焊接机器人中英文对照外文翻译文献
工业机器人发展毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
工业机器人发展中英文资料外文翻译文献The development of industrial robotsIndustrial robot is a robot, it consists of a CaoZuoJi. Controller. Servo drive system and detection sensor device composition, it is a kind of humanoid operating automatic control, can repeat programming, can finish all kinds of assignments in three difficulties in authorship space the electromechanical integration automation production equipment, especially suitable for many varieties, become batch flexible production. It to stabilize and improve the product quality, raise efficiency in production, improve working conditions of the rapid renewal plays an extremely important role.Widely used industrial robots can gradually improve working conditions, stronger and controllable production capacity, speed up product updating and upgrading. Improve production efficiency and guarantee the quality of its products, eliminate dull work, save labor, provide a safe working environment, reduces the labor intensity, and reduce labor risk, improve the machine tool, reduce the workload and reduce process production time and inventory, enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.As technology advances, the development of industrial robot, the process can be divided into three generations -- generation, for demonstration reproduce, and it mainly consists of robot hand controller and demonstration teaching machines composed, can press advance box to record information guide action, the current industry repeated reappearance application of execution most. The second to feel robot, such as powerful sleep touch and vision, it has for some outside information feedback adjustment ability, currently has entered the application stage. Third generation of intelligent robot it has sense and understanding ability, in the external environment for the working environment changed circumstances, can also successfully complete the task, it is still in the experimental research phase.The United States is the birthplace of the robot, as early as in 1961, America's ConsolidedControlCorp and AMF companies developed the first practical demonstration emersion robot. After 40 years of development,the United States in the world of robotics has been in the lead position. Still Its technology comprehensive, advanced, adaptability is strong.Japan imported from America in 1967, the first robot in 1976 later, with the rapid development of the microelectronics and the market demand has increased dramatically, Japan was labor significant deficiencies in enterprise, industrial robots by "savior"'s welcome, make its Japanese industrial robots get fast development, the number of now whether robots or robot densities are top of the world, known as the "robot kingdom," said. The robot introduced from Germany time than Britain and Sweden about late 1956, but the Labour shortages caused by war, national technical level is higher social environment, but for the development and application of industrial robot provides favorable conditions. In addition, in Germany, for some dangerous prescribed, poisonous or harmful jobs, robot instead of ordinary people to the labor. This is the use of robots exploit a wide range of markets, and promote the development of the industrial robot technology. At present, the German industrial robots total of the world, which only behind to Japan.The French government has been more important robot technology, and through a series of research program, support established a complete science and technology system, make the development of the French robot smoothly. In government organization project, pay special attention to the robot research based technique, the focus is on the application research on in robot. And by industry support the development application and development of work, both supplement each other, make robots in France enterprises develop rapidly and popularize and make France in the international industrial machine with indispensable if position.British jamie since the late 1970s, promote and implement a department measures listed support the development of policies and make robots British industrial robots than today's robot powers started to early, and once in Japan has made the early brilliance. However, at this time the government for industrial robots implemented the constraining errors. This mistake in Britain dust, the robot industry in Western Europe was almost in the bottom of it. In recent years, Italy, Sweden, Spain, Finland, Denmark and other countries because of its own domestic robots market in great demand, development at a very fast pace. At present, the international on industrial robot company mainly divided into Japanese and European series. In AnChuan of Japanese are mainly the ethical products, the oTC, panasonic, FANLUC, not two more, etc. The products of the company kawasaki The main Asiatic KUKA, German CLOOS, Sweden's ABB, Italy CO work pelatiah U and Austria GM company.Industrial robot in China started in early 1970s, after 30 years development, roughly experienced three stages: in the 1970s and 1980s budding transplanter and the application of the 1990s initialization period. With the 20th century 70's world technology rapid development, the application of industrial robots in world created a climax, in this context, our country in 1972 start developing their industrial robots. Enter after the 1980s, with the further reform and opening, in high technology waves pound, our research and development of robot technology from the government's attention and support, "during the seventh state funds, thanked the parts were set robot and research, completed demonstration emersion type industrial robot complete technology development, developed spray paint, welding, arc welding and handling robot. , the national high technology research and development program begin to carry out, after several years research and made a large number of scientific research. Successfully developed a batch of special robot.From 9O 2O century since the early, China's national economy achieve two fundamental period of transformation into a a new round of economic restructuring and technological progress, China's industrial robots upsurge in practice and have made strides, and have developed spot welding, welding, assembling, paint, cutting, handling, palletizing etc various USES of industrial robot, and implement a batch of robot application engineering, formed a batch of industrial robots for our country industrialization base, the industrial robot soar laid a foundation. But compared with the developed countries, China also has the very big disparity of industrial robots.Along with the development of industrial robot depth and the breadth and raise the level of robot, industrial robots are has been applied in many fields. From the traditional automobile manufacturing sector to the manufacturing extensions. Such as mining robots, building robots and hydropower system used for maintenance robots, etc. In defense of military, medicine and health, food processing and life service areas such as the application of industrial robots will be more and more. The manufacturing of automobiles is a technology and capital intensive industry, is also the most widely used of industrial robots, accounting for almost to the industry for more than half of the industrial robots. In China, the industrial robot first is also used in automobile and engineering machinery industries. In car production of industrial robot is a major in the equipment, the brake parts and whole production of arc welding, spot welding, painting, handling, glue, stamping process used in large amounts. Our country is forecast to rise period, entered the automobile ownership in the next few years, car will still growing at around 15 percent annually. So the next few years the industrial robot demand willshow high growth trend, about 50% in growth, industrial robots in our automobile industry application will get a rapid development.Industrial robot in addition to the wide application of in the automotive industry in electronic, food processing, nonmetal processing, daily consumer goods and wood furniture processing industries for industrial robots demand is growing rapidly. In Asia, 2005 72,600 sets, installation industrial robots, compared with 2004 grew by 40%, and application in electronic industry accounted for about 31%. In Europe, according to statistics, since 2004 and 2005 in l: tI industry robot in the food processing industry increased 17% the application of left and right sides, in the application of nonmetal processing industry increased 20%, and daily necessities in consumption industries increased by 32% in wood furniture processing industry, up 18% or so. Industrial robot in oil has a wide application in, such as sea oil drilling, oil platforms, pipeline detection, refinery, large oil tank and tank welding etc all can use robots to complete. In the next few years, sensing technology, laser technology, engineering network technology will be widely used in industrial robots work areas, these technologies can cause the industrial robot application more efficient, high quality, lower cost. It is predicted that future robots will in medical and health care, biological technology and industry, education, relief, ocean exploitation, machine maintenance, transportation and agriculture and aquatic products applied field.In China, the industrial robot market share are mostly foreign industrial robots enterprise holds. Before the gunman in the international, domestic industrial robots enterprise facing great pressure of competition. Now China is from a "manufacturing power" to "manufacturing power forward," Chinese manufacturing industry faces and the international community, participate in the international division of labor in the great challenge of industrial automation increase immediate, government must can increase the funds for robots and policy support, will give the industry of industrial robots development into new momentum. With independent brand "devil robot" MoShi special technology company dedicated to providing solutions to the mainboard and robot, is willing with all my colleagues a build domestic industrial robot happy tomorrow!ReferencesElectronic Measurement and Intrumenttations,Cambridge University Press,1996工业机器人的发展工业机器人是机器人的一种，它由操作机．控制器．伺服驱动系统和检测传感器装置构成，是一种仿人操作自动控制，可重复编程，能在三难空间完成各种作业的机电一体化的自动化生产设备，特别适合于多品种，变批量柔性生产。
机器人结构论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献FEM Optimization for Robot StructureAbstractIn optimal design for robot structures, design models need to he modified and computed repeatedly. Because modifying usually can not automatically be run, it consumes a lot of time. This paper gives a method that uses APDL language of ANSYS 5.5 software to generate an optimal control program, which mike optimal procedure run automatically and optimal efficiency be improved.1）IntroductionIndustrial robot is a kind of machine, which is controlled by computers. Because efficiency and maneuverability are higher than traditional machines, industrial robot is used extensively in industry. For the sake of efficiency and maneuverability, reducing mass and increasing stiffness is more important than traditional machines, in structure design of industrial robot.A lot of methods are used in optimization design of structure. Finite element method is a much effective method. In general, modeling and modifying are manual, which is feasible when model is simple. When model is complicated, optimization time is longer. In the longer optimization time, calculation time is usually very little, a majority of time is used for modeling and modifying. It is key of improving efficiency of structure optimization how to reduce modeling and modifying time.APDL language is an interactive development tool, which is based on ANSYS and is offered to program users. APDL language has typical function of some large computer languages. For example, parameter definition similar to constant and variable definition, branch and loop control, and macro call similar to function and subroutine call, etc. Besides these, it possesses powerful capability of mathematical calculation. The capability of mathematical calculation includes arithmetic calculation, comparison, rounding, and trigonometric function, exponential function and hyperbola function of standard FORTRAN language, etc. By means of APDL language, the data can be read and then calculated, which is in database of ANSYS program, and running process of ANSYS program can be controlled.Fig. 1 shows the main framework of a parallel robot with three bars. When the length of three bars are changed, conjunct end of three bars can follow a given track, where robot hand is installed. Core of top beam is triangle, owing to three bars used in the design, which is showed in Fig.2. Use of three bars makes top beam nonsymmetrical along the plane that is defined by two columns. According to a qualitative analysis from Fig.1, Stiffness values along z-axis are different at three joint locations on the top beam and stiffness at the location between bar 1 and top beam is lowest, which is confirmed by computing results of finite element, too. According to design goal, stiffness difference at three joint locations must he within a given tolerance. In consistent of stiffness will have influence on the motion accuracy of the manipulator under high load, so it is necessary to find the accurate location of top beam along x-axis.To the questions presented above, the general solution is to change the location of the top beam many times, compare the results and eventually find a proper position, The model will be modified according to the last calculating result each time. It is difficult to avoid mistakes if the iterative process is controlled manually and the iterative time is too long. The outer wall and inner rib shapes of the top beam will be changed after the model is modified. To find the appropriate location of top beam, the model needs to be modified repetitiously.Fig. 1 Solution of Original DesignThis paper gives an optimization solution to the position optimization question of the top beam by APDL language of ANSYS program. After the analysis model first founded, the optimization control program can be formed by means of modeling instruction in the log file. The later iterative optimization process can be finished by the optimization control program and do not need manual control. The time spent in modifying the model can be decreased to the ignorable extent. The efficiency of the optimization process is greatly improved.2）Construction of model for analysisThe structure shown in Fig. 1 consists of three parts: two columns, one beam and three driving bars. The columns and beam are joined by the bolts on the first horizontal rib located on top of the columns as shown in Fig.1. Because the driving bars are substituted by equivalentforces on the joint positions, their structure is ignored in the model.The core of the top beam is three joints and a hole with special purpose, which can not be changed. The other parts of the beam may be changed if needed. For the convenience of modeling, the core of the beam is formed into one component. In the process of optimization, only the core position of beam along x axis is changed, that is to say, shape of beam core is not changed. It should be noticed that, in the rest of beam, only shape is changed but the topology is not changed and which can automatically be performed by the control program.Fig.1, six bolts join the beam and two columns. The joint surface can not bear the pull stress in the non-bolt joint positions, in which it is better to set contact elements. When the model includes contact elements, nonlinear iterative calculation will be needed in the process of solution and the computing time will quickly increase. The trial computing result not including contact element shows that the outside of beam bears pulling stress and the inner of beam bears the press stress. Considering the primary analysis object is the joint position stiffness between the top beam and the three driving bars, contact elements may not used, hut constructs the geometry model of joint surface as Fig.2 showing. The upper surface and the undersurface share one key point in bolt-joint positions and the upper surface and the under surface separately possess own key points in no bolt positions. When meshed, one node will be created at shared key point, where columns and beam are joined, and two nodes will be created at non shared key point, where column and beam are separated. On right surface of left column and left surface of right column, according to trial computing result, the structure bears press stress. Therefore, the columns and beam will share all key points, not but at bolts. This can not only omit contact element but also show the characteristic of bolt joining. The joining between the bottoms of the columns and the base are treated as full constraint. Because the main aim of analysis is the stiffness of the top beam, it can be assumed that the joint positions hear the same as load between beam and the three driving bars. The structure is the thin wall cast and simulated by shell element . The thickness of the outside wall of the structure and the rib are not equal, so two groups of real constant should he set. For the convenience of modeling, the two columns are alsoset into another component. The components can create an assembly. In this way, the joint positions between the beam core and columns could he easily selected, in the modifying the model and modifying process can automatically be performed. Analysis model is showed Fig.1. Because model and load are symmetric, computing model is only half. So the total of elements is decreased to 8927 and the total of nodes is decreased to 4341. All elements are triangle.3.）Optimization solutionThe optimization process is essentially a computing and modifying process. The original design is used as initial condition of the iterative process. The ending condition of the process is that stiffness differences of the joint locations between three driving bars and top beam are less than given tolerance or iterative times exceed expected value. Considering the speciality of the question, it is foreseen that the location is existent where stiffness values are equal. If iterative is not convergent, the cause cannot be otherwise than inappropriate displacement increment or deficient iterative times. In order to make the iterative process convergent quickly and efficiently, this paper uses the bisection searching method changing step length to modify the top beam displacement. This method is a little complex but the requirement on the initial condition is relatively mild.The flow chart of optimization as follows:1. Read the beam model data in initial position from backup file;2. Modify the position of beam;3. Solve;4. Read the deform of nodes where beam and three bars are joined;5. Check whether the convergent conditions are satisfied, if not, then continue to modify the beam displacement and return to 3, otherwise, exit the iteration procedure.6. Save the results and then exit.The program's primary control codes and their function commentaries are given in it, of which the detailed modeling instructions are omitted. For the convenience of comparing with the control flow, the necessary notes are added.the flag of the batch file in ANSYSBATCH RESUME, robbak.db, 0read original data from the backupfile robbak,.db/PREP7 enter preprocessordelete the joint part between beam core and columnsmove the core of the beam by one :step lengthapply load and constraint on the geometry meshing thejoint position between beam core and columns FINISH exit the preprocessorISOLU enter solverSOLVE solveFINISH exit the solverPOST1 enter the postprocessor*GET ,front,NODE,2013,U,Z read the deformation of first joint node on beam*GET,back,NODE, 1441 ,U,Z read the deformation of second joint node on beam intoparameter hacklastdif-1 the absolute of initial difference between front and hacklast timeflag=- 1 the feasibility flag of the optimizationstep=0.05 the initial displacement from initial position to the currentposition*D0,1,1,10,1 the iteration procedure begin, the cycle variable is I andits value range is 1-10 and step length is 1dif=abs(front-back) the absolute of the difference between front and hack inthe current result*IF,dif,LE,l .OE-6,THEN check whether the absolute difference dif satisfies therequest or noflag=l yes, set flag equal to 1*EXIT exit the iterative calculation*ELSEIF,dif,GE,lastdif,THEN check whether the dif value becomes great or not flag=2yes, set flag 2 modify step length by bisection methodperform the next iterative calculation, use the lastposition as the current position and modified last steplength as the current step lengthELSE if the absolute of difference value is not less thanexpected value and become small gradually, continue tomove top beam read the initial condition from back upfile enter the preprocessorMEN, ,P51X, , , step,, , ,1 move the core of the beam by one step length modify thejoint positions between beam core and column applyload and constraint meshingFINISH exit preprocessorISOLU enter solverSOLVE solveFINISH exit the solver/POST1 exit the postprocessor*GET,front,NODE,201 3,U,Z read the deformation of first joint node to parameter front *GET,back,NODE, 144 1,U,Z read the deformation of second joint node to parameter back lastdif-dif update the value of last dif*ENDIF the end of the if-else*ENDDO the end of the DO cycleMost of the control program above is copied from log file, which is long. The total of lines is up to about 1000 lines. Many codes such as modeling and post-process codes are used repeatedly. To make the program construct clear, these instructions can he made into macros, which are called by main program. This can efficiently reduce the length of the main program. In addition, modeling instructions from log file includes lots of special instructions that are only used under graphic mode but useless under hatch mode. Deleting and modifying these instructions when under batch mode in ANSYS can reduce the length of the file, too.In the program above, the deformation at given position is read from node deformation. In meshing, in order to avoid generating had elements, triangle mesh is used. In optimization, the shape of joint position between columns and beam continually is changed. This makes total of elements different after meshing each time and then element numbering different, too. Data read from database according to node numbering might not he data to want. Therefore, beam core first needs to he meshed, then saved. When read next time, its numbering is the same as last time.Evaluating whether the final result is a feasible result or not needs to check the flag value. If only the flag value is I, the result is feasible, otherwise the most proper position is not found. The total displacement of top beam is saved in parameter step. If the result is feasible, the step value is the distance from initial position to the most proper position. The sum of iterative is saved in parameter 1. According to the final value of I, feasibility of analysis result and correctness of initial condition can he evaluated.4）Optimization resultsThe sum of iterative in optimization is seven, and it takes about 2 hour and 37 minutes to find optimal position. Fig.3 shows the deformation contour of the half-construct. In Fig.3, the deformations in three joints between beam and the three driving bars is the same as level, and the corresponding deformation range is between -0.133E-04 and -0.1 15E-O4m, the requirement of the same stiffness is reached. At this time, the position of beam core along x-axis as shown in Fig. 1 has moved -0.71E-01m compared with the original designed positionBecause the speed of computer reading instruction is much faster than modifying model manually, the time modifying model can be ignored. The time necessary foroptimization mostly depends on the time of solution. Compared with the optimization procedure manually modifying model, the efficiency is improved and mistake operating in modeling is avoided.5）ConclusionThe analyzing result reveals that the optimization method given in this paper is effective and reaches the expected goal. The first advantage of this method is that manual mistakes do not easily occur in optimization procedure. Secondly, it is pretty universal and the control codes given in this paper may he transplanted to use in similar structure optimization design without large modification. The disadvantage is that the topology structure of the optimization object can not be changed. The more the workload of modifying the model, the more the advantages of this method are shown. In addition, the topology optimization function provided in ANSYS is usedto solve the optimization problem that needs to change the topology structure.The better optimization results can he achieved if the method in this paper combined with it.中文译文：机器人机构优化设计有限元分析摘要机器人结构最优化设计，设计模型需要反复的修正和计算。
机电一体化技术中英文对照外文翻译文献
机电一体化技术中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：INTEGRATION OF MACHINERYABSTRACTMachinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development.Key word：integration of machinery ，technology，present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management system has had the huge change, caused the industrial production to enter into "the integration of machinery" by "the machinery electrification" for the characteristic development phase.1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery isembarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensing observation and control technology, electric power electronic technology, connection technology, information conversion technology as well as software programming technology, according to the system function goal and the optimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout various functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reliable, in the low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From this produces functional system, then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the integration of machinery product. Therefore, "integration of machinery" covering "technology" and "product" two aspects .Only is, the integration of machinery technology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not mechanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as other new technical simple combination, pieces together .This is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrification which the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanical engineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditional machinery, its main function still was replaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integration of machinery, micro electron installment besides may substitute for certain mechanical parts the original function, but also can entrust with many new functions, like the automatic detection, the automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protection automatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product is human's hand and body extending, human's sense organ and the brains look, has the intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrification distinguishes in the function essence.2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60's before for the first stage, this stage is called the initial stage .In this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar transfers civilly, to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and the development at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneous condition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yet achieved certain level, mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 70~80 ages for the second stage, may be called the vigorous development stage .This time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development . Large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development .This time characteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale ;②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtained the enormous development ;③The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stage which makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time, optics, the communication and so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the technology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot, appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the newbranch; On the other hand to the integration of machinery system modeling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted the thorough research .At the same time, because the huge progress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology obtain, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology .These research, will urge the integration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts from the beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Council had been established the integration of machinery leading group and lists as "863 plans" this technology .When formulated "95" the plan and in 2010 developed the summary had considered fully on international the influence which and possibly brought from this about the integration of machinery technology development trend .Many universities, colleges and institutes, the development facility and some large and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technical development and the application, does not yield certain result, but and so on the advanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity.3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery are the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and the progress .Therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows:3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration of machinery technological development important development directions .The artificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machinery constructor's research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bed intellectualization is the important application .Here said "the intellectualization" is to the machine behavior description, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption artificial intelligence, theoperations research, the computer science, the fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate the human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference, logical thinking, independent decision-making, obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeed, enable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identical intelligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential .But, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to have preliminary intelligent or human's partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential.In the modern manufacture process, the information has become the control manufacture industry the determining factor, moreover is the most active actuation factor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become the modern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacture system information organization and structure multi-level, makes the information the gain, the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character, information measure multi-dimensional, as well as information organization's multi-level .In the manufacture information structural model, manufacture information uniform restraint, dissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledge library management, all also wait for further break through.Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence method promoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespread application .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computation intelligent agent, in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technology, receives the more and more universal attention, hopefully completes the combination optimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solution precision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .The manufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch, the intelligent design, the intelligentprocessing, the robot study, the intelligent control, the intelligent craft plan, the intelligent diagnosis and so on are variousThese question key breakthrough, may form the product innovation the basic research system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science different science overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation, the economical development and society's progress has had the new request and the expectation to the science and technology, thus will form the front science .The front science also has solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front science has the obvious time domain, the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The project front science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristic is it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actual appeared.Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system, for satisfies the manufacture system agility, the fast response and fast reorganization ability, must profit from the information science, the life sciences and the social sciences and so on the multi-disciplinary research results, the exploration manufacture system new architecture, the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effective operational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structure and the good movement condition is makes the system modeling , the simulation and the optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture to makes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand response ability to have the vital significance, moreover to made the enterprise first floor production equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set a higher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced the manufacture system, satisfies the manufacture system new request.The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated system from the biological phenomenon, is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut to cracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to living what manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organization, from matchmore, from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulate mode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process.The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under, continuously by one's own perfect raise on organizing structure and circulating mode and thus to adapt the process of[with] ability for the environment .For from descend but the last product proceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born, produce system of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tend automatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out a condition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science and life science of\"the far good luck is miscellaneous to hand over\", it will produce to the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .翻译：机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果,本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。
机械手臂外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
外文出处：《Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining》附件1：外文原文ManipulatorRobot developed in recent decades as high-tech automated production equipment. I ndustrial robot is an important branch of industrial robots. It features can be program med to perform tasks in a variety of expectations, in both structure and performance a dvantages of their own people and machines, in particular, reflects the people's intellig ence and adaptability. The accuracy of robot operations and a variety of environments the ability to complete the work in the field of national economy and there are broad p rospects for development. With the development of industrial automation, there has be en CNC machining center, it is in reducing labor intensity, while greatly improved lab or productivity. However, the upper and lower common in CNC machining processes material, usually still use manual or traditional relay-controlled semi-automatic device . The former time-consuming and labor intensive, inefficient; the latter due to design c omplexity, require more relays, wiring complexity, vulnerability to body vibration inte rference, while the existence of poor reliability, fault more maintenance problems and other issues. Programmable Logic Controller PLC-controlled robot control system for materials up and down movement is simple, circuit design is reasonable, with a stron g anti-jamming capability, ensuring the system's reliability, reduced maintenance rate, and improve work efficiency. Robot technology related to mechanics, mechanics, elec trical hydraulic technology, automatic control technology, sensor technology and com puter technology and other fields of science, is a cross-disciplinary integrated technol ogy.First, an overview of industrial manipulatorRobot is a kind of positioning control can be automated and can be re-programmed to change in multi-functional machine, which has multiple degrees of freedom can be used to carry an object in order to complete the work in different environments. Low wages in China, plastic products industry, although still a labor-intensive, mechanical hand use has become increasingly popular. Electronics and automotive industries thatEurope and the United States multinational companies very early in their factories in China, the introduction of automated production. But now the changes are those found in industrial-intensive South China, East China's coastal areas, local plastic processin g plants have also emerged in mechanical watches began to become increasingly inter ested in, because they have to face a high turnover rate of workers, as well as for the workers to pay work-related injuries fee challenges.With the rapid development of China's industrial production, especially the reform and opening up after the rapid increase in the degree of automation to achieve the wor kpiece handling, steering, transmission or operation of brazing, spray gun, wrenches a nd other tools for processing and assembly operations since, which has more and mor e attracted our attention. Robot is to imitate the manual part of the action, according to a given program, track and requirements for automatic capture, handling or operation of the automatic mechanical devices.In real life, you will find this a problem. In the machine shop, the processing of part s loading time is not annoying, and labor productivity is not high, the cost of producti on major, and sometimes man-made incidents will occur, resulting in processing were injured. Think about what could replace it with the processing time of a tour as long a s there are a few people, and can operate 24 hours saturated human right? The answer is yes, but the robot can come to replace it.Production of mechanical hand can increase the automation level of production and labor productivity; can reduce labor intensity, ensuring product quality, to achieve saf e production; particularly in the high-temperature, high pressure, low temperature, lo w pressure, dust, explosive, toxic and radioactive gases such as poor environment can replace the normal working people. Here I would like to think of designing a robot to be used in actual production.Why would a robot designed to provide a pneumatic power: pneumatic robot refers to the compressed air as power source-driven robot. With pressure-driven and other en ergy-driven comparison have the following advantages: 1. Air inexhaustible, used late r discharged into the atmosphere, does not require recycling and disposal, do not pollu te the environment. (Concept of environmental protection) 2. Air stick is small, the pipeline pressure loss is small (typically less than asphalt gas path pressure drop of one-thousandth), to facilitate long-distance transport. 3. Compressed air of the working pre ssure is low (usually 4 to 8 kg / per square centimeter), and therefore moving the mate rial components and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered. 4. With th e hydraulic transmission, compared to its faster action and reaction, which is one of th e advantages pneumatic outstanding. 5. The air cleaner media, it will not degenerate, n ot easy to plug the pipeline. But there are also places where it fly in the ointment: 1. A s the compressibility of air, resulting in poor aerodynamic stability of the work, resulti ng in the implementing agencies as the precision of the velocity and not easily control led. 2. As the use of low atmospheric pressure, the output power can not be too large; i n order to increase the output power is bound to the structure of the entire pneumatic s ystem size increased.With pneumatic drive and compare with other energy sources drive has the followin g advantages:Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, without recycling and disposal, do not pollute the environment. Accidental or a small amount of leakage wo uld not be a serious impact on production. Viscosity of air is small, the pipeline pressu re loss also is very small, easy long-distance transport.The lower working pressure of compressed air, pneumatic components and therefor e the material and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered. In general, re ciprocating thrust in 1 to 2 tons pneumatic economy is better.Compared with the hydraulic transmission, and its faster action and reaction, which is one of the outstanding merits of pneumatic.Clean air medium, it will not degenerate, not easy to plug the pipeline. It can be saf ely used in flammable, explosive and the dust big occasions. Also easy to realize auto matic overload protection.Second, the composition, mechanical handRobot in the form of a variety of forms, some relatively simple, some more complic ated, but the basic form is the same as the composition of the , Usually by the implem enting agencies, transmission systems, control systems and auxiliary devices composed.1.Implementing agenciesManipulator executing agency by the hands, wrists, arms, pillars. Hands are crawlin g institutions, is used to clamp and release the workpiece, and similar to human finger s, to complete the staffing of similar actions. Wrist and fingers and the arm connecting the components can be up and down, left, and rotary movement. A simple mechanical hand can not wrist. Pillars used to support the arm can also be made mobile as needed .2. TransmissionThe actuator to be achieved by the transmission system. Sub-transmission system c ommonly used manipulator mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, pneuma tic and electric power transmission and other drive several forms.3. Control SystemManipulator control system's main role is to control the robot according to certain p rocedures, direction, position, speed of action, a simple mechanical hand is generally not set up a dedicated control system, using only trip switches, relays, control valves a nd circuits can be achieved dynamic drive system control, so that implementing agenc ies according to the requirements of action. Action will have to use complex program mable robot controller, the micro-computer control.Three, mechanical hand classification and characteristicsRobots are generally divided into three categories: the first is the general machinery does not require manual hand. It is an independent not affiliated with a particular host device. It can be programmed according to the needs of the task to complete the oper ation of the provisions. It is characterized with ordinary mechanical performance, also has general machinery, memory, intelligence ternary machinery. The second category is the need to manually do it, called the operation of aircraft. It originated in the atom, military industry, first through the operation of machines to complete a particular job, and later developed to operate using radio signals to carry out detecting machines suc h as the Moon. Used in industrial manipulator also fall into this category. The third cat egory is dedicated manipulator, the main subsidiary of the automatic machines or automatic lines, to solve the machine up and down the workpiece material and delivery. T his mechanical hand in foreign countries known as the "Mechanical Hand", which is t he host of services, from the host-driven; exception of a few outside the working proc edures are generally fixed, and therefore special.Main features:First, mechanical hand (the upper and lower material robot, assembly robot, handlin g robot, stacking robot, help robot, vacuum handling machines, vacuum suction crane, labor-saving spreader, pneumatic balancer, etc.).Second, cantilever cranes (cantilever crane, electric chain hoist crane, air balance th e hanging, etc.)Third, rail-type transport system (hanging rail, light rail, single girder cranes, doubl e-beam crane)Four, industrial machinery, application of handManipulator in the mechanization and automation of the production process develo ped a new type of device. In recent years, as electronic technology, especially comput er extensive use of robot development and production of high-tech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the development of ro bot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and auto mation.Although the robot is not as flexible as staff, but it has to the continuous duplication of work and labor, I do not know fatigue, not afraid of danger, the power snatch weig ht characteristics when compared with manual large, therefore, mechanical hand has b een of great importance to many sectors, and increasingly has been applied widely, for example:(1) Machining the workpiece loading and unloading, especially in the automatic lat he, combination machine tool use is more common.(2) In the assembly operations are widely used in the electronics industry, it can be used to assemble printed circuit boards, in the machinery industry It can be used to ass emble parts and components.(3) The working conditions may be poor, monotonous, repetitive easy to sub-fatigue working environment to replace human labor.(4) May be in dangerous situations, such as military goods handling, dangerous go ods and hazardous materials removal and so on..(5) Universe and ocean development.(6), military engineering and biomedical research and testing.Help mechanical hands: also known as the balancer, balance suspended, labor-saving spreader, manual Transfer machine is a kind of weightlessness of manual load system, a novel, time-saving technology for material handling operations booster equipment, belonging to kinds of non-standard design of series products. Customer application ne eds, creating customized cases. Manual operation of a simulation of the automatic ma chinery, it can be a fixed program draws ﹑ handling objects or perform household to ols to accomplish certain specific actions. Application of robot can replace the people engaged in monotonous ﹑ repetitive or heavy manual labor, the mechanization and a utomation of production, instead of people in hazardous environments manual operati on, improving working conditions and ensure personal safety. The late 20th century, 4 0, the United States atomic energy experiments, the first use of radioactive material ha ndling robot, human robot in a safe room to manipulate various operations and experi mentation. 50 years later, manipulator and gradually extended to industrial production sector, for the temperatures, polluted areas, and loading and unloading to take place t he work piece material, but also as an auxiliary device in automatic machine tools, ma chine tools, automatic production lines and processing center applications, the comple tion of the upper and lower material, or From the library take place knife knife and so on according to fixed procedures for the replacement operation. Robot body mainly b y the hand and sports institutions. Agencies with the use of hands and operation of obj ects of different occasions, often there are clamping ﹑ support and adsorption type of care. Movement organs are generally hydraulic pneumatic ﹑﹑ electrical device dri vers. Manipulator can be achieved independently retractable ﹑ rotation and lifting m ovements, generally 2 to 3 degrees of freedom. Robots are widely used in metallurgic al industry, machinery manufacture, light industry and atomic energy sectors.Can mimic some of the staff and arm motor function, a fixd procedure for the capture, handling objects or operating tools, automatic operation device. It can replace hum an labor in order to achieve the production of heavy mechanization and automation th at can operate in hazardous environments to protect the personal safety, which is wide ly used in machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and nuclea r power sectors. Mechanical hand tools or other equipment commonly used for additio nal devices, such as the automatic machines or automatic production line handling an d transmission of the workpiece, the replacement of cutting tools in machining centers , etc. generally do not have a separate control device. Some operating devices require direct manipulation by humans; such as the atomic energy sector performs household hazardous materials used in the master-slave manipulator is also often referred to as m echanical hand.Manipulator mainly by hand and sports institutions. Task of hand is holding the wor kpiece (or tool) components, according to grasping objects by shape, size, weight, mat erial and operational requirements of a variety of structural forms, such as clamp type, type and adsorption-based care such as holding. Sports organizations, so that the com pletion of a variety of hand rotation (swing), mobile or compound movements to achie ve the required action, to change the location of objects by grasping and posture. Robot is the automated production of a kind used in the process of crawling and mo ving piece features automatic device, which is mechanized and automated production process developed a new type of device. In recent years, as electronic technology, esp ecially computer extensive use of robot development and production of high-tech fiel ds has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the dev elopment of robot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechani zation and automation. Robot can replace humans completed the risk of duplication of boring work, to reduce human labor intensity and improve labor productivity. Manipu lator has been applied more and more widely, in the machinery industry, it can be use d for parts assembly, work piece handling, loading and unloading, particularly in the a utomation of CNC machine tools, modular machine tools more commonly used. At pr esent, the robot has developed into a FMS flexible manufacturing systems and flexibl e manufacturing cell in an important component of the FMC. The machine tool equipment and machinery in hand together constitute a flexible manufacturing system or a f lexible manufacturing cell, it was adapted to small and medium volume production, y ou can save a huge amount of the work piece conveyor device, compact, and adaptabl e. When the work piece changes, flexible production system is very easy to change wi ll help enterprises to continuously update the marketable variety, improve product qua lity, and better adapt to market competition. At present, China's industrial robot techno logy and its engineering application level and comparable to foreign countries there is a certain distance, application and industrialization of the size of the low level of robo t research and development of a direct impact on raising the level of automation in Ch ina, from the economy, technical considerations are very necessary. Therefore, the stu dy of mechanical hand design is very meaningful.附件1：外文资料翻译译文机械手机械手是近几十年发展起来的一种高科技自动化生产设备。
机器人技术发展中英文对照外文翻译文献
机器人技术发展中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文资料：RobotsFirst, I explain the background robots, robot technology development. It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology. It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development. But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave. So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need.Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories. is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, for instance, force and touch, slipping, visual, hearing and who is analogous to that with all kinds of feelings, say in a robot grasping objects, In fact, it can be the size of feeling out, it can through visual, to be able to feel and identify its shape, size, color Grasping an egg, it adopted a acumen, aware of its power and the size of the slide.Third-generation robots, we were a robotics ideal pursued by the most advanced stage, called intelligent robots, So long as tell it what to do, not how to tell it to do, it will be able to complete the campaign, thinking and perception of this man-machine communication function and function Well, this current development or relative is in a smart part of the concept and meaning But the real significance of the integrity of this intelligent robot did not actually exist, but as we continued the development of science and technology, the concept of intelligent increasingly rich, it grows ever wider connotations.Now I have a brief account of China's robot development of the basic profiles. As our country there are many other factors that problem. Our country in robotics research of the 20th century the late 1970s. At that time, we organized at the national, a Japanese industrial automation products exhibition. In this meeting, there are two products, is a CNC machine tools, an industrial robot, this time, our country's many scholars see such a direction, has begun to make a robot research But this time, are basically confined to the theory of phase .Then the real robot research, in 7500 August 5, 1995, 15 nearly 20 years of development, The most rapid development, in 1986 we established a national plan of 863 high-technology development plan, As robot technology will be an important theme of the development of The state has invested nearly Jiganyi funds begun to make a robot, We made the robot in the field quickly and rapid development.At present, units like the CAS ShenYng Institute of Automation, the original machinery, automation of the Ministry, as of Harbin Industrial University, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Qinghua University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, also includes automation of some units, and so on have done a very important study, also made a lot of achievements Meanwhile, in recent years, we end up in college, a lot of flats in robot research, Many graduate students and doctoral candidates are engaged in robotics research, we are more representative national study Industrial robots, underwater robots, space robots, robots in the nuclear industry are on the international level should be taking the lead .On the whole of our country Compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap, primarily manifested in the We in the robot industry, at present there is no fixed maturity product, but in theseunderwater, space, the nuclear industry, a number of special robots, we have made a lot of achievements characteristics.Now, I would like to briefly outline some of the industrial robot situation. So far, the industrial robot is the most mature and widely used category of a robot, now the world's total sales of 1.1 million Taiwan, which is the 1999 statistics, however, 1.1 million in Taiwan have been using the equipment is 75 million, this volume is not small. Overall, the Japanese industrial robots in this one, is the first of the robots to become the Kingdom, the United States have developed rapidly. Newly installed in several areas of Taiwan, which already exceeds Japan, China has only just begun to enter the stage of industrialization, has developed a variety of industrial robot prototype and small batch has been used in production.Spot welding robot is the auto production line, improve production efficiency and raise the quality of welding car, reduce the labor intensity of a robot. It is characterized by two pairs of robots for spot welding of steel plate, bearing a great need for the welding tongs, general in dozens of kilograms or more, then its speed in meters per second a 5-2 meter of such high-speed movement. So it is generally five to six degrees of freedom, load 30 to 120 kilograms, the great space, probably expected that the work of a spherical space, a high velocity, the concept of freedom, that is to say, Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wrist posture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of freedom. Have more than six degrees of freedom robot, in different occasions the need to configure.The second category of service robots, with the development of industrialization, especially in the past decade, Robot development in the areas of application are continuously expanding, and now a very important characteristic, as we all know, Robot has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue,relief, etc. These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc. It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign t o complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristics.For example, domestic robot is mainly embodied in the example of some of the carpets and flooring it to the regular cleaning and vacuuming. The robot it is very meaningful, it has sensors, it can furniture and people can identify, It automatically according to a law put to the ground under the road all cleaned up. This is also the home of some robot performance.The medical robots, nearly five years of relatively rapid development of new application areas. If people in the course of an operation, doctors surgery, is a fatigue, and the other manually operated accuracy is limited. Some universities in Germany, which, facing the spine, lumbar disc disease, the identification, can automatically use the robot-aided positioning, operation and surgery Like the United States have been more than 1,000 cases of human eyeball robot surgery, the robot, also including remote-controlled approach, the right of such gastrointestinal surgery, we see on the television inside. a manipulator, about the thickness fingers such a manipulator, inserted through the abdominal viscera, people on the screen operating the machines hand, it also used the method of laser lesion laser treatment, this is the case, people would not have a very big damage to the human body.In reality, this right as a human liberation is a very good robots, medical robots it is very complex, while it is fully automated to complete all the work, there are difficulties, and generally are people to participate. This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through amanipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant.We regard this country excel, it should be said that the United States, Russia and France, in our nation, also to the international forefront, which is the CAS ShenYang Institute of Automation of developing successful, 6,000 meters underwater without cable autonomous underwater robot, the robot to 6,000 meters underwater, can be conducted without cable operations. His is 2000, has been obtained in our country one of the top ten scientific and technological achievements. This indicates that our country in this underwater robot, have reached the advanced international level, 863 in the current plan, the development of 7,000 meters underwater in a manned submersible to the ocean further development and operation, This is a great vote of financial and material resources.In this space robotics research has also been a lot of development. In Europe, including 16 in the United States space program, and the future of this space capsule such a scheme, One thing is for space robots, its main significance lies in the development of the universe and the benefit of mankind and the creation of new human homes, Its main function is to scientific investigation, as production and space scientific experiments, satellites and space vehicles maintenance and repair, and the construction of the space assembly. These applications, indeed necessary, for example, scientific investigation, as if to mock the ground some physical and chemical experiments do not necessarily have people sitting in the edge of space, because the space crew survival in the day the cost is nearly one million dollars. But also very dangerous, in fact, some action is very simple, through the ground, via satellite control robot, and some regularly scheduled completion of the action is actually very simple. Include the capsule as control experiments, some switches, buttons, simple flange repair maintenance, Robot can be used to be performed by robots because of a solar battery, then the robot will be able to survive, we will be able to work, We have just passed the last robot development on the application of the different areas ofapplication, and have seen the robots in industry, medical, underwater, space, mining, construction, service, entertainment and military aspects of the application .Also really see that the application is driven by the development of key technologies, a lack of demand, the robot can not, It is because people in understanding the natural transformation of the natural process, the needs of a wide range of robots, So this will promote the development of key technologies, the robot itself for the development of From another aspect, as key technology solutions, as well as the needs of the application, on the promotion of the robot itself a theme for the development of intelligent, and from teaching reappearance development of the current local perception of the second-generation robot, the ultimate goal, continuously with other disciplines and the development of advanced technology, the robot has become rich, eventually achieve such an intelligent robot mainstream.Robot is mankind's right-hand man; friendly coexistence can be a reliable friend. In future, we will see and there will be a robot space inside, as a mutual aide and friend. Robots will create the jobs issue. We believe that there would not be a "robot appointment of workers being laid off" situation, because people with the development of society, In fact the people from the heavy physical and dangerous environment liberated, so that people have a better position to work, to create a better spiritual wealth and cultural wealth.译文：机器人首先我介绍一下机器人产生的背景，机器人技术的发展，它应该说是一个科学技术发展共同的一个综合性的结果，同时，为社会经济发展产生了一个重大影响的一门科学技术，它的发展归功于在第二次世界大战中各国加强了经济的投入，就加强了本国的经济的发展。
机器人外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文资料robotThe industrial robot is a tool that is used in the manufacturing environment to increase productivity. It can be used to do routine and tedious assembly line jobs，or it can perform jobs that might be hazardous to the human worker . For example ，one of the first industrial robot was used to replace the nuclear fuel rods in nuclear power plants. A human doing this job might be exposed to harmful amounts of radiation. The industrial robot can also operate on the assembly line，putting together small components，such as placing electronic components on a printed circuit board. Thus，the human worker can be relieved of the routine operation of this tedious task. Robots can also be programmed to defuse bombs，to serve the handicapped，and to perform functions in numerous applications in our society.The robot can be thought of as a machine that will move an end-of-tool ，sensor ，and/or gripper to a preprogrammed location. When the robot arrives at this location，it will perform some sort of task .This task could be welding，sealing，machine loading ，machine unloading，or a host of assembly jobs. Generally，this work can be accomplished without the involvement of a human being，except for programming and for turning the system on and off.The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following:1. A robot is a reprogrammable ，multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts，material，tool，or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task. This basic definition leads to other definitions，presented in the following paragraphs，that give acomplete picture of a robotic system.2. Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work，At some of these locations，the robot will stop and perform some operation ，such as assembly of parts，spray painting ，or welding .These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robot’s memory and are recalled later for continuousoperation.Furthermore，these preprogrammed locations，as well as other program data，can be changed later as the work requirements change.Thus，with regard to this programming feature，an industrial robot is very much like a computer ，where data can be stoned and later recalled and edited.3. The manipulator is the arm of the robot .It allows the robot to bend，reach，and twist.This movement is provided by the manipulator’s axes，also called the degrees of freedom of the robot .A robot can have from 3 to 16 axes.The term degrees of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on a robot.4. The tooling and frippers are not part the robotic system itself;rather，they are attachments that fit on the end of the robot’s arm. These attachments connected to the end of the robot’s arm allow the robot to lift parts，spot-weld ，paint，arc-weld，drill，deburr，and do a variety of tasks，depending on what is required of the robot.5. The robotic system can control the work cell of the operating robot.The work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform itstask.Included within this cell may be the controller ，the robot manipulator ，a work table ，safety features，or a conveyor.All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell .In addition，signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot to tell the robot when it should parts，pick up parts，or unload parts to a conveyor.The robotic system has three basic components: the manipulator，the controller，and the power source.A.ManipulatorThe manipulator ，which does the physical work of the robotic system，consists of two sections:the mechanical section and the attached appendage.The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached.Fig.1 illustrates the connectionof the base and the appendage of a robot.图1.Basic components of a robot’s manipulatorThe base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the work area. Sometimes，though，the base may be movable. In this case，the base is attached to either a rail or a track，allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to anther.As mentioned previously ，the appendage extends from the base of the robot. The appendage is the arm of the robot. It can be either a straight ，movable arm or a jointed arm. The jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm.The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes of motion. These axes are attached to a fixed base ，which，in turn，is secured to a mounting. This mounting ensures that the manipulator will in one location.At the end of the arm ，a wrist（see Fig 2）is connected. The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange. The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs.图2.Elements of a work cell from the topThe manipulator’s axes allow it to perform work within a certain area. The area is called the work cell of the robot ，and its size corresponds to the size of the manipulator.（Fid2）illustrates the work cell of a typical assembly ro bot.As the robot’s physical size increases，the size of the work cell must also increase.The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuator，or drive systems.The actuator，or drive systems，allows the various axes to move within the work cell. The drive system can use electric，hydraulic，or pneumatic power.The energy developed by the drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical power systems.The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages.These linkages，in turn，drive the different axes of the robot.The mechanical linkages may be composed of chain，gear，and ball screws.B.ControllerThe controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation .The controller stores preprogrammed information for later recall，controls peripheral devices，and communicates with computers within the plant for constant updates in production.The controller is used to control the robot manipulator’s movements as well as to control peripheral components within the work cell. The user can program the movements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hard-held teach pendant.This information is stored in the memory of the controller for later recall.The controller stores all program data for the robotic system.It can store several differentprograms，and any of these programs can be edited.The controller is also required to communicate with peripheral equipment within the work cell. For example，the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed.When the machine cycle is completed，the input line turn on telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the finished part.Then ，a new part is picked up by the manipulator and placed into the machine.Next，the controller signals the machine to start operation.The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events.This type of controller operates with a very simple robotic system.The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are more complex devices and represent state-of-the-art eletronoics.That is，they are microprocessor-operated.these microprocessors are either 8-bit，16-bit，or 32-bit processors.this power allows the controller to be very flexible in its operation.The controller can send electric signals over communication lines that allow it to talk with the various axes of the manipulator. This two-way communication between the robot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of the end the operation of the system.The controller also controls any tooling placed on the end of the robot’s wrist.The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computers. The communication link establishes the robot as part a computer-assisted manufacturing （CAM）system.As the basic definition stated，the robot is a reprogrammable，multifunctional manipulator.Therefore，the controller must contain some of memory stage. The microprocessor-based systems operates in conjunction with solid-state devices.These memory devices may be magnetic bubbles，random-access memory，floppy disks，or magnetic tape.Each memory storage device stores program information fir or for editing.C.power supplyThe power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator. The type of power are delivered to the robotic system. One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller. The other type of power isused for driving the various axes of the manipulator. For example，if the robot manipulator is controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic drives，control signals are sent to these devices causing motion of the robot.For each robotic system，power is required to operate the manipulator .This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source，a pneumatic power source，or an electric power source.There power sources are part of the total components of the robotic work cell.中文翻译机器人工业机器人是在生产环境中用以提高生产效率的工具，它能做常规乏味的装配线工作，或能做那些对于工人来说是危险的工作，例如，第一代工业机器人是用来在核电站中更换核燃料棒，如果人去做这项工作，将会遭受有害放射线的辐射。
机器人外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
机器⼈外⽂⽂献翻译、中英⽂翻译外⽂资料robotThe industrial robot is a tool that is used in the manufacturing environment to increase productivity. It can be used to do routine and tedious assembly line jobs，or it can perform jobs that might be hazardous to the human worker . For example ，one of the first industrial robot was used to replace the nuclear fuel rods in nuclear power plants. A human doing this job might be exposed to harmful amounts of radiation. The industrial robot can also operate on the assembly line，putting together small components，such as placing electronic components on a printed circuit board. Thus，the human worker can be relieved of the routine operation of this tedious task. Robots can also be programmed to defuse bombs，to serve the handicapped，and to perform functions in numerous applications in our society.The robot can be thought of as a machine that will move an end-of-tool ，sensor ，and/or gripper to a preprogrammed location. When the robot arrives at this location，it will perform some sort of task .This task could bewelding，sealing，machine loading ，machine unloading，or a host of assembly jobs. Generally，this work can be accomplished without the involvement of a human being，except for programming and for turning the system on and off. The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following:1. A robot is a reprogrammable ，multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts，material，tool，or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task. This basic definition leads to other definitions，presented in the following paragraphs，that give acomplete picture of a robotic system.2. Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work，At some of these locations，the robot will stop and perform some operation ，such as assembly of parts，spray painting ，or welding .These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robot’s memory and are recalled later for continuousoperation.Furthermore，these preprogrammed locations，as well as other program data，can be changed later as the work requirements change.Thus，with regard to this programming feature，an industrial robot is very much like a computer，where data can be stoned and later recalled and edited.3. The manipulator is the arm of the robot .It allows the robot to bend，reach，and twist.This movement is provided by the manipulator’s axes，also called the degrees of freedom of the robot .A robot can have from 3 to 16 axes.The term degrees of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on a robot.4. The tooling and frippers are not part the robotic system itself;rather，they are attachments that fit on the end of the robot’s arm. These attachments connected to the end of the robot’s arm allow the robot to lift parts，spot-weld ，paint，arc-weld，drill，deburr，and do a variety of tasks，depending on what is required of the robot.5. The robotic system can control the work cell of the operating robot.The work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform itstask.Included within this cell may be the controller ，the robot manipulator ，a work table ，safety features，or a conveyor.All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell .In addition，signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot to tell the robot when it should parts，pick up parts，or unload parts to a conveyor.The robotic system has three basic components: the manipulator，the controller，and the power source.A.ManipulatorThe manipulator ，which does the physical work of the robotic system，consists of two sections:the mechanical section and the attached appendage.The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached.Fig.1 illustrates the connectionof the base and the appendage of a robot.图1.Basic components of a robot’s manipulatorThe base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the work area. Sometimes，though，the base may be movable. In this case，the base is attached to either a rail or a track，allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to anther.As mentioned previously ，the appendage extends from the base of the robot. The appendage is the arm of the robot. It can be either a straight ，movable arm or a jointed arm. The jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm.The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes of motion. These axes are attached to a fixed base ，which，in turn，is secured to a mounting. This mounting ensures that the manipulator will in one location.At the end of the arm ，a wrist（see Fig 2）is connected. The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange. The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs.图2.Elements of a work cell from the topThe manipulator’s axes allow it to perform work within a certain area. The area is called the work cell of the robot ，and its size corresponds to the size of the manipulator.（Fid2）illustrates the work cell of a typical assembly ro bot.As the robot’s physical size increases，the size of the work cell must also increase.The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuator，or drive systems.The actuator，or drive systems，allows the various axes to move within the work cell. The drive system can use electric，hydraulic，or pneumatic power.The energy developed by the drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical power systems.The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages.These linkages，in turn，drive the different axes of the robot.The mechanical linkages may be composed of chain，gear，and ball screws.B.ControllerThe controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation .The controller stores preprogrammed information for later recall，controls peripheral devices，and communicates with computers within the plant for constant updates in production. The controller is used to control the robot manipulator’s movements as well as to control peripheral components within the work cell. The user can program the movements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hard-held teach pendant.This information is stored in the memory of the controller for later recall.The controller stores all program data for the robotic system.It can store several differentprograms，and any of these programs can be edited.The controller is also required to communicate with peripheral equipment within the work cell. For example，the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed.When the machine cycle is completed，the input line turn on telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the finished part.Then ，a new part is picked up by the manipulator and placed into the machine.Next，the controller signals the machine to start operation.The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events.This type of controller operates with a very simple robotic system.The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are more complex devices and represent state-of-the-art eletronoics.That is，they are microprocessor-operated.these microprocessors are either 8-bit，16-bit，or 32-bit processors.this power allows the controller to be very flexible in its operation.The controller can send electric signals over communication lines that allow it to talk with the various axes of the manipulator. This two-way communication between the robot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of the end the operation of the system.The controller also controls any tooling placed on the end of the robot’s wrist.The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computers. The communication link establishes the robot as part a computer-assisted manufacturing （CAM）system.As the basic definition stated，the robot is a reprogrammable，multifunctional manipulator.Therefore，the controller must contain some of memory stage. The microprocessor-based systems operates in conjunction with solid-state devices.These memory devices may be magnetic bubbles，random-access memory，floppy disks，or magnetic tape.Each memory storage device stores program information fir or for editing.C.power supplyThe power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator. The type of power are delivered to the robotic system. One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller. The other type of power isused for driving the various axes of the manipulator. For example，if the robot manipulator is controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic drives，control signals are sent to these devices causing motion of the robot.For each robotic system，power is required to operate the manipulator .This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source，a pneumatic power source，or an electric power source.There power sources are part of the total components of the robotic work cell.中⽂翻译机器⼈⼯业机器⼈是在⽣产环境中⽤以提⾼⽣产效率的⼯具，它能做常规乏味的装配线⼯作，或能做那些对于⼯⼈来说是危险的⼯作，例如，第⼀代⼯业机器⼈是⽤来在核电站中更换核燃料棒，如果⼈去做这项⼯作，将会遭受有害放射线的辐射。
焊接机器人-外文文献
Welding RobotChapter 1 IntroductionThe gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process is based on the electric arc established between a non-consumable electrode of tungsten and the work-pieces to be joined. Part of the heat generated by the electric arc is added to the workpieces, promoting the formation of a weld pool. The weld pool is protected from air contamination by a stream of an inert gas (Ar or He) or a mixture of gases.1．1．1 IntroductionThis process is also known as tungsten inert gas (TIG), although small amounts of non-inert gases may be used in the shielding mixture, such as hydrogen or nitrogen. Autogenous GTAW welding (without filler metal) is used in thin square edged sections (2mm), while V and X type edge preparations are needed in thicker sections. In this case, the addition of filler metal is necessary. This process is extensively used for welding thin components of stainless steel, aluminum, magnesium or titanium alloys as well pieces of carbon and low alloy steels. Heat input in GTAW does not depend on the filler material rate. Consequently, the process allows a precise control of heat addiction and the production of superior quality welds, with low distortion and free of spatter. It is less economical than other consumable electrode arc welding processes, due to its lower deposition rate, and it is sensitive to windy environment because of the difficulty in shielding the weld pool. Besides it shows low tolerance to contaminants on filler or base metals.1．1．2 Welding EquipmentIn this section the relevant aspects related to the welding equipment used with the GATW process will be reviewed, with the objective of exploring the implications for automatic robotic welding.1．1．3 Power SourcesPower sources for GTAW are generally of the constant current type with drooping volt-ampere static curves, Light weight transistorized direct current power sources are currently used, being more stable and versatile than the old thyristor-controlled units . In rectifier-inverter power sources the incoming AC current is rectified and then converted into AC current at a higher frequency than that of the mains supply, in the inverter. Afterwards high voltage AC current is transformed into low voltage AC current suitable for welding, in the transformer, and then rectified, The aim to increase the current frequency is to reduce the weight of the transformer and other components of the source such asinductors and capacitors.1．1．4 Welding TorchThe welding torch holds the non-consumable electrode, assures the transfer of current to the electrode and the flow of shielding gas to the weld pool. Torches with welding regimes up to 200 A are generally gas-cooled and those with continuous operation between 200 and 500 A are water-cooled.1．1．5 Non-consumable ElectrodesNon-consumable electrodes are composed of pure tungsten or of tungsten alloys. Pure tungsten electrodes can be used with DC but are more sensitive to contamination, have lower service life-cycle and exhibit higher tip deterioration than alloyed electrodes. These electrodes can be used in welding of aluminum and magnesium alloys on AC. Thoriated tungsten (2% ThO2) electrodes are widely used in industrial applications due to its excellent resistance to contamination, easy arc starting and stable electric arc. Concerns about safety, because thorium oxide is radioactive, led to the development of other electrodes containing small proportions (around 2%) of simple earth rare elements such as lanthanum, yttrium and cerium or even mixtures of several elements . These electrodes have better operational characteristics than thoriated electrodes and can be used in welding carbon and stainless steels,nickel and titanium alloys. Zirconiated tungsten electrodes are excellent for AC due to its good arc starting, high resistance to contamination and small tip shape deterioration.1．1．6 Arc Striking TechniquesArc initiation by touch striking was used formerly in manual GTAW, but this technique is very sensitive to tungsten contamination, adversely affecting the service life of the electrode. High-frequency-high-voltage (e.g. 3 kV at 5 MHz) supplies are currently used in arc striking and AC arc stabilization in manual GTAW systems. This arc starting technique usually produces interference in electronic equipment in the vicinity of the power source. Programmed touch striking is an alternative technique developed for automatic systems. In this technique current and voltage are limited when electrode touches in the work-piece, in order to prevent electrode contamination. A pilot arc starting can also be used to initiate the main electric arc, though a more complex torch is needed.1．1．7 Shielding Gas RegulatorThe regulator is a device that reduces source gas pressure to a constant working pressure, independently of source pressure variations. Pressure reduction can be made in one or two stages. Regulators in two stages give in general more stable output flow. 1．2 Process ParametersIn this section the relevant parameters for the GTAW process will be reviewed with the double objective of presenting them and showing that they can certainly be used for automatic robotic welding.1．2．1 CurrentCurrent has direct influence on weld bead shape, on welding speed and quality of the weld. Most GTAW welds employ direct current on electrode negative (DCEN) (straight polarity) because it produces higher weld penetration depth and higher travel speed than on electrode positive (DCEP) (reverse polarity). Besides, reverse polarity produces rapid heating and degradation of the electrode tip, because anode is more heated than cathode in gas tungsten electric arc. Reverse polarity may be of interest in welding aluminum alloys because of the catholic cleaning action of negative pole in the work-piece, that is the removal of the refractory aluminum oxide layer. However alternating current is better adapted to welding of aluminum and magnesium alloys, because it allows balancing electrode heating and work-piece cleaning effects. Weld penetration depth obtained with AC is between depth obtained with DCEN and DCEP.1．2．2 Welding SpeedThe effect of increasing the welding speed for the same current and voltage is to reduce the heat input. The welding speed does not influence the electromagnetic force and the arc pressure because they are dependent on the current. The weld speed increase produces a decrease in the weld cross section area, and consequently penetration depth (D) and weld width (W) also decrease, but the D/W ratio has a weak dependence on travel speed. These results suggest that the travel speed does not influence the mechanisms involved in the weld pool formation, it only influences the volume of melted material. Normal welding speeds are from 100 to 500 mm/min depending on current, material type and plate thickness.1．2．3 Arc LengthThe arc length is the distance between the electrode tip and the work-piece. The arc length in GTAW is usually from 2 to 5 mm. If the arc length increases, the voltage to maintain the arc stability must increase, but the heat input to work-piece decreases due to radiation losses from the column of the arc. Consequently, weld penetration and cross section area of melted material decrease with increasing arc length.1．2．4 Shielding GasesShielding gases are used in GTAW in order to prevent atmospheric contamination of the weld metal. This contamination can produce porosity, weld cracking, scaling and evenchange in the chemical composition of melted material. Besides shielding gas also has a large influence on the stability of the electric arc. Gases with low ionization potential facilitate the ignition of the electric arc and those with low thermal conductivity tend to increase the arc stability. Argon is the most used GTAW shielding gas. It has low ionization potential and is heavier than air, providing an excellent shielding of the molten weld pool. Furthermore it is less expensive than helium, the other inert shielding gas used in the process. Argon is used in welding of carbon and stainless steels and low thickness aluminum alloys components. For welding thick aluminum work-pieces and other high-conductive materials, such as copper alloys, helium is recommended because it has higher ionization potential than argon, needing higher voltage for arc initiation and maintenance, but producing higher heat-input. Helium or helium/argon (30-80% He) mixtures allow increased welding speed and improved process tolerance. Mixtures of argon with up to 5% of hydrogen are frequently used in welding of austenitic stainless steels. Hydrogen increases arc-voltage and consequently heat input, increasing weld penetration and weld travel speed, as well improving weld appearance. Argon/hydrogen mixtures are also used in welding of copper nickel alloys. Argon is also used as back side shielding gas, mainly in welding of stainless steels, aluminum alloys and reactive metals.Flow rates of shielding gases depend on weld thickness, being 4-10 l/min for argon and 10-15 l/min for helium, because it is lighter than argon, and consequently less effective in shielding. Gases with a purity of 99.995% are used in welding most of the metals, though reactive materials such as titanium need contaminant level less than 50 ppm.1．2．5 Filler MetalsFiller metals are generally used for plate thickness above 2 mm, having chemical composition similar to that of the parent material. Filler metal diameter is between 1.6 and 3.2 mm and in automatic systems is normally added cold from a roll or a coil.1．2．6 Electrode Vertex AngleThe non-consumable electrode angle influences the weld penetration depth and the weld shape. Electrode angles between 30o and 120o are used. Small angles increase arc pressure and penetration depth but have high tip shape deterioration. Electrode angles from 60o to 120o maintain tip shape for longer periods and give welds with adequate penetration depth-to-width ratio.1．2．7 Cast-to-cast VariationCast-to-cast variation refers to variation observed in penetration of welds produced in the same welding conditions in several batches of austenitic stainless steel with nominallyidentical composition. These changes in the weld bead shape are attributed to variation in proportion of trace elements in the material, such as sculpture, calcium and oxygen. Variations in trace elements seem to affect surface tension and metal flow into the pool . Weld pool shape is also affected by electromagnetic forces, arc pressure and thermo capillarity forces. To minimize this problem several strategies have been adopted such as the use of higher currents or of pulsed current, the application of adequate shielding gases or the application on plate surface of flux coatings containing active ingredients.1．3 Process VariantsGTAW is regarded as a high quality process for welding thin metals using low travel speed and low electrode deposition rate, requiring highly skilled personnel in manual welding. Variants developed seek to improve productivity, mainly deposition rate, penetration depth and welding speed. These variants are implemented in automatic or robotic systems. Hot-wire GTAW is a variant where a heated filler wire is fed to the rear of the melted weld pool at a constant rate.Filler wire is resistance heated close to melting point using mainly AC power sources, in order to minimize magnetic disturbance of the electric arc. Deposition rates up to 14 kg/h can be attained with this process. It has been used in heavy wall fabrication, maintaining high joint integrity .The use of a dual-shielding GTAW technique, where an additional concentric gas shield gives an increase in constriction and stiffness of the electric arc, may be used to increase welding speed and penetration depth .Constriction of the arc is produced by the external cold gas flow which decreases temperature of the outer part of the arc, decreasing the arc cross section where current flow occurs, consequently increasing current density and temperature. Electrode gas and annular gas may be of the same or of different compositions, such as Argon plus 5% hydrogen for internal gas and argon for external gas when welding austenitic stainless steels. This technique also tends to increase the risk of undercut. Very high currents (I > 300 A) may also be used in a conventional automated GTAW process to increase the penetration depth, but defects may form and the process becomes unstable above 500 A. The key hole mode gas tungsten arc welding process, which was developed a few years ago, seems to be suitable for ferrous and non-ferrous materials in the range from 3 to 12 mm. However, this key whole technique is extremely sensitive to arc voltage, and loss of material may occur through the keyhole vent.。
机器人外文翻译(中英文翻译)
机器人外文翻译(中英文翻译)机器人外文翻译(中英文翻译)With the rapid development of technology, the use of robots has become increasingly prevalent in various industries. Robots are now commonly employed to perform tasks that are dangerous, repetitive, or require a high level of precision. However, in order for robots to effectively communicate with humans and fulfill their intended functions, accurate translation between different languages is crucial. In this article, we will explore the importance of machine translation in enabling robots to perform translation tasks, as well as discuss current advancements and challenges in this field.1. IntroductionMachine translation refers to the use of computer algorithms to automatically translate text or speech from one language to another. The ultimate goal of machine translation is to produce translations that are as accurate and natural as those generated by human translators. In the context of robots, machine translation plays a vital role in allowing them to understand and respond to human commands, as well as facilitating communication between robots of different origins.2. Advancements in Machine TranslationThe field of machine translation has experienced significant advancements in recent years, thanks to breakthroughs in artificial intelligence and deep learning. These advancements have led to the development of neural machine translation (NMT) systems, which have greatly improved translation quality. NMT models operate by analyzinglarge amounts of bilingual data, allowing them to learn the syntactic and semantic structures of different languages. As a result, NMT systems are capable of providing more accurate translations compared to traditional rule-based or statistical machine translation approaches.3. Challenges in Machine Translation for RobotsAlthough the advancements in machine translation have greatly improved translation quality, there are still challenges that need to be addressed when applying machine translation to robots. One prominent challenge is the variability of language use, including slang, idioms, and cultural references. These nuances can pose difficulties for machine translation systems, as they often require a deep understanding of the context and cultural background. Researchers are currently working on developing techniques to enhance the ability of machine translation systems to handle such linguistic variations.Another challenge is the real-time requirement of translation in a robotic setting. Robots often need to process and translate information on the fly, and any delay in translation can affect the overall performance and efficiency of the robot. Optimizing translation speed without sacrificing translation quality is an ongoing challenge for researchers in the field.4. Applications of Robot TranslationThe ability for robots to translate languages opens up a wide range of applications in various industries. One application is in the field of customer service, where robots can assist customers in multiple languages, providing support and information. Another application is in healthcare settings, where robots can act as interpreters between healthcare professionals and patientswho may speak different languages. Moreover, in international business and diplomacy, robots equipped with translation capabilities can bridge language barriers and facilitate effective communication between parties.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, machine translation plays a crucial role in enabling robots to effectively communicate with humans and fulfill their intended functions. The advancements in neural machine translation have greatly improved translation quality, but challenges such as language variability and real-time translation requirements still exist. With continuous research and innovation, the future of machine translation for robots holds great potential in various industries, revolutionizing the way we communicate and interact with technology.。
工业机器人的介绍外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
外文原文Introduction to Industrial RobotsIndustrial robets became a reality in the early 1960’s when Joseph Engelberger and George Devol teamed up to form a robotics company they called “Unimation”.Engelberger and Devol were not the first to dream of machines that could perform the unskilled, repetitive jobs in manufacturing. The first use of the word “robots” was by the Czechoslovakian philosopher and playwright Karel Capek in his play R.U.R.(Rossum’s Universal Robot). The word “robot” in Czech means “worker” or “slave.” The play was written in 1922.In Capek’s play , Rossum and his son discover the chemical formula for artificial protoplasm. Protoplasm forms the very basis of life.With their compound,Rossum and his son set out to make a robot.Rossum and his son spend 20 years forming the protoplasm into a robot. After 20 years the Rossums look at what they have created and say, “It’s absurd to spend twenty years making a man if we can’t make him quicker than nature, you might as w ell shut up shop.”The young Rossum goes back to work eliminating organs he considers unnecessary for the ideal worker. The young Rossum says, “A man is something that feels happy , plays piano ,likes going for a walk, and in fact wants to do a whole lot of things that are unnecessary … but a working machine must not play piano, must not feel happy, must not do a whole lot of other things. Everything that doesn’t contribute directly to the progress of work should be eliminated.”A half century later, engi neers began building Rossum’s robot, not out of artificial protoplasm, but of silicon, hydraulics, pneumatics, and electric motors. Robots that were dreamed of by Capek in 1922, that work but do not feel, that perform unhuman or subhuman, jobs in manufacturing plants, are available and are in operation around the world.The modern robot lacks feeling and emotions just as Rossum’s son thought it should. It can only respond to simple “yes/no” questions. The moderrn robot is normally bolted to the floor. It has one arm and one hand. It is deaf, blind, and dumb. In spite of all of these handicaps, the modern robot performs its assigned task hour after hour without boredom or complaint.A robot is not simply another automated machine. Automation began during the industrial revolution with machines that performed jobs that formerly had been done by human workers. Such a machine, however , can do only the specific job for which it was designed, whereas a robot can perform a variety of jobs.A robot must have an arm. The arm must be able to duplicate the movements of a human worker in loading and unloading other automated machines, spraying paint, welding, and performing hundreds of other jobs that cannot be easily done with conventional automated machines.DEFINITION OF A ROBOTThe Robot Industries Association(RIA) has published a definition for robots in an attempt to clarify which machines are simply automated machines and which machines are truly robots. The RIA definition is as follows:“A robot is a reprogrammabl e multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.”This definition, which is more extensive than the one in the RIA glossary at the end of this book, is an excellent definition of a robot. We will look at this definition, one phrase at a time, so as to understand which machines are in fact robots and which machines are little more than specialized automation.First, a robot is a “reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator.” In this phrase RIA tells us that a robot can be taught (“reprogrammed”) to do more than one job by changing the informaion stored in its memory. A robot can be reprogrammed to load and unload machines, weld, and do ma ny other jobs (“multifunctional”). A robot is a“manipulator”. A manipulator is an arm( or hand ) that can pick up or move things. At this point we know that a robot is an arm that can be taught to do different jobs.The definition goes on to say that a ro bot is “designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices.” Material includes wood,steel, plastic, cardboard… anything that is used in the manufacture of a product.A robot can also handle parts that have been manufactured. For example, a robot can load a piece of steel into an automatic lathe and unload a finished part out of the lathe.In addition to handling material and parts, a robot can be fitted with tools such as grinders, buffers, screwdrivers, and welding torches to perform useful work.Robots can also be fitted with specialized instruments or devices to do special jobs in a manufacturing plant. Robots can be fitted with television cameras for inspection of parts or products. They can be fitted with lasers to accurately mearure the size of parts being manufactured.The RIA definition closes with the phrase,”…through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.” This phrase emphasizes the fact that a robot can do many different jobs in a manufacturing plant. The variety of jobs that a robot can do is limited only by the creativity of the application engineer.JOBS FOR ROBOTSJobs performed by robots can be divided into two major categories:hazardous jobs and repetitive jobs.Hazardous JobsMany applications of robots are in jobs that are hazardous to humans. Such jobs may be considered hazardous because of toxic fumes, the weight of the material being handled, the temperature of the material being handled, the danger of working near rotating or press machinery, or environments containing high levels of radiation. Repetitive JobsIn addition to taking over hazardous jobs, robots are well suited to doingextremely repetitive jobs that must be done in manufacturing plants.many jobs in manufacturing plants require a person to act more like a machine than like a human. The job may be to pick a piece up from here and place it there. The same job is done hundreds of times each day. The job requires little or no judgment and little or no skill. This is not said as a criticism of the person who does the job , but is intended simply to point out that many of these jobs exist in industry and must be done to complete the manufacture of products. A robot can be placed at such a work station and can perform the job admirably without complaining or experiencing the fatigue and boredom normally associated with such a job.Although robots eliminate some jobs in industry, they normally eliminate jobs that humans should never have been asked to do. Machines should perform as machines doing machine jobs, and humans should be placed in jobs that require the use of their ability,creativity, and special skills.POTENTIAL FOR INCREASED PRODUCTIVITYIn addition to removing people from jobs they should not have been placed in, robots offer companies the opportunity of achieving increased productivity. When robots are placed in repetitive jobs they continue to operate at their programmed pace without fatigue. Robots do not take either scheduled or unscheduled breaks from the job. The increase in productivity can result in at least 25% more good parts being produced in an eight-hour shift. This increase in productivity increases the company's profits, which can be reinvested in additional plants and equipment. This increase in productivity results in more jobs in other departments in the plant. With more parts being produced, additional people are needed to deliver the raw materials to the plant, to complete the assembly of the finished products, to sell the finished products, and to deliver the products to their destinations.ROBOT SPEEDAlthough robots increase productivity in a manufacturing plant, they are notexceptionally fast. At present, robots normally operate at or near the speed of a human operator. Every major move of a robot normally takes approximately one second. For a robot to pick up a piece of steel from a conveyor and load it into a lathe may require ten different moves taking as much as ten seconds. A human operator can do the same job in the same amount of time . The increase in productivity is a result of the consistency of operation. As the human operator repeats the same job over and over during the workday, he or she begins to slow down. The robot continues to operate at its programmed speed and therefore completes more parts during the workday.Custom-built automated machines can be built to do the same jobs that robots do. An automated machine can do the same loading operation in less than half the time required by a robot or a human operator. The problem with designing a special machine is that such a machine can perform only the specific job for which it was built. If any change is made in the job, the machine must be completely rebuilt, or the machine must be scrapped and a new machine designed and built. A robot, on the other hand, could be reprogrammed and could start doing the new job the same day.Custom-built automated machines still have their place in industry. If a company knows that a job will not change for many years, the faster custom-built machine is still a good choice.Other jobs in factories cannot be done easily with custom-built machinery. For these applications a robot may be a good choice. An example of such an application is spray painting. One company made cabinets for the electronics industry. They made cabinets of many different sizes, all of which needed painting. It was determined that it was not economical for the company to build special spray painting machines for each of the different sizes of enclosures that were being built. Until robots were developed, the company had no choice but to spray the various enclosures by hand.Spray painting is a hazardous job , because the fumes from many paints are both toxic and explosive. A robot is now doing the job of spraying paint on the enclosures.A robot has been “taught” to spray all the different sizes of enclosures that the company builds. In addition, the robot can operate in the toxic environment of the spray booth without any concern for the long-term effect the fumes might have on aperson working in the booth.FLEXIBLE AUTOMATIONRobots have another advantage: they can be taught to do different jobs in the manufacturing plant. If a robot was originally purchased to load and unload a punch press and the job is no longer needed due to a change in product design, the robot can be moved to another job in the plant. For example, the robot could be moved to the end of the assembly operation and be used to unload the finished enclosures from a conveyor and load them onto a pallet for shipment.ACCURACY AND REPEATABILITYOne very important characteristic of any robot is the accuracy with which it can perform its task. When the robot is programmed to perform a specific task, it is led to specific points and programmed to remember the locations of those points. After programming has been completed, the robot is switched to “run” and the program is executed. Unfortunately, the robot will not go to the exact location of any programmed point. For example, the robot may miss the exact point by 0.025 in. If 0.025 in. is the greatest error by which the robot misses any point- during the first execution of the program, the robot is said to have an accuracy of 0.025 in.In addition to accuracy , we are also concerned with the robot’s repeatability. The repeatability of a robot is a measure of how closely it returns to its programmed points every time the program is executed. Say , for example, that the robot misses a programmed point by 0.025 in. the first time the program is executed and that, during the next execution of the program, the robot misses the point it reached during the previous cycle by 0.010 in. Although the robot is a total of 0.035 in. from the original programmed point, its accuracy is 0.025 in. and its repeatability is 0.010 in.THE MAJOR PARTS OF A ROBOTThe major parts of a robot are the manipulator, the power supply, and the controller.The manipulator is used to pick up material, parts, or special tools used in manufacturing. The power supply suppplies the power to move the manipulator. The controller controls the power supply so that the manipulator can be taught to perform its task.外文翻译工业机器人的介绍20世纪60年代当约瑟夫和乔治合作创立了名为Unimation的机器公司，工业机器人便成为了一个事实。
机器人技术发展趋势论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献机器人技术发展趋势谈到机器人，现实仍落后于科幻小说。
但是，仅仅因为机器人在过去的几十年没有实现它们的承诺，并不意味着机器人的时代不会到来，或早或晚。
事实上，多种先进技术的影响已经使得机器人的时代变得更近——更小、更便宜、更实用和更具成本效益。
肌肉、骨骼和大脑任何一个机器人都有三方面：·肌肉——有效联系有关物理荷载以便于机器人运动。
·骨骼——一个机器人的物理结构取决于它所做的工作；它的尺寸大小和重量则取决于它的物理荷载。
·大脑——机器人智能；它能独立思考和做什么；需要多少人工互动。
由于机器人在科幻世界中所被描绘过的方式，很多人希望机器人在外型上与人类相似。
但事实上，机器人的外形更多地取决于它所做的工作或具备的功能。
很多一点儿也不像人的机器也被清楚地归为机器人。
同样，很多看起来像人的机器却还是仅仅属于机械结构和玩具。
很多早期的机器人是除了有很大力气而毫无其他功能的大型机器。
老式的液压动力机器人已经被用来执行3-D任务即平淡、肮脏和危险的任务。
由于第一产业技术的进步，完全彻底地改进了机器人的性能、业绩和战略利益。
比如，20世纪80年代，机器人开始从液压动力转换成为电动单位。
精度和性能也提高了。
工业机器人已经在工作时至今日，全世界机器人的数量已经接近100万，其中超过半数的机器人在日本，而仅仅只有15%在美国。
几十年前，90%的机器人是服务于汽车生产行业，通常用于做大量重复的工作。
现在，只有50%的机器人用于汽车制造业，而另一半分布于工厂、实验室、仓库、发电站、医院和其他的行业。
机器人用于产品装配、危险物品处理、油漆喷雾、抛光、产品的检验。
用于清洗下水道，探测炸弹和执行复杂手术的各种任务的机器人数量正在稳步增加，在未来几年内将继续增长。
机器人智能即使是原始的智力，机器人已经被证明了在生产力、效率和质量方面都能够创造良好的效益。
除此之外，一些“最聪明的”机器人没有用于制造业；它们被用于太空探险、外科手术遥控，甚至于宠物，比如索尼的AIBO电子狗。
焊接机器人论文翻译
真空容器的组装和维修的部门间的焊接机器人设计摘要下一步聚变装置需要现场（现场焊接）连接的厚壁真空容器的结构和真空的完整性。
EFDA（欧洲聚变发展协议）支持研发方案探讨真空容器的装配过程，进行切割、远程部门更换重新焊接和检验，形成整个VV /毯的研究努力的一部分。
为了指导过程的末端沿焊缝区，轨道安装的交叉焊接机器人（IWR）在一个模拟的真空容器的区域已被设计和介绍。
轨道式仿生型机器人提供六轴的运动，在高载荷机器人的重量比有限的工作包络。
减少压力局部真空的解决方案是安装短，轻量的段螺栓连接到彼此和容器壁。
采用特殊设计的末端效应器可安装各种工艺头。
减少供应和界面问题的独立的原型，其运动控制和电子系统将嵌入局部。
激光扫描相机形成的焊缝跟踪能力，以弥补铁路和焊缝偏差。
2000由Elsevier科学有限公司出版©1。
景区简介IWR将参与反应堆的建设和维护的关键系统。
由于它将开展和敌对的辐射环境中，它被称为工作的各项任务，一个远程处理系统的使用是强制性的r-eliable。
可以预期的是，此系统可用于ITER建设再升级远程能力，通过喷射前维护和远程处理活动成功地用于采购策略。
此设计概念的基线，而不是每个候选过程实验室获得自己的运输系统，独立进行的各种过程的末端，可通过把各种不同的网站，专门处理工作正在进行。
这个问题和费用由实验室在开发规格ialised机器人或进行远距离在模拟现场工作因此Remo VED。
本此设计用于在高2米的模型外，vv的部分，包括两个端口，如图1所示，但也可通过广泛，丁轨道系统，覆盖整个VV场联合区。
也让未来的扩展语音遥控机在日后的使用中有抗辐射成分的书。
研究了马德在欧洲行业建立国家的艺术，包括欧盟资助的项目robotool [1,2]，信息交互。
Along the seam Perpendicular to theseamRange Whole seam 250 mmAbsolute precision 90.5 mm 901 mm Resolution 0.2 mm 0.04 mm Maximum speed 3000 mm:min 100 mm:min Minimum speed 10 mm:min 1 mm:min Acceleration 50 mm:s2 50 mm:s2Trolley torque 2500 Nm 2500 NmcapacityTrolley load 4 tonne 4 tonnecapacityRepeatability 90.25 mm 90.05 mmPayload capacity \300 kg \300 kg2。
工业机器人中英文翻译、外文文献翻译、外文翻译
外文原文：RobotAfter more than 40 years of development, since its first appearance till now, the robot has already been widely applied in every industrial fields, and it has become the important standard of industry modernization.Robotics is the comprehensive technologies that combine with mechanics, electronics, informatics and automatic control theory. The level of the robotic technology has already been regarded as the standard of weighing a national modern electronic-mechanical manufacturing technology.Over the past two decades, the robot has been introduced into industry to perform many monotonous and often unsafe operations. Because robots can perform certain basic more quickly and accurately than humans, they are being increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.With the maturation and broad application of net technology, the remote control technology of robot based on net becomes more and more popular in modern society. It employs the net resources in modern society which are already three to implement the operatio of robot over distance. It also creates many of new fields, such as remote experiment, remote surgery, and remote amusement. What's more, in industry, it can have a beneficial impact upon the conversion of manufacturing means.The key words are reprogrammable and multipurpose because most single-purpose machines do not meet these two requirements. The term “reprogrammable” implies two things: The robot operates according to a written program, and this program can be rewritten to acc ommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks. The term “multipurpose” means that the robot can perform many different functions, depending on the program and tooling currently in use.Developed from actuating mechanism, industrial robot can imitation some actions and functions of human being, which can be used to moving all kinds of material components tools and so on, executing mission by execuatable program multifunction manipulator. It is extensive used in industry and agriculture production, astronavigation and military engineering.During the practical application of the industrial robot, the working efficiency andquality are important index of weighing the performance of the robot. It becomes key problems which need solving badly to raise the working efficiencies and reduce errors of industrial robot in operating actually. Time-optimal trajectory planning of robot is that optimize the path of robot according to performance guideline of minimum time of robot under all kinds of physical constraints, which can make the motion time of robot hand minimum between two points or along the special path. The purpose and practical meaning of this research lie enhance the work efficiency of robot.Due to its important role in theory and application, the motion planning of industrial robot has been given enough attention by researchers in the world. Many researchers have been investigated on the path planning for various objectives such as minimum time, minimum energy, and obstacle avoidance.The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following:A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts, materials, tools, or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task. This basic definition leads to other definitions, presented in the following paragraphs that give a complete picture of a robotic system.Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work. At some of these locations, the robot will stop and perform some operation, such as assembly of parts, spray painting, or welding. These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robot’s memory and are recalled later for continuous operation. Furthermore, these preprogrammed locations, as well as other programming feature, an industrial robot is very much like a computer, where data can be stored and later recalled and edited.The manipulator is the arm of the robot. It allows the robot to bend, reach, and twist. This movement is provided by t he manipulator’s axes, also called the degrees of freedom of the robot. A robot can have from 3 to 16 axes. The term degrees of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on a robot.The tooling and grippers are not part of the robotic system itself: rather, they are attachments that fit on the end of the robot’s arm. These attachments connected to the end of the robot’s arm allow the robot to lift parts, spot-weld, paint, arc-well, drill, deburr, and do a variety of tasks, depending on what is required of the robot.The robotic system can also control the work cell of the operating robot. The work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform its task. Included within this cell may be the controller, the robot manipulator, a work table, safety features, or a conveyor. All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell. In addition, signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot in order to tell the robot when it should assemble parts, pick up parts, or unload parts to a conveyor.The robotic system has three basic components: the manipulator, the controller, and the power source.ManipulatorThe manipulator, which dose the physical work of the robotic system, consists of two sections: the mechanical section and the attached appendage. The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached.The base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the work area. Sometimes, though, the base may be movable. In this case, the base is attached to either a rail or a track, allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to anther.As mentioned previously, the appendage extends from the base of the robot. The appendage is the arm of the robot. It can be either a straight, movable arm or a jointed arm. The jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm.The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes of motion. These axes are attached to a fixed base, which, in turn, is secured to a mounting. This mounting ensures that the manipulator will remain in one location.At the end of the arm, a wrist is connected. The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange. The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs.The manipulator’s axes allow it to perform work within a certain area. This area is called the work cell of the robot, and its size corresponds to the size of the manipulator. As the robot’s physical siz e increases, the size of the work cell must also increase.The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuators, or drive system. The actuator, or drive system, allows the various axes to move within the work cell. The drive system can use electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic power. The energy developed bythe drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical drive systems. The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages. These linkages, in turn, drive the different axes of the robot. The mechanical linkages may be composed of chains, gears, and ball screws.ControllerThe controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation. The controller stores preprogrammed information for later recall, controls peripheral devices, and communicates with computers within the plant for constant updates in production.The controller is used to control the robot manipulator’s movements as well as to control peripheral components within the work cell. The user can program the movements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hand-held teach pendant. This information is stored in the memory of the controller for later recall. The controller stores all program data for the robotic system. It can store several different programs, and any of these programs can be edited.The controller is also required to communicate with peripheral equipment within the work cell. For example, the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed. When the machine cycle is completed, the input line turns on, telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the finished part. Then, a new part is picked up by the manipulator and placed into the machine. Next, the controller signals the machine to start operation.The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events. This type of controller operates with a very simple robotic system. The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are more complex devices and represent state-of-the-art electronics. This is, they are microprocessor-operated. These microprocessors are either 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit processors. This power allows the controller to the very flexible in its operation.The controller can send electric signals over communication lines that allow it to talk with the various axes of the manipulator. This two-way communication between the robot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of the location and the operation of the system. The controller also controls any tooling placed on the end of the robot’s wrist.The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computers. The communication link establishes the robot as part of a computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM) system.As the basic definition stated, the robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator. Therefore, the controller must contain some type of memory storage. The microprocessor-based systems operate in conjunction with solid-state memory devices. These memory devices may be magnetic bubbles, random-access memory, floppy disks, or magnetic tape. Each memory storage device stores program information for later recall or for editing.Power supplyThe power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator. Two types of power are delivered to the robotic system. One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller. The other type of power is used for driving the various axes of the manipulator. For example, if the robot manipulator is controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic drives, control signals are sent to these devices, causing motion of the robot.For each robotic system, power is required to operate the manipulator. This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source, a pneumatic power source, or an electric power source. These power sources are part of the total components of the robotic work cell.Classification of RobotsIndustrial robots vary widely in size, shape, number of axes, degrees of freedom, and design configuration. Each factor influences the dimensions of the robot’s working envelope or the volume of space within which it can move and perform its designated task. A broader classification of robots can been described as blew.Fixed and Variable-Sequence Robots. The fixed-sequence robot (also called a pick-and place robot) is programmed for a specific sequence of operations. Its movements are from point to point, and the cycle is repeated continuously. The variable-sequence robot can be programmed for a specific sequence of operations but can be reprogrammed to perform another sequence of operation.Playback Robot. An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end effectorthrough the desired path. The robot memorizes and records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them continually without any further action or guidance by the operator.Numerically Controlled Robot. The numerically controlled robot is programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine. The robot is servo-controlled by digital data, and its sequence of movements can be changed with relative ease.Intelligent Robot. The intellingent robot is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks carried out by human beings. It is equipped with a variety of sensors with visual and tactile capabilities.Robot ApplicationsThe robot is a very special type of production tool; as a result, the applications in which robots are used are quite broad. These applications can be grouped into three categories: material processing, material handling and assembly.In material processing, robots use to process the raw material. For example, the robot tools could include a drill and the robot would be able to perform drilling operations on raw material.Material handling consists of the loading, unloading, and transferring of workpieces in manufacturing facilities. These operations can be performed reliably and repeatedly with robots, thereby improving quality and reducing scrap losses.Assembly is another large application area for using robotics. An automatic assembly system can incorporate automatic testing, robot automation and mechanical handling for reducing labor costs, increasing output and eliminating manual handling concerns.Hydraulic SystemThere are only three basic methods of transmitting power: electrical, mechanical, and fluid power. Most applications actually use a combination of the three methods to obtain the most efficient overall system. To properly determine which principle method to use, it is important to know the salient features of each type. For example, fluid systems can transmit power more economically over greater distances than can mechanical type. However, fluid systems are restricted to shorter distances than are electrical systems.Hydraulic power transmission systems are concerned with the generation, modulation, and control of pressure and flow, and in general such systems include:1.Pumps which convert available power from the prime mover to hydraulicpower at the actuator.2.Valves which control the direction of pump-flow, the level of powerproduced, and the amount of fluid-flow to the actuators. The power level isdetermined by controlling both the flow and pressure level.3.Actuators which convert hydraulic power to usable mechanical power outputat the point required.4.The medium, which is a liquid, provides rigid transmission and control aswell as lubrication of components, sealing in valves, and cooling of thesystem.5.Connectors which link the various system components, provide powerconductors for the fluid under pressure, and fluid flow return totank(reservoir).6.Fluid storage and conditioning equipment which ensure sufficient quality andquantity as well as cooling of the fluid..Hydraulic systems are used in industrial applications such as stamping presses, steel mills, and general manufacturing, agricultural machines, mining industry, aviation, space technology, deep-sea exploration, transportation, marine technology, and offshore gas and petroleum exploration. In short, very few people get through a day of their lives without somehow benefiting from the technology of hydraulics.The secret of hydraulic system’s success and widespread use is its versatility and manageability. Fluid power is not hindered by the geometry of the machine as is the case in mechanical systems. Also, power can be transmitted in almost limitless quantities because fluid systems are not so limited by the physical limitations of materials as are the electrical systems. For example, the performance of an electromagnet is limited by the saturation limit of steel. On the other hand, the power limit of fluid systems is limited only by the strength capacity of the material.Industry is going to depend more and more on automation in order to increase productivity. This includes remote and direct control of production operations,manufacturing processes, and materials handling. Fluid power is the muscle of automation because of advantages in the following four major categories.1.Ease and accuracy of control. By the use of simple levers and push buttons,the operator of a fluid power system can readily start, stop, speed up or slowdown, and position forces which provide any desired horsepower withtolerances as precise as one ten-thousandth of an inch. Fig. shows a fluidpower system which allows an aircraft pilot to raise and lower his landinggear. When the pilot moves a small control valve in one direction, oil underpressure flows to one end of the cylinder to lower the landing gear. To retractthe landing gear, the pilot moves the valve lever in the opposite direction,allowing oil to flow into the other end of the cylinder.2.Multiplication of force. A fluid power system (without using cumbersomegears, pulleys, and levers) can multiply forces simply and efficiently from afraction of an ounce to several hundred tons of output.3.Constant force or torque. Only fluid power systems are capable of providingconstant force or torque regardless of speed changes. This is accomplishedwhether the work output moves a few inches per hour, several hundred inchesper minute, a few revolutions per hour, or thousands of revolutions perminute.4.Simplicity, safety, economy. In general, fluid power systems use fewermoving parts than comparable mechanical or electrical systems. Thus, theyare simpler to maintain and operate. This, in turn, maximizes safety,compactness, and reliability. For example, a new power steering controldesigned has made all other kinds of power systems obsolete on manyoff-highway vehicles. The steering unit consists of a manually operateddirectional control valve and meter in a single body. Because the steering unitis fully fluid-linked, mechanical linkages, universal joints, bearings, reductiongears, etc. are eliminated. This provides a simple, compact system. Inapplications. This is important where limitations of control space require asmall steering wheel and it becomes necessary to reduce operator fatigue.Additional benefits of fluid power systems include instantly reversible motion,automatic protection against overloads, and infinitely variable speed control. Fluid power systems also have the highest horsepower per weight ratio of any known power source. In spite of all these highly desirable features of fluid power, it is not a panacea for all power transmission problems. Hydraulic systems also have some drawbacks. Hydraulic oils are messy, and leakage is impossible to completely eliminate. Also, most hydraulic oils can cause fires if an oil leak occurs in an area of hot equipment.Pneumatic SystemPneumatic system use pressurized gases to transmit and control power. As the name implies, pneumatic systems typically use air (rather than some other gas ) as the fluid medium because air is a safe, low-cost, and readily available fluid. It is particularly safe in environments where an electrical spark could ignite leaks from system components.In pneumatic systems, compressors are used to compress and supply the necessary quantities of air. Compressors are typically of the piston, vane or screw type. Basically a compressor increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume as described by the perfect gas laws. Pneumatic systems normally use a large centralized air compressor which is considered to be an infinite air source similar to an electrical system where you merely plug into an electrical outlet for electricity. In this way, pressurized air can be piped from one source to various locations throughout an entire industrial plant. The compressed air is piped to each circuit through an air filter to remove contaminants which might harm the closely fitting parts of pneumatic components such as valve and cylinders. The air then flows through a pressure regulator which reduces the pressure to the desired level for the particular circuit application. Because air is not a good lubricant (contains about 20% oxygen), pneumatics systems required a lubricator to inject a very fine mist of oil into the air discharging from the pressure regulator. This prevents wear of the closely fitting moving parts of pneumatic components.Free air from the atmosphere contains varying amounts of moisture. This moisture can be harmful in that it can wash away lubricants and thus cause excessive wear and corrosion. Hence, in some applications, air driers are needed to remove this undesirable moisture. Since pneumatic systems exhaust directly into the atmosphere , they are capable of generating excessive noise. Therefore, mufflers are mounted on exhaust portsof air valves and actuators to reduce noise and prevent operating personnel from possible injury resulting not only from exposure to noise but also from high-speed airborne particles.There are several reasons for considering the use of pneumatic systems instead of hydraulic systems. Liquids exhibit greater inertia than do gases. Therefore, in hydraulic systems the weight of oil is a potential problem when accelerating and decelerating and decelerating actuators and when suddenly opening and closing valves. Due to Newton’s law of motion ( force equals mass multiplied by acceleration ), the force required to accelerate oil is many times greater than that required to accelerate an equal volume of air. Liquids also exhibit greater viscosity than do gases. This results in larger frictional pressure and power losses. Also, since hydraulic systems use a fluid foreign to the atmosphere , they require special reservoirs and no-leak system designs. Pneumatic systems use air which is exhausted directly back into the surrounding environment. Generally speaking, pneumatic systems are less expensive than hydraulic systems.However, because of the compressibility of air, it is impossible to obtain precise controlled actuator velocities with pneumatic systems. Also, precise positioning control is not obtainable. While pneumatic pressures are quite low due to compressor design limitations ( less than 250 psi ), hydraulic pressures can be as high as 10,000 psi. Thus, hydraulics can be high-power systems, whereas pneumatics are confined to low-power applications. Industrial applications of pneumatic systems are growing at a rapid pace. Typical examples include stamping, drilling, hoist, punching, clamping, assembling, riveting, materials handling, and logic controlling operations.工业机器人机器人自问世以来到现在，经过了40多年的发展，已被广泛应用于各个工业领域，已成为工业现代化的重要标志。
机器人外文翻译(文献翻译-中英文翻译)
外文翻译外文资料：RobotsFirst, I explain the background robots, robot technology development. It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology. It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development. But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave. So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need. Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories. is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, forinstance, force and touch, slipping, visual, hearing and who is analogous to that with all kinds of feelings, say in a robot grasping objects, In fact, it can be the size of feeling out, it can through visual, to be able to feel and identify its shape, size, color Grasping an egg, it adopted a acumen, aware of its power and the size of the slide. Third-generation robots, we were a robotics ideal pursued by the most advanced stage, called intelligent robots, So long as tell it what to do, not how to tell it to do, it will be able to complete the campaign, thinking and perception of this man-machine communication function and function Well, this current development or relative is in a smart part of the concept and meaning But the real significance of the integrity of this intelligent robot did not actually exist, but as we continued the development of science and technology, the concept of intelligent increasingly rich, it grows ever wider connotations.Now, I would like to briefly outline some of the industrial robot situation. So far, the industrial robot is the most mature and widely used category of a robot, now the world's total sales of 1.1 million Taiwan, which is the 1999 statistics, however, 1.1 million in Taiwan have been using the equipment is 75 million, this volume is not small. Overall, the Japanese industrial robots in this one, is the first of the robots to become the Kingdom, the United States have developed rapidly. Newly installed in several areas of Taiwan, which already exceeds Japan, China has only just begun to enter the stage of industrialization, has developed a variety of industrial robot prototype and small batch has been used in production.Spot welding robot is the auto production line, improve production efficiency and raise the quality of welding car, reduce the labor intensity of a robot. It is characterized by two pairs of robots for spot welding of steel plate, bearing a great need for the welding tongs, general in dozens of kilograms or more, then its speed in meters per second a 5-2 meter of such high-speed movement. So it is generally five to six degrees of freedom, load 30 to 120 kilograms, the great space, probably expected that the work of a spherical space, a high velocity, the concept of freedom, that is to say, Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wristposture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of freedom. Have more than six degrees of freedom robot, in different occasions the need to configure.The second category of service robots, with the development of industrialization, especially in the past decade, Robot development in the areas of application are continuously expanding, and now a very important characteristic, as we all know, Robot has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc. These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc. It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristics.For example, domestic robot is mainly embodied in the example of some of the carpets and flooring it to the regular cleaning and vacuuming. The robot it is very meaningful, it has sensors, it can furniture and people can identify, It automatically according to a law put to the ground under the road all cleaned up. This is also the home of some robot performance.The medical robots, nearly five years of relatively rapid development of new application areas. If people in the course of an operation, doctors surgery, is a fatigue, and the other manually operated accuracy is limited. Some universities in Germany, which, facing the spine, lumbar disc disease, the identification, can automatically use the robot-aided positioning, operation and surgery Like the United States have been more than 1,000 cases of human eyeball robot surgery, the robot, also including remote-controlled approach, the right of such gastrointestinal surgery, we see on the television inside. a manipulator, about the thickness fingers such a manipulator, inserted through the abdominal viscera, people on the screen operating the machines hand, it also used the method of laser lesion laser treatment, this is the case, peoplewould not have a very big damage to the human body.In reality, this right as a human liberation is a very good robots, medical robots it is very complex, while it is fully automated to complete all the work, there are difficulties, and generally are people to participate. This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant.Robot is mankind's right-hand man; friendly coexistence can be a reliable friend. In future, we will see and there will be a robot space inside, as a mutual aide and friend. Robots will create the jobs issue. We believe that there would not be a "robot appointment of workers being laid off" situation, because people with the development of society, In fact the people from the heavy physical and dangerous environment liberated, so that people have a better position to work, to create a better spiritual wealth and cultural wealth.译文资料：机器人首先我介绍一下机器人产生的背景，机器人技术的发展，它应该说是一个科学技术发展共同的一个综合性的结果，同时，为社会经济发展产生了一个重大影响的一门科学技术，它的发展归功于在第二次世界大战中各国加强了经济的投入，就加强了本国的经济的发展。
工业机械臂控制中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Hand Column Type Power MachineFollow with our country the rapid development of industrial production, rapidly enhance level of automation, implementation artifacts of handling, steering, transmission or toil for welding gun, spraing gun, spanner and other tools for processing, assembly operations for example automation, should cause the attention of people more and more.Industrial robot is an important branch of industrial robots. It features can be programmed to perform tasks in a variety of expectations, in both structure and performance advantages of their own people and machines, in particular, reflects the people's intelligence and adaptability. The accuracy of robot operations and a variety of environments the ability to complete the work in the field of national economy and there are broad prospects for development. With the development of industrial automation, there has been CNC machining center, it is in reducing labor intensity,while greatly improved labor productivity. However, the upper and lower common in CNC machining processes material, usually still use manual or traditional relay-controlled semi-automatic device. The former time-consuming and labor intensive, inefficient; the latter due to design complexity, require more relays, wiring complexity, vulnerability to body vibration interference, while the existence of poor reliability, fault more maintenance problems and other issues. Programmable Logic Controller PLC-controlled robot control system for materials up and down movement is simple, circuit design is reasonable, with a strong anti-jamming capability, ensuring the system's reliability, reduced maintenance rate, and improve work efficiency. Robot technology related to mechanics, mechanics, electrical hydraulic technology, automatic control technology, sensor technology and computer technology and other fields of science, is a cross-disciplinary integrated technology.Current industrial approaches to robot arm control treat each joint of the robot arm as a simple joint servomechanism. The servomechanism approach models the varying dynamics of a manipulator inadequately because it neglects the motion and configuration of the whole arm mechanism. These changes in the parameters of the controlled system sometimes are significant enough to render conventional feedback control strategies ineffective. The result is reduced servo response speed and damping, limiting the precision and speed of the end-effecter and making it appropriate only for limited-precision tasks. Manipulators controlled in this manner move at slow speeds with unnecessary vibrations. Any significant performance gain in this and other areas of robot arm control require the consideration of more efficient dynamic models, sophisticated control approaches, and the use of dedicated computer architectures and parallel processing techniques.Manipulator institutional form is simple, strong professionalism, only as a loading device for a machine tools, special-purpose manipulator is attached to this machine. Along with the development of industrial technology, produced independently according to the process control to achieve repetitive operation, using range is wide "program control general manipulator", hereinafter referred to as general manipulator. General manipulator used to quickly change the workingprocedure, adaptability is stronger, so he is in constant transformation in the medium and small batch production of products are widely used.NO.1 The composition of the manipulatorManipulator is in the form of a variety of, some relatively simple, some more complex, but the basic form is the same, generally by the actuators, transmission system, control system and the auxiliary device.The actuator manipulator actuators, by the hand, wrist, arm, pillars. Hand is grasping mechanism, which is used to clamp and release artifacts, as a human finger, can complete staff of similar action. Is connected to the fingers and wrist arm components, can be up and down, left and right sides and rotary movement. Simple manipulator can not the wrist. Prop used to support the arm, can also according to need to make it move.The driving system movement of the actuator by the transmission system to achieve. Common mechanical transmission system of mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, pneumatic transmission and power transmission etc. Several forms.The control system of manipulator control system main function is to control the manipulator according to certain procedures, movement direction, position, speed, simple manipulator is generally not set special control system, only the stroke switch, relay, control valves and control circuit can realize dynamic transmission system, the executing agency action in accordance with requirements. Action complex manipulator should adopts the programmable controller, microcomputer control. NO.2 Classification and characteristics of the manipulator Robots generally fall into three categories the first is general manipulator doesn't need manual operation. It is a kind of independence is not attached to a host device. It can according to the need of the task program, the operation of the provisions to complete. It is with the characteristics of common mechanical performance, also has general machinery, memory, intelligence of three yuan. Thesecond is the need to do manually. Called Operating machine. It originated in the atom, military industry, first by Operating machine to complete a specific assignment, later to use radio signal Operating machine to explore the moon and so on. Used in the forging industry Operating machine falls under this category. The third kind is to use special manipulator, mainly attached to automatic machine or automatic line, used to solve machine tool material and workpiece to send up and down. This manipulator in a foreign country is called "the Mechanical Hand", it is in the service of the host, driven by the host; Except a few working procedures generally is fixed, so it is special.NO.3 The application of industrial manipulatorManipulator is in the process of mechanization, automation production, developed a kind of new type of device. In recent years, with electronic technology, especially the wide application of electronic computer, the robot's development and production has become a high technology developed rapidly in the field of an emerging technology, it promoted the development of the manipulator, make the manipulator can achieve better with the combination of mechanization and automation.Manipulator although it is not as flexible as manpower, but it can have repeated work and labor, do not know fatigue, is not afraid of danger, snatch heavy weights strength characteristics such as larger than man, as a result, the manipulator has been brought to the attention of the many departments, and have been applied more and more widely.(1) Machine tools machining the workpiece loading and unloading, especially in automatic lathe, use common combination machine tools.(2) Widely used in the assembly operation, it can be used to assemble printed circuit board in the electronics industry, it can be in the machinery industry to assemble parts.(3)Can be in working conditions is poor, repetitive easy fatigue of the work environment, to instead of human Labour.(4) The development of the universe and the ocean.(5) Military engineering and biomedical research and test.Application of robots can replace people in dull, repetitive or heavy manual work, to realize mechanization and automation of production, instead of human in harmful environment of manual operation, improve labor condition, ensure the personal safety. In the late 1940 s, the United States in the nuclear experiments, firstly adopts manipulator handling radioactive materials, people in the security room to manipulate manipulator for various operation and experiment. After the '50 s, robots gradually extended to industrial production department, for use in high temperature, serious pollution of local leave work pieces and the loading and unloading materials, as auxiliary device in the machine tool automatic machine, automatic production line and processing center in the application, complete the material up and down or from libraries take put the knives and replace tool operations such as fixed procedure. Manipulator is mainly composed of hand and motion mechanism. Hand mechanism varies according to the usage situation and operation object, the common are holding, hold and the adsorption type etc. Motion mechanism usually driven by hydraulic, pneumatic, electric devices. Manipulator can be achieved independently of scaling, rotation and lifting movement, generally speaking, there are 2 ~ 3 degrees of freedom. Robots are widely used in machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, light industry and atomic energy etc.Manipulator is used in the production process automation with grab and move the workpiece is a kind of automatic device, it is in the process of mechanization, automation production, developed a new type of device. In recent years, with electronic technology, especially the wide application of electronic computer, the robot's development and production has become a high technology developed rapidly in the field of an emerging technology, it promoted the development of the manipulator, make the manipulator can achieve better with the combination of mechanization and automation. Robots can replace humans do dangerous, repeat the boring work, reduce human labor intensity and improve labor productivity. Manipulator have been applied more and more widely, it can be used forparts assembled in the machinery industry, processing the workpiece handling, loading and unloading, especially on the automatic CNC machine, combination machine tools more common use. At present, the manipulator has developed into a flexible manufacturing system of FMS and flexible manufacturing cell is an important component of FMC. The machine tool equipment and manipulator of a flexible manufacturing system or flexible manufacturing unit, it is suitable for medium and small batch production, can save a large workpiece delivery device, structure is compact, but also has a strong adaptability. When the workpiece changes, flexible production system is easy to change, is advantageous to the enterprise continuously updated marketable varieties, improve product quality, better adapt to the needs of the market competition. But at present our country's industrial robot technology and its engineering application level and foreign than there is a certain distance, scale and industrialization level is low, research and development of the manipulator has direct influence on raising the automation level of production in our country, from the consideration on the economic and technology is very necessary. Therefore, carries on the research design of the manipulator is very meaningful.NO.4 The development trend of manipulatorCurrent industrial applications of the manipulator gradually expanding, constantly improve the technology performance. Due to the short development time, it has a gradual understanding of process, the manipulator and a technically perfect step by step process, its development trend is:1.To expand the application of manipulator and processing industryAt present domestic robots used in mechanical industry more in cold working operations, while in the hot work such as casting, forging, welding, heat treatment less, and the application of assembly work, etc. So processing work items heavy, complicated shape and high environmental temperature, bring many difficulties to manipulator design, manufacture, it is need to solve the technical difficulties, make the manipulator to better service for processing work. At the same time, in otherindustries and industrial sectors, also will with the constant improvement of the industrial technology level, and gradually expand the use of the manipulator2.Improve the work performance of the industry manipulatorManipulator in the working performance of the pros and cons, determines the application and production, it can normal manipulator working performance of the repetitive positioning accuracy and speed of work two indicators, decided to ensure the quality of manipulator can complete the operation of the key factors. Therefore to solve good working stability and rapidity of the manipulator's request, besides from solve buffer localization measures, should also be development meet the requirements of mechanical properties and low price of electro-hydraulic servo valve, servo control system was applied to the mechanical hand.3.Development of modular robotsVariable application manipulator from the characteristics of the manipulator itself, more adapted to the product type, equipment updates, many varieties, small batch, but its cost is high, the special manipulator and cheap, but the scope is limited. Therefore, for some special purpose, you need special design, special processing, thus improving the product cost. In order to adapt to the request of the application field of classify, the structure of the manipulator can be designed to the form of combination. Modular manipulator is a common parts according to the requirement of the job, select necessary to accomplish the function of the unit components, based on the base of combination, deserve to go up with adaptive control part, namely the manipulator with special requirements can be completed. It can simplify the structure, take into account the specificity and design on the use of generality, more in the series design and organization of standardization, specialized production, to improve quality and reduce cost of the manipulator, is a kind of promising manipulator4. Has a "vision" and "touch" of so-called "intelligent robots"For artificial has flexible operation and the need for judgment of the situation, industrial manipulator is very difficult to replace human labor. Such as in the working process of the accident, disorders and conditions change, etc., manipulator cannot be automatically distinguish correct, but to stop, after waiting for people to rule outaccident can continue to work. As a result, people puts forward higher requirements on mechanical hand, hope to make it a "vision", "touch", etc, make it to the judgment, the choice of object, can be continuously adjusted to adapt to changing conditions, and can perform a "hand - eye coordination. This requires a computer can handle a lot of information, require them to exchange of information with machine "dialogue".This "vision", "touch" feedback, controlled by computer, is one part of the "smart" mechanism is called "intelligent robots". Is the so-called "smart" includes: the function of recognition, learning, memory, analysis, judgment. And recognition is through the "visual", "touch" and "hearing" feel "organ" of cognitive object.Which has the function of sensory robot, its performance is perfect, can accurately clamping arbitrary azimuth objects, determine an object, weight, work over obstacles, the clamping force is measured automatically, and can automatically adjust, suitable for engaged in the operation of the complex, precision, such as assembly operation, it has a certain development prospects.Intelligent robots is an emerging technology, the study of it will involve the electronic technology, control theory, communication technology, television technology, spatial structure and bionic mechanical discipline. It is an emerging field of modern automatic control technology. With the development of science and intelligent robots will replace people to do more work.工业机械手随着我国工业生产的飞跃发展，自动化程度的迅速提高，实现工件的装卸、转向、输送或是操持焊枪、喷枪、扳手等工具进行加工、装配等作业的自动化，应越来越引起人们的重视。
机器人外文翻译(文献翻译_中英文翻译)
外文翻译外文资料：RobotsFirst, I explain the background robots, robot technology development. It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology. It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development. But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave. So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need. Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories. is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, forinstance, force and touch, slipping, visual, hearing and who is analogous to that with all kinds of feelings, say in a robot grasping objects, In fact, it can be the size of feeling out, it can through visual, to be able to feel and identify its shape, size, color Grasping an egg, it adopted a acumen, aware of its power and the size of the slide. Third-generation robots, we were a robotics ideal pursued by the most advanced stage, called intelligent robots, So long as tell it what to do, not how to tell it to do, it will be able to complete the campaign, thinking and perception of this man-machine communication function and function Well, this current development or relative is in a smart part of the concept and meaning But the real significance of the integrity of this intelligent robot did not actually exist, but as we continued the development of science and technology, the concept of intelligent increasingly rich, it grows ever wider connotations.Now, I would like to briefly outline some of the industrial robot situation. So far, the industrial robot is the most mature and widely used category of a robot, now the world's total sales of 1.1 million Taiwan, which is the 1999 statistics, however, 1.1 million in Taiwan have been using the equipment is 75 million, this volume is not small. Overall, the Japanese industrial robots in this one, is the first of the robots to become the Kingdom, the United States have developed rapidly. Newly installed in several areas of Taiwan, which already exceeds Japan, China has only just begun to enter the stage of industrialization, has developed a variety of industrial robot prototype and small batch has been used in production.Spot welding robot is the auto production line, improve production efficiency and raise the quality of welding car, reduce the labor intensity of a robot. It is characterized by two pairs of robots for spot welding of steel plate, bearing a great need for the welding tongs, general in dozens of kilograms or more, then its speed in meters per second a 5-2 meter of such high-speed movement. So it is generally five to six degrees of freedom, load 30 to 120 kilograms, the great space, probably expected that the work of a spherical space, a high velocity, the concept of freedom, that is to say, Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wristposture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of freedom. Have more than six degrees of freedom robot, in different occasions the need to configure.The second category of service robots, with the development of industrialization, especially in the past decade, Robot development in the areas of application are continuously expanding, and now a very important characteristic, as we all know, Robot has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc. These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc. It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristics.For example, domestic robot is mainly embodied in the example of some of the carpets and flooring it to the regular cleaning and vacuuming. The robot it is very meaningful, it has sensors, it can furniture and people can identify, It automatically according to a law put to the ground under the road all cleaned up. This is also the home of some robot performance.The medical robots, nearly five years of relatively rapid development of new application areas. If people in the course of an operation, doctors surgery, is a fatigue, and the other manually operated accuracy is limited. Some universities in Germany, which, facing the spine, lumbar disc disease, the identification, can automatically use the robot-aided positioning, operation and surgery Like the United States have been more than 1,000 cases of human eyeball robot surgery, the robot, also including remote-controlled approach, the right of such gastrointestinal surgery, we see on the television inside. a manipulator, about the thickness fingers such a manipulator, inserted through the abdominal viscera, people on the screen operating the machines hand, it also used the method of laser lesion laser treatment, this is the case, peoplewould not have a very big damage to the human body.In reality, this right as a human liberation is a very good robots, medical robots it is very complex, while it is fully automated to complete all the work, there are difficulties, and generally are people to participate. This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant.Robot is mankind's right-hand man; friendly coexistence can be a reliable friend. In future, we will see and there will be a robot space inside, as a mutual aide and friend. Robots will create the jobs issue. We believe that there would not be a "robot appointment of workers being laid off" situation, because people with the development of society, In fact the people from the heavy physical and dangerous environment liberated, so that people have a better position to work, to create a better spiritual wealth and cultural wealth.译文资料：机器人首先我介绍一下机器人产生的背景，机器人技术的发展，它应该说是一个科学技术发展共同的一个综合性的结果，同时，为社会经济发展产生了一个重大影响的一门科学技术，它的发展归功于在第二次世界大战中各国加强了经济的投入，就加强了本国的经济的发展。
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中英文资料外文翻译Weld robot application present conditionAccording to incompletely statistics, the whole world about has in the industrial robot of service nearly half of industrial robots is used for multiform weld to process realm, weld robot of application in mainly have two kinds of methods most widespreadly, then order Han and electricity Hu Han.What we say's welding robot is in fact welding to produce realm to replace a welder to be engaged in the industrial robot of welding the task.These weld to have plenty of to design for being a certain to weld a way exclusively in the robot of, but majority ofly weld robot in fact is an in general use industrial robot to pack up a certain weld tool but constitute.In many task environments, a set robot even can complete include weld at inside of grasp a thing, porterage, install, weld, unload to anticipate etc. various tasks, robot can request according to the procedure with task property and automatically replace the tool on the robot wrist, the completion corresponds of task.Therefore, come up to say from a certain meaning, the development history of industrial robot is the development history that welds robot.Know to all, weld to process to request that welder have to have well-trained operation technical ability, abundant fulfillment experience, stability of weld level;It is still a kind of labor condition bad, many smoke and dust, hot the radiation is big, risk Gao of work.The emergence of the industrial robot makes people naturally thought of first the handicraft that replace a person with it welds and eases the welder's labor strength, can also promise to weld quality and exaltation to weld an efficiency at the same time.However, weld again with other industry process process different, for example, electricity Hu Han process in, drive welder piece because of part heat melt with cool off creation transform, the Han sews of the track will therefore take place to change.Handicraft Han the experienced welder can sew position according to the actual Han observed by eyes adjustment Han in good time the position, carriage of the gun and run about of speed to adapt to the variety that the Han sews a track.However the robot want to adapt to this kind of variety, have to the position and status of gun that want to"see" this kind of to change, then adopt homologous measure to adjust Han like person first, follow while carrying out to sew actually to the Han.Because the electricity Hu welds to have in process strong arc light, giveor get an electric shock Hu noise, smoke and dust and Rong drop transition unsteady and causable Han silk short circuit, big electric current strong magnetic field etc. complicated environment factor of existence, the robot wants to examine and identifies a withdrawing of the signal characteristic needed for sewing Han and don't seem to be industrial the other in the manufacturing to process the examination of process so easily, therefore, welding the application of robot is to used for to give or get an electric shock the process of Hu Han in the beginning.Actually, industrial robot at welded the application of realm to produce on-line electric resistance to order a Han beginning from the car assemble at the earliest stage.The reason lies in the process that the electric resistance orders Han opposite more simple, control convenient, and not need Han to sew a track follow, to the accuracy of the robot and repeat the control of accuracy have lower request.Order the Han robot assembles to produce a great deal of on-line application to consumedly raise the rate of production that the car assemble welds and weld quality in the car, at the same time again have a gentle characteristics for welding, then want ～only change procedure, can produce in the same on-line carry on assemble to weld to different cars type.BE born till the beginning of this 80's in century from the robot, the robot technique experienced a development process of long term slowness.90's, along with the rapid development of calculator technique, micro-electronics technique, and network technique...etc., the robot technique is also flown soon a development.The manufacturing level, control speed and control accuracy and dependable sex etc. of industrial robot continuously raises, but manufacturing cost and price of robot continuously descend.Is social in the west, with contrary robot price BE, the person's labor force cost contains the trend to continuously increase.United Nations European Economic Committee(UNECE) statisticses from the variety curve of 1990-2000 years of the robot price index number and labor force cost index number.Among them the robot price of 1990 index number and labor force cost the index number is all reference to be worth 100, go to 2000, labor force cost index number is 140, increased 40%;But robot under the sistuation that consider a quality factor the price index number is lower than 20, lowered 80%, under the sistuation that take no account of a quality factor, the price index number of robot is about 40, lowered 60%.Here, the robot price that takes no account of a quality factor means actual price of the robot of now with compared in the past;And consider that the quality factor means because the robot make the exaltation of craft technique level, manufacturing quality and function of robot even if want also under the condition of equal price compare high before, therefore, if pressed the past robot equaled quality and function to consider, the price index number of robot should be much lower.Can see from here, national in the west, because the exaltation of labor force cost brings not small pressure for business enterprise, but the lowering of robot price index number coincidentally expands application to bring a chance further for it again.Reduce the equipments investment of employee and increment robot, when their expenses attains some one balance point, the benefit of adoption robot obviously wants to compare to adopt the benefit that the artificial brings big, it on the other hand can consumedly raise the automation level of producing the equipments and raise to labor rate of production thus, at the same time again can promote the product quality of business enterprise, raise the whole competition ability of business enterprise.Although robot 1 time invests a little bit greatly, its daily maintenance and consume is more opposite than its to producing far is smaller than completing the artificial expenses that the same task consumes.Therefore, from farsighted see, the production cost of product also consumedly lowers.But the robot price lower to make some small and medium enterprises invest to purchase robot to become easy to accomplish.Therefore, the application of industrial robot is soon flown a development in every trade.According to the UNECE statistics, the whole world has 750,000 in 2001 set the industrial robot is used for industry manufacturing realm, among them 389,000 in Japan, 198,000 in EU, 90,000 in North America, 73,000 at rest nation.Go to at the end of 2004 the whole world to have at least in the industrial robot of service about 1,000,000.Because the robot controls the exaltation of speed and accuracy and particularly give or get an electric shock the development that the Hu spreads a feeling machine to combine to weld in the robot in get an application, make the robot give or get an electric shock the Han of Hu Han to sew a track to follow and control a problem to some extent and get very solution, the robot welds in the car to make the medium application orders Han to soon develop into the car zero from originally more single car assemble partses and electricity Hu within assemble process Han.Robot's giving or getting an electric shock the biggest characteristics of Hu Han is gentle, can immediately pass to weave a distance at any time a change to weld a track and weld sequence, therefore most be applicable to quilt welder piece the species variety is big, the Han sew short but many, product with complicated shape.This at the right moment again characteristics according to car manufacturing.Being the renewal speed of the particularly modern social car style is very quick, adopting the car production line of robot material can nicely adapt to this kind of variety.Moreover, robot's giving or getting an electric shock Hu Han not only used for a car manufacturing industry, but also can used for other manufacturing industries that involve to give or get an electric shock Hu Han, like shipbuilding, motorcycle vehicle, boiler, heavy type machine etc..Therefore, the robot gives or gets an electric shock the application of Hu Hangradually extensive, on the amount greatly have exceed the robot order the power of Han.Along with car reducing in weight manufacturing the technical expansion, some high strong metal alloy materials and light metal alloy material(is like aluminum metal alloy, and magnesium metal alloy...etc.) get an application in the material in the car structure.These materials' welding usually can not solve with the welding of tradition method, have to adopt to lately weld a method and weld a craft.Among them, Gao power laser Han and agitation rub Han etc. to have to develop a potential most .Therefore, robot and Gao power laser Han and agitation rub combining of Han to become inevitable trend.Be like the public in Shanghai to wait domestic to most have the car manufacturer of real strenght in fact at their new car type manufacturing process in have already in great quantities used robot laser to weld.Give or get an electric shock Hu Han to compare with robot, robot laser the Han of the Han sews to follow accuracy to have higher request.According to the general request, the robot gives or gets an electric shock the Han of Hu Han(include GTAW and GMAW) to sew to follow accuracy to control in 1| of the electrode or the Han silk diameter 2 in, at have the condition that fill the silk under the Han sew to follow accuracy to loosen appropriately.But to laser Han, the laser projects light upon the light spot in the work piece surface while welding diameter usually at 0.6 in, is farer small than Han silk diameter(be usually bigger than 1.0), but the laser weld usually and not add to fill Han silk, therefore, the laser is welding if only the spot position has a little bit deviation, then will result in to be partial to Han and leak Han.Therefore, the robot laser of the public in Shanghai's car car crest Han in addition to pack in the work tongs up adopt measure to prevent from welding to transform, still just the robot laser Han gun front installed the high accuracy laser of SCOUT company in Germany to spread a feeling machine to used for Han to sew a following of track.The structure form of industrial robot is a lot of, in common usely have right angle to sit mark type, flexible type, and crawl along type...etc. by mark type, many joints by mark type, surface of sphere by mark type, pillar noodles, according to different use still at continuously development in.It is many robots of joint types of the mimicry person's arm function to weld what robot can adopt a different structure form according to the applied situation of dissimilarity, but use at most currently, this because the arm vivid of many joint type robots is the biggest, it can make space position and carriage of Han gun adjust into arbitrarily the status weld by satisfying a demand.Theoretically speak, the joint of robot is many more, the freedom degree is also many more, the joint redundancy degree is big more, and the vivid is good more;But also go against the sitting of kinetics control of marking the transformation and each joint position for robot to bring complexity at the same time.Because weld to usually need in the process with the space right angle sit to mark the Han on the representative workpiece to sew position conversion for the Han gun carry the space position and carriage of department and pass robot again go against the kinetics compute a conversion for to the control of robot each joint angle position, but the solution of this transformation process usually isn't unique, the redundancy degree is big, solve more many more.How select by examinations the steady that the quite the cheese solution welds to exercise in the process to the robot very important.Different treatment of system to this problem of the robot control doesn't exert a homology.Is general to come to speak, have 6 controls request of positions and space carriages that the robots of joints basically can satisfy a Han gun, 3 among those freedoms degree(XYZ) space position used for controling a Han gun to carry a department, another 3 freedom degrees(ABC) are used for the space carriage that controls a Han gun.Therefore, currently weld robot majority as 6 joint types.For some weld situation, work piece because of leading big or the space is several what the shape is too complicated, make the Han gun of welding the robot can not arrive appointed Han to sew position or Han gun carriage, have to pass the freedom degree of the way increment robot of increasing 1~3 exterior stalks at this ually have two kinds of way of doings:One is the orbit that the robot Be packed to to move small car or Dragon gate up, the homework space of extension robot;Two is to let the work piece move or turn, make work piece up of weld the homework space that the part gets into robot.Also have of adopt two kinds of above-mentioned ways at the same time, let the welding of work piece part and robots all be placed in the best weld position.Weld the plait distance of robot method currently still with on-line show and teach a way(Teach-in) is lord, but wove the interface ratio of distance machine to have many improvements in the past, particularly is the adoption of LCD sketch monitor and make and weld the plait distance of the robot interface lately gradually friendly, operation more easy.However robot plait distance Han's sewing the key point on the track to sit to mark position still have to pass to show to teach the way how to obtain, then deposit the sport instruction of procedure.This sews track to some Hans of complicated shapes to say, have to cost a great deal of time to show to teach and lowered the use efficiency of robot thus and also increased the labor strength of weaving the distance personnel.The method that solves currently includes 2 kinds:One is show to teach a plait distance just rough obtain a few Hans to sew a few keys on the track to order, then spread a feeling machine(usually is give or get an electric shock Hu to spread feeling machine or laser sense of vision to spread a feeling machine) through the sense of vision of welding the robot of auto follow the actual Han sew a track.Although this waystill cans not get away from to show to teach a plait distance,this way cans ease to show the strength of teaching the plait distance to some extent and raises to weave a distance efficiency.But because of the characteristics of electricity Hu Han, the sense of vision of robot spreads a feeling machine be not sew forms to all apply to all Hans.Two is the way that adopts a completely off-line plait distance, make the robot weld drawing up of procedure and Han to sew a track to sit to mark adjusting of obtaining of position, and procedure to try all to compute in a set to independently complete on board, don't need participation of robot.Robot off-line plait distance as early as several years ago have, just in order to being subjected to restriction of the calculator function at that time, off-line plait distance software with text originally way is lord, wove a distance member to need to acquaint with the all instruction systems and phrasing of robot, also needed to know how made sure that the space position that the Han sews a track sits a mark, therefore, wove a distance work to not and easily save time.Along with exaltation and calculator of the calculator function 3D sketch technical development, present robot off-line plait distance system majority can under the 3D sketch environment movement, the plait distance interface amity, convenience, and, obtaining Han to sew a sitting of track to mark position usually can adopt the way of "conjecture show to teach"(virtual Teach-in), using a mouse to easily click the welding of work piece in the 3D virtual environment the part can immediately the space acquiring the sit a mark;In some systems, can sew directly born Han of position to sew a track through the Han that define in advance in the CAD sketch document, then the automatically born robot procedure combines to download robot to control system.Thus and consumedly raised the plait distance of the robot efficiency, also eased the labor strength of weaving the distance member.Currently, it is international to there have been using an off-line plait distance of robot according to the company of common PC machine on the market software.It is like Workspace5, and RobotStudio...etc..Figure 9 show develop by oneself for the writer of according to PC of 3D can see to turn an off-line plait distance of robot system.The system can IRB140 robots aiming at ABB company carry on an off-line plait distance, the Han in the procedure sews a track to pass conjecture to show to teach to acquire, and can let the robot press the track in the procedure to imitate sport in the 3D sketch environment, examine its accuracy and rationality with this.The procedure woven can pass a network directly the download to the robot controller.The industrial robot of our country"75" science and technologies offend a pass to start starting from the 80's, currently already basic control a robot operation of the design manufacturing of the machine technique, control system hardware and software to design technique, kinetics and track to program a technique, gave birth to parts of robot key dollarspare part, develop to spray a paint, Hu Han and order robots, such as Han, assemble and porterage...etc.;The robot of Hu Han has already applied in the Han of car manufactory to pack on-line.But total of come to see, our country of industrial robot technique and it engineering application of level and abroad than still have certain distance, such as:Credibility low outside the country product;The robot application engineering starts a little bit late and apply realm narrow, production line system technique and abroad than have a margin;The applied scale is small, didn't form robot industry.The robot of the current our country the production is all request that applies a door, list door the single time re- design, the species specification is many, small batch quantity, zero partses are in general use to turn degree low, provide a goods period long, the cost is not low either, and the quality, credibility is unsteady.Consequently and urgently need to solve industry to turn an ex- key technique for expecting, Be to the product carry on programing completely, make good series to turn, in general use turn, the mold piece turn a design and actively push forward industry to turn progress.3, weld robot development trendThe international robot boundaries are enlarging a research, carry on robot currently total technical research.The development trend sees from the robot technique, weld robot similar to the other industrial robot, continuously turn to the intelligence and diversify a direction to develop.Is concrete but talk, performance in as follows a few aspects:1).The robot operates machine structure:Pass a limited dollar the analysis and mold Tai analyze and imitate the usage of true design etc. modern design method and carry out robot operation organization of excellent turn a design.Quest high strength light quality material, raise a load further|hold with dignity a ratio.For example, take Germany's KUKA company as the representative's robot company, have already merged robot the parallelogram structure change to opening chain structure and expand the work scope of robot, the application of light quality aluminum metal alloy material add, consumedly raise the function of robot.The RV that in addition adopts a forerunner decelerates a machine and communicates servo electrical engineering, make robot operation machine almost become don't need support system.The organization facing mold piece turns and can weigh to reach a direction development.For example, the servo electrical engineering in the joint mold piece, decelerate machine and examine system Christian Trinity to turn;From joint mold piece, connect a pole mold piece is constructed robot the whole machine with the reorganization method;The abroad has already had the mold piece the disguise to go together with a robot product to askcity.The structure of the robot is getting clever, control system smaller and smaller, twos just turn a direction development toward the integral whole.The adoption merges organization and makes use of a robot technique, realization Gao accuracy measure and process, this is the robot technique to number control technique of expand, carried out robot and number to control technique integral whole to turn to lay foundation for future.Italian COMAU company, companies like Japan FANUC,etc developed this kind of product.焊接机器人应用现状据不完全统计，全世界在役的工业机器人中大约有将近一半的工业机器人用于各种形式的焊接加工领域，焊接机器人应用中最普遍的主要有两种方式，即点焊和电弧焊。