日的当天，美国英语周末前也用on.
He died on the morning of August 15th, 1985.
但若morning, afternoon, evening等词前面有early或late等修饰语则仍然用in。

如：He died in the early morning of August 15th, 1985.
6.表时间的since和for
since后接时点；for接时段，均常与完成时态连用。

He has been here since last Friday.
He has been here for five days.
当表示“多少次” 时不能用for; 表示“第几次”位于句首时须加for，而位于句尾时for可以省略也可保留。

He has been to Beijing three times. (不可用for three times)
For the first time, I have come here.
I have come here (for) the first time.
7.表示位置的between和among
between表示“个与个之间”，并非只能指两者，可用“…and…”也可接复数名词。

如：The teacher sat between Tom, Jack, Kate, Jane and Mary.
You’d better eat nothing between meals.
among则笼统地指“在…之中”，后接复数名词或代词。

The teacher sat among the students.
8.except, besides, but, except for, but for, except that/ when
1)except用作介词，意为“除了”。

整个句子所表达的意思重点在except所构成的介词
短语上。

例如：
Nobody felt anxious except him. （只有他才焦虑不安）
2)except 和besides
两者都有“除去”之意，但前者指“但并不包括”，是“排除”之意；后者指“除此之外还
有”，有“外加”之意。

例如：
There are six of us besides Tom. （除汤姆外，另外我们还有6个人。

）
3)except和but
but用作介词时，意思是“除…外”，“别无…”，“只有…”；but多与no one，nothing，
who，all，everyone等连用，它可与except互换。

例如：
No one but a fool would believe it.
Who but he would do such a thing？
4)except for 和except that／when
二者意为“只是”或“除…外”，表示理由或细节，修正前面所说的情况。

except for后
面接单词，except that／when后面接句子。

整个句子所表达的意思重点在主句中，
而except所构成的介词短语只是次要的。

例如：
Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
（= Your composition is good except that there are a few spelling mistakes.）
比较：All the compositions are good except Li Hua’s.
(大家的作文都好，只有李华的除外。

)
5)except for和but for
except for用于陈述语气，but for用于虚拟语气“要不是…”。

例如：
Except for its temples，the place is not worth seeing.
But for your help, I couldn’t have finished the work on time.
6)except but十动词不定式（可带to或不带to，当but或except之前没有动词“do”的
某种形式时，其后的不定式要带to。

）例如：
They did nothing except／but watch TV.
I could not do anything except／bur just wait for him to come round.
巩固训练
1.Do you still remember the film we saw ________the end of last week?
A. in
B. by
C. at
D. to
2.That he had a lot of practice ________volleyball was the reason why he defeated all the other
players.
A. in
B. at
C. on
D. about
3.________the sound of the knocking on the door, he rose and went to open it.
A. At
B. On
C. To
D. Heard
4.You can find the store ________No. 19 Beijing Road.
A. on
B. at
C. near to
D. in
5.Please wait for me ________the corner of that street ________three o’clock.
A. in; at
B. at; on
C. in; for
D. at; at
6.I bought these books ________one yuan a copy.
A. at
B. by
C. on
D. in
7.I can’t buy it ________such a price.
A. of
B. for
C. at
D. with
8.The student is sitting ________his desk.
A. over
B. around
C. at
D. for
9.when the spaceship leaves the earth ________very high speed, the astronauts feel as if they are
being crushed ________the spaceship.
A. with; in
B. at; on
C. with; to
D. at; against
10.The child hid himself ________the door.
A. after
B. behind
C. in the front of
D. ago
11.She left the party ________her headache.
A. because
B. since
C. in spite of
D. because of
12.You shouldn’t eat so much chocolate ________meals.
A. except
B. between
C. unless
D. through
13.some animals sleep ________day and wake up ________night.
A. by; by
B. at; by
C. by; on
D. on; in
14.—What time is it, please?
—It is seven ________my watch.
A. in
B. at
C. for
D. by
15.You’ll be able to speak English ________practicing from time to time.
A. in
B. by
C. with
D. for
16.________the end of last year we had leaned five English songs.
A. At
B. By
C. In
D. On
17. A man should not be judged always ________what he says.
A. by
B. in
C. with
D. to
18.The guests will be here ________two o’clock.
A. in
B. on
C. for
D. by
19.some people got up and left the hall ________the show.
A. while
B. during
C. between
D. through
20.How much must I pay you ________the tickets ________tonight.
A. of; of
B. for; for
C. for; about
D. for; to
21.I am grateful ________your help ________me.
A. to; for
B. for; to
C. to; to
D. for; for
22.Joan is always praised ________her cleverness.
A. of
B. in
C. for
D. by
23.It’s quite warm today ________January.
A. for
B. in
C. at
D. on
24.I bought this book ________fifty cents.
A. at
B. about
C. at
D. for
25.Chinese is a language ________more native speakers than any of the other languages.
A. with
B. spoken
C. which
D. has
26.Please write ________pencil, not ________ink.
A. in; with
B. in a; with
C. with a ; in
D. with; in
27.________the development of science and technology, our country has become richer and stronger.
A. In
B. By
C. At
D. With
28.________the rise in prices, life is getting harder.
A. With
B. On
C. As
D. For
29.He has no good pen ________.
A. to write
B. to write with
C. to write on
D. writing
30.Mary was disappointed when she found but they had gone to the ball ________her.
A. except
B. except for
C. for
D. without
31.Xiao Li masters several other foreign languages ________English. He studies German, Japanese
and Russian.
A. beside
B. besides
C. but
D. except
32.The soldier stood quite still, ________his lips moved slightly.
A. except that
B. except for
C. except
D. besides
33.Your composition is good ________a few spelling mistakes.
A. besides
B. except
C. except for
D. except that
34.Peter’s car is excellent ________the color.
A. except
B. besides
C. except for
D. only except
35.Everybody went to the exhibition ________Mary.
A. not
B. but
C. for
D. by
36.We live a long way ________the factory.
A. to
B. for
C. from
D. in
37.The town lies ________the west of the river.
A. at
B. in
C. from
D. to
38.Let’s walk over ________the sun on the other side of the street.
A. in
B. to
C. under
D. by
39.There are a lot of news ________today’s newsp aper.
A. in
B. on
C. at
D. with
40.Say something about your school ________English.
A. in
B. with
C. by
D. for
41.The girl ________will give us a report.
A. on blue
B. of blue
C. in blue
D. at blue
42.Please ask him if he will join us ________playing table tennis.
A. on
B. at
C. in
D. with
43.This vegetable is very rich ________iron.
A. of
B. in
C. with
D. for
44.He has been caught ________the rain and is wet through and through.
A. by
B. in
C. at
D. up with
45.Look, there is a hole ________the wall.
A. on
B. at
C. in
D. of
46.What is the difference________ pronunciation ________these two words?
A. of; in
B. in; between
C. in; among
D. of; between
47.The doctor will be back ________ten minutes.
A. after
B. in
C. on
D. at
48.The desk stands ________the corner of the room near the window.
A. on
B. at
C. under
D. in
49.Do you like dressing yourself ________new clothes?
A. on
B. in
C. with
D. by
50.Please come to see me ________two day’s time.
A. during
B. after
C. for
D. in
KEY: 1—10. CBABD ACCDB 11—20. DBADB BADBB 21—30. BCADA CDABD 31—40. BACCB CDBAA 41—50. CCBBC BBDBD
三、代词和数词
代词
一.人称代词
1.主格和宾格
1)通常，人称代词主格用做主语或表语；宾格用做动词或介词的宾语。

句子的结构如有变
化，也应能加以分析，确定选用哪种形式。

例如：
It was he who told a lie.
It’s not me (who / whom) he wants. (作宾语)
This is a secret；it's between you and me.（作介词宾语）
2)人称代词宾格可用在比较状语从句一类的结构中代替主格。

例如：
He is taller than me / I (am). I don't swim so well as her / she (does).
2.两种所有格
人称代词所有格称为物主代词。

物主代词分为两类：
①形容词性的，如my, her, your, their等；
②名词性的，如mine，hers，yours，theirs等。

由于受汉语影响，我们常犯以下两种错误：
1)漏用代词，主要是形容词性的物主代词，因为汉语中常常将它省略。

例如：
I have done my homework.（不能说* I have done homework.）
We clean our classroom every day.（不能说* We clean classroom every day．）
2)误用代词，混淆两种类型的物主代词，因为汉语中无此区别。

例如：
That dictionary is not mine.（不能说* That dictionary is not my．）
Mine is here.（不能说* My is here.）
注意：形容词性的物主代词只能用作定语，必须与名词连用。

例如
What's her name？I am your friend.
名词性的物主代词则可充当名词所能充当的各种句子成分。

如：
Your pen is black；mine is blue.（作主语）
You haven't got a bike？You may use mine.（作宾语）
但是its一般不能单独使用。

需要时可以用its own。

如：
That's the cat's basket. It's its own.
3.代词做短语动词宾语时的位置
当短语动词由“动词＋副词”构成时，代词作宾语必须放在动词和副词中间，名词则不受此限制。

如：
He looked up the word in the dictionary. He looked the word up in the dictionary．
He looked it up in the dictionary.
但如果是由“动词＋介词”构成的介词动词，代词作宾语还是要放在介词之后。

例如：
He's been looking for them all this morning.
二.反身代词
1.“反身”用法
反身代词作句中宾语时，表示动作返回到主语本身。

或者说，句子的主语和宾语是同一个人或物。

例如：
He hurt himself．（作动词宾语）
Dick bought himself a new coat.（作间接宾语）
I heard Jane talk to herself.（作介词宾语）
2.强调用法
反身代词用作同位语时，在句中起强调作用，其位置也比较灵活。

例如：
I went to see the mayor myself．（强调主语）
We spoke to the mayor himself．（强调宾语）
The mayor himself met us at the door.（紧随主语之后）
The mayor met us at the door himself.（在句末）
3.使用反身代词时的常见错误
反身代词一般不可用作句子中的主语、表语或定语。

如：
* Ourselves can do it.（误作主语）
We can do it ourselves. 我们自己能干。

* I could hardly imagine that the car was himself．（误作表语）
I could hardly imagine that the car was his own. 简直难以想象那汽车是他自己的。

* That's myself problem.（误作定语）
That's a problem of my own.那是我自己的问题。

注意：在少数习惯表达中反身代词可不受语法限制。

I'm not myself today. （我今天不在状态/感觉不好。

）
In office myself, I helped her get a job.
（我帮她在我自己的办公室找了一份工作。

）
三.不定代词
1.用some还是用any
1)一般说来，some用于肯定；any用于否定，例如：
There are some letters for you. There aren't any letters for me．
2)疑问句中，一般用any，如问话人心中已经有“数”，或认为对方会做出肯定回答时，用
some。

试比较：
Have you any apples？（I can't see any.）
Could I have some of those apples？（which I can see.）
3)注意其它方式的否定因素也可决定应该用any，如：
I don't think there are any letters.（主句动词否定转移，从句中用any。

）
The boy solved the problem without any difficulty. （介词without含否定意味。

）
4)any在表示“任何（人或物）”时，可用于肯定句中：
Oh！Any book will do；I just want something to read on the train.
5)当说话人心中有“数”（尽管可能不是具体数字）时，否定句中也用some，如：
Some boys haven't done their homework．（肯定有人没做，尽管不一定知道是多少人。

）
6)any可用条件从句中，表示情况不明或未定，如：
Let me know if you need any help．（不知道对方是否需要帮助。

）
试比较：Let me know if you need some help.（知道能如何提供帮助。

）
2.all和both
1)all和both后面的of可有可无。

All / Both (of) the desks are new.
注：Both the desks... ＝Both of the desks... ＝Both desks...（the或of the可有可无）
2)注意下列两种句子里all／both的位置：
They all / both agree with me. I agree with them all / both.
句中all或both直接跟在代词（主格或宾格）之后作同位语；其它不定代词不能这样用。

3)all／both同频度副词一样，可位于句中（主、谓语之间或谓语动词结构之中），如：
They all / both came. They were all / both waiting.
（注；each也能这样用，其它不定代词都不能。

）
3.either与neither
either指“两者之中任何一个”，neither指“两者都不”通常与单数动词连用。

但在非正式英语中也可与复数动词连用。

例如：
You've got two answers. Either is correct. Neither is wrong．
There are trees on either／each side of the street．
Neither of the books is worth reading.（＝Neither of the books are worth reading）
4.nobody, no one, nothing和none
nobody和no one指人，作单数，后面不能接of 短语,例如：
Nobody／No one knows why she was late again．
Nobody was hurt in the match，were they？（反意疑问句中，可用复数代词they来代替。

）nothing指物，作单数；none指人或物，作单救或复数均可。

none既可用于可数名词，也可用于不可数名词, 例如：
None of the money on the table is mine.
None of his reasons was／were true.
There's nothing on the table but a blue cap.
Of all my classmates，none likes dancing．
5.every与each
every强调的是“全体”；each则强调的是具体“每一个”。

例如：
On every／each side of the square there were soldiers.
(The square has more than two sides。

every side = each side ＝all sides表示“每边、各边”。

）试比较：
On either／each side of the road there were soldiers．
(The road has only two sides. either side＝each side = both sides，表示二者之中“每一边”。

) 此外，each可作名词性代词，如：
Each has two books.（each作主语）
We each are satisfied with our own rooms.
(each作同位语，常位于主语和谓语动词之间，谓语动词及代词等应与主语一致。

)
We are satisfied with our own rooms each. (each作同位语时，也可置于句末。

)
6.other, the other和another
1)other表示“另外的（人或物）”，“其他的（人或物）”，其复数形式为others。

例如：
There are other ways of doing this exercise．
Lei Feng was always ready to he1p others.
2)the other表示两者之中的“另一个（人或物）”，其复数形式为the others，例如：
He has a pen in one hand and a book in the other.。

Only three of the students were in the classroom；the others were all on the playground.
当other泛指“别人”时，前面不加定冠词：
We must always be ready to help others.
3)another表示不定数目中的“另一个或类似的下个（人或物）”，还可与数词连用，表示“再，
又”的意思。

例如：
How about another cup of tea？
The strike may last another two weeks.
7.one
1)one只可用于指代可数名词，其复数形式是ones。

例如：
If you can't find your pen，use the one on the table.
What nice shirts！which one／ones shall we buy？
2)one／ones通常不能直接用在their，my，his等物主代词以及a（n），own，several和名
词所有格后面。

例如：
His knife seems sharper than mine.（不能用my one代替mine）
They don't like this town；they want very much to go back to their own.（不能用* their own
one代替their own 或their own country）
但是，当one／ones前面还带有形容词时，则例外。

如：
Have you any knives？I need a sharp one.
My old dictionary isn't as good as John's new one．。