新托福真题TPO27阅读翻译及词汇整理
托福TPO27阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO27阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Crafts in the Ancient Near East Some of the earliest human civilizations arose insouthern Mesopotamia,in what is now southern Iraq,in the fourth millennium B.C.E.In the second half ofthe millennium,in the south around the city of Uruk,there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements.A largepart of that increase took place in Uruk itself,which became a real urban center surrounded bya set of secondary settlements.While population estimates are notoriously unreliable,scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agriculturalproduction of the field surrounding the city,which could be reached with a daily commute.ButUruk’s dominant size in the entire region,far surpassing that of other settlements,indicatesthat it was a regional center and a true city.Indeed,it was the first city in human history. 一些最早的人类文明是在公元前四千年前的南美索不达米亚出现的，现在这片区域处于南伊拉克。
TPO 26 阅读+答案+译文+解析
TPO 26Energy and the Industrial RevolutionPARAGRAPH 1For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.PARAGRAPH 2In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a 1 variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britain's most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the M consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from theever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.PARAGRAPH 3The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.PARAGRAPH 4Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. Also, the availability of jobs in railway Jj construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.参考答案PARAGRAPH 1For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy orto power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.1、Why does the author provide the information that "Great Britain had large amounts of coal"? To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteenth centuryTo explain why coal rather than other energy resources became the primary source of heat for homes and industries in eighteenth-century BritainTo indicate that Britain's energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuelTo explain why coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth-century2、What was "the problem of energy" that had to be solved to make the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century possible?Water and wind could not be used efficiently.There was no efficient way to power machinery.Steam engines required large amounts of coal, which was in short supply.Neither humans nor animals were strong enough to provide the power required for industrial application.PARAGRAPH 2In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a 1 variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steampower to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britain's most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the M consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from theever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.3、Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a development in cotton mills brought about by Watt's steam engine?The importing of huge quantities of raw cotton by BritainIncreased mechanizationMore possibilities for mill locationSmaller mills4、The phrase "apparent in" in the passage is closest in meaning toclearly seen inaid inassociated withfollowed By5、According to paragraph 2, what was Britain's most important export by 1850?Raw cottonCotton clothSteam-powered pumpsCoal6、The word "consequent" in the passage is closest in meaning toresultingencouragingwell documentedimmediate7、What is the role of paragraph 2 in the passage as a whole?It explains how by increasing the supply of raw materials from other countries, British industries were able to reduce costs and increase production.It explains how the production of mechanical energy and its benefits spread quickly across countries that were linked commercially with Great Britain.It demonstrates why developments in a single industry could not have caused the Industrial Revolution.It illustrates why historians have assigned igreat importance to the issue of energy in the rise of the Industrial Revolution.PARAGRAPH 3The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.8、According to paragraph 3, why was the use of coke important for the iron industry?It helped make wood into charcoal.It reduced the dependency on steam-powered machines used for the production of iron.It replaced charcoal in the production of raw and refined iron.It powered the machines used to extract coal in coal mines.9、According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of the iron industry in Great Britain during the 1800s EXCEPT:Steam-driven bellows were used to prHlice raw iron.By the 1850s Britain was the world's largest producer of iron.Steam-powered mills made it possible to produce iron of different shapes and sizes.Greater demand for higher-quality iron increased its price.PARAGRAPH 4Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. ■ However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. ■ As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. ■ Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expandcapa city, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. ■ Also, the availability of jobs in railway Jj construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.10、The word "initiated" in the passage is closest in meaning toanticipatedacceleratedspreadstarted11、Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the transformation in rail transportation? Because railway construction employed mostly rural laborers, unemployment increased among urban workers.It resulted in more trade within the country, but less trade with markets that could be reached only by ocean shipping.It made shipping freight overland to distant markets less expensive.It resulted in higher wages for factory workers.12、The phrase "accustomed to" in the passage is closest in meaning toin need ofused totired ofencouraged by13、Look at the f our squares [■] that indicatewhere the following sentence could be added to the passage.The first steam-powered locomotives were slow but they rapidly improved in speed and carrying capacity.14、Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The coming of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain depended on the development of the steam engine to power machinery.Answer ChoicesA. For years, historians disregarded the issue of energy as a major element in the rise of the IndustrialRevolution and focused instead on technological developments and increased production. B. The introduction and growth of steam-powered rail transport was a major factor in Britain's economic expansion during the Industrial Revolution.C. An expansion of the Industrial Revolution outside Great Britain occurred when British industries began to import raw cotton and high-quality iron.D. By 1850, the use of steam power in Britain's mills, mines, and iron industry made Britain a world leader in the production of cotton cloth and iron.E. Since the basic infrastructure was in place, the Industrial Revolution fueled itself with enlarging marketsrequiring ever more expansion of factories and workforce.F. By the end of the 1800s, railway construction attracted so many laborers that factories could not find enough workers to keep up with increasing sales.Energy and the Industrial Revolution能源和工业革命——翻译by@英语词汇精华陈鹏飞文章词汇总结☻steam engine蒸汽机;☻iron industry钢铁行业;☻productivity生产力;☻mechanize机械化;☻coal煤☻efficiency效率☻working class工人阶级☻Industrial Revolution工业革命;文章中英文对照For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power. Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts ofcoal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.数年来，历史学家一直试图界定18世纪工业革命中工业、科技、和经济实力崛起的关键因素。
托福阅读真题第271篇TemperatureRegulationinTurtles（答案文章最后）
托福阅读真题第271篇TemperatureRegulationinTurtles（答案文章最后）Temperature Regulation in TurtlesWhile turtle species vary widely in size and habitat, all must control their body temperatures for essential functions. Turtles can achieve a considerable degree of stability in body temperature by regulating their exchange of heat energy with the environment. Turtles exposing themselves to the sun on a log in a pond are a familiar sight in many parts of the world, because few pond turtles are large enough to maintain body temperatures higher than the temperature of the water surrounding them. Emerging from the water to bask is the only way most pond turtles can raise their body temperatures to speed digestion, growth, and the production of eggs. In addition, basking may help aquatic turtles to rid themselves of algae and leeches. Exposure to ultraviolet light may activate vitamin , which is involved in controlling calcium deposition in their bones and shell. few turtles spend quite a lot of time in trees; these turtles have small shells that allow considerable freedom of movement for limbs. The big-headed turtle from Southeast sia lives in fast-flowing streams at high altitudes and is said to climb on rocks and trees to bask. In North merica musk turtles bask on overhanging branches and drop into the water when they are disturbed.Small terrestrial turtles, such as box turtles and small species of tortoises, can thermoregulate by moving between sunlight and shade. Small tortoises warm and cool quite rapidly, and they appear to behave very much like other small reptiles in selecting suitable microclimates for thermoregulation. Familiarity with ahome range may assist this type of thermoregulation. study conducted in Italy compared the thermoregulation of Hermann’s tortoises living in their own home range with individuals that were brought to the study site and tested before they had learned their way around. The resident tortoises warmed faster and maintained more stable shell temperatures than did the strangers.Turtles are unusual among reptiles in having a substantial number of species that reach large body sizes. The giant tortoises of ldabra toll, which weigh 60 kilograms or more, allow their body temperatures to rise to 32 to 33 on sunny days and cool to 28 to 30 overnight. lthough large body size slows the rate of heating and cooling, it can make temperature regulation more difficult. Small turtles can find shade beside a bush or even a clump of grass. Giant tortoises, however, need a bigger object – a tree, for example. Thus, in open, sunny habitats overheating can be a problem for giant tortoises. The difficulty is particularly acute for some tortoises on Grande Terre, an island in the Indian Ocean. uring the rainy season some of the turtles on the island move from the center of the island to the coast. This movement has direct benefits, because the migrant turtles gain access to a seasonal flush of plant growth on the coast. The extra food allows migrant females to lay more eggs than females that remain inland. There are risks to migrating, however, because shade is scarce on the coast and the rainy season is the hottest time of the year. Tortoises on the coast must limit their activity to the vicinity of patches of shade, which may be no more than a single tree in the midst of a grassy plain. s the day grows hotter, tortoises try to get into the deepest shade, and the biggest individuals do this most successfully. s the big tortoises (whichare mostly males) into the shade, they force smaller individuals (mostly females) out into the sunlight, and some of these tortoises die of overheating.Marine turtles are large enough to achieve a considerable degree of endothermy (the maintenance of a relatively stable body temperature by internal means). body temperature of 37 was recorded from a green turtle swimming in water that was 20. The leatherback turtle is the largest living turtle; adults weigh up to 1000 kilograms. Leatherbacks range far from warm equatorial regions and in the summer can be found off the coasts of New England and Nova Scotia in water as cool as 8 to 15. ody temperatures of these turtles appear to be 18 or more above water temperatures, and a countercurrent arrangement of blood vessels in the flippers may contribute to retaining heat produced by muscular activity.1►While turtle species vary widely in size and habitat, all must control their body temperatures for essential functions. Turtles can achieve a considerable degree of stability in body temperature by regulating their exchange of heat energy with the environment. Turtles exposing themselves to the sun on a log in a pond are a familiar sight in many parts of the world, because few pond turtles are large enough to maintain body temperatures higher than the temperature of the water surrounding them. Emerging from the water to bask is the only way most pond turtles can raise their body temperatures to speed digestion, growth, and the production of eggs. In addition, basking may help aquatic turtles to rid themselves of algae and leeches. Exposure to ultraviolet light may activate vitamin , which is involved in controlling calcium deposition in their bones andshell. few turtles spend quite a lot of time in trees; these turtles have small shells that allow considerable freedom of movement for limbs. The big-headed turtle from Southeast sia lives in fast-flowing streams at high altitudes and is said to climb on rocks and trees to bask. In North merica musk turtles bask on overhanging branches and drop into the water when they are disturbed.2►While turtle species vary widely in size and habitat, all must control their body temperatures for essential functions. Turtles can achieve a considerable degree of stability in body temperature by regulating their exchange of heat energy with the environment. Turtles exposing themselves to the sun on a log in a pond are a familiar sight in many parts of the world, because few pond turtles are large enough to maintain body temperatures higher than the temperature of the water surrounding them. Emerging from the water to bask is the only way most pond turtles can raise their body temperatures to speed digestion, growth, and the production of eggs. In addition, basking may help aquatic turtles to rid themselves of algae and leeches. Exposure to ultraviolet light may activate vitamin , which is involved in controlling calcium deposition in their bones and shell. few turtles spend quite a lot of time in trees; these turtles have small shells that allow considerable freedom of movement for limbs. The big-headed turtle from Southeast sia lives in fast-flowing streams at high altitudes and is said to climb on rocks and trees to bask. In North merica musk turtles bask on overhanging branches and drop into the water when they are disturbed.3►Small terrestrial turtles, such as box turtles and small species of tortoises, can thermoregulate by moving between sunlight and shade. Small tortoises warm and cool quite rapidly, and they appear to behave very much like other small reptiles in selecting suitable microclimates for thermoregulation. Familiarity with a home range may assist this type of thermoregulation. study conducted in Italy compared the thermoregulation of Hermann’s tortoises living in their own home range wi th individuals that were brought to the study site and tested before they had learned their way around. The resident tortoises warmed faster and maintained more stable shell temperatures than did the strangers.4►Small terrestrial turtles, such as box turtles and small species of tortoises, can thermoregulate by moving between sunlight and shade. Small tortoises warm and cool quite rapidly, and they appear to behave very much like other small reptiles in selecting suitable microclimates for thermoregulation. Familiarity with a home range may assist this type of thermoregulation. study conducted in Italy compared the thermoregulation of Hermann’s tortoises living in their own home range with individuals that were brought to the study site and tested before they had learned their way around. The resident tortoises warmed faster and maintained more stable shell temperatures than did the strangers.5►Turtles are unusual among reptiles in having a substantial number of species that reach large body sizes. The giant tortoises of ldabra toll, which weigh 60 kilograms or more, allow their body temperatures to rise to 32 to 33 on sunny days and cool to 28 to30 overnight. lthough large body size slows the rate of heating and cooling, it can make temperature regulation more difficult. Small turtles can find shade beside a bush or even a clump of grass. Giant tortoises, however, need a bigger object – a tree, for example. Thus, in open, sunny habitats overheating can be a problem for giant tortoises. The difficulty is particularly acute for some tortoises on Grande Terre, an island in the Indian Ocean. uring the rainy season some of the turtles on the island move from the center of the island to the coast. This movement has direct benefits, because the migrant turtles gain access to a seasonal flush of plant growth on the coast. The extra food allows migrant females to lay more eggs than females that remain inland. There are risks to migrating, however, because shade is scarce on the coast and the rainy season is the hottest time of the year. Tortoises on the coast must limit their activity to the vicinity of patches of shade, which may be no more than a single tree in the midst of a grassy plain. s the day grows hotter, tortoises try to get into the deepest shade, and the biggest individuals do this most successfully. s the big tortoises (which are mostly males) into the shade, they force smaller individuals (mostly females) out into the sunlight, and some of these tortoises die of overheating.6►Turtles are unusual among reptiles in having a substantial number of species that reach large body sizes. The giant tortoises of ldabra toll, which weigh 60 kilograms or more, allow their body temperatures to rise to 32 to 33 on sunny days and cool to 28 to 30 overnight. lthough large body size slows the rate of heating and cooling, it can make temperature regulation more difficult. Small turtles can find shade beside a bush or even a clump ofgrass. Giant tortoises, however, need a bigger object – a tree, for example. Thus, in open, sunny habitats overheating can be a problem for giant tortoises. The difficulty is particularly acute for some tortoises on Grande Terre, an island in the Indian Ocean. uring the rainy season some of the turtles on the island move from the center of the island to the coast. This movement has direct benefits, because the migrant turtles gain access to a seasonal flush of plant growth on the coast. The extra food allows migrant females to lay more eggs than females that remain inland. There are risks to migrating, however, because shade is scarce on the coast and the rainy season is the hottest time of the year. Tortoises on the coast must limit their activity to the vicinity of patches of shade, which may be no more than a single tree in the midst of a grassy plain. s the day grows hotter, tortoises try to get into the deepest shade, and the biggest individuals do this most successfully. s the big tortoises (which are mostly males) into the shade, they force smaller individuals (mostly females) out into the sunlight, and some of these tortoises die of overheating.7►Marine turtles are large enough to achieve a considerable degree of endothermy (the maintenance of a relatively stable body temperature by internal means). body temperature of 37 was recorded from a green turtle swimming in water that was 20. The leatherback turtle is the largest living turtle; adults weigh up to 1000 kilograms. Leatherbacks range far from warm equatorial regions and in the summer can be found off the coasts of New England and Nova Scotia in water as cool as 8 to 15. ody temperatures of these turtles appear to be 18 or more above water temperatures, and a countercurrent arrangement of bloodvessels in the flippers may contribute to retaining heat produced by muscular activity.8►Marine turtles are large enough to achieve a considerable degree of endothermy (the maintenance of a relatively stable body temperature by internal means). body temperature of 37 was recorded from a green turtle swimming in water that was 20. The leatherback turtle is the largest living turtle; adults weigh up to 1000 kilograms. Leatherbacks range far from warm equatorial regions and in the summer can be found off the coasts of New England and Nova Scotia in water as cool as 8 to 15. ody temperatures of these turtles appear to be 18 or more above water temperatures, and a countercurrent arrangement of blood vessels in the flippers may contribute to retaining heat produced by muscular activity.9Turtles are unusual among reptiles in having a substantial number of species that reach large body sizes. The giant tortoises of ldabra toll, which weigh 60 kilograms or more, allow their body temperatures to rise to 32 to 33 on sunny days and cool to 28 to 30 overnight. lthough large body size slows the rate of heating and cooling, it can make temperature regulation more difficult.⬛Small turtles can find shade beside a bush or even a clump of grass.⬛Giant tortoises, however, need a bigger object –a tree, for example. ⬛Thus, in open, sunny habitats overheating can be a problem for giant tortoises. ⬛The difficulty is particularly acute for some tortoises on Grande Terre, an island in the Indian Ocean. uring the rainy season some of the turtles on the island move from the center of the island to the coast. This movement has direct benefits, because the migrant turtles gain access to aseasonal flush of plant growth on the coast. The extra food allows migrant females to lay more eggs than females that remain inland. There are risks to migrating, however, because shade is scarce on the coast and the rainy season is the hottest time of the year. Tortoises on the coast must limit their activity to the vicinity of patches of shade, which may be no more than a single tree in the midst of a grassy plain. s the day grows hotter, tortoises try to get into the deepest shade, and the biggest individuals do this most successfully. s the big tortoises (which are mostly males) into the shade, they force smaller individuals (mostly females) out into the sunlight, and some of these tortoises die of overheating.10。
托福TPO27口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
(man) How come?
(woman) Well, the cost, for one thing, they are just not being realistic.
(man)ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้Even compare to the price of textbooks?
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福 TPO27 口语 Task3 阅读文本+听力文本+题 目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福 TPO27 口语 Task3 阅读文本：
Switch to Electronic Textbooks
The university will begin switching from traditional-bound textbooks to electronic textbooks early next year. University students will be able to download the content of their required textbooks to a reading device and read the material directly from the device’s screen. While the cost of the device is around $200, it is a one-time expense. Considering the rising cost of textbooks, students will save money in the long run since purchasing electronic books for their classes is much less expensive than buying regular textbooks. Furthermore, the university believes the device will be an effective study aid because it is simple to operate and offers features such as highlighting of text and note-taking.
TPO27 R-3 原文翻译
TPO27 R-3 原文翻译Predator-Prey Cycles捕食者是怎样影响被捕食者的数量的呢？答案并不是想象中那么简单的。
麋鹿通过穿越冬天的冰层和到达了在苏必略路的罗亚尔岛，在那他们因为和捕食者分隔开来就更自由了。
当狼在晚一点的时候到达那座岛的时候，自然学家都认为，狼对控制麋鹿的数量起到了关键的作用。
但是，严密的研究已经说明，并不是这样的。
狼吃掉的大部分是年老的，或是已经生病的动物，他们本身就不会存活很久了。
总的来说，麋鹿的数量是由食物的可利用性，疾病，和其他的一些条件，而不是因为狼。
当实验性的数量被设置在简单的实验条件下，捕食者经常吃掉了所有的被捕食者，然后因为没有东西吃，自己灭绝了。
但是，如果能给被捕食动物提供如同在野外的安全的区域，被捕食动物的数量会降低到很低的数值，但不会灭绝。
低的被捕食动物数量造成了捕食者的食物不足，使捕食者的数量下降。
当这个情况发生的时候，被捕食动物的数量又会反弹。
这样，在一定的时候，捕食者和被捕食者的数量会持续地在这种循环中变化。
这种数量的循环是小型哺乳动物的特性，有时候这种循环的出现是由捕食者带来的。
生态学家对野兔数量的研究已经显示，北美“雪鞋野兔”一直遵守着大约以十年为一周期的循环。
在一个典型的循环中，其数量会以十倍到三十倍的减少，甚至会出现百倍的改变会出现。
有两种因素会导致这种循环：食物和捕食者。
“雪鞋野兔”比较喜欢的食物是柳木和桦树树枝。
当野兔的密度增加的时候，这些树枝的数量就会减少，迫使野兔去吃一些低质量的，高纤维食物。
随之而来的是低生育率，低成活率，低生长率，所以产生了对应的野兔数量的减少反应。
一旦野兔数量减少了，树枝的数量会需要两到三年去恢复。
雪鞋野兔的主要捕食者是加拿大山猫。
加拿大山猫呈现了平行于野兔的十年鼎盛循环。
当野兔的数量下降的时候，当山猫的食物供给减少，山猫数量也会发生同样的变化。
是什么造成了捕食者和被捕食者的振幅呢？是野兔数量的增长使得植物被过度破坏，随之导致了野兔的减少？还是山猫的增加导致了野兔被过度捕捉？在1992年，Charles Krebs 和其合作者的野外试验提供了答案。
新托福真题TPO27阅读翻译及词汇整理
智课网TOEFL备考资料新托福真题TPO27阅读翻译及词汇整理摘要：新托福真题TPO27阅读翻译及词汇整理，下面是小马过河为同学们搜集整理的新托福真题TPO27阅读翻译及词汇整理的相关信息，小马小编整理过来，供同学们参考。
Crafts in the Ancient near East古代近东的手工艺本文为最新的托福真题TPO第27套阅读第一篇，文章反映了托福“古代社会文明”类型的阅读的特点，阅读中的学科词汇很典型，对我们准备托福的阅读有很重要的参考意义，备战托福的同学不可错过。
学科词汇总结wordscraft手工艺urban城市的civilization 文明settlement定居点agriculture农业pottery实用陶器textile纺织品mold模具 carve雕刻 relief浮雕 clay粘土 utilitarian实用的 elaborate精心制作的 refined精制的文章翻译translation 一、人类历史上的第一个城市乌鲁克兴起。
Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is nowsouthern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of that millennium, in thesouth around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied bypermanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became areal urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimatesare notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to supportthemselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could bere ached with a daily commute. But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassingthat of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it wasthe first city in human history.一些人类最早的文明崛起于公元前四千年的米索达比亚的南部(如今的伊拉克南部)。
TPO-27 Reading 1解析
正确答案：D解析：高亮句的主干是scholars assume that后边的部分，即“学者们认为Uruk 城的居民能够通过城市周边的农业生产自给自足”，对应D项的表述。
Q2正确答案：B解析：surpassing，超过、越过；近义词是exceeding。
根据词汇所在句意可知Uruk城的大小远远超过其它的定居地，所以曾是地区的中心，是真正的城市。
Q3正确答案：C解析：在第一段中，A项对应第2句后半句an enormous escalation in the area；B项对应倒数第2句中的were able to support themselves from the agricultural production；D项对应倒数第2句中的of the filed surrounding the city; 排除法选C，Uruk 是当时最大的settlement (far surpassing that of other settlements)，而不是“更大的之一”。
Q4正确答案：C解析：intact，完整的，完好无损的，未受损的；近义词是undamaged。
Q5正确答案：D解析：第二段中介绍beveled-rim时说“It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standard sizes”，后半句说明这种碗是按照较少的几个型号生产的。
Q6正确答案：B解析：在第二段中，B项对应第2句的内容，but a small segment…started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks，正确；该段并没有提及从事非农业的专业人士有更高的社会地位，A错误；该段第4句说这种碗是“这种碗是alized ，utilitarian ，C错误。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文26—2 Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions
托福考试 复习TPO 26—2 Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions原文：【1】The harsh conditions in deserts are intolerable for most plants and animals. Despite these conditions, however, many varieties of plants and animals have adapted to deserts in a number of ways. Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low: the nutrients that feed plants are transmitted by water; water is a raw material in the vital process of photosynthesis; and water regulates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and because water vapor lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant temperatures. Water controls the volume of plant matter produced. The distribution of plants within different areas of desert is also controlled by water. Some areas, because of their soil texture, topographical position, or distance from rivers or groundwater, have virtually no water available to plants, whereas others do.【2】The nature of plant life in deserts is also highly dependent on the fact that they have to adapt to the prevailing aridity. There are two general classes of vegetation: long-lived perennials, which may be succulent (water-storing) and are often dwarfed and woody, and annuals or ephemerals, which have a short life cycle and may form a fairly dense stand immediately after rain.【3】The ephemeral plants evade drought. Given a year of favorable precipitation, such plants will develop vigorously and produce large numbers of flowers and fruit. This replenishes the seed content of the desert soil. The seeds then lie dormant until the next wet year, when the desert blooms again.【4】The perennial vegetation adjusts to the aridity by means of various avoidance mechanisms. Most desert plants are probably best classified as xerophytes. They possess drought-resisting adaptations: loss of water through the leaves is reduced by means of dense hairs covering waxy leaf surfaces, by the closure of pores during the hottest times to reduce water loss, and by the rolling up or shedding of leaves at the beginning of the dry season. Some xerophytes, the succulents (including cacti), store water in their structures. Another way of countering drought is to have a limited amount of mass above ground and to have extensive root networks below ground. It is not unusual for the roots of some desert perennials to extend downward more than ten meters. Some plants are woody in type —an adaptation designed to prevent collapse of the plant tissue when water stress produces wilting. Another class of desert plant is the phreatophyte. These have adapted to the environment by the development of long taproots that penetrate downward until they approach the assured water supply provided by groundwater. Among these plants are the date palm, tamarisk, and mesquite. They commonly grow near stream channels, springs, or on the margins of lakes.【5】Animals also have to adapt to desert conditions, and they may do it through two forms of behavioral adaptation: they either escape or retreat. Escape involves such actions as aestivation, a condition of prolonged dormancy, or torpor, during which animals reduce their metabolic rate and body temperature during the hot season or during very dry spells.【6】Seasonal migration is another form of escape, especially for large mammals orbirds. The term retreat is applied to the short-term escape behavior of desert animals, and it usually assumes the pattern of a daily rhythm. Birds shelter in nests, rock overhangs, trees, and dense shrubs to avoid the hottest hours of the day, while mammals like the kangaroo rat burrow underground.【7】Some animals have behavioral, physiological, and morphological (structural) adaptations that enable them to withstand extreme conditions. For example, the ostrich has plumage that is so constructed that the feathers are long but not too dense. When conditions are hot, the ostrich erects them on its back, thus increasing the thickness of the barrier between solar radiation and the skin. The sparse distribution of the feathers, however, also allows considerable lateral air movement over the skin surface, thereby permitting further heat loss by convection. Furthermore, the birds orient themselves carefully with regard to the Sun and gently flap their wings to increase convection cooling.题目：托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1, water provides all of the following essential functions for plants EXCEPTA.improving plants’ ability to absorb sunlight.B.preventing plants from becoming overheated.C.transporting nutrients.D.serving as a raw material for photosynthesis.2.Paragraph 3 suggests that during a dry year ephemeralsA.produce even more seeds than in a wet year.B.do not sprout from their seeds.C.bloom much later than in a wet year.D.are more plentiful than perennials.3.How is paragraph 2 related to paragraph 3?A.Paragraph 2 provides a general description of desert plants, and paragraph 3 provides a scientific explanation for these observations.B.Paragraph 2 divides desert plants into two categories, and paragraph 3 provides further information about one of these categories.C.Paragraph 2 proposes one way of dividing desert plants into categories, and paragraph 3 explains one problem with this method of classification.D.Paragraph 2 discusses two categories of desert plants, and paragraph 3 introducesa third category of plants.4.In saying that ephemerals will develop “vigorously" when there is favorableprecipitation, the author means that their development will beA.sudden.B.early.C.gradual.D.strong and healthy.5.The word “countering”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.eliminating.B.making use of.C.acting against.D.experiencing.6.According to paragraph 4, some desert plants with root systems that are extraordinarily well developed haveA.relatively little growth aboveground.B.very leafy aboveground structures.C.non woody plant tissue resistant to wilting.D.water stored within their roots.7.The word “assured”(paragraph 4)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.pure.B.diminished.C.guaranteed.D.deep.8.What do “the date palm, tamarisk, and mesquite"(paragraph 4) have in common?A.They are always found together.B.They depend on surface water provided by streams, springs, and lakes.C.They are phreatophytes.D.Their roots are capable of breaking through hard soils9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 5)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.One way animals escape is by entering a state of extended dormancy, known as aestivation, during the hottest and driest times of year.B.Animals can escape without using direct action, or aestivation, simply by reducing their metabolic rate and body temperature.C.The actions that an animal uses to escape are known as aestivation, which sometimes involves a reduction in metabolic rate or body temperature.D.When the weather is especially hot and dry, an animal may suffer from a condition known as aestivation, at which point the animal needs to escape.10.It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that all of the places desertanimals retreat toA.provide shade from the sun.B.sometimes become crowded.C.are places where supplies of food are plentiful.D.leave the animals vulnerable to predators.11.According to paragraph 7, what special adaptation helps the ostrich copewith hot desert conditions?A.Each of its feathers is very short and dense.B.Its wings produce only lateral air movement when flapping.C.Its feathers are very thickly set on both its back and its wings.D.It can make its feathers stand up on its back.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? The increase in reward still did not attract young people to this hard life, and convicted criminals and slaves were pressed into servicesThe harsh conditions in deserts are in tolerable for most plants and animals. Despite these conditions, however, many varieties of plants and animals have adapted to deserts in a number of ways. Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low: the nutrients that feed plants are transmitted by water; water is a raw material in the vital process of photosynthesis; and water regulates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and because water vapor lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant temperatures. ■【A】Water controls the volume of plant matter produced. ■【B】The distribution of plants within different areas of desert is also controlled by water. ■【C】Some areas, because of their soil texture,to pographical position, or distance from rivers or groundwater, have virtually no water available to plants, whereas others do.■【D】13.Directions: Select from the seven phrases below the two phrases that correctly characterize special adaptations found primarily in desert annuals and the three phrases that correctly characterize special adaptations found primarily in desert perennials. Select each phrase you select in the appropriate column of the table. This question is worth 3 points.A.Woody structures.B.Explosive growth in wet years.C.Long, thin, shallow roots.D.Storage of water in plant tissue.E.Minimization of the amount of water used for photosynthesis.F.Short life cycle.G.Leaves designed to minimize water loss.1 ）Adaptations of AnnualsA B C D E F G2 ）Adaptations of PerennialsA B C D E F G答案：1.A选项的sunlight原文没有提到，所以错误，选；B项不容易找，可以找完C和D之后依靠并列在第三句的冒号之后找到，原文讲的是降低温度，也就是防止overheated，所以B正确，不选；C和D都在第三句的冒号之后，都正确，不选。
托福阅读真题第27套
第27套BirdsongParagraph1Birdsong is the classic example of how genes(hereditary information)and environment both have a crucial role to play in the behavioral development of animals. Since the pioneering work of W.H.Thorpe on chaffinches(a common European bird), many species have been studied,and it has become clear both that learning plays an important role for all species and also that there are constraints on what they are able to learn.1.The word“pioneering”in the passage is closet in meaning torecentfamousoriginalcontroversialParagraph2Thorpe was able to show that learning from others was involved in chaffinch birds through a series of experiments on hand-reared chicks(young birds).As in most other species,only the males sing.Thorpe found that,if he raised young males in total isolation from all others,the song they produced was quite different from that of a normal adult.It was about the right length and in the correct frequency range.It was also split up into a series of notes as it should be.But these notes lacked the detailed structure found in wild birds,nor was the song split up into distinct phrases as it usually is.This suggested that song development requires some social ter experiments in which researchers played recordings of songs to young birds showed just how precise this influence was:many of them would learn the exact pattern of the recording they had heard.A remarkable feature here was that birds were able to copy precisely songs that they only heard in the first few weeks of life,yet they did not sing themselves until about eight months old.They are thus able to store a memory of the sound within their brain and then match their own output to their recollection of it when they mature.2.The word“distinct”in the passage is closet in meaning toshortsimpleseparatesimilar3.According to paragraph2,all of the following are characteristics of the songs ofthe young chaffinches in Thorpe’s experiment EXCEPT:They were not identical to the songs of normal adult chaffinches.They lacked the complex form of the songs of wild chaffinches.They were as long as the songs of normal adult chaffinches.They were clearly different from each other.4.According to paragraph2,researchers discovered which of the following byplaying recordings of songs to chaffinches?Chaffinches could no longer be taught to reproduce sounds after the first few weeks of life.Chaffinches could not reproduce songs with exactly the same patterns of recorded songs.Chaffinches at the age of eight months could recall and reproduce a song that they heard in the first few weeks of life.Chaffinches that learned a song from recordings in the first few weeks of life were later unable to copy the sounds of mature chaffinches.5.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph2as characteristics of wildchaffinches EXCEPT:They are able to copy songs very precisely.Their song development requires interaction with other chaffinches.Their songs are not as well-structured as the songs of other birds.It is the males of the species that do the singing.Paragraph3Young chaffinches normally learn only chaffinch song,though Thorpe found they could be trained to sing the song of a tree pipit(another type of bird),which is very similar to that of their own species.In general,however,the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong.These constraints may be in their brain’s circuitry,the young bird hatching with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy.The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be:the length, the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation.In other cases the constraints are more social,young birds only being prepared to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions.Thus,in a number of species,it has been found that they will not copy from recordings,but will do so from a live tutor.In some cases this may occur when they are young birds,but in others the main learning period is when they set up their territories and interact with neighbors for the first time,enabling them to match their neighbor’s songs and so countering with them. Whatever the nature of the learning rules in a particular species,there is no doubt that they are effective;it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in a small patch of woodland.6.The word“enabling”in the passage is closet in meaning toallowingchallengingforcingpreparing7.It can be inferred from paragraph3that one of the functions of songs in birds is to bring together birds living in groups with birds living in isolationhelp young birds distinguish other young birds from adultsmake possible interactions between birds of different specieshelp birds to establish territories8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Songs produced by chaffinches reared in isolation are cruder than the songs of wild birds.The song of a bird reared in isolation suggests which aspects of chaffinch song may be inborn.Comparing the crude songs of chaffinches reared in isolation to the songs of wild chaffinches suggests differences as well as similarities.Studying the song aspects of chaffinches reared in isolation,researchers have gained a better understanding of the songs produced by wild birds.9.According to paragraph3,in some species,young birds do not copy songs fromrecordings becausethey learn to sing only by live interactions with other birdstheir ability to learn from recordings occurs later in lifethey can only learn the songs of the birds living in their area of woodlandthey can only learn songs from other birds of their own species10.Why does the author mention that it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing asong which is not typical of its own species?To explain why a variety of different bird songs are often heard in a relatively small areaTo argue that social constraints have a greater impact upon learning than do genetic constraintsTo provide an example of how the process of learning rules varies from one species to anotherTo illustrate how effective the different constraints upon learning are in young birdsParagraph4However,not all birds show the same learning pattern as do chaffinches.There are some species which produce normal sounds even if deaf,so that they cannot hear their own efforts,much less copy those of others.The cooing of doves and the crowing ofcocks are examples here.In other cases,such as parrots and hill mynahs,birds can be trained to copy a huge variety of sounds,though those they learn in the wild are usually more restricted.The amazing capability of mynahs has apparently arisen simply because birds in an area learn a small number of their calls from each other, males from males and females from females,and these calls are highly varied in structure.The ability to master them has led the birds,incidentally,to be capable of saying“hello”and mimicking a wide variety of other sounds.11.The word“restricted”in the passage is closet in meaning toimportantpopularlimitedaccurate12.According to paragraph4,why are mynahs able to learn to make a wide variety ofsounds?They have the ability to imitate any sound that they are exposed to.The frequency with which mynahs travel from one small area to another exposes them to a wide variety of sounds.They are exposed in the wild to calls that are very different from each other.An acute sense of hearing allows them to listen to and copy many different sounds.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to the passage.Are these constraints genetic,environmental,or both?Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square[■]to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph3Young chaffinches normally learn only chaffinch song,though Thorpe found they could be trained to sing the song of a tree pipit(another type of bird),which is very similar to that of their own species.■In general,however,the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong.■These constraints may be in their brain’s circuitry,the young bird hatching with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy.■The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be: the length,the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation.■In other cases the constraints are more social,young birds only being prepared to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions.Thus,in a number of species,it has been found that they will not copy from recordings,but will do so from a livetutor.In some cases this may occur when they are young birds,but in others the main learning period is when they set up their territories and interact with neighbors for the first time,enabling them to match their neighbor’s songs and so countersing with them.Whatever the nature of the learning rules in a particular species,there is no doubt that they are effective;it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in a small patch of woodland.14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.A.Although only male chaffinches are able to sing in the wild,Thorpe found that he could teach hand-reared females to copy songs from recordings and live tutors.B.Chaffinches reared in isolation produce songs that differ significantly from those of normal birds,suggesting that some social influence is important for learning a song precisely.C.Birds vary a great deal with respect to both the variety of sounds they are able to learn and the conditions that must be present for them to be able to learn their species’song.D.Chaffinches that are exposed only to other bird species for the first few weeks of their life are likely to learn the songs of those species instead of the chaffinch song.E.Researchers believe that both the circuitry or a bird’s brain and its interactions with other birds of the same species may prevent birds from learning the songs of other species.F.The ability of deaf birds to produce their normal species’song suggests that genes play a much greater role than environment in determining the behavior of most bird species.The Role of DiapauseParagraph1If conditions within an organism’s environment occasionally or regularly become harsh,it may be advantageous for an organism to have a resistant stage built into the life cycle.In such a life history strategy,the organism suspends any growth, reproduction,or other activities for a period of time so that they may occur at a later, more hospitable time.This genetically determined resting stage,characterized by the cessation of development and protein synthesis and suppression of the metabolic rate, is called diapause.Many other kinds of resting stages,with different levels of suppression of physiological activities,are known.Some of these resistant stages can be extremely long-lived.In one case,seeds of the arctic lupine,a member of the pea family recovered from ancient lemming burrows in the Arctic,germinated in threedays even though they were carbon-dated at more than10,000years old!1.According to paragraph1,why do some organisms have a resting stage during their life cycle?A.To recover from injuries suffered during harsh conditionsB.To devote all of their energy to a period of growth and reproductionC.To wait for local conditions to become favorable for important life eventsD.To prepare to move to a different environment if conditions become harsh2.Why does the author mention“seeds of the arctic lupine”？A.To argue that members of the pea family are extremely resistant to cold temperaturesB.To provide information about what ancient lemmings ate during their long resting periodsC.To provide an example of an organism with a resting stage that has many different levels of suppression of physiological activities.D.To support the claim that some resting stages last an extremely long time Paragraph2Unfavorable conditions that are relatively predictable probably pose a simpler problem for organisms than do unpredictable conditions.Adaptations to the regular change of seasons in the temperate and polar regions may be relatively simple.For example,many seeds require a period of stratification,exposure to low temperatures for some minimum period,before they will germinate.This is a simple adaptation to ensure that germination occurs following the winter conditions rather than immediately prior to their onset.In contrast,unfavorable conditions that occur unpredictably pose considerable problems for organisms.In fact,unpredictability is probably a greater problem than is the severity of the unfavorable period.How can organisms cope with the unpredictable onset of good or poor conditions?3.According to paragraph2,why do many seeds require a period of stratification?A.To slowly build up a tolerance for lower and lower temperaturesB.To guarantee that the seeds grow after and not beforeC.To make sure that the seeds can deal with unpredictable conditionsD.To give the seeds enough time to germinate before winter begins4.The word“severity”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.lengthB.harshnessC.unexpectednesspletenessParagraph3Many adaptations to this general problem are based on a resting stage that awaitsfavorable conditions.We will consider two examples from the vertebrates.The first is the red kangaroo.This marsupial inhabits the deserts of central Australia where the onset of rains and the resulting sudden growth of vegetation are extremely unpredictable.Obviously,it is advantageous for a kangaroo female to produce young at a time when plant productivity is sufficient to support her offspring.For such a relatively large mammal,however,gestation(the period of development during pregnancy)is so long that if a female waited to mate and carry the young until after the rains came,the favorable period might be past.The kangaroo’s life history adaptation to this problem involves the use of embryonic diapause during gestation (development in the uterus).(第三段未直接出题，但主旨题可能考到里面的选项)Paragraph4After a31-day gestation period,the female gives birth to a tiny helplessyoung typical of marsupials.The newborn crawls into the mother’s pouch and attaches to a teat where it continues to grow and develop.After235days it leaves the pouch but remains with the mother and obtains milk from her.Two days after giving birth,the female mates again.The fertilized egg enters a204-day period of diapause during which it remains in the uterus but does not attach.It then implants,and31days later,birth of the second young occurs.Note that the first young leaves the pouch at just this time.Again,the female mates,fertilization occurs,and another diapause follows.The eventual result is that at any one time,the female has three young at various stages of development one in diapause,one in the pouch,and one outside the pouch.Among other benefits,this allows her to freeze the development of an embryo during times of drought and food shortage until the offspring in the pouch is able to leave.5.According to paragraph4,all of the following statements are true about the young offspring of the red kangaroo EXCEPT:A.After birth,a newborn crawls into the mother’s pouch where it grows and develops.B.After a young kangaroo leaves its mother’s pouch,it still needs its mother’s milk.C.A mother usually gives birth to three baby kangaroos at the same time.D.A baby kangaroo spends235days in the mother’s pouch after its birth.6.Paragraph4supports all of the following statements about the red kangaroo of central Australia EXCEPT:A.A female kangaroo mates again shortly after her newborn enters her pouch.B.During diapause,a young kangaroo stays in the female’s pouch and growth of a second fertilized egg inside the uterus is delayed.C.A female kangaroo can freeze the development of her young at each stage of their development.D.The adaptation of diapause enables female kangaroos to ensure the survival of theiryoung during periods of environmental stress.7.What is the main purpose of paragraph4in the passage?A.To give the details of an adaptation mentioned in paragraph3B.To describe an adaptation different from the one explained in paragraph3C.To introduce an adaptation that is described in detail in paragraph5D.To discuss an adaptation that is not as successful as the one discussed in paragraph 5Paragraph5A similar strategy-accelerated development combined with a resting stage-has also allowed amphibians to inhabit deserts.The spadefoot toads,such as Couch’s spadefoot toad,inhabit some of the most severe deserts in North America.Adults of this species burrow deeply into the substrate where it is cooler and perhaps more moist.Here they enter into a resting state in which they are covered with a protective layer of dead skin.When it rains,the adults emerge and congregate to mate at temporary ponds.Development is greatly accelerated:the eggs hatch within48hours, and the tadpoles change into toads at16-18days.Consequently,they can complete the life cycle during the brief window of favorable conditions,then return to the resistant resting stage to await the next rainfall.Resting stages thus comprise a series of adaptations that allow the species to avoid the most difficult conditions for life.8.The word“congregate“in the passage is closest in meaning toA.beginB.gatherC.hurryD.Expect9.The word“Consequently“in the passage is closest in meaning toA.EventuallyB.In additionC.As a resultD.However10.The word“comprise”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.consist ofB.bring aboutC.are similar toD.take the place of11.According to paragraph5,how do amphibians such as spadefoot toad survive the severe heat conditions in the North American deserts?A.They dig down into the ground and go into a resistant resting state.B.They remain in the ponds that develop after it has rained.C.They lose their outer layer of skin.D.Their eggs lie dormant until the desert air becomes cooler and more moist.12.According to paragraph5,which of the following occurs during the life cycle of the spadefoot toad?A.The female’s’eggs hatch under the surface of the desert.B.The adults mate during the dry period.C.The newborn grows into an adult before unfavorable conditions.D.The newborn enters a resting stage before it becomes an adult.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?Such adaptations to predictable conditions can also be made by animals,such as by hibernating during the coldest months.Unfavorable conditions that are relatively predictable probably pose a simpler problem for organisms than do unpredictable conditions.Adaptations to the regular change of seasons in the temperate and polar regions may be relatively simple.For example,many seeds require a period of stratification,exposure to low temperatures for some minimum period,before they will germinate.■This is a simple adaptation to ensure that germination occurs following the winter conditions rather than immediately prior to their onset.■In contrast,unfavorable conditions that occur unpredictably pose considerable problems for organisms.■In fact,unpredictability is probably a greater problem than is the severity of the unfavorable period.■How can organisms cope with the unpredictable onset of good or poor conditions?14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.Some organisms adapt to periodic harsh conditions by building a resistant stage,or diapause,into their life cycle.A.The diapause stage evolved very early and is most common in species that first appeared more than10,000years ago.B.Unpredictable conditions are more problematic for organisms than are fairly predictable changes such as the seasons.C.The female red kangaroo adapts to unfavorable conditions by delaying the development of her fertilized egg until an embryo would be able to move into the pouch.D.Some seeds may germinate in three days even if they have been exposed to very low temperatures for a long time.E.Some marsupials can care for three newborns in their pouch at the same time,allowing the young to leave the pouch only when conditions are favorable for their growth.F.Some amphibians adapt to desert life by combining accelerated development with resting stages deep underground.第三篇The Plow and the Horse in Medieval Europe同2015年混编第一套中的第二篇1.Birdsong答案：CCDCC,ADBAD,CCB（BCE）2.The Role of Diapause答案：1.C2.D3.B4.B5.C6.C7.A8.B9.C10.A11.A 12.C13.B14.B C F。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文26—3 Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East
托福考试 复习TPO 26—3 Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East原文：【1】The earliest of the city states of the ancient Near East appeared at the southern end of the Mesopotamian plain, the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq. It was here that the civilization known as Sumer emerged in its earliest form in the fifth millennium. At first sight, the plain did not appear to be a likely home for a civilization. There were few natural resources, no timber, stone, or metals. Rainfall was limited, and what water there was rushed across the plain in the annual flood of melted snow. As the plain fell only 20 meters in 500 kilometers, the beds of the rivers shifted constantly. It was this that made the organization of irrigation, particularly the building of canals to channel and preserve the water, essential. Once this was done and the silt carried down by the rivers was planted, the rewards were rich: four to five times what rain-fed earth would produce. It was these conditions that allowed an elite to emerge, probably as an organizing class, and to sustain itself through the control of surplus crops.【2】It is difficult to isolate the factors that led to the next development—the emergence of urban settlements. The earliest, that of Eridu, about 4500 B.C.E., and Uruk, a thousand years later, center on impressive temple complexes built of mud brick. In some way, the elite had associated themselves with the power of the gods. Uruk, for instance, had two patron gods—Anu, the god of the sky and sovereign of all other gods, and Inanna, a goddess of love and war—and there were others, patrons of different cities. Human beings were at their mercy. The biblical story ofthe Flood may originate in Sumer. In the earliest version, the gods destroy the human race because its clamor had been so disturbing to them.【3】It used to be believed that before 3000 B.C.E. the political and economic life of the cities was centered on their temples, but it now seems probable that the cities had secular rulers from earliest times. Within the city lived administrators, craftspeople, and merchants. (Trading was important, as so many raw materials, the semiprecious stones for the decoration of the temples, timbers for roofs, and all metals, had to be imported.) An increasingly sophisticated system of administration led in about 3300 B.C.E. to the appearance of writing. The earliest script was based on logograms, with a symbol being used to express a whole word. The logograms were incised on damp clay tablets with a stylus with a wedge shape at its end. (The Romans called the shape cuneus and this gives the script its name of cuneiform.) Two thousand logograms have been recorded from these early centuries of writing.A more economical approach was to use a sign to express not a whole word but a single syllable. (To take an example: the Sumerian word for " head” was “sag.” Whenever a word including a syllable in which the sound “sag” was to be written, the sign for “sag" could be used t o express that syllable with the remaining syllables of the word expressed by other signs.) By 2300 B.C.E. the number of signs required had been reduced to 600, and the range of words that could be expressed had widened. Texts dealing with economic matters predominated, as they always had done; but at this point works of theology, literature, history, and law also appeared.【4】Other innovations of the late fourth millennium include the wheel, probably developed first as a more efficient way of making pottery and then transferred to transport. A tablet engraved about 3000 B.C.E. provides the earliest known example from Sumer, a roofed boxlike sledge mounted on four solid wheels. A major development was the discovery, again about 3000 B.C.E., that if copper, which had been known in Mesopotamia since about 3500 B.C.E., was mixed with tin, a much harder metal, bronze, would result. Although copper and stone tools continued to be used, bronze was far more successful in creating sharp edges that could be used as anything from saws and scythes to weapons. The period from 3000 to 1000 B.C.E., when the use of bronze became widespread, is normally referred to as the Bronze Age.题目：1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a disadvantage of the Mesopotamian plain?A.There was not very much rainfall for most of the year.B.Melting snow caused flooding every year.C.The silt deposited by rivers damaged crops.D.Timber, stone and metals were not readily available.2.According to paragraph 1, which of the following made it possible for anelite to emerge?A.New crops were developed that were better suited to conditions on theMesopotamian plain.B.The richest individuals managed to gain control of the most valuable cropland.C.Control over the few available natural resources made some people four to five times richer than everyone else.D.The building of canals to increase agricultural output required organization.3.The word “sustain”in the passage（paragraph 1）is closest in meaning toA.defend.B.promote.C.maintain.D.transform.4.According to paragraph 2, Eridu and Uruk are examples of urbansettlements thatcked the features usually found in other early urban settlements.B.developed around religious buildings.C.grew much more rapidly than most of the urban settlements found in Sumer.D.were mysteriously destroyed and abandoned.5.The word “sovereign"in the passage is closest in meaning toA.counselor.B.master.C.defender.D.creator.6.According to paragraph 3, which of the following led to the appearanceof writing?A.An increasingly sophisticated administrative system.B.Coordination between secular and religious leaders.C.The large volume of trade, particularly imports.D.A rapidly expanding and changing population.7.In paragraph 3, why does the author provide the information that the number of signs in use had dropped from 2,000 to 600 by 2300 B.C.E.?A.T o argue that the development of writing involved periods of growth followed by periods of decline.B.To demonstrate that earlier written texts used a larger vocabulary than later texts, which were aimed at a broader audience.C.To support the claim that the range of words expressed by logograms varied widely depending on time period and type of text.D.T o provide evidence for the increased efficiency of using signs to express syllables rather than whole words.8.According to paragraph 3, ancient texts most commonly dealt withA.theology.B.literature.C.economics.w.9.According to paragraph 4, the earliest wheels probablyA.were first developed in areas outside Mesopotamia.B.were used to make pottery.C.appeared on boxlike sledges.D.were used to transport goods between cities.10.The word “engraved”in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning toA.carved.B.produced.C.dated.D.discovered.11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 4 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Also around 3000B.C.E., it was discovered that mixing copper, known from about 3500 B.C.E., with tin would create a much harder metal known as bronze.B.Although copper had been known since 3500 B.C.E in Mesopotamia, the discovery of bronze did not occur until around 3000 B.C.E.C.Another major development around 3000 B.C.E. was the discovery that copper could be mixed with a much harder metal known as tin.D.The development of bronze by mixing copper and tin probably occurred around 3000 B.C.E. but may have happened as early as 3500 B.C.E.12.The word “widespread”in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning toA.obvious.B.significant.C.necessary.mon.13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? City life was diverse, and the population was engaged in a variety of occupations.It used to be believed that before 3000 B.C.E. the political and economic life of the cities was centered on their temples, but it now seems probable that the cities had secular rulers from earliest times. ■【A】Within the city lived administrators, craftspeople, and merchants. (Trading was important, as so many raw materials,the semiprecious stones for the decoration of the temples, timbers for roofs,and all metals, had to be imported.) ■【B】An increasingly sophisticated system of administrationled in about 3300 B.C.E. to the appearance of writing. ■【C】The earliest script was based on logograms, with asymbol being used to express a whole word. ■【D】The logograms were incised on damp clay tablets with a stylus with a wedge shape at its end. (The Romans called the shape cuneus and this gives the script its name of cuneiform.) Two thousand logograms have been recorded from these early centuries of writing. A more economical approach wasto use a sign to express not a whole word but a single syllable. (To take an example: the Sumerian word for " head” was “sag.” Whenever a wordincluding a syllable in which the sound “sag” was to be written, the sign for“sag" could be used to express that syllable with the remaining syllablesof the word expressed by other signs.) By 2300 B.C.E. the number of signs required had been reduced to 600, and the range of words that could be expressed had widened. Texts dealing with economic matters predominated, as they alwayshad done; but at this point works of theology,literature, history, and lawalso appeared.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minorideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Irrigation made it possible for the civilization known as Sumer to arise on the Mesopotamian plain in the fifth millennium B.C.E.A.The scarcity of natural resources on the plain made it necessary for a powerful elite to emerge and take charge of trade and imports.B.The economy of each city was based on a craft such as pottery or metal working, and the city of Eridu was known for its saws, scythes and weapons.C.Writing appeared in the form of logograms and later developed into a system using signs to represent syllables rather than whole words.D.Priests were powerful figures in the ancient civilization and controlled the political and economic life of the cities.E.The earliest city states had one or more patron gods and were built around central temple complexes.F.The development of the wheel and the creation of bronze were important innovations in Sumer答案：1.A选项的rainfall和B的melting snow做关键词定位至第五句，都正确，不选；C的silt 确实讲过，但并没讲damaged crops，所以C错，选；D的timber, stone and metals定位至第四句，正确，不选。
托福阅读真题第27套
第27套BirdsongParagraph1Birdsong is the classic example of how genes(hereditary information)and environment both have a crucial role to play in the behavioral development of animals. Since the pioneering work of W.H.Thorpe on chaffinches(a common European bird), many species have been studied,and it has become clear both that learning plays an important role for all species and also that there are constraints on what they are able to learn.1.The word“pioneering”in the passage is closet in meaning torecentfamousoriginalcontroversialParagraph2Thorpe was able to show that learning from others was involved in chaffinch birds through a series of experiments on hand-reared chicks(young birds).As in most other species,only the males sing.Thorpe found that,if he raised young males in total isolation from all others,the song they produced was quite different from that of a normal adult.It was about the right length and in the correct frequency range.It was also split up into a series of notes as it should be.But these notes lacked the detailed structure found in wild birds,nor was the song split up into distinct phrases as it usually is.This suggested that song development requires some social ter experiments in which researchers played recordings of songs to young birds showed just how precise this influence was:many of them would learn the exact pattern of the recording they had heard.A remarkable feature here was that birds were able to copy precisely songs that they only heard in the first few weeks of life,yet they did not sing themselves until about eight months old.They are thus able to store a memory of the sound within their brain and then match their own output to their recollection of it when they mature.2.The word“distinct”in the passage is closet in meaning toshortsimpleseparatesimilar3.According to paragraph2,all of the following are characteristics of the songs ofthe young chaffinches in Thorpe’s experiment EXCEPT:They were not identical to the songs of normal adult chaffinches.They lacked the complex form of the songs of wild chaffinches.They were as long as the songs of normal adult chaffinches.They were clearly different from each other.4.According to paragraph2,researchers discovered which of the following byplaying recordings of songs to chaffinches?Chaffinches could no longer be taught to reproduce sounds after the first few weeks of life.Chaffinches could not reproduce songs with exactly the same patterns of recorded songs.Chaffinches at the age of eight months could recall and reproduce a song that they heard in the first few weeks of life.Chaffinches that learned a song from recordings in the first few weeks of life were later unable to copy the sounds of mature chaffinches.5.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph2as characteristics of wildchaffinches EXCEPT:They are able to copy songs very precisely.Their song development requires interaction with other chaffinches.Their songs are not as well-structured as the songs of other birds.It is the males of the species that do the singing.Paragraph3Young chaffinches normally learn only chaffinch song,though Thorpe found they could be trained to sing the song of a tree pipit(another type of bird),which is very similar to that of their own species.In general,however,the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong.These constraints may be in their brain’s circuitry,the young bird hatching with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy.The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be:the length, the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation.In other cases the constraints are more social,young birds only being prepared to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions.Thus,in a number of species,it has been found that they will not copy from recordings,but will do so from a live tutor.In some cases this may occur when they are young birds,but in others the main learning period is when they set up their territories and interact with neighbors for the first time,enabling them to match their neighbor’s songs and so countering with them. Whatever the nature of the learning rules in a particular species,there is no doubt that they are effective;it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in a small patch of woodland.6.The word“enabling”in the passage is closet in meaning toallowingchallengingforcingpreparing7.It can be inferred from paragraph3that one of the functions of songs in birds is to bring together birds living in groups with birds living in isolationhelp young birds distinguish other young birds from adultsmake possible interactions between birds of different specieshelp birds to establish territories8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Songs produced by chaffinches reared in isolation are cruder than the songs of wild birds.The song of a bird reared in isolation suggests which aspects of chaffinch song may be inborn.Comparing the crude songs of chaffinches reared in isolation to the songs of wild chaffinches suggests differences as well as similarities.Studying the song aspects of chaffinches reared in isolation,researchers have gained a better understanding of the songs produced by wild birds.9.According to paragraph3,in some species,young birds do not copy songs fromrecordings becausethey learn to sing only by live interactions with other birdstheir ability to learn from recordings occurs later in lifethey can only learn the songs of the birds living in their area of woodlandthey can only learn songs from other birds of their own species10.Why does the author mention that it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing asong which is not typical of its own species?To explain why a variety of different bird songs are often heard in a relatively small areaTo argue that social constraints have a greater impact upon learning than do genetic constraintsTo provide an example of how the process of learning rules varies from one species to anotherTo illustrate how effective the different constraints upon learning are in young birdsParagraph4However,not all birds show the same learning pattern as do chaffinches.There are some species which produce normal sounds even if deaf,so that they cannot hear their own efforts,much less copy those of others.The cooing of doves and the crowing ofcocks are examples here.In other cases,such as parrots and hill mynahs,birds can be trained to copy a huge variety of sounds,though those they learn in the wild are usually more restricted.The amazing capability of mynahs has apparently arisen simply because birds in an area learn a small number of their calls from each other, males from males and females from females,and these calls are highly varied in structure.The ability to master them has led the birds,incidentally,to be capable of saying“hello”and mimicking a wide variety of other sounds.11.The word“restricted”in the passage is closet in meaning toimportantpopularlimitedaccurate12.According to paragraph4,why are mynahs able to learn to make a wide variety ofsounds?They have the ability to imitate any sound that they are exposed to.The frequency with which mynahs travel from one small area to another exposes them to a wide variety of sounds.They are exposed in the wild to calls that are very different from each other.An acute sense of hearing allows them to listen to and copy many different sounds.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to the passage.Are these constraints genetic,environmental,or both?Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square[■]to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph3Young chaffinches normally learn only chaffinch song,though Thorpe found they could be trained to sing the song of a tree pipit(another type of bird),which is very similar to that of their own species.■In general,however,the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong.■These constraints may be in their brain’s circuitry,the young bird hatching with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy.■The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be: the length,the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation.■In other cases the constraints are more social,young birds only being prepared to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions.Thus,in a number of species,it has been found that they will not copy from recordings,but will do so from a livetutor.In some cases this may occur when they are young birds,but in others the main learning period is when they set up their territories and interact with neighbors for the first time,enabling them to match their neighbor’s songs and so countersing with them.Whatever the nature of the learning rules in a particular species,there is no doubt that they are effective;it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in a small patch of woodland.14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.A.Although only male chaffinches are able to sing in the wild,Thorpe found that he could teach hand-reared females to copy songs from recordings and live tutors.B.Chaffinches reared in isolation produce songs that differ significantly from those of normal birds,suggesting that some social influence is important for learning a song precisely.C.Birds vary a great deal with respect to both the variety of sounds they are able to learn and the conditions that must be present for them to be able to learn their species’song.D.Chaffinches that are exposed only to other bird species for the first few weeks of their life are likely to learn the songs of those species instead of the chaffinch song.E.Researchers believe that both the circuitry or a bird’s brain and its interactions with other birds of the same species may prevent birds from learning the songs of other species.F.The ability of deaf birds to produce their normal species’song suggests that genes play a much greater role than environment in determining the behavior of most bird species.The Role of DiapauseParagraph1If conditions within an organism’s environment occasionally or regularly become harsh,it may be advantageous for an organism to have a resistant stage built into the life cycle.In such a life history strategy,the organism suspends any growth, reproduction,or other activities for a period of time so that they may occur at a later, more hospitable time.This genetically determined resting stage,characterized by the cessation of development and protein synthesis and suppression of the metabolic rate, is called diapause.Many other kinds of resting stages,with different levels of suppression of physiological activities,are known.Some of these resistant stages can be extremely long-lived.In one case,seeds of the arctic lupine,a member of the pea family recovered from ancient lemming burrows in the Arctic,germinated in threedays even though they were carbon-dated at more than10,000years old!1.According to paragraph1,why do some organisms have a resting stage during their life cycle?A.To recover from injuries suffered during harsh conditionsB.To devote all of their energy to a period of growth and reproductionC.To wait for local conditions to become favorable for important life eventsD.To prepare to move to a different environment if conditions become harsh2.Why does the author mention“seeds of the arctic lupine”？A.To argue that members of the pea family are extremely resistant to cold temperaturesB.To provide information about what ancient lemmings ate during their long resting periodsC.To provide an example of an organism with a resting stage that has many different levels of suppression of physiological activities.D.To support the claim that some resting stages last an extremely long time Paragraph2Unfavorable conditions that are relatively predictable probably pose a simpler problem for organisms than do unpredictable conditions.Adaptations to the regular change of seasons in the temperate and polar regions may be relatively simple.For example,many seeds require a period of stratification,exposure to low temperatures for some minimum period,before they will germinate.This is a simple adaptation to ensure that germination occurs following the winter conditions rather than immediately prior to their onset.In contrast,unfavorable conditions that occur unpredictably pose considerable problems for organisms.In fact,unpredictability is probably a greater problem than is the severity of the unfavorable period.How can organisms cope with the unpredictable onset of good or poor conditions?3.According to paragraph2,why do many seeds require a period of stratification?A.To slowly build up a tolerance for lower and lower temperaturesB.To guarantee that the seeds grow after and not beforeC.To make sure that the seeds can deal with unpredictable conditionsD.To give the seeds enough time to germinate before winter begins4.The word“severity”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.lengthB.harshnessC.unexpectednesspletenessParagraph3Many adaptations to this general problem are based on a resting stage that awaitsfavorable conditions.We will consider two examples from the vertebrates.The first is the red kangaroo.This marsupial inhabits the deserts of central Australia where the onset of rains and the resulting sudden growth of vegetation are extremely unpredictable.Obviously,it is advantageous for a kangaroo female to produce young at a time when plant productivity is sufficient to support her offspring.For such a relatively large mammal,however,gestation(the period of development during pregnancy)is so long that if a female waited to mate and carry the young until after the rains came,the favorable period might be past.The kangaroo’s life history adaptation to this problem involves the use of embryonic diapause during gestation (development in the uterus).(第三段未直接出题，但主旨题可能考到里面的选项)Paragraph4After a31-day gestation period,the female gives birth to a tiny helplessyoung typical of marsupials.The newborn crawls into the mother’s pouch and attaches to a teat where it continues to grow and develop.After235days it leaves the pouch but remains with the mother and obtains milk from her.Two days after giving birth,the female mates again.The fertilized egg enters a204-day period of diapause during which it remains in the uterus but does not attach.It then implants,and31days later,birth of the second young occurs.Note that the first young leaves the pouch at just this time.Again,the female mates,fertilization occurs,and another diapause follows.The eventual result is that at any one time,the female has three young at various stages of development one in diapause,one in the pouch,and one outside the pouch.Among other benefits,this allows her to freeze the development of an embryo during times of drought and food shortage until the offspring in the pouch is able to leave.5.According to paragraph4,all of the following statements are true about the young offspring of the red kangaroo EXCEPT:A.After birth,a newborn crawls into the mother’s pouch where it grows and develops.B.After a young kangaroo leaves its mother’s pouch,it still needs its mother’s milk.C.A mother usually gives birth to three baby kangaroos at the same time.D.A baby kangaroo spends235days in the mother’s pouch after its birth.6.Paragraph4supports all of the following statements about the red kangaroo of central Australia EXCEPT:A.A female kangaroo mates again shortly after her newborn enters her pouch.B.During diapause,a young kangaroo stays in the female’s pouch and growth of a second fertilized egg inside the uterus is delayed.C.A female kangaroo can freeze the development of her young at each stage of their development.D.The adaptation of diapause enables female kangaroos to ensure the survival of theiryoung during periods of environmental stress.7.What is the main purpose of paragraph4in the passage?A.To give the details of an adaptation mentioned in paragraph3B.To describe an adaptation different from the one explained in paragraph3C.To introduce an adaptation that is described in detail in paragraph5D.To discuss an adaptation that is not as successful as the one discussed in paragraph 5Paragraph5A similar strategy-accelerated development combined with a resting stage-has also allowed amphibians to inhabit deserts.The spadefoot toads,such as Couch’s spadefoot toad,inhabit some of the most severe deserts in North America.Adults of this species burrow deeply into the substrate where it is cooler and perhaps more moist.Here they enter into a resting state in which they are covered with a protective layer of dead skin.When it rains,the adults emerge and congregate to mate at temporary ponds.Development is greatly accelerated:the eggs hatch within48hours, and the tadpoles change into toads at16-18days.Consequently,they can complete the life cycle during the brief window of favorable conditions,then return to the resistant resting stage to await the next rainfall.Resting stages thus comprise a series of adaptations that allow the species to avoid the most difficult conditions for life.8.The word“congregate“in the passage is closest in meaning toA.beginB.gatherC.hurryD.Expect9.The word“Consequently“in the passage is closest in meaning toA.EventuallyB.In additionC.As a resultD.However10.The word“comprise”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.consist ofB.bring aboutC.are similar toD.take the place of11.According to paragraph5,how do amphibians such as spadefoot toad survive the severe heat conditions in the North American deserts?A.They dig down into the ground and go into a resistant resting state.B.They remain in the ponds that develop after it has rained.C.They lose their outer layer of skin.D.Their eggs lie dormant until the desert air becomes cooler and more moist.12.According to paragraph5,which of the following occurs during the life cycle of the spadefoot toad?A.The female’s’eggs hatch under the surface of the desert.B.The adults mate during the dry period.C.The newborn grows into an adult before unfavorable conditions.D.The newborn enters a resting stage before it becomes an adult.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?Such adaptations to predictable conditions can also be made by animals,such as by hibernating during the coldest months.Unfavorable conditions that are relatively predictable probably pose a simpler problem for organisms than do unpredictable conditions.Adaptations to the regular change of seasons in the temperate and polar regions may be relatively simple.For example,many seeds require a period of stratification,exposure to low temperatures for some minimum period,before they will germinate.■This is a simple adaptation to ensure that germination occurs following the winter conditions rather than immediately prior to their onset.■In contrast,unfavorable conditions that occur unpredictably pose considerable problems for organisms.■In fact,unpredictability is probably a greater problem than is the severity of the unfavorable period.■How can organisms cope with the unpredictable onset of good or poor conditions?14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.Some organisms adapt to periodic harsh conditions by building a resistant stage,or diapause,into their life cycle.A.The diapause stage evolved very early and is most common in species that first appeared more than10,000years ago.B.Unpredictable conditions are more problematic for organisms than are fairly predictable changes such as the seasons.C.The female red kangaroo adapts to unfavorable conditions by delaying the development of her fertilized egg until an embryo would be able to move into the pouch.D.Some seeds may germinate in three days even if they have been exposed to very low temperatures for a long time.E.Some marsupials can care for three newborns in their pouch at the same time,allowing the young to leave the pouch only when conditions are favorable for their growth.F.Some amphibians adapt to desert life by combining accelerated development with resting stages deep underground.第三篇The Plow and the Horse in Medieval Europe同2015年混编第一套中的第二篇1.Birdsong答案：CCDCC,ADBAD,CCB（BCE）2.The Role of Diapause答案：1.C2.D3.B4.B5.C6.C7.A8.B9.C10.A11.A 12.C13.B14.B C F。
TPO-27 Reading 3解析
Q1正确答案：B解析：定位到第3-4句，“naturalists widely assumed...Careful studies have demonstrated…”, 第3句说人们认为狼对鹿的数量控制起到了重要作用，第4句话说研究否定了人们的判断，B选项与原文的意思和逻辑关系对应。
文中没有wolves follow moose的意思，排除A; C与段落最后一句话矛盾; D在文中没有依据。
Q2正确答案：B解析：rebound，弹回，反弹，回升；近义词是recover, 恢复。
根据上下文的逻辑关系可以推断出词义，词汇所在句的意思是“当捕食者的数量下降，被捕食者的数量会rebound”，recover最符合句子前后的逻辑关系；也可以通过词根词缀分析rebound。
bound本来就是跳跃的意思，加re-前缀就是再次跳跃，也就是反弹。
Q3正确答案：A解析：考察理解段落意思。
题干中的实验环境下捕猎者灭绝的情况出现在第1句，但后面立刻出现了however，出现了转折。
下文叙述的内容是在提供安全环境的条件下，捕食者和被捕食者的数量可以保持一个cyclical pattern，被捕食者就不会灭绝。
所以实验环境下捕猎者灭绝的情况是并不能准确地反映真实的野外情况，A正确。
Q4正确答案：D解析：根据第三段最后一句话，排除A; 根据对第2段大意的理解，确定正常情况下捕食者是不会灭绝消失的，排除B；第三段第2句出现了ten-year cycle，但是仅是对野兔的描写，并不适用于全部哺乳动物，排除C。
根据第二段第2句，被捕食者在现实生活中可以居于安全的远离捕食者的地方，确定D正确。
Q5正确答案：C解析：roughly，大约，大致，差不多；近义词是approximately，大约。
rough 作为形容词有“不确切的，粗略的”意思，可据此推断roughly作为副词的意思。
Q6正确答案：A解析：generate，产生，引起；近义词是produce。
TPO27 R-2 原文翻译
TPO27 R-2The Formation of Volcanic Islands地球的表面并不是由形成外壳的单层岩石组成的，而是许多的地壳版面严密的组合在一起的，就像是一个巨大拼图的拼图块。
一些板块承载着岛屿或是大陆，其余的组成了海底平面。
这些都在缓慢的移动，因为这些板块是漂浮在密度更大的半液态地幔上的，地幔位于地壳和地核之间。
板块的边缘是扩张脊（两个版块分离，新的海底形成的地方），俯冲带（两板块碰撞，一个投入到了另一个下面），或者是转换断层（两板块既不集合于一点也不偏离，但只是互相错过）。
板块边界是地球上的火山爆发和地震的高发地。
总的来说，板块内部从地质学角度上来说是比较平静的。
但是，也有例外。
扫一眼太平洋的地图就能知道那里有许多在大海深处的岛屿，他们其实都是火山，其中有许多已经不活动了，一些长满了珊瑚，这些火山都是起源于当时太平洋板块内部的地质活动，因而形成了太平洋的海底。
为什么火山活动可以发生在离板块边缘这么远的地方呢？夏威夷群岛提供了一个非常有启发性的回答。
就像其他的群岛一样，他们形成了一个链条。
夏威夷群岛链从夏威夷岛向西北扩张。
在十八世纪40年代，地理学家James Daly观察到不同的夏威夷岛屿看起来经历了相似的演变过程，但有一些被慢慢地腐蚀的更多，所以往西北方向可能更老一些。
在1963年，在大陆板块理论的早期发展时期，加拿大的地质学家Tuzo Wilson意识到年轮的增加会引起形成在板块表面的岛屿移动到一个板块内部的固定火山的源头。
Wilson解释说，火山的长链从夏威夷向西北延伸只是一个长时间存于板块下，地幔中的火山源头。
最新的岛屿，夏威夷岛，应该是在链条的最后，现在应该在火山源头上。
虽然这个理论并没有被很快接受，夏威夷和其他群岛岩浆的日期表明了他们的年龄都从活跃的火山开始依次增加，正如Daly所说。
Wilson对数据的分析已经成为了板块构造论的中心部分了。
大多数的发生在板块内部的火山爆发都是由地幔柱，从地幔深处涌出的熔岩柱体。
内部教材TPO阅读核心词汇
analysis plume column apparently trail owe to existence paragraph5 reconstruction consequently basin given position feature timescale
edge spread ridge subduction zone collide (with) plunge transform (into) fault converge diverge merely boundary volcanism paragraph2 interior geologically uneventful exception a glance (at) reveal overgrown coral originate (from) paragraph3 instructive chain extend progressively erode progression fixed stretch paragraph4 dating lava presently
seal centimeter diameter carve roll primarily clay tablet lump attach to Neolithic period approximately elaborate refine indicate similarly monumental relief statuary in the round degree mastery
characteristic of beveled rim bowl shallow crudely mold hence limited standard discard intact telling (adj.) diagnostic find (n.) identify site rapidly paragraph3 a variety of documentation artisan depict involve in weave textile vital administer excavate a sequence of be interpreted as molten scoop up channel paragraph4 object (n.) professional (n.) cylinder
托福阅读tpo27R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
托福阅读tpo27R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文 (1)译文 (4)题目 (6)答案 (16)背景知识 (17)原文The Formation of Volcanic Islands①Earth’s surface is not made up of a single sheet of rock that forms a crust but rather a number of “tectonic plates” that fit closely, like the pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle. Some plates carry islands or continents, others form the seafloor. All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser semi-liquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth’s core. The plates have edges that are spreading ridges (where two plates are moving apart and new seafloor is being created), subduction zones (where two plates collide and one plunges beneath the other), or transform faults (where two plates neither converge nor diverge but merely move past one another). It is at the boundaries between plates that most of Earth’s volcanism and earthquake activity occur.②Generally speaking, the interiors of plates are geologically uneventful. However, there are exceptions. A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean reveals that there are many islands far out at sea that are actually volcanoes----many no longer active, some overgrown with coral----that originated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate that forms the Pacific seafloor.③How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian islands provide a very instructive answer. Like many other island groups, they form a chain. The Hawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share a similar geologic evolution but are progressively more eroded, and therefore probable older, toward the northwest. Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. They as the plate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over the volcanic source. The most recentisland, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is now over the volcanic source.④Although this idea was not immediately accepted, the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano, just as Daly had suggested. Wilson’s analysis of these data is now a central part of plate tectonics. Most volcanoes that occur in the interiors of plates are believed to be produced by mantle plumes, columns of molten rock that rise from deep within the mantle. A volcano remains an active “hot spot” as long as it is over the plume. The plumes apparently originate at great depths, perhaps as deep as the boundary between the core and the mantle, and many have been active for a very long time. The oldest volcanoes in the Hawaii hot-spot trail have ages close to 80 million years. Other islands, including Tahiti and Easter Islands in the pacific, Reunion and Mauritius in the India Ocean, and indeed most of the large islands in the world’s oceans, owe their existence to mantle plumes.⑤The oceanic volcanic islands and their hot-spot trails are thus especially useful for geologist because they record the past locations of the plate over a fixed source. They therefore permit the reconstruction of the process of seafloor spreading, and consequently of the geography of continents and of ocean basins in the past. For example, given thecurrent position of the Pacific Plate, Hawaii is above the Pacific Ocean hot spot. So the position of The Pacific Plate 50 million years ago can be determined by moving it such that a 50-million-year-old volcano in the hot-spot trail sits at the location of Hawaii today. However because the ocean basins really are short-lived features on geologic times scale, reconstruction the world’s geography by backtracking along the hot-spot trail works only for the last 5 percent or so of geologic time.译文火山岛的形成①地球的外壳并不是由单块岩石形成的，而是许多的"构造板块"严密的组合在一起的，就像是一个巨大的拼图。
托福TPO27阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO27阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Predator-Prey Cycles How do predators affect populations of the prey animals?The answer is not as simple as might be thought.Moose reached Isle Royale in Lake Superior by crossing over winter ice and multiplied freely there in isolation without predators.When wolves later reached the island,naturalists widely assumed that the wolves would play a key role in controlling the moose population.Careful studies have demonstrated,however,that this is not the case.The wolves eat mostly old or diseased animals that would not survive long anyway.In general,the moose population is controlled by food availability,disease and other factors rather than by wolves. 捕食者是怎样影响被捕食者的数量呢?答案并不是想象中那么简单。
麋鹿通过穿越冬天的冰层到达了在苏必略湖的罗亚尔岛，并由于没有捕食者而自由繁殖。
当狼在晚一点的时候到达那座岛时，自然学家都认为，狼对控制麋鹿的数量将起到关键作用。
托福TPO27口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO27口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO27口语Task4阅读文本： Swarm Intelligence Some insect species live in large groups, or “swarms.” Such swarms typically include several thousand individual insects. Living in swarms allows these insects to accomplish complex tasks together through complex behaviors. The behavior of the insects as a group demonstrates a greater level of complexity than the behavior of individual group members. This complex group behavior is called swarm intelligence. With swam intelligence, each insect performs a simple instinctual behavior that is repeated by other individuals that results in a complex behavior. Insect swarms are able to accomplish tasks that individual insects would not be able to achieve. 托福TPO27口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to a lecture on this topic in a biology class. (male professor) OK, we can see a great example of this with ants. Ants live in large groups called colonies. They normally move together to get to food sources. And sometimes when the ants are moving toward food source, they'll encounter, find an obstacle in their path. So, for instance, let's say a large number of ants are walking on a tree toward some food on a branch. But when they reach the end of the branch they are walking on, there's a wide space between that branch and the next one, the branch with the food on it. Now, none of these ants alone can cross this wide space to get to the other branch with the food. So, how did they solve this problem?Here's how: one ant walks forward until it reaches the end of the branch and then automatically holds onto the branch with its back legs. Then it stretches its body forward into the open space. Now, this comes naturally to ants and it's a simple action. So then the next ant walks to the end of the branch and right across the first ant’s body. Then it holds onto the first ant and then it stretches its body out into the open space, just a little bit closer to the branch with the food on it. Then, one after another, other ants do the same thing until enough ants connect together to form a bridge between the two branches. Pretty amazing, huh? The connected ants hold this position allowing the rest of the ants in the group to cross over this bridge of ants to reach the food. " 托福TPO27口语Task4题目： Explain how the example from the lecture illustrates the concept of swarm intelligence. 托福TPO27口语Task4满分范文： The complex group behavior that insects living in a large group display to achieve a complex task together is called swarm intelligence. For example, a group of ants are walking on a branch of a tree when they discover food on another branch. But it seems impossible for any ant to reach the food since there's a huge space between the branch with the food and where they are. So they use their swarm intelligence to solve the problem. One ant walks till the end of the branch, attaching itself to it and stretches its body to allow another ant holds on to it, so one after another, the following ants repeat the same action by connecting each other to form a bridge so that the rest of the ants can cross the bridge and reach the food. (139 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO27口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO 27—1 Crafts in the Ancient Near East
托福考试 复习TPO 27—1 Crafts in the Ancient Near East原文：【1】Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of the millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute.But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.【2】The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center. Within the productive sector, there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standardsizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, and thousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.【3】A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods, once made by a family member as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-millennium texts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrally administered. Also, a specialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in a small area at Uruk. It contained a number of channels lined by a sequence of holes, about 50 centimeters deep, all showing burn marks and filled with ashes. This has been interpreted as the remains of a workshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in the holes. Some type of mass production by specialists were involved here.【4】Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Uruk period (3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, or claylumps attached to boxes, jars, or door bolts----the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. The technological knowledge needed to carved it was far superior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.题目：1.Which of the sentences below best express the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 1? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Although scholars cannot accurately determine the size of the Uruk population, they know the citizens were not dependent on agriculture.B.scholars do not have enough evidence to determine whether the agriculture areas just outside of Uruk were large enough to feed the city’s population.C.Because city populations cannot feed themselves, scholars think the surrounding farms provided food to the people in Uruk.D.Scholars believe that the inhabitants of Uruk were able to support themselves from product grown in field surrounding the city.2.The word “surpassing” i n the passage is closest in meaning toA.proceeding.B.exceeding.C.challenging.D.outlasting.3.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of the ancient settlement at Uruk EXCEPTA.It was a permanent settlement.B.It was self-sufficient.C.It was one of a group of other larger settlements.D.It had easy access to the land where its crops were grown.4.The word “intact” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.unsold.B.unused.C.undamaged.D.unpainted.5.According to paragraph 2, which of the following best describes the beveled-rim bowls from the Eanna Archaeological site at Uruk.A.They were discarded because they became unpopular.B.They varied greatly in shape and decoration.C.They were each individually styled.D.They were made in only a few sizes.6.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about craft productionin the Uruk period?A.Specialists in nonagricultural tasks obtained a higher status than those engaged in agricultural production.B.People not needed for framing could perform other more specialized activities.C.Ancient crafts were beginning to be produced for both utilitarian and decorative purposes.D.Pottery making was the only known during the fourth millennium.7.According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of textile production after the fourth millennium?A.It had an important commercial value.B.It existed but was not well organized.C.It is not documented in the archaeological record.D.It was carried on by individuals in their own homes.8.The word “interpreted”in the passage（paragraph 3）is closest in meaning toA.documented.B.debated.C.displayed.D.understood.9.What is the purpose of paragraph 3?A.T o contrast the productivity of crafts workers in the third and fourth millennia.B.To provide additional evidence of mass production by crafts workers.C.To suggest that an early form of urban settlement may have exist before Uruk.D.T o contrast the development of weaving and pottery in Uruk.10.The word “legible”in the passage（paragraph 4）is closest in meaning toA.printableB.enjoyableC.recognizableD.available11.Paragraph 4 suggests which of the following about the significances of Mesopotamian cylinder seals?A.They were designed more for home than for legal use.B.They demonstrate that their creators were professionals.C.They were the first example of seals made from materials other than stone.D.They were the first example of carved seals.12.According to paragraph 4, one of the artistic achievements of the late Uruk culture wasA.Its sophisticated sculpture and relief carving.B.Its architecturally complex monuments.C.Its invention of stamp seals carved from stone.D.Its use of highly refined glassy stoneware.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? When viewed on the curved surface of the cylinder, the image looked distorted, but the carved image served only as a mold.Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Uruk period(3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. ■【A】This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. ■【B】When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, or clay lumps attached to boxes,jars, or door bolts----the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. ■【C】The technological knowledge needed to carved it was far superior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). ■【D】From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Uruk, located in ancientMesopotamia, flourished in the fourth millennium B.C.E. and was the first cityin human history.A.A variety of evidence indicates that Uruk, while it supported itself primarily by agriculture, also had specialized craft workers.B.The monumental sculptures of Uruk were made by the specialist stone cutters who also produced small-scale relief scenes on shell, bone and faience.C.The large number, standardized sizes, and simple molded construction of a type of pottery produced in Uruk demonstrate specialized, centrally organized mass production.D.Cylinder seals from the late Uruk period are far superior to the stamp earlier Neolithic period.E.Archaeological evidence from across the Near East indicates that Uruk was a center for the production and export of highly decorated pottery made by craft specialists in private homes.F.The carved designs on cylinder seals produced in Uruk are of such technical and artistic excellence that they could only have been produced by professional artisans.答案：1.找到句子主谓宾，主语是scholars，谓语assume，宾语是从句说“当地住民可以自给自足……”根据这些信息去对照选项，很容易得到D。
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智课网TOEFL备考资料新托福真题TPO27阅读翻译及词汇整理摘要：新托福真题TPO27阅读翻译及词汇整理，下面是小马过河为同学们搜集整理的新托福真题TPO27阅读翻译及词汇整理的相关信息，小马小编整理过来，供同学们参考。
Crafts in the Ancient near East古代近东的手工艺本文为最新的托福真题TPO第27套阅读第一篇，文章反映了托福“古代社会文明”类型的阅读的特点，阅读中的学科词汇很典型，对我们准备托福的阅读有很重要的参考意义，备战托福的同学不可错过。
学科词汇总结wordscraft手工艺urban城市的civilization 文明settlement定居点agriculture农业pottery实用陶器textile纺织品mold模具 carve雕刻 relief浮雕 clay粘土 utilitarian实用的 elaborate精心制作的 refined精制的文章翻译translation 一、人类历史上的第一个城市乌鲁克兴起。
Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is nowsouthern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of that millennium, in thesouth around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied bypermanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became areal urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimatesare notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to supportthemselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could bere ached with a daily commute. But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassingthat of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it wasthe first city in human history.一些人类最早的文明崛起于公元前四千年的米索达比亚的南部(如今的伊拉克南部)。
在公元前四千年的后半期，在乌鲁克城的南部附近被永久定居点占据的区域急剧的增加, 大部分的增长都发生在乌鲁克城内，使其成为了一个真正的城市中心并被一些次要的定居点包围着。
虽然众所周知人口估计数是不可靠的，学者们认为乌鲁克居民每天往返城市和城市周边的田地,可以通过周边田地的农业生产来养活自己。
但是乌鲁克在整个区域拥有压倒性的面积优势，远远超过了其他的定居点，这说明它是这个地区的中心，是一个真正的城市。
事实上，它是人类历史上的第一个城市。
二、乌鲁克中专门从事非农业的工作的人及其考古证据The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people livingwithin the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize innonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center. Within the productivesector, there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, theuse of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production.In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery styleappears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is arather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number ofstandard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, andthousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the mosttelling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it wasproduced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.乌鲁克的绝大部分的人口甚至包括住在城市里面的人仍然从事农业活动。
但是由于这个城市是地区的中心，城市社会中的小部分人开始专门从事非农业的工作。
在生产部门内部，专业工匠的类型有了增加。
在乌鲁克时期早期，未装饰的实用陶器的使用可能就是大量专业化生产的结果。
在公元前四千年早期的乌鲁克的考古遗址Eanna中，有一种陶器风格出现了，它是这个时期的最大特点，这种陶器被叫做“斜面边碗”。
这种在模具中粗糙的制作而成的碗相当的浅，因此只有有限的几种尺寸。
由于一些未知的原因，很多碗都被丢弃，通常这些碗都是完整的，在近东已近发现了数千只。
斜面边碗是鉴别是否属于乌鲁克时期遗址的最具标志性的发现之一。
一个重要的事实是斜面边碗是被大规模生产出来的，极有可能是专业工匠在集中在一个区域进行生产。
三、在乌鲁克时期存在着工匠进行专业化大规模生产A variety of documentation indicates that other goods, once made by a family member as oneof many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people,most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-millenniumtexts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrally administered. Also, aspecialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in a small area at Uruk. Itcontained a number of channels lined by a sequence of holes, about 50 centimeters deep, allshowing burn marks and filled with ashes. This has been interpreted as the remains of aworkshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in theholes. Some type of mass production by specialists was involved here.各种文件材料说明，曾经作为家庭义务而制作的其他商品后来被有技术的工匠的生产替代。
一些图片描绘了数群人，很有可能是女人，在从事于纺织的活动，从公元前三世纪的资料中我们得知这一活在经济中起着重要的作用并且在管理中处于中心的地位。
同样，一个专门生产金属的作坊在乌鲁克被挖掘出来，它包含许多水渠，一系列洞穴成线状排列在水渠边。
这些洞大约有50厘米深，都有燃烧的痕迹，里面填满了灰烬。
这些遗迹被解释为作坊的遗迹，融化的金属从水渠中舀出来倒入洞中的模具，专业工匠的大规模生产被用到了这里四、乌鲁克的滚筒印章及其艺术品Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Urukperiod (3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristicfor Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. This was a small cylinder,usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience( a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into thesurface. When rolled over a soft material---primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, orclay lumps attached to boxes, jars, or door bolts---the scene would appear in relief, easilylegible. The technological knowledge needed to carve it was far superior to that for stampseals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.).From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate andrefined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period showsthe first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of masterythat only a professional could have produced.这些物品说明这些是熟练的专业人员的作品。